Was Bali 2005

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BOOK OF
ABSTRACTS
International Peace and

Development Through
Aquaculture
MAY 9-13, 2005

BALI INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTER
NUSA DUA, BALI- INDONESIA
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World Aquaculture 2005

International Peace & Development Through Aquaculture
PREFACE
It is our special pleasure to welcome all our participants to Bali for World Aquaculture 2005, the 36th annual
meeting of the World Aquaculture Society and our fourth conference in Asia & the Pacific - Bangkok (1996),
Sydney (1999), Beijing (2002) and now Bali (2005). Indonesia is the fifth largest aquaculture producer in the
world (after China, India, Japan & the Philippines) and by 2003, total annual aquaculture production of foodfish
(finfish, crustaceans and molluscs) had exceeded 992,000 t, worth US$ 1.7 billion. The 2003 production of red
seaweeds added a further 232,000 t, worth US$ 16 million.
The theme of World Aquaculture 2005 is “International Peace and Development through Aquaculture” and the
event provides a wonderful opportunity for global participants to meet their Indonesian scientific and commercial
colleagues in this industry and to visit aquaculture research and production sites. In the aftermath of the terrible
tsunami that devastated aquaculture in Aceh, Indonesia and other countries in the region, the conference will
provide a timely opportunity to review the latest developments to assist in the reconstruction of aquaculture
infrastructure and reinvigoration of an industry so important in the region for food security, poverty alleviation
and economic development. It has been a pleasure to develop what we hope you will find an interesting conference
program and a fascinating exposition.
There are more than 50 sessions during the four days of the conference and, at any moment, there are 10 concurrent
topics for you to choose from! These sessions cover a huge range of subjects, from marine finfish to freshwater
prawns, from nutrition to health, from environmental concerns to product quality, and from producers to the work
of NGOs in developing countries. We are particularly pleased to bring you several special sessions organized by
staff from FAO, NACA, AES and IAEEM on aquaculture management, environmental management, emergency
preparations and response to disease, socio-economics and impacts of aquaculture, microalgae-based recirculation
systems, public policies for aquaculture sustainability, tuna farming, economics and marketing. In addition, there
are several special sessions, including one on tsunami disaster relief; another on Japanese aquaculture cooperation
activities in Asia; and a producer session for Indonesian shrimp farmers. There are also many fascinating posters
on display. Abstracts of all the presentations, whether poster or oral, are contained in the abstracts publication.
We hope that you will find this collation (and the contact addresses that they include) useful in your work.
Developing a complex program like this is time-consuming and sometimes difficult; it cannot be achieved without
the cooperation and enthusiasm of numerous friends and colleagues, all working voluntarily, including the members
of the steering and program committees (listed in the Program Book) and the program section coordinators listed
below. Space does not allow us to list every session chair here but they are also gratefully acknowledged in the
Program Book. We sincerely thank those who have worked so hard to bring you this conference. Last but not
least we wish to thank two people who are too modest to allow us to name them in the Directory - Mary and John
Cooksey - whose dedication and unfailing cheerfulness have made what might otherwise have been a chore for
the program co-chairs into a pleasure.
Finally, if you enjoy the program in Bali this week, please join us again during AQUA 2006, which combines
the annual meetings of the World Aquaculture Society and the European Aquaculture Society, in Florence, Italy
(9-13 May 2006).
Fatuchri Sukadi & Geoff Allan, Steering Committee Co-Chairs

Endhay Kusnendar & Michael New, Program Committee Co-Chairs
Programme Section Coordinators:
Global Issues - Economics and Environment: Mohamed Shariff, Luki Adrianto
Sustainable Production Systems: Pedro Bueno, Sena de Silva, Slamet Budi Prayitno
Finfish Culture: Mike Rimmer, Ketut Sugama
Crustacean Culture: Tzachi Samocha, Coco Kokarkin
Mollusc Culture: Jay Parsons, Ita Widowati
Overviews and Other Topics: Yngvar Olsen, Agung Sudaryono
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface......................................................................3
Abstracts ..................................................................9
Abstract Addendum .............................................735
Author Index ........................................................753
Subject Index .......................................................775
DISCLAIMER
The World Aquaculture Society prints abstracts in this Abstract Book exactly as they are submitted
without editing or confirmation of material contained in the abstract. The World Aquaculture
Society has no responsibility fo the information contained in the abstracts. The World Aquaculture
Society is not responsible for authors or contact information contained in the abstracts.
The World Aquaculture Society does not have any liability for problems or damages caused by
the use of the information in the abstracts published in the Abstract Book. Any one using these
abstracts needs to verify the information in the abstracts on their own before utiilizing such
information and will have full liability for results of using such information.
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ABSTRACTS
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TRACING THE INFLUENCE OF ORGANIC WASTE FROM A SALMON FARM IN THE

DIET OF THE DEEP-WATER PRAWN Pandalus borealis USING LIPID BIOMARKERS
Siri Aaserud Olsen *, Arne Ervik, Otto Grahl-Nielsen, Tina Kutti and Tore Høisæter
Department of Biology
University of Bergen
Thor Möhlensgt 55
N-5050 Bergen
siri.a.olsen@student.uib.no
Previous investigations have shown that there is no or little organic enrichment of the sediment beneath large fish farms at
exposed sites. Large effects on the abundance and species composition in infauna communities have been detected at the
same sites. Organic waste from fish farms can cause changes in the species relationships also at higher trophic levels, like
shrimps, in fjord ecosystems. Fatty acids (FA) can be used to trace the organic waste from the fish farms in animal tissue.
Salmon feed contains some terrestrial lipids, and has different fatty acid profile than marine lipids.
Deep-water prawns (Pandalus borealis) were collected from Uggdalsfjord (fish farm present) and Fanafjord (fish farm
absent) in January 2004. In addition, individuals were collected from Fanafjord to investigate the influence of diet on the
fatty acid composition in prawn tissue in a 12-week feeding experiment. 80 prawns were put into each of six tanks. Prawns
in three of the tanks were fed pieces of codfish, while prawns in the other three tanks were the fed salmon feed pellets.
Every 10 days seven prawns from each tank were sampled. Using gas-chromatography 37 FA were identified from the
prawn muscles and the given feed. Principal components analysis (PCA) was used to compare the FA composition between
samples.
Preliminary results from the feeding experiment indicates that prawns given salmon feed have a FA composition that differs
from prawns given codfish, and that both groups tend to approach the FA composition of the given feed (fig 1).
Comparing prawns from the two fjords, we found a significant difference in the FA composition (fig 2). The results indicate
that fish farm waste could be a major food source for the prawns in Uggdalsfjord.
Figure 1: Percentage of the 18:2n6 and 20:4n6

fatty acid in prawns and feed, from day 10 to 86
in the feeding experiment.
Figure 2: Principal Component Plot from Sirius

6.6, showing the fatty acid composition in prawns
from two fjords.
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MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES TOWARDS IMPROVING FOOD SAFETY, QUALITY AND

ESTABLISHING TRACEABILITY OF AQUACULTURE PRODUCTS
Lahsen Ababouch
Fish Utilization and Marketing Service

Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO)
Viale delle Terme di Caracalla
00100 Rome, Italy
lahsen.ababouch@fao.org
International trade in fish and fishery products has increased significantly over the years with exports rising from
US $ 8000 million in 1976 to approximately US $ 582000 million in 2002. Thirty seven percent of fish produced for
human consumption now enters international trade. Developing countries participate actively in this trade and currently
represent over 50% of exports. Three major market areas: The European Union, USA and Japan, absorb more than 75% of
the global fish exports.
This increase in international trade has significantly accelerated technological developments and raised new safety and
quality challenges. The food and feed scares of recent decades as well as developments in food processing to meet
consumers’ quest for minimally processed foods have exposed the weakness in traditional food control systems.
Furthermore, the rapid development of aquaculture has opened a new dimension regarding fish safety. Fish products in
general and aquaculture products in particular have been subject to close scrutiny for their safeness for consumption within
international fish trade. For example, the European Union (EU) alert system for food and feed indicated that fish and
fishery products were responsible in 2002 for the largest category (over 25%) of food safety and quality alerts. Of these,
aquaculture products were particularly targeted for veterinary drug residues and import of aquaculture products from
various countries was subjected to drastic conditions, which led to a significant disruption of trade flows considered by
many exporting countries as technical barriers to trade.
Newer proactive quality and safety approaches were needed to address the risk of cross-border transmission of infectious
and hazardous agents and to deal with emerging food-borne diseases and quality problems. This required and accelerated
the development of proactive, integrated and preventive food safety policy applicable throughout the entire food chain-
from “farm or sea to table”. This policy must be scientifically based, adaptive and responsive to changes in the food
production chain. It should be articulated around the use of risk analysis to develop food safety objectives and standards
and on the implementation of Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points (HACCP) systems.
This presentation addresses the major principles of fish safety and quality management principles deriving from the
SPS (sanitary and phytosanitary) and TBT (technical barriers to trade) agreements of the World Trade Organization
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MARKET ACCESS REQUIREMENTS FOR AQUACULTURE PRODUCTS
Lahsen Ababouch

00100 Rome, Italy,
The rapid growth in aquaculture production and trade has made the sector important to the economies of many countries,
especially developing countries, both for food security and trade. Over the years, aquaculture has helped to stabilize fish
supplies and prices. However, market forces are influencing aquaculture development, particularly commercial and industrial
aquaculture. To organize markets, major importing regions and countries have set stringent standards, rules and regulations
to ensure quality and safety as well as to reduce social and environmental impacts of production. These market access
requirements include rules for trade in endangered species, labeling for origin, traceability, chain of custody, and standards
for biological and chemical hazards, particularly zero tolerance for certain veterinary drug residues. Aquaculture products
are also targets for Salmonella reduction strategies and there is increasing concern about organic contaminants in
farmed fish and seafood. Thus, in 2002, fish and fishery products represented the largest category (over 25 percent) of
food safety and quality alerts in the European Union. Of these, aquaculture products were particularly targeted for
veterinary drug residues and resulted in the banning of imports from several countries. There is a need to harmonize
import/export standards, based on available scientific evidence, to avoid non-tariff trade barriers.
In order to improve the sector’s public image and also to win consumer confidence, various market strategies, such as
product certification, eco-labeling, ethical or fair trade, and organic produce, have been developed. Considerable progress
has been made in adopting them. However the challenge is to ensure that the costs of compliance to these international
trading standards do not put small-scale producers in developing countries (the largest proportion of aquaculture producers
in many countries) out of business. Innovative trading practices that take account of the special circumstances of small-scale
producers, including some of the poorest producers, and external assistance will be essential to develop capacity among
small producers in developing countries to participate in international market chains for aquaculture products. Increasing
proliferation of certification and eco-labeling schemes increases costs and causes confusion in markets, and timely international
harmonization of fish import/export standards and approaches, based on available scientific evidence, is now required to
organize international trade and eliminate disguised non-tariff trade barriers.
This presentation reviews recent developments in market access requirements for aquaculture products and international
efforts to promote harmonization, with a particular focus on FAO’s undertakings.
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SAFETY, QUALITY AND TRACEABILITY REQUIREMENTS IN INTERNATIONAL FISH

TRADE
Lahsen Ababouch

00100 Rome, Italy,
The rapid growth in aquaculture production and trade has made the sector important to the economies of many countries,
especially developing countries, both for food security and trade. However, market forces are influencing aquaculture
development, particularly commercial and industrial aquaculture. To organize markets, major importing regions and
countries have set stringent standards, rules and regulations to ensure quality and safety as well as to reduce social and
environmental impacts of production. The safety and quality requirements for market access include labeling for origin,
traceability, and standards for biological and chemical hazards, particularly zero tolerance for certain veterinary drug
residues. Aquaculture products are also targets for Salmonella reduction strategies and there is increasing concern about
organic contaminants in farmed fish and seafood. Thus, in 2002, fish and fishery products represented the largest category
(over 25 percent) of food safety and quality alerts in the European Union. Of these, aquaculture products were particularly
targeted for veterinary drug residues and resulted in the banning of imports from several countries. There is a need to
harmonize import/export standards, based on available scientific evidence, to avoid non-tariff trade barriers.
This presentation reviews emerging safety and quality issues for aquaculture products and ways and means to manage
them, with particular focus on HACCP and good aquaculture practices.
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SPERM QUALITY OF CARP FISH Cyprinus carpio var. MAJALAYA 24 HOURS

POST- CRYOPRESERVATION: THE CRYOPROTECTANT EFFECT OF DIMETHYL
FORMAMIDE
Abinawanto*, Narista Pramandhani and Yanuarso Eddy Hedianto
Genetics Laboratory
Faculty of Mathematics and Sciences
University of Indonesia
Depok 16424, Indonesia
nawanto@makara.cso.ui.ac.id
Carp fish, Cyprinus carpio var. Majalaya is one of the local carp, widely cultured in Indonesia. When breeding, the genealogy
of individual fish is given much consideration, and pairs of fish are carefully matched. However, it is often difficult to obtain
a specific sexually mature male and female fish at the same time under favourable conditions for breeding. This difficulty
can be resolved by artificial fertilization using cryopreserved sperm. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cryoprotectant
effect of Dimethyl Formamide (DMF) on the sperm quality of carp fish 24 hours post-cryopreservation.
Sperm was collected by the hand stripping method and was examined for motility, viability, and abnormality under the
microscope. The samples were immediately diluted with extender (Kurokura et al. 1984) and cryoprotectant (DMF). The
final concentrations of DMF were 0, 3.75, 7.5, and 11.25%, respectively. Straw-type polyethylene tubes were used as
containers for diluted sperm. Equilibration were carried out at 0-2o C for 60-180 min. Sperm were frozen by liquid nitrogen
gas in a methanol-dry ice bath for 15 min. After freezing, all straws were placed in liquid nitrogen for 24 hours. All sperm
were re-examined after thawing.
Motility data showed that preserved sperm in DMF 0, 3.75, 7.5, and 11.25% at 24 hours post cryopreservation were 0, 15.57,
29.23, and 23.87%, respectively compared with 82.64% obtained with fresh sperm. The highest percentage of the motility
of preserved sperm was showed by the DMF 7.5%. Further, the viability data was demonstrated by the preserved sperm
in DMF 0, 3.75, 7.5, and 11.25% at 24 hours post-cryopreservation were 15.17, 28.33, 35.15, and 42.17%, respectively
compared with 96.17% obtained with fresh sperm. The highest percentage level of the viability was also showed by the
DMF 7.5%. On the other hand, abnormality data showed that preserved sperm in DMF 0, 3.75, 7.5, and 11.25% at 24 hours
post-cryopreservation were 99.67, 90.83, 67.17, and 77%, respectively, compared with 21% obtained with fresh sperm. The
Percentage of spermatozoa motility and viability of carp

fish at the post-equilibration (PE), post-cryopreservation
(PC), and under fresh sperm (FS) condition.
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ADVANTAGES OF USING COMMERCIAL PROBIOTICS FOR PRODUCING ROTIFERS
Tawfiq S. Abu-Rezq* and Charles M. James
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research

Aquaculture, Fisheries and Marine Environment Department
P.O. Box 1638
22017 Salmiya
Kuwait
taburezq@mfd.kisr.edu.kw
In recent years, rotifers have been used as biological carriers of probiotics in marine fish larval rearing programs towards
controlling pathogenic bacterial strains in fish larvae. However, information available on the effect of commercially available
probiotics in rotifer cultures is limited. In this study, a commercially available probiotic ‘Alken Clear-Flo 1006’ (ACF-
1006) was used in a rotifer production system to evaluate the beneficial effects of using such probiotics in rotifer cultures.
First set of experiment was aimed at evaluating the effect of using ACF-1006 alone or in combination with Chlorella as well
as in combination with Chlorella and baker’s yeast to assess the growth of rotifers. Growth of rotifers in Chlorella alone
or Chlorella in combination with baker’s yeast without the probiotic was kept as control. The results show that the rotifer
productivity was significantly high (P<0.01) when the probiotic was used in combination with bakers’ yeast and Chlorella
rather than using with Chlorella or bakers’ yeast alone. Using of probiotic alone was not conducive for rotifer production
(Fig.1). The second set of experiments studied the use of ACF-1006 under continuous culture conditions with harvests.
Under such conditions, using of ACF-1006 along with Chlorella and bakers’ yeast extended the culture period to more
than 27 days compared to that of the control without the probiotic that declined after day-13. The rotifer growth rate and
productivity were significantly high (P<0.01) and doubling time was significantly low (P<0.01) when using probiotic
compared to that of without probiotic in the culture system. The rotifer productivity ranged between 9.7-14.7 rotifers ml-1
d-1 with a mean of 12.13±1.89 rotifers ml-1 d-1 and the doubling time ranged between 0.27-0.50 d with a mean of 0.37±0.09
d in Chlorella, bakers’ yeast and ACF-1006 combination compared to that of without using probiotic that ranged between
3.3-12.0 rotifers ml-1 d-1 with a mean of 6.64±3.60 rotifers ml-1 d-1 and ranged between 0.70-1.22 d with a mean of 0.92±0.20
d respectively (Fig. 2). Significant increase (P<0.01) of the ciliate Euplotes vannus was observed in the cultures with
probiotic compared to that of without probiotic. Advantages of using probiotic in rotifer production systems for aquaculture
have been discussed.
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USE OF CELLS DRY WEIGHT OF DIFFERENT ALGAL SPECIES IN DETERMINING THE

REQUIRED FEEDING AMOUNT FOR ROTIFERS
Tawfiq S. Abu-Rezq* and Lamya S. Al-Musallam

Food Resources and Marine Sciences Division
P.O. Box 1638
22017 Salmiya
Kuwait
taburezq@mfd.kisr.edu.kw
Algae provide one of the few practical means of mass feeding aquatic filter feeders. Several high nutritional value marine
algae such as Nannochloropsis, Tetraselmis and Isochrysis have been widely utilized in many hatcheries to transfer the
essential fatty acids and other dietary components from the algae via the rotifers to marine fish larvae. Continues high
quality with fixed quantity mixture of algae (Chlorella, Nannochloropsis, Tetraselmis and Isochrysis) are produced to feed
the supplied rotifers for different marine fish larvae (e.g., Sparidentex hasta, Epinephelus coioides, Acanthopagrus latus,
and Pampus argenteus) cultured in Aquaculture, Fisheries and Marine Environmental Department at Kuwait Institute for
Scientific Research. The purpose of this study is to find out the cell dry weight for different algal species and therefore to
calculate how many liters are required from each alga to be used to feed the produced rotifers.
All the algal species tested in this study were maintained in pure conditions and subculture using the nutrients listed in
Table 1 and filtered seawater which was sterilized using autoclave at 124 ºC. Five densities for each alga were examined,
i.e., at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5x106 cells ml-1. For each cell density, 400 ml were centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 5 min then divided
into two replicates for each tested density. These cells were introduced to pre-weighted containers using balance with 0.001
g accuracy. These containers were kept for 24 h in an oven with controlled temperature at 50∞C and then re-weighted to
determine the cell dry weight for each algal density.
Results showed that the highest cell dry weight (mean ± S.D) was obtained for Tetraselmis (15.91 ± 2.12 gl-1), followed by
Isochrysis (12.84 ± 2.31 gl-1), and then Nannochloropsis (1.14 ± 0.04 gl-1), while the lowest cell dry weight was obtained
for the Chlorella (0.79 ± 0.09 gl-1) all at density 5x106 cells ml-1. The trend line and line equation for each algal species
are shown in Fig. 1. These results played an important role in determining the number of liters (with known dry weights) of
each algal species to prepare 1 m3 nearly equal proportion mixture of algae for rotifers treatment prior supplied to different
fish larvae as followed:
* 400 l of Nannochloropsis at 20x106 cells ml-1,
* 400 l of Chlorella at 25x106 cells ml-1,
* 100 l of Tetraselmis at 5.0x106 cells ml-1,
* 100 l of Isochrysis at 5.0x106 cells ml-1.
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HISTOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH REPRODUCTIVE

SEASONALITY OF THE BLACKLIP PEARL OYSTER Pinctada margaritifera AT TWO SITES
IN NORTH QUEENSLAND, AUSTRALIA
Héctor Acosta-Salmón* and Paul C. Southgate
Pearl Oyster Research Group

School of Marine Biology and Aquaculture
James Cook University
Townsville, Qld 4811
Australia
hectror.acostasalmon@jcu.edu.au
There have been numerous studies on nutrient storage and mobilisation associated with gametogenic cycles in bivalves.
Tissues such as the adductor muscle, digestive gland and mantle play important roles in storage and translocation of
nutrients used for gonad development at different stages of the gametogenic cycle. The objective of this study was to
determine the pattern of nutrient management during gametogenesis of the blacklip pearl oyster, Pinctada margaritifera, at
two different locations (Orpheus Island and Magnetic Island) in north Queensland, Australia. Samples of mantle, adductor
muscle, gonad and digestive gland were examined for proximate biochemical content for a period of seven months and
these data were related to the histological development of the gonad.
There were patterns of nutrient storage and utilisation within oysters maintained at Orpheus Island and Magnetic Island
with lipid and carbohydrate accumulating with time towards the end of the sampling period in most tissues. Tissue nutrient
content for the first four to five months was, in most cases, lower in oysters maintained at Magnetic Island than in those
from Orpheus Island.
The adductor muscle showed the highest protein content of the four tissues analysed which was correlated closely with
reproductive stage. Maximum content of protein in the adductor muscle was observed when gonads were in late development
or ripe stages (August 2003 and January-February 2004). Protein content decreased when there was a higher proportion of
partially-spawned oysters (November 2003) indicating that adductor muscle protein is likely to be a major energy source
for late gamete development and spawning in P. margaritifera.
A pattern of low carbohydrate content early in the reproductive cycle (September-October 2003) and high carbohydrate
content in later months (January-February 2004) was observed for of the adductor muscle, gonad and mantle tissues,
suggesting that these nutrients were accumulated regardless of the stage of gonad development.
Results from this study suggested that P. margaritifera can obtain not only the necessary nutrients to achieve gonad
maturation from natural food sources but can also store excess nutrients. Winter and summer reproductive peaks were
confirmed for P. margaritifera in north Queensland. The results indicate that hatchery spawning inductions for hatchery
culture of P. margaritifera may be attempted with a higher degree of success in August-September and December-January
when a higher proportion of ripe oysters was recorded.
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PERFORMANCE OF A MANGROVE-FRIENDLY SEMI-CLOSE SHRIMP POND
Taufik Ahmad*, Markus Mangampa and Muhammad Tjaronge
Central Research Institute for Aquaculture
Mangrove has been known to have special capability in absorbing nutrients and inhibiting the growth
of bacteria, especially pathogens. The experiment aims at employing the capability of mangrove to
carry out bioremediation in a semi-close shrimp culture system. Sixteen, 0.25 ha each, ponds were
used and separated into 2 groups. The first group, 8 ponds, was filled with seawater directly from the
canal in an open system. The second group, another 8 ponds, was filled with seawater from reservoir
placed with 2 years old mangrove, mostly Rhizophora mucronata, in a semi-close system. The water
depth in each pond was maintained at 0.9-1.0 m. Every 3 days, 40% of the water in each pond was
exchanged with the water from reservoir for the second group ponds, and replaced with the water from
the canal for the first group ponds. Each pond was stocked with 15 PL-40 of Penaeus monodon/m2.
The feed was broadcasted twice a day at the rate of 10-3% total biomass. The water and shrimp were
sampled every 15 days. The water in the semi-close system ponds was more productive than in the
open system ponds as indicated by distinctly higher concentrations of NO3- (300%) and PO4= (150%)
and the more abundance zooplankton at the end of the experiment. Regardless of the negative impact
of long heavy rainfall during experiment, the survival rate and yield of the shrimp in the semi-close
system, 2.07% and 27.03 Kg, were significantly higher (P<0.01) than in the open system.
Figure 1. NO3_N conc. Figure 2. PO4-P conc. Observed

observed in open (OS) and in open (OS) and semi-close
semi-close (CS) shrimp (CS) shrimp culture system
culture system
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THE GROWTH OF PATIN Pangasius hypopthalmus IN OPEN AND CLOSE SYSTEM

PONDS
Taufik Ahmad, Kusmana, L. Sofiarsih and Sutrisno
Research Institute for Freshwater Aquaculture

chanos03@hotmail.com
The experiment aims at evaluating the possibility of integrated recirculation pond application for patin grow-out. Twelve
concrete 4.4x2.30x.1.2 m ponds filled with surface water to 0.73 m depth were stocked with 100 juveniles weighted 9-10g
each per pond. Six ponds were equipped with sand and palm (Arenga pinata) fiber filters planted with vegetables, lettuce
and water spinach. A submersible pumps was installed in each pond to assure a continuous water recirculation at the rate
of 0.4 L.sec-1. The water from the filter flows into the pond in the surface, SC ponds, and in the bottom, BC ponds. In
the other 6 ponds, the water flows continuously from a concrete canal in an open culture system at the similar rate and
water entrance position, SO and BO ponds. The experimental unit was arranged in a completely randomized design with 3
replicates. The fish fed dry pelleted feed to satiation and sampled every other week for growth observation. Water quality
was monitored every day for dissolved oxygen and temperature, and every other week for unionized ammonia, biological
oxygen demand, pH and transparency.
After 90 days, the average individual weight of the fish attained the range of 80-100 g. The fish grew significantly faster
(P<0.05) in SC ponds than in the rest of the ponds, except in BC ponds (Table 1). Denser growth of plankton and more
suitable water quality is suspected to encourage faster growth of the fish in close system ponds. The survival of the fish
was not significantly different (P>0.05) among treatment, ranged from 99 to 100%. In term of water usage, the close
system ponds produced fish, 202.38 – 220.05 g/m3, much more efficiently than did the open system pond, 1.87 – 1.89 g/m3
(Table 2). The vegetables, either lettuce or water spinach, grew well on the filter. Apparently, the integrated recirculation
pond is suitable for patin culture.
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SEASONAL VARIATION OF GILL PATHOLOGY OF A CLIMBING PERCH Anabas

testudineus (BLOCH) FROM LAKE FISHERIES OF BANGLADESH
G U Ahmed* and A N H Banu
Department of Aquaculture, Bangladesh

Agricultural University
Mymensingh, Bangladesh
ahmedgias@hotmail.com
An investigation of the seasonal variation of gill pathology of Anabas testudineus was carried out from Kailla Lake of
Mymensingh, Bangladesh for a period of twelve months. Gill structure of A. testudineus were exhibited few abnormalities
during summer, however, mild hyperplasia and hemorrhaging of gill lamellae was observed during the autumn. During
rainy season, secondary gill lamellae had a partial loss, marked hypertrophy, hyperplasia and hemorrhage. Several gill
pathologies were observed in winter season such as pyknosis, hypertrophy, hyperplasia and hemorrhage. Moreover, winter
samples had numerous monogenetic trematodes and protozoan cysts attached with primary and secondary gill lamellae.
Some monogenetic trematodes were found inside primary gill lamellae. Among water quality parameters, ammonia level
was increased in winter and rainy seasons, whereas, temperature and dissolved oxygen were significantly decreased during
winter in comparison with the other seasons. The numbers of affected fish was highest in winter followed by rainy and
autumn seasons.
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SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF FRESHWATER PRAWN FARMING IN SOUTHWESTERN

BANGLADESH
Nesar Ahmed*, Yeasmin Ara, Masuma Sultana, Mitali Podder and Shamima Akter
Department of Fisheries Management

Bangladesh Agricultural University
Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh
nesar_2000@yahoo.com
An investigation was carried out in southwestern Bangladesh to understand current practice of freshwater prawn
(Macrobrachium rosenbergii) production with its socio-economic impacts. In Bagerhat district, thousands of farmers have
converted their paddy fields to ‘ghers’ to accommodate a profitable prawn culture practice. Based on a sample of 200
farmers, 192 (96%) cultured prawn with fish and rice in their gher. The culture period is typically nine months, wild fry
are stocked when available in May-June and are harvested from November to January. A variety of feeds are used but
the preferred feed is the freshwater snail, Pila globosa. Prawn productivity is variable because of simple culture method,
averaging 432 kg ha-1 year-1. The freshwater prawn is a highly valued product for international markets and is therefore
almost all exported.
All farmers made a profit, with seed and feed dominating variable costs (Table 1). Most of the households of farmers
(86%) have improved their socio-economic conditions through prawn farming. Farmers have broadly improved their food
consumption, standards of living, purchasing power, choice, and ability as an economic sector. Job opportunities for women
have also increased since prawn farming started. A range of associated groups such as wild fry collectors, fry traders, snail
collectors, snail traders, prawn traders, day laborers etc have also benefited from prawn sector. However, concerns arise
about the long term sustainability of prawn farming due to lack of technical knowledge of farmers, higher production costs,
lack of credit facilities and poor institutional support. It is therefore essential to provide the necessary institutional and
organizational supports and extension services for sustainable prawn production.
TABLE 1. Cost-return analysis of sampled farmers for integrated prawn farming.

21
THE FIRST SUCCESSFUL BREEDING OF MARINE SNAIL (Strombus canararium) AT

REGIONAL CENTER FOR MARICULTURE DEVELOPMENT (RCMD) – BATAM – RIAU
ISLAND, INDONESIA
Syamsul Akbar* Nono Hertanto, Sahidan Muhlis and Tinggal Hermawan
Regional Center For Mariculture Development (RCMD)

Batam-Riau Island
rcmd_btm@yahoo.com
Marine snail (strombus canararium) is very popular as sea food at chinese restaurants. In Batam (Riau Island) it well known
as Gonggong (local name). Increasing demand and high price of the gonggong cause increase rapidly of it exploitation.
Decreasing population of gonggong in wild clearly can be identified by the present size available in the market.
Breeding is one of the best solution to prevent decreasing population of gonggong in wild. The first successful breeding of
gonggong at RCMD is a form of solution to produce seed.
Breeding and spawning technique of gonggong has been found. Mature broodstocks which caught form wild ware put into
plastic basket measured of 60 x 40 x 15 cm. At the bottom side of the basket was installed a screen net for attaching the
gonggong eggs. Six broodstocks was placed in each basket. There were four baskets used in this study. The baskets than
hanging into reservoir tank (volume of 125 tons) with continuously flow fresh seawater pumping from the sea as stock
seawater for hatchery. Five days after, the broodstocks were released their eggs. The eggs were attached at the bottom of
the basket. Unique form of gonggong eggs long in shape like branch with segmented inside.The branch really looks like a
small worm. One branch was around 15 cm in length and consist of 450-500 eggs. The diameter of eggs and larvae were
around 250 - 300 and 320 – 400 microns respectively. One broodstock can be release approximately 10 – 20 branches, it
means that one broodstock can produced around 5000 – 7500 eggs.The eggs than collected from the basket and incubated
into 80 liter volume of aquarium. Salinity and temperature of sea water in aquarium were keep at 30 %o and 29-30 oC
respectively. One day after incubation, the eggs were hatched and the hatched larvae swam in body water. Percentage of
hatched eggs were very high, it was around 90- 95 %. Newly hatched of gonggong larva has already like as an adult shape.
This successful studied still just until breeding and hatching phase.
22
THE STUDY OF BACTERIAL PATHOGENS IN CULTIVATED FISH IN GILAN

Afshin Akhondzadh Basti* and Ali Misaghi
Department of Food Hygiene

Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
University of Tehran
P.O.Box: 14155-6453
Tehran, Iran
aakhond@ut.ac.ir
There is an increasing demand for fish and fish products around the world. However, there is substantial evidence that fish
and seafood are high on the list of foods associated with outbreaks of foodborne diseases. Therefore the hygienic quality of
these products is the main concern. The microbial status of fish after catch is closely related to environmental conditions and
microbiological quality of the water. With respect to this fact that the water in fish farms may be contaminated by sweage,
fish feed and manure, which is used in fish farms in some developing countries, and may has a flora of microorganism of
sweage, manure, etc, there is always the risk of contamination of fish, which are produced in these farms.
In this study seventy-two fish including Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout; n = 40), Cyprinus carpio (common carp; n =
16) and Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (silver carp; n = 16) were caught from 14 fish farms in Gilan (a northern province of
Iran). They were sampled aseptically and bacterial tests followed American Public Health Association and U.S. Food and
Drug Administration isolation methods.
Listeria monocytogenes 1/2a was isolated from 25% (4/16) and 6.25% (1/16) of Cyprinus carpio and Hypophthalmichthys
molitrix, respectively (MPN values of L. monocytogenes were lower than 1 × 102 cells g-1 in all of the positive samples).
From 40 Oncorhynchus mykiss 7 samples were E. coli positive, while 2 samples out of 16 Cyprinus carpio were
contaminated with E. coli. Vibrio parahaemolyticus was not isolated from the samples in this study. Finally 3 samples out
of 40 Oncorhynchus mykiss were Salmonella positive. DNA typing of Salmonella positive samples indicated that three of
them were S. typhimurium.
According to the results and with respect to this fact that consumers of these products in northern provinces of Iran prefer
to consume them undercooked, they may be considered as the risks of food infection for consumers.
23
CHALLENGES FOR SHRIMP NUTRITION RESEARCH
Dean M. Akiyama
Charoen Pokphand Indonesia

R&D Building Ground Floor
Jl. Parangtritis Raya Blok A5E No. 11-12
Jakarta 14430
Indonesia
akiyamadm@cbn.net.id
Many factors affect the results of shrimp nutrition research studies, including the species, age and physiological state of
the animal and the experimental conditions. Water temperature, salinity, the number of feedings per day; experimental
design, diet composition, ingredient quality and diet processing parameters, such as water stability, homogeneity of mix
and nutrient retention, all influence the outcome. These factors are difficult to control and usually unreported, thus the
reliability of data and conclusions are often questionable.
There are parameters that indicate the reliability of shrimp nutrition data: growth rate of shrimp should be at least 85%
of a commercially acceptable standard (0.13 gm per day for 3 gm vannamei) with survival rate of not less than 85%. If
shrimp are not growing or dying, there are stresses other than nutrients affecting the animal. The feed conversion ratio
should be of a commercially acceptable standard and definitely should not exceed 2:1. If feed conversion ratios are high,
the most probable causes are that the feeds are not being consumed or are significantly imbalanced nutritionally. Lastly, the
coefficient of variation between replicates should not exceed 10%. If nutrients are the only factor affecting shrimp, then
the growth rate, survival rate and feed conversion ratio should be similar between replicates.
There is limited reliable published information on shrimp nutrition research and nutritional requirements. Required
nutrients include essential amino acids, essential fatty acids, digestible or metabolically energy, essential minerals and
vitamins. Nutrient availability from feed ingredients is essential for determining reliable nutritional requirements. Published
nutrient availability data is extremely limited. The best defined nutritional requirements are for vitamins. However, due to
questionable diet consumption levels and vitamin leaching concerns, these requirements need to be redefined.
Feed ingredient substitution studies offer limited information to nutritional sciences.

A feed ingredient needs to be defined by nutritional content (amino acids, fatty acids, digestible energy) as well as quality
parameters (TVBN, pepsin digestibility, NSI, FFA, peroxide value, iodine value, trypsin inhibitor, aflatoxin, etc.). Without
these parameters, we do not know the nutritional value of the tested ingredient.
The challenge is to evaluate our shrimp nutrition research and accept for publication reliable data and results. This is
necessary to elevate shrimp nutritional science.
24
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF HATCHERY TECHNIQUES FOR THE

ORANGE-SPOTTED GROUPER Epinephelus coioides IN KUWAIT
Khaled M. Al-Abdul-Elah* and Salim El-Dakour

22017 Salmiya
P.O. Box 1638
State of Kuwait
kaelah@mfd.kisr.edu.kw
Research on the development of hatchery techniques for the high-valued marine fin fish species such as grouper, is
increasing worldwide toward establishing commercial hatcheries. Some countries such as Taiwan and Indonesia have
already achieved commercialization of mass fry production of different species of groupers. The Aquaculture, Fisheries
and Marine Environment Department (AFMED), Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR), initiated research on the
breeding and mass fry production techniques for the orange-spotted grouper Epinephelus coioides since the early 1970’s.
The present study highlights and describes the recent progress achieved in four areas of hatchery techniques of the grouper
E. coioides in Kuwait.
Firstly, broodstock and spawning, which included: comparison of the quality of different egg batches from wild and cultured
broodstocks, manipulation of water temperature during winter months, determination of the best sex ratio of breeders for
optimum egg production, extending the spawning season, early spawning age of breeders, and effect of early selection
on natural sex reversal. Secondly, hatching techniques, this included: egg stocking density, effect of aeration levels and
the design of hatching trough on the hatching rates. Thirdly, larviculture which covered: larval stocking density, aeration,
water exchange regime, light intensity and photoperiod, feeding schedules, rotifer enrichment, wearing, feeding stations
and behavior, trends in mean larval survival (Fig. 1), larval growth, fry deformity and fry production/m3. Fourthly, future
research that could enhance the hatchery fry production such as: the use of recirculating system for larviculture, use of
ozone for disinfection, direct stocking of fertilized eggs, testing different diffused natural light intensities and the use of
probiotics in live food and larviculture.
25
CHEMICALS AND BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTS USED IN EXTENSIVE SHRIMP FARMING

AND DISEASE MANAGEMENT IN SOUTHWEST BANGLADESH
S. M. Nazmul Alam
Department of Social Science

Curtin University of Technology
GPO Box U1987 Perth
Western Australia 6845
smnazmul@yahoo.com
In southwest Bangladesh between January and August 2002, a study was undertaken at 69 extensive shrimp farms of three
major ownership categories to determine the extent of use of chemicals and biological products. Farmers in the studied
area used an average of 5 different chemicals and biological products. The most commonly used products were soil and
water treatment products (e.g., lime and cow dung) to improve culture conditions. Farmers in the individual category
used an average of 67 kg lime /ha, which was lower than farmers in the group category (97 kg/ha) and farmers in the
outside category (74 kg/ha). Out of their total production cost, the farmers collectively spent 0.1-0.3% on chemicals, 0.6-
1.0% on lime, 1.3-1.4% on organic fertilizer and 0.2-1.4% on inorganic fertilizer. The farmers randomly checked shrimp
growth throughout the production cycle and implemented various measures to cope with diseases. Average farm size and
production management are described. Drugs, antibiotics and other therapeutants for disease control were hardly available
in the study area. The substances used to improve soil or water quality presented little or no risk to food safety and had no
detrimental environmental effects in terms of waste production and contamination.
26
GENETIC STRUCTURE OF DIFFERENT STRAINS OF Cyprinus carpio REVEALED BY

MICROSATELLITE DNA MARKERS
Md. Samsul Alam, Md. Rashedul K. Mondol and Md. Shahidul Islam
Department of Fisheries Biology and Genetics

Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
samsul@royalten.net
Common carp (scale carp) was first introduced in Bangladesh in 1960 while mirror carp was introduced in 1979. These fish
have already been incorporated into the aquaculture system of the country. The red and koi carp have been introduced recently.
Five microsatellite loci (MFW1, MFW2, MFW11, MFW15 and MFW20) were analyzed for molecular characterization
of the four strains of common carp, Cyprinus carpio viz. common carp (C. carp), mirror carp (M. carp), red carp (R. carp)
and koi carp (K. carp).
The microsatellite alleles were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from 20 individuals from each of the strains,
separated on polyacrylamide gel using a sequencing gel electrophoresis system and visualized by silver nitrate staining
following Promega silver staining protocol. All the five loci were found to be polymorphic (P95) in the four strains. Locus
MFW15 had the highest numbers of alleles (11) while the locus MFW20 had the lowest (5). Differences were observed in
heterozygosities and average numbers of alleles in the four strains (Table 1). The common carp and the koi carp populations
deviated from the Hardy-Weinberg expectations in 3 loci whereas the mirror carp and the red carp deviated in 2 loci
significantly, mostly due to deficiency in heterozygosity. The Nm values and the FST values indicate a low level of gene
flow and high level of differentiation between the strains (Table 2). The highest genetic distance was observed between the
common carp and the koi carp whilst the lowest genetic distance was found between the red and the koi carp, respectively.
The UPGMA dendrogram based on Nei’s genetic distance depicted the relationship in four strains of common carp
(Figure 1).
Table 1. Mean observed heterozygosity (Ho) and expected

heterozygosity (He) and average number of alleles across five
microsatellite loci in four strains of C. carpio
Table 2. Multilocus FST (above diagonal) and Nm (below

diagonal) values between pairs of four strains of C. carpio
across all loci
Figure 1. UPGMA dendrogram based on Nei’s (1972) genetic

distance.
27
ECTOPARASITES OF CULTURED MARINE FISH IN KUWAIT

Hashem Al-Gharabally

P.O. 1638
Salmyia, Kuwait
hgharabl@mfd.kisr.edu.kw
Ectoparasites play a significant role in marine aquaculture due to devastating effects of disease outbreaks upon cultured fish.
Due to their simple life cycle, they have a greater opportunity of establishing themselves in the culture tanks. In addition,
stress and poor water quality can enhance disease outbreaks. Ectoparasites belong to small microscopic organisms called
protozoa, flat worms called monogeneans and crustacean copepods and isopods that live in the aquatic environment.
There are a variety of ectoparasitic protozoa that infest the gills and skin of locally cultured fish in Kuwait such as sobaity
Sparidentex hasta, hamoor Epinephelus coioides, sheim Acanthopagrus latus and zobaidy Pampus argenteus. The ciliated
protozoans are mainly Cryptocaryon irritans (all cultured fish), Trichodina sp. (all cultured fish) and Uronema sp (zobaidy).
Most protozoan infections are relatively easy to control using standard fishery chemicals such as copper sulfate, formalin,
potassium permanganate and freshwater bath.
Monogeneans (flukes) are a group of parasites best described as flatworms. They are commonly found on the gills, skin or
fins of fishes. They have a direct life cycle and can reproduce in a wide range of temperatures. Monogeneans have a series
of hooks that attach to the fish gills and skin causing irritation, excessive mucus production, and which create secondary
infection of bacteria. When fish are crowded or sanitation practices are poor, the potential damage from monogeneans is
greater. Therefore, prevention of monogenean infestations by following appropriate management practices is preferable to
treat the parasites after they established in the culture system. The most common monogeneans are the skin-monogeneans
such as Tarrenia acanthopagri (sobaity) and Megalocotyloides epinephel (hamoor). The gills monogeneans are the
Diplectanum microphallus (hamoor), Polylabris angifer (sobaity and sheim) and Lamellodiscus acanthopagri (sheim).
Several therapeutic methods such praziquntel, hydrogen peroxide, formalin and freshwater bath were found effective in
controlling monogeneans infestation.
Crustaceans are members of the phylum Arthropoda. The main parasites are belonging to copepoda and isopoda. Among
the crustacean copepods are Caligus antennatus (sheim), Neobracheilla lutiani (sobaity), Argulus sp. (sobaity) and Tisbie
biminensis (zobaidy). The crustacean isopod Argathona rhinoceros infests hamoor skin. Several control methods were
applied mainly freshwater bath and formalin
28
EXPERIMENT ON THE GROWTH OF GIANT FRESHWATER PRAWN Macrobrachium

rosenbergii IN CLOSED AQUACULTURE SYSTEM WITH ARTIFICIAL SHELTER
Fauzan Ali
Research Centre for Limnology-LIPI

Jl. Raya Jakarta-Bogor Km 46
Cibinong 16911
fali_6262@yahoo.com
Giant freshwater prawn is a bottom feeder aquatic organism. Cannibal behavior of this animal makes space requirement for
its life become higher. The bigger the size of the animal, the wider space required. The aim of this experiment is to reveal
the growth of giant freshwater prawn cultured in recirculating system using artificial shelter. The experiment was conducted
using 12 aquaria connected to biological filter that the culture media water is not disposed, however water addition was
performed every two days for evaporation substitution. Fifty percent of the water column was filled with artificial shelter
made of bamboo arranged like an apartment structure. This shelter performs as additional space for the prawn to attach.
Cultured prawns sized 3-5 cm was 2 month-old
3
post-larvae. Different stocking density (5, 10, 15 and 20 ind/aquarium
or equals to 50, 100, 150 and 200 ind./m ) was done to test the effect of the use of artificial shelter to growth of prawn.
Parameters observed during 75 days experiment are growth, survival rate, and food conversion.
Result of the experiment shows that
1. Closed aquaculture system can be used for culturing giant freshwater prawn with good growth 3performance.
2. Media with 50% apartment gave good effect to cultured prawn at the lowest density (50 ind./m ) with 0 % mortality.
3. The higher the stocking density, the higher mortality rate3 was.
4. Growth rate 3
of the prawn at the density of 50 ind./m was better than those of with the density of 100, 150 and
200 ind./m . 3 3
5. Highest production was obtained at the density of 200 ind./m and followed by those of 150, 100 and 50 ind./m .
Figure 1. Experimental setting and prawn response to the presence of artificial shelter.
Figure 1. a. closed recirculating system, b & c. prawn without and with shelter
29
COMMON CARP CULTURE IN INDONESIA

Ratu Siti Aliah, Maskur, and M. Husni Amarullah
Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology

Freshwater Aquaculture Development Centre
Sukabumi
aditega@cbn.net.id
Common carp is a dominant species in freshwater fisheries in Indonesia. Its annual production reached 199 632 ton in
2002 or 46.52% of total freshwater fish production which came from pond, net cage, and paddy field culture systems.
This species is being cultured throughout the country; however, West Java is the main area of common carp culture in
Indonesia.
The existing of common carp in Indonesia is believed as a descendant of common carp that were brought from China,
Europe, Taiwan, and Japan. To date, several races of Indonesian common carp have been recognized among fish farmers as
a result of selection program conducted by government as well as particular breeding effort of fish farmer; such as Punten,
Majalaya, Sinyonya, Merah, Domas. and Kancra Domas. Since 1985, several races such as Cangkringan, Jember, Sutisna,
Rajadanu, and Wildan have been collected from isolated locations in Java island and together with well-known races;
such as Majalaya, Punten, Sinyonya, and Mirror, have been maintained at two government institutes, Research Institute
for Freshwater Aquaculture (RIFA), and Sukabumi Freshwater Aquaculture Development Centre (SFADC) for improving
their quantitative and qualitative traits by controlled breeding experiment. Recently, Directorate General of Fisheries,
has recommended two races of common carp, Majalaya and Sinyonya to be cultured by fish farmer based on their good
performances.
Carp culture in Indonesia has been collapsed by bacterial disease, Aeromonas in 1980 and Koi Herpes Virus (KHV) in 2002
which caused total loss of 10 000 ton fish, including larva, fingerling and broodstock. Recently, a program of producing
immunostimulant to enhance the resistance of common carp to disease and stress has been initiated.
30
PRELIMINARY ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF SPINY LOBSTER Panulirus homorus IN THE

FLOATING NET CAGE IN EKAS BAY, EAST LOMBOK
Anak Agung Alit, Titiek Aslianti and Bejo Slamet
Reseach Institute For Mariculture, Gondol – Bali

PO Box 140
Singaraja. Bali. Indonesia. 81101
gondol_dkp@singaraja.wasantara.net.id
Spiny lobster Panulirus homarus is an export commodity having high demand, hence, its culture has a profitable business
prospect. The purpose of this analysis was to evaluate spiny lobster cultured in floating net cages. The data were gathered
from the analysis of spiny lobster culture in Batu Nampar Village, Jero Waru Sub District, East Lombok Regency, Data
were taken from farmers in Februari to October 2003. Spiny lobster were reared in bamboo floating cages, with size of
2 x 2 x 3m³. Culture methods were A= Battery : 200 ind/12m³, and B= net cage = 200 ind/12m³. The net profit in A= Rp
9.336.666,66, and B= Rp 12.026.666,66 in one crop season. Selling price of spiny lobster is Rp 150.000/kg with break
even point value Rp 1.075.396,83 (A), and Rp 703.333,34 (B) with pay back period 2.8 to 3.8 months with B/C ratio of
4.33-5.5. There fore, spiny lobster culture in floating net cage was economically feasible in both methods.
Table 1. Business analysis and profit of spiny lobster P. homarus culture in floating net cage at Ekas
Bay East Lombok.
31
RECENT RESEARCH ON THE USE OF RENDERED ANIMAL PROTEINS IN DIETS FOR

MARINE FINFISH IN AUSTRALIA
Geoff L. Allan* and Mark A. Booth
N.S.W. Department of Primary Industries

Port Stephens Fisheries Centre
Nelson Bay, 2315, Australia
Aquaculture remains the fastest growing food producing primary industry in the world. Of the approximately 52 million
tonnes of production, about 16.3 million tonnes comprises species that are fed. Marine finfish are generally strictly
carnivorous and most are fed on fishmeal-based, high protein diets (>45% protein) or even directly fed “trash fish”. Current
production of fishmeal is stable, and the increases in demand have been met by diverting fishmeal from other animal feeds.
However, future increases in aquaculture production will require alternative protein sources.
Increasing amounts of vegetable proteins are being used, but for marine carnivores, a requirement for high dietary protein,
driven mainly by an inability to tolerate high dietary carbohydrate, or effectively use either carbohydrate or lipid for
energy, has restricted fishmeal replacement to date. However, rendered animal protein sources, such as poultry offal
meal, meat and bone meal and blood meal products are excellent protein sources with no carbohydrates and few anti-
nutrients. Approximately 12.5 million tonnes of rendered animal meals are available globally, roughly twice as much as
available fishmeal. However, their use is restricted by marketing concerns associated with fears about Bovine Spongiform
Encephalopathy, (BSE) Over the last few years, this has led some farmers to demand aquafeeds with no land animal
proteins in the mistaken belief that such protein sources are inferior.
Experiments with Australian snapper (=red sea bream, Pagrus auratus) were conducted to estimate digestibility (faeces
collected by settlement) and to determine maximum amounts of fishmeal that could be replaced in diets with similar
digestible protein and energy contents. In comparison to results for low temperature fishmeal, digestible energy coefficients
for ingredients included at 30% were best for poultry meal (91% compared with 99% for fishmeal), then extruded wheat
(74%), meat meal (71%) and soybean meal (67%). Comparatively, apparent digestibility coefficients for protein for
extruded wheat were similar, soybean meal only slightly lower (91% compared with 94% for fishmeal) and lower for
terrestrial animal meals (poultry meal, 87%; blood meal, 82%; meat meal, 65%). Two experiments were conducted with
diets formulated to contain about 18 MJ/kg digestible energy and 45% digestible protein. When poultry meal, meat meal
or soybean meal were used as sole replacements for fishmeal, fish weight gain and FCR were similar when up to half the
fishmeal was replaced although both indices deteriorated when fishmeal was further replaced. However, when the three
ingredients were blended together, a diet with only 16% fishmeal, with 5% meat meal, 18% poultry meal and 20% soybean
meal, produced similar growth to diets with 30 or 60% fishmeal. These data demonstrate that rendered animal meals can be
excellent protein sources for aquaculture species, including carnivorous marine finfish. Substantial replacement of fishmeal
is possible, particularly with blends of alternative protein sources based on rendered animal meals.
32
ADVANCES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CULTURE TECHNOLOGY FOR THE SILVER

POMFRET Pampus argenteus IN KUWAIT
Sulaiman M. Almatar* and Charles M. James

P.O. Box 1638
22017 Salmiya, Kuwait
smattar@mfd.kisr.edu.kw
The silver pomfret (Pampus argenteus) is one of the most desired food fish having worldwide market demand. But yet the
technology for commercial farming of the fish has not been realized till to date due to the difficulty in breeding the fish in
captivity and of rearing the larvae under hatchery culture conditions. Towards developing the aquaculture technology for
the silver pomfret, Aquaculture, Fisheries and Environment Department of the Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research in
Kuwait initiated a research project during April 1998 and succeeded for the first time in the world, larval rearing of silver
pomfret using the eggs collected by stripping wild male and female spawners. Fully riped males and females were found
in coastal areas at water depth ranging from 5-20m during June-August. During this period, the surface water temperature
ranged from 29.0-33.5 ºC and the salinity ranged from 35-38 ppt. Hatchery performance of the fish shows that the egg
viability (floating eggs) ranged from 27.7-49.2% and the egg hatching rate ranged from 9.8-26.4% (Table 1). During 1998
and1999, the larval survival up to juveniles was less than 1%. The hatchery larval survival considerably increased to 3.6-
4.2% and averaged 3.5% during 2000 culture period due to improvements made in live feed regimes. Improved feeds and
feed regimes during 2004 have made it possible to achieve a daily weight gain of about 0.62 g fish-1 for up to 50g size
groups and about 1.32g fish-1 for above 50g size (Table 2). The specific growth rate (SGR) was up to 5.98% day-1 for fish
below 50g and was about 2.13 day-1 for fish above 50g. Development of domesticated broodstock from hatchery produced
seeds is in progress. The fully grown broodstock size varied between 199 to 823 g.
Fully matured females and males have been achieved in an out-door tank culture facility. Further studies are in progress to
achieve spawning under domesticated culture conditions.
33
STATUS OF CULTURE-BASED FISHERIES IN NON-PERENNIAL RESERVOIRS OF SRI

LANKA
Upali S. Amarasinghe* and Sena S. De Silva
Department of Zoology
University of Kelaniya
Kelaniya 11600
Sri Lanka
zoousa@kln.ac.lk
In Sri Lanka, commercial scale inland fisheries activities have been developed during the second half of the twentieth
century after introduction of the exotic cichlid species, Oreochromis mossambicus into country’s freshwaters in 1952. Until
mid 1980s, the inland fishery of Sri Lanka was essentially a capture fishery in major perennial reservoirs of Sri Lanka.
Also there are about 13,000 small village reservoirs in the country, which range in extent from <5 ha to about 50 ha. The
main purpose of these reservoirs is irrigation and their cumulative extent is over 39,000 ha. Most of these reservoirs dry-
up completely during July–September and fill during the intermonsoonal rains in December-January. These non-perennial
reservoirs are highly productive. In 1980s, attempts were made to develop culture-based fisheries in these reservoirs using
hatchery-reared fingerlings of common carp, Chinese and Indian major carps as stocking material. Although high yields
(mean 892 kg ha-1) were produced from these culture-based fisheries activities, they did not sustain due to high dependence
on state subsidies and lack of effective criteria for selection of suitable non-perennial reservoirs for the development of
culture-based fisheries.
Nevertheless, presence of well-structured institutional link between fisheries and agrarian authorities facilitate the field-
level coordination of culture-based fisheries development activities in these reservoirs. This is of particular importance due
to the reason that success of culture-based fisheries development strategies depends not only on biological criteria such
as reservoir limnology but also on socio-economic factors such as willingness of rural communities to participate in the
activity, ready availability of stocking material at the correct time and the relative easiness of marketing of the harvest. As
such, there is a need to develop a decision support system based on multi-criteria evaluation pertaining to culture-based
fisheries strategies. Analytic Hierarchical Process, which enables a set of heterogeneous factors to be equated to a common
denominator, and Geographical Information Systems, can be used to develop a spatial decision support system for selecting
non-perennial reservoirs suitable for the development of culture-based fisheries.
34
FAECAL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES INFLUENCE WATER QUALITY IN A RECIRCULATION

SYSTEM
A. K. Amirkolaie*, J. W. Schrama, N. Duijster and J. A. J. Verreth
Wageningen University
Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences
Fish Culture and Fisheries Group
P.O. Box 338
6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
samad.amirkolaie@wur.nl
Efficient solid waste removal is known as a significant factor both for maintaining water quality in a recirculation system
and for reducing the impact of aquaculture waste water on the environment. Feed composition affects the physical properties
of faecal waste and thereby influences the removal efficiency of waste from the aquaculture system. Our previous research
showed that the type of non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) has large impact on faeces recovery. Dietary inclusion of guar
gum (soluble NSP) reduced faeces recovery whereas cellulose (insoluble NSP) had no effect. This study assessed whether
such differences in faeces recovery have significant impact on water quality parameters in a recirculation system. Tilapia
(Oreochromis niloticus) weighing 94.2 g were fed diets containing 8% cellulose or 8% guar gum for six weeks. Fish were
housed in four identical recirculation systems and each diet was replicated two times. Faeces were collected daily by
settling tanks for recovery measurement. Total suspended solids were measured weekly and dissolved oxygen, ammonia,
nitrite and nitrate-nitrogen were measured daily throughout the experiment. Supplementation of guar gum reduced faeces
recovery and increased total suspended solids (Table 1). Dissolved oxygen was lower in systems containing fish fed guar
gum. Ammonia and nitrite concentrations were higher in systems with guar gum-fed fish, although these differences were
not significantly different. Nitrate concentration was significantly higher at 8% cellulose inclusion. In conclusion, higher
faeces recovery reduces total suspended solids, thereby improving water quality of the recirculation system.
Table 1. Effects of two experimental treatments (Guar gum and Cellulose)

on water quality parameters. For each treatment, water quality data for all
sampling times were averaged.
1
measurement based on an equally mixed sample from outlet of fish tank and
outlet of settling tank.
35
STUDY ON FEEDING BEHAVIOUR IN EARLY STAGE OF SAND GOBY Oxyeleotris

marmoratus LARVAE
Thumronk Amornsakun*, Wasan Sriwatana and Uraiwan Chamnanwech
Fisheries Technology Programme

Department of Technology and Industries
Faculty of Science and Technology
Prince of Songkla University
Pattani Campus
Pattani, Thailand 94000
thumronk@bunga.pn.psu.ac.th
Natural spawning of sand goby was carried out in earthen ponds and eggs were then collected. Fertilized eggs
were incubated in a glass aquaria for hatching. The feed and feeding scheme experiments were done in the
500 liters (water volume 300 liters) rearing tanks containing 1,000-1,500 of two-day old larvae (stage at first
feeding). It was found that the larvae 3-18 days old (average total length 0.31-0.41 cm) preferably fed only on
rotifer while the 21-27 day-old larvae (average total length 0.44-0.65 cm) fed on rotifer and Artemia, and the
30-45 day- old larvae (average total length 0.69-2.15 cm) fed only on Moina.
Time of digestion experiments were carried out in a 15-liter rearing glass aquaria (water volume 10 liters)
containing 1,500 larvae. The larvae were fed with sufficient rotifer, Artemia or Moina and then transferred to
another rearing glass aquarium without food. Samples of 20 larvae were checked at 10-minute intervals until
no food remained in the larval digestive tract. It was found that the time required to empty the larval digestive
tract with rotifer, Artemia or Moina was as follows. Larvae 3-18 days old fed with rotifer took 130-180 minutes
to empty the digestive tract while larvae 21-27 days old fed with rotifer and Artemia took 110-120 minutes and
larvae 30-45 days old fed with Moina took 80-100 minutes at water temperature of 25-29 ºC. Time consumed
to empty the gut content tended to decrease as larval age increased.
Experiments to determined the time and amount of prey required to get satiation were carried out in a 15-liter
rearing glass aquaria (water volume 10 liters) containing 1,500 larvae. The larvae were fed with rotifer, Artemia
or Moina after starvation of 24 hr. Samples of 20 larvae were checked at 10-minutes intervals after the start of
feeding until 3 hr. It was found the time required to fill the larval digestive tract with rotifer, Artemia or Moina
for 3-18 days old larvae was 80-110 minutes and amount of rotifer to get satiation was 4.8-26 ind/larvae. For
21-27 day-old larvae the corresponding time was 60-80 minutes and was 28.5-31.6 ind/larvae. For 30-45 day-
old larvae the time was 40-60 minutes and amount of Moina to get satiation was 34.6-52.4 ind/larvae at water
temperature of 25-29 °C. The time required to fill the larval gut, tends to decrease with larval age but the amount
of prey required to fill the larval gut, tends to increase with larval age.
Experiments to determined the amount of food uptake in a day were done in a 15-liter rearing glass aquaria
(water volume 10 liters) containing 500 larvae, and 10 ind/ml of rotifer, Artemia or Moina. The amount of food
taken was calculated based on changes of rotifer, Artemia or Moina density in the rearing glass aquarium with
and without fish larvae, the 5 samples of each replication were examined at 2 hourly intervals. The average
amounts of rotifer uptake in a day for 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18 day-old larvae were 58.8, 95.4, 64.0, 88.8, 134.0
and 147.4 ind/larvae, respectively. The mean numbers of rotifer added Artemia uptake in a day by 21, 24 and
27-day old larvae were 181.6, 185.6 and 241 ind/larvae, respectively. And average amounts of Moina uptake in
a day for 30, 33, 36, 39, 42 and 45 day-old larvae were 177.4, 179.4, 214.8, 249.6, 362.8 and 366.2 ind/larvae,
respectively.
36
EVIDENCE FOR THE PRESENCE OF MONODON-SLOW GROWTH AGENT IN THE

PACIFIC WHITE SHRIMP Penaeus vannamei
Gun Anantasomboon*, Anuttara Akrajamorn, Wattana Panphut, Wiwat Saeng-Oum, Kallaya Sritunyaluksana
and Boonsirm Withyachumnarnkul
Department of Anatomy and Centex Shrimp

Faculty of Science,
Mahidol University
Bangkok 10400, Thailand
ananta_gun@yahoo.com
In Thailand, the relatively sudden, nation-wide occurrence of unusually slow-growth in the black tiger shrimp Penaeus
monodon (called monodon slow growth syndrome or MSGS) was a major factor in causing the majority of Thai shrimp
farmers to convert to farming the Pacific white shrimp Penaeus vannamei. One possible cause of MSGS was an infectious
agent that could be referred to as monodon slow growth agent (MSGA). Thus, morphological and ultrastructural studies
were carried out to search for pathogens with MSGS shrimp. Although a number of known viral, bacterial and protozoan
pathogens were found, a substantial fraction of the MSGS shrimp were free of known pathogens or unusual histopathology.
In addition to known viruses, some unknown spherical viral-like particles (~25 nm) were frequently detected by transmission
electron microscopy (TEM) in the lymphoid organ and gills of MSGS shrimp. Lymphoid organ extracts (LOE) passed
through 0.45 µm membrane filters induced MSGS in healthy P. monodon suggesting that the unknown viral particles might
be associated with MSGS. In another test, Pacific white shrimp P. vannamei were co-cultured with MSGS P. monodon
and they grew normally. However, membrane filtered LOE extracts from these co-cultured P. vannamei caused MSGS
when injected into healthy P. monodon. These findings suggest that a pathogen called MSGA exists, that it is possibly a
virus(es) located in the lymphoid organ of both P. vannamei and P. monodon, and that P. vannamei may act as an unaffected
carrier.
37
ASPECT OF REPRODUCTION IN THE LEOPARD CORALGROUPER Plectropomus

leopardus FROM INDONESIA
Retno Andamari*, Sari Budi Moria and I.G. Ngurah Permana
Gondol Research Institute for Mariculture

PO Box 140
Singaraja, Bali
Indonesia
ipop@indosat.net.id
Leopard coralgrouper Plectropomus leopardus is one of the economically important of Indonesian finfish fisheries. The
demand for grouper is increasing rapidly from year to year in Asia and the Pacific. According to the Laboratory of Quality
Control of Fisheries Product for the province of Bali grouper export from Bali were 1,627,807 kg in 2001; 2,082,276 kg
in 2002; 2,861,121 kg in 2003. All this fish are from capture fisheries. Understanding the reproductive aspects of fishes
is an important component in developing mariculture and in the management of capture fisheries. Study on reproductive
aspect of leopard coral grouper Plectropomus leopardus were carried out in Gondol Research Institute for Mariculture.
Sampling was conducted in P. Bawean, P.Sirai, P. Karimun Jawa and Sunda Strait from April to October 2003. All fish
were measured (standard length in mm) and weight (g). Gonads were removed and preserved in 1for routin histology
(Luna, 1968). Histological examination was defined following the stages of Hunter and Goldberg (1980); Cyrus and Blaber
(1984); Andamari et al. (1998). Reproductive aspect was observed in 86 fish.The results showed that b value in length-
weight relationship was bigger than 3 meaning an allometric growth. Histological analysis showed 73% of fish samples
were at immature gonad, while there were only two fish were mature with fecundity of 343,980 oocytes and 429,259
oocytes with 450 μ oocyte diameter (Figure 1). Leopard coralgrouper are multiple spawners based on the asynchrounous
Figure 1. Size-frequency distribution of Figure 2. Developmental stage of

oocytes representing the mature stages, oocytes in leopard coralgrouper
by 50 Um intervals, in Plectropormus ovaries. (A) immature ovary.
leopardus. (B) transition. (C) pre spawning
ovary with hydrated.
38
HATCHERY TECHNOLOGY OF SEAHORSE Hippocampus kuda IN INDONESIA
Anindiastuti*, M.Thariq and Ali Hafiz Al Qodri
National Seafarming Development Center, Lampung

PO Box 74/Tk Teluk Betung
Bandar Lampung, 35401
Indonesia
asts@indo.net.id
Seahorse is known as unique ornamental fish because they have specific morphology compare the other ornamental fish.
Beside as ornamental fish, another fuction of seahorse are used in traditional medicine. This fact make seahorse have high
economical value in the trade. As a result of growing demand for seahorse, and the uncertainly of the effect exploitation
is having on wild population, seahorse culture is being seriously considered and conducted. In Indonesia, research of
seahorse culture have begun on 1993 by The National Seafarming Developent Center (NSDC) at Lampung Province.
Gonad maturation of seahorse can occur all year long and the gonad of a couple of seahorse will be mature each 10
– 12 days. Seahorse broodstock are use both from the wild and the ressult of the grow out activity. The suitable zise of
broodstock for gonad maturation minimum is 7 gram in wight and 10 – 15 cm in length. Broodstock are reared at concreate
tank around 5 m3 in capacity with minimum 50 cm water depth. The stocking density should be not too high these are 20
– 30 pieces / m3. Mesopodopsis and fresh fish as a feed for broodstock. Water medium are change 50 - 80 % / day and
should be stagnant water. The seahorse is ready to spawn give a response by fascinating courtship and the spawning process
for a period varies from 5 – 10 second. The fertilized eggs are deposited by female into a brood pouch of the male. The
male will be born the juvenile at about 15 days. The male with 10 – 15 cm in lenght can produce 500 – 600 juvenile of
about one cm in the lenght.
The rearing of juvenile, can be used many kinds of capacity and shape of the tank. The initial density of juvenile, is 1000
– 1500 pieces/m3. After 30 days the juvenile (seed) are tranferred to the nursery tank.The density of juvenile in the nursery
is 300 – 400 pieces / m3. Table 1. showed that the kind and dose of feed for juvenil as long as rearing period. Based on the
experience the normal growth rate are showed on Table 2.
The survival rate of juvenile at 30 days rearing period is 35 – 45 % and the survival rate of the juvenile on the nursery, that
is from 30 days old until 90 days old is 50 – 80 %.
39
GENETIC DIVERSITY OF Epinephelus coioides Hamilton FROM THAILAND AND

INDONESIA USING MICROSATELLITE MARKERS
Suci Antoro*, Uthairat Na-Nakorn, Wongpathom Kamonrat and Worawut Koedprang
National Seafarming Development Center

Lampung – Indonesia 35454
suciantoro@yahoo.com
Orange-Spotted Grouper (Epinephelus coioides, Hamilton) is one of economically important fish species, inhabiting coastal
reefs from the Western of Indian Ocean to Western of Pacific Ocean. Five microsatellite loci designed from E. merra were
employed to quantify genetic variation, population structure and genetic relationship of E. coioides from six populations
throughout their natural range in Thailand and Indonesia waters. Two hundreds and fifty individuals were collected from
two localities in Thailand Trang (G) and Nakornsrithammarat (N) and four localities in Indonesia Sibolga (S), Lampung
(L), Jepara (J) and Flores (F).
The results showed that the four microsatellite primers (Em-01*, Em-07*, Em-08* and Em-10*) were polymorphic having
3, 6, 7 and 28 alleles respectively, while Em-03* was monomorphic. Observed heterozygosities were 0.43, 0.55, 0.52, 0.48,
0.47 and 0.36 respective to G, N, S, L, J and F; meanwhile number of effective allele across loci were 4.13, 4.24, 4.81, 3.57,
5.09 and 3.65 respectively. Three populations including G, J and F indicated departure from Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
(HWE) towards heterozygote deficiency. Genotypic distribution for most of population pairs was significantly different
(P<0.05/15) except for J and F. Average Fst value (0.074) suggested strong population differentiation between population,
it agreed with their sedentary nature.
The largest genetic distance was between F and S population (0.416) and the smallest was between L and N (0.183).
Mantel test indicated positive correlation between genetic distance and geographic distance. Genetic distances and the
phylogenetic dendrogram suggested that passive migration of the planktonic eggs and larvae by sea current could have
been a major factor shaping the genetic diversity of E. coioides.
Table 1 Summary of genetic diversity of E. coioides from

six population.
Note: Pop.: population, na: number of alleles, ne: number

of effective alleles, Ho: observed heterozygosity, He:
expected heterozygosity, * indicated departure to HWE
(α 0.05/24).
Figure 1 Neighborjoining tree based on Cavalli-Sforza

and Edward chord distance including bootstrap value.
40
TECHNOLOGY CONDUCTING FISH OF JELAWAT Leptobarbus hoeveni Blkr SCALE OF

EFFORT
Khairul Anwar* and Sarifin
Loka Budidaya Air Tawar Mandiangin

Jl. Tahura St. Adam Km. 14 Mandiangin
Kec. Karang Intan Kab
banjar prov. Kalimantan Selatan (70661)
iwak_jelawat@telkom.net
As one as of local sfecific fish of territorial water of Indonesia, espicially there are in Kalimantan and Sumatra, fish of
jelawat (Leptobarbus hoeveni Blkr) is enough taken a fancy to society as fish consume economic valuable so that.
Oppurtunity of fish market of jelawat also enough nicely and request in creasing for locall marketing it’s price enough
competitif and profit that is ranging from Rp. 25.000,- - Rp. 35.000,- per kg. Development of fish conducting of jelawat
good of seeding technology and magnification have walked good enough and relative modestly. Neverthelees still limited
to certain areas. Because that’s effort development of fish conducting of jelawat have to continue disemination to society.
Seeding technique of jelawat fish conducted made inly (induce breeding). Female and masculine mains injected with
hormone incentive of ovulation (by ovaprim hormone 0,5 cc/kg fis mains). For to heavy technique minimize masculine
mains 1,5 kg and female 2,5 kg or old age to minimize 1,5 year.
Impregnation process conducted with dry system, concurrently female and masculine mains which have stripping ovulation
to take egg and aperm. Hatc of egg conducted in aquarium during 15 days till ready for conducted of pond which have been
prepared.
Magnification of jelawat fish can be done in “karamba” with growth storey level which much the same to. At coservancy
of system of “karamba” of the size 2 x 3 x 1 m2 with density 300 fish per “karamba” from early size measure seed disperse
2 – 3 cm need time 7 – 8 months till reach heavy classification 1 kg. Mount the continuity of or life survival rate during a
period to cosevancy that is among 85 – 95 %.
From facet analyse effort, magnification of enough profit. With total Food Converty Ratio (FCR) 1,2 – 1,5 hance giving
oppurtunity of effort which is very promise.
To reach result optimal hance quality of water during consevancy is temperature gyrate 23 – 310 C, pH 6 – 7 and Disolver
Oxygen more than 3 ppm.
41
URBAN AQUACULTURE IN NIGERIA

Betty Anyanwu-Akeredolu
Aquatek Farms Ventures

221 Obafemi Awolowo Way
Oke-Ado, Ibadan
Nigeria
bettynak@yahoo.com
A perspective on the emerging urban aquaculture industry in Nigeria is given based on interviews with operators including
tour of a facility belonging to Quatrocchi Fish Industries Ltd.
With the use of recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS), aquaculture is increasingly finding a niche in Nigerian urban
cities. For years federal government has been promoting aquaculture to increase fish production but progress has been quite
slow. Consequently, the food fish demand of the country has remained largely unmet. However, in recent times, in what
appears to be in line with the global trend in aquaculture popularity, Nigeria is witnessing an explosion of interest in urban
aquaculture focused on raising catfish ( Clarias gariepinus). Noting that the applied technology is not for every prospective
fish farmer, it is the toast of private investors and people with means especially comfortable pensioners including retired
army generals, top civil servants, captains of industries and bank chiefs. These (nouveau) fishfarmers now have RAS fish
farms in abandoned factories or right in their back yards.
Quatrocchi Fish Industries Ltd. located in Ibadan, the Oyo State capital, typifies the emerging trend. The facility was found
to be small-scale offering a variety of advantages over pond culture. These include a technique to maximise production on
a small space with extremely little water usage, low labour requirement, complete and convenient harvesting, elimination
of poaching and flexibility to locate facility near large markets. While the costly nature of RAS is the norm, its application
in Nigeria has some peculiar disadvantages. Not only do operators rely on foreign expertise for installation and periodic
checks, they also depend on imported high quality feeds. Uninterrupted supply of quality juveniles is another major concern
as there is absence of large-scale commercial hatcheries.
Despite these draw-backs and notable large-scale business failures, small-scale ventures such as Quatrocchi will continue
to demonstrate the profitability of RAS thereby promoting urban aquaculture in Nigeria.
42
AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT IN ARID ZONES – POTENTIAL OPPORTUNITIES FOR

NGOS
Samuel Appelbaum* and M.C.Nandeesha
The Jacob Blaustein Institute for Desert Research

Ben Gurion University of the Negev
Sede Booker Campus
Midreshet Sede Boker IL84990, Israel
sappl@bgu.ac.il
A significant proportion of the global land surface is arid and underdeveloped. People inhabiting arid areas around the
world are generally poor, without governmental support and with little hope of improvement in their condition. It is for
these reasons that arid areas have in general the reputation of being unproductive, difficult to inhabit and useless. However
arid zones around the world frequently have subsurface water, which is sometimes brackish, geothermal, mostly unpolluted
but rarely utilized. Such water is perfectly suitable for growing aquatic organisms preferably integrated with agriculture.
In Israel, about two thirds of the total land area of 21,000 km2 is arid. This region however, is blessed with large quantities
of subsurface brackish geothermal water. Only about 1% of the country’s population of 6 million lives in this desert. Over
the past half century these people have developed a prosperous agriculture, and over the past decade, aquaculture has
been added utilizing the existing brackish water which due to its pollutant-free character provides high quality produce.
Such development has been undertaken in other regions, including the United States and Australia, and can be similarly
implemented in other parts of the world with the assistance of NGOs.
In several arid regions of the world, freshwater has recently been diverted for irrigation purposes, thereby improving the
lives of the people. FAO expert consultation on the use of irrigation systems for sustainable fish production in arid areas
during 2001 has brought out a number of opportunities that exist for the development of aquaculture. Some of the countries
in Asia have made progress in developing aquaculture in arid zones, while many other countries in the region are yet to
reap the benefits.
NGOs, flexible in their nature, would be useful organizations to work in such difficult areas to bring changes in farming
systems and improvements in standards of living. An attempt is made in this presentation to collate available information
on agri- aqua-cultural development in arid areas and identify potential pathways to stimulate NGO involvement.
43
REARING GILTHEAD SEA BREAM Sparus aurata L. IN BRACKISH WATER AS AN

ALTERNATIVE TO TRADITIONAL SEA BREAM MARI-CULTURE
Samuel Appelbaum* and Evgeny. Resnikov
The Jacob Blaustein Institute for Desert Research

Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
Sede Boker Campus, 84990 Israel
sappl@bgu.ac.il
Gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) is a marine species found in the Mediterranean and the Atlantic whose culinaric
qualities are much appreciated. The production of sea bream in the Mediterranean totals over 100,000 tons annually with
Greece being the leading producer. Israeli production of gilthead sea bream amounts to nearly 3,000 tons annually, all of it
fresh and for domestic consumption. Apart from a small amount produced by one farm in an Israeli Mediterranean harbor,
the rest comes from floating net pens in the Gulf of Eilat. In recent years much pressure has been put on the producers
in the Gulf of Eilat to cease operation. Opposition to intensive cultivation of fish in Eilat is based on the opinion that it is
detrimental to the corals in the bay, and it is expected that the cages will be removed. Therefore, alternatives are sought to
replace the Eilat source for this fish.
Indoor experiments in our laboratory have shown that gilthead sea bream juveniles (1-2 grams) can be gradually (within
24 hours) transferred from full seawater (41 ppt) into brackish water of a lower salinity (as low as 3 ppt). Although fish
will tolerate such lower salinity, their activity, including feeding and growth, is reduced. In contrast, when salinity is as
high as 7 ppt fish are active, feed eagerly and grow well. Under controlled conditions in a circulating water system of 7
ppt salinity with water renewal of 5-10% daily and water temperatures of 29o C, gilthead sea bream juveniles have reached
a body weight of >350 g. with a biomass of approximately 20 kg/m3 within 12 months, which is comparable to sea bream
growth rates in the net pens in Eilat.
Vast amounts of subsurface, brackish geothermal water exist in the Negev desert in Israel. This ancient, pollutant-free
water can be utilized for intensive culture of gilthead sea bream in a manner similar to that used successfully for other
species over the past decade. Wells in the desert providing brackish water as high as 7 ppt salinity would be suitable for sea
bream, whereas water from wells with lower salinity can eventually be “enriched” with sea salt in order to obtain better fish
growth. Nevertheless, further experiments are required to determine a) which is the optimal salinity for economical growth
of gilthead sea bream, b) whether the “enrichment” of the existing brackish water with salt is economically feasible, taking
into consideration the environmental impact.
In view of the pollution problems at sites where sea bream are now cultured and of difficulties in finding suitable sites for
sea cages , the suggested alternative of growing sea bream in a land-based operation using available brackish water seems
most promising and realistic. The international market will be delighted to consume high quality gilthead sea bream that
originates from pristine, brackish pollutant free water.
44
PERFORMANCE AND HEALTH CONDITION OF PIRARARA Phractocephalus hemioliopterus

FARMED IN CAGES IN THE REGION OF VALE DO PARAÍBA – SP/BRAZIL
Aquino-Silva, MR*, Fiorini, MP, Girardi, L. and Val, AL
Ecology Pisciculture Limnology and Ichthyology Center

Study and Research Society on Aquatic Ecosytems
Univap – Av Shishima Hifumi
2911 São José dos Campos, SP / Brazil. CEP 12244-000
mreginaquino@terra.com.br
Cage fish culture is an excellent alternative for farming fish mainly in places where conventional fish farming is impractical
(Schmittou, 1993). The goal of the present study was to check the natural adaptability of the pirarara–indigenous to the
Amazon region (North of Brazil)--raised in cages placed in an abandoned sand mining pool in the southeastern region of
Brazil. Three stocking densities were established: 25 fish/m3 (1), 30 fish/m3 (2) e 50 fish/m3 (3). Biometrical evaluation was
carried out monthly with a 10% sample in order to determine weight gain (WG) and food conversion (NC). The health
condition of the fish was determined quarterly through a hematological variable: hematocrit (GOLDENFARB et al. 1971),
hemoglobin concentration (KAMPEN & ZIJLSTRA 1964), and counting of the number of erythrocyte were carried out
in a Neubauer chamber. The average corpuscular volume, average corpuscular hemoglobin and concentration of average
corpuscular hemoglobin were according to BROW (1976) - monitoring the water temperature.
According to Table 1 the density of 30 fish/m3 (2) presented the best indices for weight gain and feed conversion. It is worth
mention that these indices vary according to the water temperature.
With regard to health condition, Figure 1 presents pattern variation obtained for group 2, indicating that the hematocrit
values were maintained approximately invariable, with a reduction of the VCM, pattern presented here to all other groups
, according to the results obtained by Cyprinus carpio (Vuren & Hatting, 1978).
Thus, the results obtained in the present study suggest that the natural adaptability of pirarara may allow it to be farmed
adequately in cages in the southeastern region of Brazil; however, a more detailed study of its physiology and growth is
necessary.
Table. 1: Zootechnical indices obtained for pirarara at Fig. 1: Weight (g), VCM, Hct and NC for
different stocking densities from January to August, pirarara stocked at densities of 30 fish/m³ during
2004. the experiment period.
45
NATURAL FREEZE DRIED INGREDIENTS FOR SHRIMP Penaeus monodon

LARVICULTURE
Zaenal Arifin, Abidin Nur and Iwan Aris Setiawan
Center of Brackishwater Aquaculture Development

PO Box 1
Jepara, Indonesia
zarifin@hotmail.com
Experiment were conducted comparing the performance of tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) larvae (PL1-PL12) fed on natural
freeze dried ingredients (i.e. squid, shrimp, ray fish, cow cortex-brain ) and commercial feed, at Center of Brackishwater
Aquaculture Development (CBAD) Jepara, Indonesia.
The PL were reared on 16 m3 concrete cement tanks. The density was 30 PL/liter. The dosage of the feed was 3%/body
weight/day and applicated 8 times/day. There was no water changing during rearing period.
The survival and growth rate of the larvae of both treatments were investigated during 12 days of rearing. The result showed
that the commercial feed gave the better survival (50.0 %) and growth performance (0.0057 g, 12.1 mm) than that of the
natural freeze dried ingredients (45.5 %, 0.0049 g, 11.9 mm). The main reason is related to big particles size of the feed
prepared from freeze dried ingredients. Though from the study gave a chance to find high nutritious from fresh material
which is has competitive price with commercial one.
STUDY ON PROTEIN REQUIREMENTS OF SWIMMING CRAB Portunus pelagicus REARED

UNDER LABORATORY CONDITION
Zaenal Arifin, Abidin Nur, Tri Wahyu W and Peni

PO Box 1
Jepara, Indonesia
zarafin@hotmail.com
This experiment was aimed to find out the effectiveness of artificial diets using different proteint content on the rearing of
swimming crab (Portunus pelagicus).
The C5 swimming crab were reared on 300 l fiberglass at the density of 30 crab/fiber glass. The crabs were fed on artificial
feed in three treatments i.e. 30, 35 and 40% protein content and it was replicated in three times. The dosage of the diet was
5%/body weight/day and applicated in 2 times/day. The larvae were reared in 30 days.
Results of the experiment show that the survival and growth rate of the swimming crab fed on 35% protein content of
artificial diet was higher than that of the 30% protein content. Furthermore, the survival and growth rate of the swimming
crab fed on 40 protein content was similar to the crab fed on 35 protein content.
46
CURRENT STATUS OF INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION OF JAPAN THROUGH

FISHERIES AND MARINE SCIENCES
Takafumi Arimoto
Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology

4-5-7, Konan, Minato-ku
Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
tarimoto@s.kaiyodai.ac.jp
Japan’s International Cooperation can be discussed with the several channels such as the Official Development Assistance
(ODA) since 1954 for participation in the Colombo Plan, or Scientific/Technical Partnership Cooperation through the
Academic Societies and University/Institute for research and education. In case of special focusing on Fisheries related
issues, it is rather difficult to cover all the aspect due to the wide varieties of the objectives and channels through the
different funding Institutes of JICA, OFCF, JSPS. Here, in this review, the role of the universities will be described for the
special emphasis on the networking partnership mechanism for promoting the human resource development towards the
sustainable use of fisheries resources for promoting the economic and social development, and strengthening of bilateral
and multi-lateral relations, with the special references on the international seminars, the cooperative research activities and
the academic agreements for the student and staff exchange program in Southeast Asia.
For the purpose of promoting the academic cooperation in Asia, the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)
offers the Core University Program for the fisheries science, which was initiated by Indonesia in 1995, and followed by
Philippines in 1998, Thailand in 2000, and Korea in 2001. Each Core University designated in Japan and in its counter-part
country provides the program for scientist exchange, cooperative research and international seminars, by organizing the
member universities in each side. The number of exchanges can be 10-25 every year for hosting and visiting respectively
in each Core University Program. Seminars were held periodically on specific topics in each program to identify the seeds
and needs of the cooperative research activities, as well as to distribute its fruits. The Multi-lateral approach will be the next
phase through establishing the stronger linkage among bi-laterals towards the goal of sustainable fisheries. For this big goal
of research and education, the task for seeking the solution to poverty and hunger against the future population explosion,
with the needs of environmental awareness will be described with the perspective charts shown here.
47
IMPROVEMENT PRODUCTIVITY ON BACYARD HATCHERY OF THAILAND’S CATFISH

Pangasius hypopthalmus WITH INTENSIVE REARING LARVAE SYSTEM
Didik Ariyanto*, Evi Tahapari and Bambang Gunadi
Research Institute for Fish Breeding and Aquaculture Technology

Jalan Raya 2 Sukamandi, Subang, West Java
Indonesia, 41256
didik_ski@yahoo.com
Thailand’s catfish Pangasius hypopthalmus is one of the introducing cultured fish to Indonesia. At the several last year,
rapid development of its culture make an increasing on the demand of the seed stock for culture. Most of the seed
production centre as the supplier of this seed is a backyard hatchery with limited seed production. One way to improvement
productivity on the backyard hatchery is trough intensive rearing larvae system.
This research was conducted to identify the optimum density of larvae in intensive rearing system. The larvae with
individual weight about 0,003 gram reared in the aeration aquarium volume 30 l. The treatment used were 50, 100 and 150
fishes/l in 6 replicated. The feed Artemia naupli have given in early 10 days, Tubifex have given till 20 days and artificial
feed have given in last 10 days.
The result showed that the density of larvae did not significant (P<0,05) for the survival rate till 30 days i.e. 21,34%;
19,78% and 19,71% respectively (Fig. 1) but significant (P>0,05) for individual weight till 30 days i.e. 0,47 g/fishes; 0,37
g/fishes and 0,25 g/fishes respectively (Fig. 2).
Fig. 1. Survival rate of larvae till 30 days.
Fig. 2. Weight of larvae till 30 days.

48
BIOMETRICAL VARIATION OF Artemia urmiana CYSTS FROM URMIA LAKE

(WEST AZERBAIJAN, IRAN)
Alireza Asem, Nasrullah Rastegar-Pouyani and Naser Agh
Department Of Biology
Faculty Of Science
Razi University, Kermanshah
Alireza_1218@yahoo.com
Artemia urmiana has been reported from Urmia Lake by Günter in 1890. The objectives of this study were to investigate
the diameter of hydrated, untreated and decapsulated cysts and chorion thickness in 26 stations in Urmia Lake. Tukey
Test was used, for analyzing the data. Only 31 pair means of untreated cysts between 26 stations showed significant
differences, but, on the other hand, 157 pair mean of decapsulated cysts between 26 stations showed significant differences.
Based on this study, there is no variation between diameters of untreated cysts, but a high variation was observed in
diameters of decapsulated cysts. For partitioning of 26 stations, Hierarchical Cluster Analysis was used. (Fig.1) Because
diameters of decapsulated cysts showed high variation, mean of diameters of decapsulated cysts and C.V in each station
were used in Hierarchical Cluster Analysis. With regard to this analysis, cyst samples from 26 stations were classified into
seven categories. Results obtained indicate that diameter of decapsulated cyst is a natural character for the population and
environmental factors do not influence it considerably, but it seems that environmental factors do considerably influence the
diameter of untreated cysts that include chorion layer too. Therefore it could be finally concluded that biometrical studies
of decapsulated cysts could probably be used as a tool for differentiating various Artemia populations.
Fig.1- Classification of stations by Hierarchical Cluster Analysis

49
BIOMETRIC COMPARISON OF THE FRONTAL KNOB IN FOUR POPULATIONS OF

Artemia urmiana (ANOSTRACA, ARTEMIIDAE) FROM URMIA LAKE (I), NORTHWESTERN
IRAN
Alireza Asem*, Nasrullah Rastegar-Pouyani and Patricio De Los Rios
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science

Razi University
Kermanshah, Iran
alireza_asem@yahoo.com
Artemia is a small crustacean, belonging to the Phylum Arthropoda, Subphylum Crustacea, Class Branchiopoda, and Order
Anostraca. Artemia urmiana, has been reported from Urmia Lake, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. In the male Artemia the
antennae are transformed into muscular graspers, which have a frontal knob at their inner side. The frontal knob diameter
of Artemia urmiana and its C.V (Coefficient of Variability) in 4 stations were studied. In each case, left and right frontal
knobs were measured. The Tukey Test was used for analyzing the data. Based on this study, the size of frontal knob does not
have any significant difference between the stations. For partitioning of the stations, diameters of frontal knob and its C.V
in each station were used in Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (Fig.1). With regards to this analysis, four stations are separated
into three categories between 15-20 spans. On the other hand, Principle Components Analysis shows a mix collection and
does not separate the stations (Fig.2). This shows, however, that the means of frontal knob are not significantly different and
that the stations can not be separated based on the PCA but C.V can be used as an important parameter to demographical
study.
50
SEXUAL DIMORPHISM IN Artemia urmiana IN FOUR DIFFERENT GEOGRAPHICAL

STATIONS FROM THE URMIA LAKE, WEST AZERBAIJAN PROVINCE, IRAN
Asem, Alireza*, Rastegar-Pouyani, Nasrullah and Agh, Naser
Faculty of Science
Razi University
Kermanshah, Iran
alireza_asem@yahoo.com
Sexual dimorphism is an important principle in Biosystematics and Evolutionary studies of animal kingdom. In this survey,
four geographical stations were chosen in the Urmia Lake (N2; M3-2; M1-2; S2) in order to study the sexual dimorphism among
Artemia populations. Thirty male and female samples of Artemia urmiana were examined From each station, (twelve
morphological characters were measured) and number of setae per furca were counted. Primary ecological factors were
recorded for each station (Tab.1). T-Test was used to find out significant difference between means. Principal Components
Analysis and Discriminant Function Analysis were used for classification of male and female samples in each station. In
the PCA in each station male and female groups of Artemia urmiana were separated (Fig. 1). In the Discriminant Analysis,
in each station 100% of original groups were correctly classified.
51
THE FIRST BREEDING OF TOR SORO Labeobarbus soro USING HORMONAL

INDUCTION
Sidi Asih, Ani Widiati, Winarlin, Jojo Subagja and Anang Hari Kristanto
Research Institute for Freshwater Fisheries

Jl. Sempur No 1, Bogor, West Java
Indonesia
brpbat@telkom.net
Tor soro (Labeobarbus soro), local name Batak fish, is a native freshwater fish which inhibits in open waters. It has a
considerable economic value and culture to the Batak people of North Sumatra, Indonesia who use it in traditional feast,
and also as a symbol for welfare on the wedding ceremony. Due to over fishing and environmental degradation, populations
of those fish become rare. They are four species found in Toba lake, North Sumatra, namely Tor douronensis, T. tambra,
T. tambroides and T. soro. The conservation of the fish was initiated by in situ and ex situ activities. In ex situ, the fish were
transferred to the Cijeruk fish station in West Java.
The fish were maintained in pond with density 0.2 fish/m2 and given commercial pellet feed containing protein 39 % for
3 months. The females which have eggs diameter 2.0 – 3.0 mm were chosen and injected with the hormone. The males
were selected by applying gentle pressure to the abdomen and the milky white milt exudes through genital aperture. The
human chorionic gonadotropin hormone was administered on the first injection with dosage 500 IU/kg. Ovaprim hormone
was given 24 hour later as the second injection with dosage 0.6 ml/kg. The eggs were stripped after 33 hour from the last
injection. The stripped eggs were fertilized with sperm and the eggs were incubated in the aquarium provided with gentle
air bubble. The eggs hatched after 5 days. The average fecundity was 1,265 eggs/kg, fertilization rate was 100%, hatching
rate was 84.6 % and the number of larva/kg female body weights was 1,025. The hatchling larvae were reared in the same
aquarium, up to disappearing of the yolk sack in two days. Artemia sp was given ad libitum for 5 days. The fries were
stocked in the nursery pond. The success of T .soro breeding will help the restocking program held by the North Sumatra
province to conserve the fish.
Figure 1. The male of Batak fish was smaller than female.
Figure 2. Hatchling larvae and eggs of Batak fish

52
INVESTIGATION ON EFFECT OF PHOTOPERIOD ON GROWTH INDICES IN BELUGA

Huso huso
Askarian Fatemeh* and Kousha Armin
Azad University
Savadkooh and Oloom Tahghighat
Department of Fisheries andYoung Researchers Club
Qaemshahr Iran
fatemahaskarian@yahoo.com
The first trials in sturgeon farming were carried out almost simultaneously in mid 19th century in Russia , Germany
and North America to compensate for declines in harvest from wild sturgeon.The present sturgeon farming described is
performed to provide meat and Caviar for human consumption plus recreational purposes such as for aquariom fishes and
garden ponds as well as for recreational fishing market.Sturgeon ( noteworthy that even semi anadromous species is farmed
in different types of freshwater systems, utilising surface water , well water geothermal ) , and industrial wastewaters (
including thermal efluents ).Beluga ( Huso huso ) is one of the most important species of sturgeon in Caspian sea .
The production of them for meat has been increasing recently in Iran because of their high growth rate. Photoperiod
has been considered one of the most important growth promoting factor in several fish species . More information
is required about the different techniques and physiological condition of its cult ure to contribute to a better
management and development.
In this research 56 one year old beluga sturgeon (average of initial weight and total lentgh was 475.94+2.91 and
49.13+0.22 respectively) were subjected to four different light regimes including natural photoperiod (NP),continuos dark
(0L:24D),continuos light (24L:0D) and long day regime (16L:8D) from April to October of 2003.The following experiment
was undertaken to determine the effect of photoperiod on growth trend in one year old beluga sturgeon.
The results reveal that extended of daylength have positive effect on the growth rate of beluga and their growth were
progressively faster under continuous light ( Table I ).
As compared with other treatments, exposure to continuous light regime resulted in higher weight (816.61+31.34 gr ),total
lengh(59.13+ 0.62 cm),condition factor (0.75+0.007%), growth rate (0.018+0.77 gr ) ,specifc growth rate (0.78+0.09%)
and finally the lowest FCR (1.98+0.09).
The results reveal that there is a direct relation between growth indices and increase of daylength in one year old beluga
sturgeon .
Table 1. Growth indices of one year old reared beluga sturgeon (n=14 in each treatment)
53
VITAMIN C AND CALCIUM SUPPLEMENT IN ARTIFICIAL FEED TO IMPROVE

PERFORMANCE AND SURVIVAL RATE OF ORANGE-SPOTTED GROUPER Epinephelus
coioides SEED
Titiek Aslianti* and Agus Priyono

P.O. Box 140
Singaraja 81101, Bali-Indonesia
agus_priyono@telkom.net
Vitamin C and calcium supplement in artificial feed has been carried out to increase vitality and to improve vertebrae
growth of orange spotted grouper, Epinephelus coioides seed. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized
design consisted of 4 treatments i.e., (A) Vitamin C + calcium; (B) Vitamin C; (C) Calcium and (D) control, with three
replicates. The treatments were started on larvae on 20 days old and were reared until 45 days old. The growth rate of the
larvae were observed at 5 days interval and survival rate were counted when the experiment were terminated. The results
showed that the higest (P<0.05) survival rate (4.38%) and the growth (TL 17.37 mm, BW 75.21 mg) were obtained from
the seeds in treatment of vitamin C + calcium (A).
METHOD OF OYSTER SEED CULTURE

Ni Wayan Widya Astuti
Aquaculture Department
Fisheries and Marine Science Faculty
Bogor Agricultural Institute
Darmaga, Bogor, 16680
wiwid_13lien@yahoo.com
Oyster is the fisheries commodity which has high prospect to be developed. It produces pearl which is used for accessories.
In Indonesia, oyster culture is expanding in Lampung and Lombok Island. Species that have been cultured are Pinctada
maxima, P. margaritifera, P. fucata, P. chimnitzii, and Pteria penguin. High demand of pearl from international market
cause the culture of oyster still be elaborated by fish farmer.
Seed of oyster represent especial conditions in network of pearl producing activity. Generally seed which are ready to be
implanted have size measure 15 cm to guarantee efficacy of core cultivation. One of the problem that is faced by the farmer
is availability of continue, fairish precisely and good quality seeds. Now, the seeds availability most still rely on arrest,
although effort of seeding have expanded. This matter caused by seed quality from arrest result is better than seed which
has been produced from culture. Therefore requirement of the seed culture must be done in order to make alternative of
substitute seed from arrest which longer will be decrease in amount.
Seed producing by using culture system can be conducted by a few method. Those method are physical method by
using environmental manipulation and chemical method. Physical method through manipulation of environment which
commonly used is thermal shock. Temperature of culture environment of the mature oyster which is relatively stable, is
boosted up step by step until 28-35 0C. at this conditions, mature oyster will release sperm and ovum as the response of
the thermal shock after 60-90 minutes of treatment. While, chemical method that are usually used is soak the oyster in
one of the following reagent: H2O2, NaOH, trace buffer, H2O2 and trace buffer, H2O2 and NaOH, and NH4 or by NH4OH
insemination at the muscle adductor or foot jetty. This chemical way has the same target as the physical way that is to
alter environmental condition so that the oyster will release the sperm and ovum. But the chemical method weakness is
it’s efficacy only reach 50%, low fertilization rate, releasing abnormal egg and it’s impregnation result is unfavourable
generally. While the physical method have relatively small failure rate because if oyster don’t released the sperm or ovum
yet, the environment temperature is returning fluctuated, by degradedly returned to ambient early temperature later re-
boosted up step by step.
Producing oyster seed with good quality can be conducted by using physical and chemical methods. With using those
methods, the oyster seed for pearl production not only rely on arrest, but also from culture activity.
54
INTENSIVE CULTURE OF ARTEMIA URMIANA IN SEMI – FLOW THROUGH SYSTEM

FEEDING ON ALGAE DUNALIELLA AND AGRICULTURAL BY-PRODUCTS
Behrooz Atashbar*, Ehsan Kamrani and Naser Agh
Artemia and Aquatic Animals Center

Urmia University
Urmia – Iran
atashbarb@yahoo.com
Fullfilling feed requirements of aquatics has been and is the main problem of aquaculture development. Feed covers 50%
of total expenses in proliferation and culture centers. Importance of live food and its role in development of aquaculture is
a very well known fact. Artemia is a tiny crustacean that lives in salty lakes. Urmia lake is one of the large natural biotopes
of Artemia in the world and Artemia urmiana is one of the important species of it. Specific characteristies of Artemia such
as high nutritional values with regard to fatty asids, proteins, vitamines and other nutrients and its various forms with many
applications have caused this creature to be considered as the most valuable live food for the cultured aquatic animals. But
limiations such as short harvesting period, dangers of excessive exploitations and natural crises of the lakes on one hand
and permanant needs of the proliferation and culture centers one the other, has encouraged artificial culture of Artemia in
ponds and cement & polyethylene tanks for production of cyst & live biomass during the recent years. Research activities
indicate that different species of Artemia show differerent capacities in production of cyst and biomass and even for their
use in aquaculture.
Current research was carried out in other to find out the bio-technique for intensive culture of Artemia with semi-flow
through system using unicellular algae (Dunaliella) and agricultural waste as food source. For this purpose three 1000
liter tanks were filled with diluted urmia lake water (35 ppt) and inoculated with 5000 newly hatched artemia larvae/liter.
The Artemia were fed with wheat bran powder and unicelluar algae (Dunaliella tertiolecta) twice a day. A part of culture
medium was replaced with fresh saline water every day. Artemia were harvested after 14 days. The average prodution of
live Artemia in three tanks reached to 7116.7 g. The mean length of Artemia in last day of culture period was 4.09 mm and
mean servival rate 42 percent. It was concluded that partial removal of waste material from culture medium helps in higher
production rate of live biomass.
55
MORPHOLOGICAL DIFFERENTIATION BETWEEN TWO PARTHENOGENTIC

POPULATIONS OF Artemia FROM URMIA LAKE REGION
Atashbar*, Behrooz; Asem, Alireza; Agh, Naser and Manaffar, Ramin
Artemia and Aquatic Animals Research Center

Urmia University
Urmia, Iran
atashbarb@yahoo.com
Studying morphological characteristics is a useful too for differentiating different Artemia populations. Using this tool we
tried to differentiate two parthenogentic populations of Artemia from Lake Urmia region. For this purpose cysts of two
parthenogenetic populations of Artemia from Lake Urmia and Lagoons at the vicinity of the lake were hatched according
to standard procedure (Sorgeloos, 1986). Newly hatched nauplii were transferred into cylindro-conical vessels containing
brine water of 80 ppt and cultured till adulthood. Thirty adult females were randomly selected from each population and
were killed using concentrated lugol solution. Thirteen morphologic characters were measured using a light microscope
equipped with drawing tube and a digitizer. Moreover number of setae per furca were also counted. Two populations
demonstrated significant differences (P<0.05) in six morphometric characters and also in numbers of seta per furca. Principle
Components and Discriminante analysis were used to separate the populations On the basis of which these populations
were separated with regard to factor 1 showing slight over lapping of the samples (Fig 1). On the basis of Discriminante
analysis 98.3% of original grouped cases were correctly classified.
Fig 1. Classification of populations by principle components analysis.

56
EFFECT OF SALINITY AND TEMPERATURE ON P450 AROMATASE IN BRAIN AND

GONAD OF BARRAMUNDI Lates calcarifer
Saman B. Athauda and Trevor A. Anderson

Townsville, Australia
saman.athauda@jcu.edu.au
Asian sea bass or barramundi, Lates calcarifer (Bloch), occurs in Indo-West Pacific region and forms the basis of aquaculture
and wild catch fisheries. Precocious sex inversion is a major problem and is estimated to cost millions of dollars to the
global barramundi industry (Allan & Stickney, 2000). Barramundi is a protandrous species that migrates from freshwater
to saline water for spawning. Wild fish attain sexual maturity at 3 to 5 years and changes sex between 6 to 8 years old (yo)
(Allan & Stickney, 2000). However, reproductive characteristics vary markedly between populations youngest female age
varies from 2 yo (Moore, 1979) to 5 yo (Davis, 1986). Recent studies reveal that farmed barramundi in Australia exhibit
sex inversion at 1 or 2 yo (Allan & Stickney, 2000). They tolerate salinities from 0-36 ppt, but broodstock must be held
in seawater. Sex change in barramundi is induced by administration of estradiol 17ß (Anderson, unpubl. data), which in
nature is the product of aromatization of testosterone by aromatase P450 which is found largely in brain and gonad. A
number of studies have demonstrated an effect of environmental temperature on aromatase and implicated it in sex change
in fish (Strussmann & Nakamura, 2002). Salinity (Haddy & Pankhurst, 1998) has also been proposed as determinants of
sex in fishes. Thus we hypothesized that environmental salinity and temperature may induce sex inversion in barramundi
by impacting on aromatase P450 activity.
Fourteen months old barramundi were obtained from a commercial farm in north Queensland (19 0S, 147 0E) where they
had been grown in fresh water under natural temperature and held in groups of 10 in 3000 L tanks with fresh water at 29 °C
for 6 weeks and were then acclimated to the experimental conditions over 3 d (0 or 30 ppt salinity) or simultaneously 1 wk
(24, 29 or 34 °C). Fish were fed commercial pellet (50% protein, 18 MJ.Kg-1) to satiety daily throughout their life. Brain
and gonad were collected either before transfer to experimental (n=7) or at the end of the experiment (n=7-10/treatment).
Tissues were frozen in liquid N2 and stored at -80 °C until assay for aromatase using an assay modified from the methods
of Chang and Lin (1998) measuring production of 3H2O from 3H-androstenedione.
Aromatase activity in barramundi varied with individuals in both brain and gonad. Average aromatase activity in brain
appeared greater at 29 °C than at either 24 °C or 34 °C, with no apparent effect of salinity. Average aromatase activity in
gonad was greatest in saline water at 34 °C with no or very low levels in gonad of fish subjected to all other treatments. In
saline water at 34 °C, aromatase was greater in gonad than in brain but the reverse was the case in all other treatments. The
significance of these data with regard to understanding the influence of temperature and salinity on the mechanism of sex
inversion in barramundi will be discussed.
57
FEEDING OF TILAPIA ON MICROBIAL FLOCS: QUANTITATIVE EVALUATION USING

MATERIAL BALANCES
Yoram Avnimelech
Dept of Civil & Environmental Eng.

Technion, Israel Inst of Technology
Haifa, 32000, Israel
agyoram@tx.technion.ac.il
It was shown that tilapia grow well, ingest and digest microbial protein in Active Suspension Ponds (ASP). Yet, the
quantitative aspects are still un-clear. The work presented here is a part of a wider research done to quantitatively evaluate
tilapia feeding on microbial flocs.
The study reported here was conducted in a farm in Southern California, based on an ASP with tilapia with a biomass
of about 15 kg/m3. Water from the pond was pumped into 3 replicated tanks, 1000 l each. Each tank was stocked with
twenty 100 g fish. 15N salt was added to enable tracing of microbial protein incorporation by the fish. Floc volume (using
Imhof cones), suspended solids (SS) in the water and in the settled flocs as well as C and N in the suspended matter were
determined periodically. Feed was not added during the first phase of the study (6 days) but was added later (days 7-15).
The material balance during the first phase will be discussed here.
Floc volume was lowered from an initial value of about 35 ml/l, at an average rate of 1.74 ml/l tank water during the no
feed phase. The dry solid concentration in the settled floc plug was 13.9 (+3) mg/ml. Specific uptake by the fish was thus
computed to be 1.09 g/fish*day. Water SS was also lowered during the no feed phase, from 581 to 460 mg/l , yielding a
specific uptake rate of 0.904 g/fish*day. Particulate carbon and nitrogen reduction during the first phase was 0.29 and 0.039
g/fish*day, respectively. These results are equivalent 9using the % C and N in the SS) to 1.12 and 0.98 g solids/fish*day,
using the C or N data, respectively.
A practically identical specific uptake rate (1.02 +0.1) g solids/fish*day was found using 3 independent sampling and sets
of data. The consumption of flocs amounted to 1% of fish body weight per day (50% of conventional feeding). Nitrogen
uptake reveals a specific uptake of 0.25 g crude protein, also equivalent to 50% of feeding to 100 g tilapia.
This is the first finding quantifying microbial flocs harvesting by fish. It will be further elaborated using the 15N and second
experimental phase results.
58
CARP CULTURE IN INDIA

S. Ayyappan and Joykrushna Jena
Indian Council of Agricultural Research

New Delhi-110012, India
ayyappans@icar.org.in
Carps form the mainstay of Indian freshwater aquaculture, with a third of the total fish production of six million metric
tonnes contributed by the carps. A strong traditional knowledge base combined with scientific inputs in aspects of stock
improvement, pond management, nutrition and health management has led to annual growth rates of over 6% in the carp
farming practices.
While the three Indian major carps, Catla (Catla catla), Rohu (Labeo rohita) and Mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigala) form the bulk of
the produce from aquaculture systems, the Chinese carps and the common carp have been an ingredient of carp polyculture
systems. The medium carps like Kalbasu (Labeo calbasu), bata (Labeo bata), fringe lipped carp (Labeo fimbriatus) and
minor carp like mola (Amblypharyngodon mola) are increasingly providing for diversification in the recent years.
Ever since the Indian carps were induced bred in the fifties, several refinements have taken place, making seed production
a highly successful commercial activity in the country, with various synthetic inducing agents in use. Improvisations have
been carried out in broodstock management with special diets, milt cryopreservation, high density seed rearing, synthetic
formulations for use in seed transport, etc. One of the recent milestones is the production of improved Rohu (Labeo rohita),
Jayanti, through selective breeding, showing a 50% higher growth performance.
With nearly a million hectares of water area under culture, the national mean productivity of carp culture in ponds is of the
order of 2.2 tonnes/ha/year. With the on-farm production demonstration of 17.3 tonnes/ha/year, farmers at several places
obtain production levels of 6-8 tonnes/ha/year. Extensive, semi-intensive, intensive as well as integrated farming systems
are in vogue in different climatic zones, depending on the water retention, input availability, market access and consumer
preferences. Formulated feeds, specific formulations of prophylactics and therapeutants, aerators and feeding devices are
some of the research products that are being employed in high production systems. While the Eastern States of West Bengal
and Orissa were the home for traditional culture practices, the State of Andhra Pradesh has become known for rapid growth
rates recorded in carp culture, with significant movement of fish all over the country as also to neighbouring countries.
A National Aquaculture Development Plan has been prepared to double the fish production from aquaculture, considering
the resources, species, availability of inputs and markets, on a State basis, projecting the requirements of seed, feed,
forward and backward linkages. Aspects of water management in aquaculture, integration with other farming systems,
diversification, intensification and extension of culture in larger water bodies like reservoirs and lakes, issues of exotics,
disease management, leasing policies, are discussed, with projections of future scenario of carp farming in India.
59
PERIPHYTON-BASED AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION: AN ECOLOGICAL APPROACH

M.E. Azim*, M.A. Wahab, M.C.J. Verdegem, A.A. van Dam, M.C.M. Beveridge, D.C. Little and T. Komatsu
Graduate School of Science and Engineering

Saitama University
255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku
Saitama 338-8570, Japan
azim@post.saitama-u.ac.jp
The expansion of aquaculture must be accomplished by promoting an “ecological aquaculture” model which brings not only
the technical aspects of eco-systems design and ecological principles to aquaculture, but also incorporates comprehensive
planning for the wider social, economic and environmental contexts of aquaculture. The ecological aquaculture preserves
the form and functions of natural ecosystems, practices trophic level efficiency as the world’s most efficient protein producer
relying on plant, waste animal or seafood processing wastes, and nutrient management by not discharging any nutrient or
chemical pollution and does not contribute to biological pollution (Costa-Pierce, 2002).
The ecology of aquaculture ponds consists of a number of interrelated physical, chemical and biological processes. Among
them, three basic processes are important: production, consumption and decomposition. The Primary productivity is via an
autotrophic pathway in which solar energy is used to convert carbon dioxide into organic matter as plant biomass through
photosynthesis. It is the basic food source in an aquaculture pond which is provided by phytoplankton, periphyton and other
submerged plants. The secondary food source in aquaculture ponds is the added organic matter in the form of manure and
artificial feed. In the consumption process, both autochthonous and added organic matters are eaten directly or indirectly
by aquatic animals and used as building blocks of biomass and a source of energy. The third and most important ecological
process in aquatic food webs is decomposition, a heterotrophic pathway in which micro-organisms breakdown and/or
decompose organic matter and produce detritus and/or inorganic nutrients. The inorganic nutrients are recycled to stimulate
primary production and serve as the base of autotrophic food webs. However, the novel periphyton-based technology
deals with very basic aspects of aquaculture: aquacultural ecology: production, consumption and decomposition in the
aquatic production environment (Fig. 1) and how to enhance these processes in favour of sustainable food production for
mankind.
Fig. 1. Major ecological and biological processes in periphyton-based

polyculture system.
60
GROW OUT OF HUMBACK GROUPER Cromileptes altivelis CULTURED IN DIFFERENT

SIZE OF FLOATING NET CAGE IN PEGAMETAN BAY, BALI
Aqil Azizi
Faculty of Fishery and Marine Science
Bogor Agricultural University
1iqa_culture@yahoo.com
Potential area developing sea fish culture in floating net cage is significant in Indonesia, about 3600 ha or 4% of the total
culture development, of 89.025 ha (Tonek and Ramansyah., 1993), but this potential area has been optimally exploded.
In Indonesia humback grouper commonly is cultured in a floating net cage in sea water. Humback grouper culture in
floating net cage will have a good prospect in South East Asia countries. (Kahno et al., 1988 Kahno 1989, Tiensongrusmee
and Rais., 1989). Humback grouper (Cromileptes altivelis) is an exported fish commodity having a good economical
prospect in tropical sea water. The Humback Grouper is most important target in marine fish aquaculture in South East
countries because of the high market demand and value
The purpose of the research was to know the optimum size of floating cage that can increase the growth and survival
rate of the fish. The research were conducted from Juni to August 2004 at Pegametan Bay, North Bali. The fish were
reared in floating cage, with different size 3x3x2 m3, 2x2x1.5 m3, and 1x1x1 m3 at stocking densities 100 fish/m3 with the
average initial body weight 5.6 gram (Table 1.). The fish were fed with commercial pellets twice a day in the morning and
evening.
The result showed that the highest survival rate on the treatment C (69%), followed by treatment B (40%) and A (33,33%).
There was significant difference in size of floating cage between size of 1x1x1 m3 compared 2x2x1.5 m3 and 3x3x2 m3.
Almost no difference in body weight gain. These result indicates that the optimum size of floating cage to rear humback
grouper is 1x1x1 m3.
Table 1. Treatment, replicates, size of the cage, fish stocks, density, average of body weigh, and SR of
the fish during research.
61
STUDIES ON REQUIREMENTS OF DIETARY ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS IN JAPANESE

EEL Anguilla japonica
Jun-young Bae*, Kyung-min Han, Gun-jun Park and Sungchul C. Bai
Department of Aquaculture
Feeds and Foods Nutritional Research Center (FFNRC)
Pukyong National University
599-1 Daeyoeon 3-dong, Nam-Gu
Pusan 608-737, Korea
recon845@empal.com
This present study was conducted to evaluate the dietary requirement of essential fatty acids (EFAs) such as linoleic acid
(LA, 18:2n-6), α-lenolenic acid (LNA, 18:3n-3), or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA,
20:5n-3) and arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4n-6) in juvenile eel Anguilla japonica cultured in the recirculating system for 16
weeks . The experimental diets contained 50% crude protein, 10% crude lipid and 3800 kcal/kg energy. Brown fish meal
and blood meal were used as the main protein sources, while coconut oil, corn oil and linseed oil were used as the lipid source
to get different fatty acids ratios. The effects of the essential fatty acids supplementation on weight gain (WG), specific
growth rate (SGR), feeding efficiency (FE), proximate composition and fatty acids contents of whole body were examined
after the feeding trial. WG, SGR, and FE of fish fed diet D2, D3, was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those of fish fed the
other diets. HUFA concentration of whole body of fish fed D1 was significantly lower (P < 0.05) than those of fish fed the
other diets. HUFA/SFA (saturated fatty acids) ratio of whole body in fish fed diets D2, D3 and D6 were significantly higher
than that of fish fed diet D1 (P < 0.05). DHA/EPA ratio of whole body in fish fed diet D7 was significantly higher than
those of fish fed the other diets; and fish fed diet D5 showed the lowest DHA/EPA ratio among all the dietary treatments
(P < 0.05). Based on the experimental results, we concluded that LNA (n-3) and LA (n-6) were necessary for optimum
growth of juvenile eel, and the dietary requirement of LNA and LA were 0.35~0.5% and 0.5~0.65%, respectively.
PRESENT STATUS OUTBREAKS OF KHV INFECTION IN COMMON CARP IN SUMATRA,

INDONESIA
Meliya Bahnan*, Novita Panigoro, Indri Astuti and Kunika Wakita
Jambi Freshwater Aquaculture Development Center

Jl. Jenderal Sudirman No. 16 C Thehok
Jambi 36138, Indonesia
bbatj@indo.net.id
In January 2003, were conducted fish disease laboratory of Jambi Freshwater Aquaculture Development Center (Jambi
FADC) under cooperation with Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), initial mass mortality of culture common
carp due KHV (Koi Herves Virus) with more than 90 % mortality at South Sumatra Province ( Lubuk Linggau and Musi
Rawas). The seeds in the farm were presumptively transferred from West Java where KHV disease has spread. Affected fish
showed gill rots, excess mucus production on the gills and skin, and erosion/ulcer on the skin.
During February to September 2003, KHV has spread in 4 areas of two provinces are Bengkulu province (Rejang Lebong
and Argamakmur) and Jambi province (Kerinci Lake, Lamo Lake and Sigombak Lake). In 2004 (until August 2004) KHV
has spread in West Sumatera Province (Solok) and Jambi Province (Muara Bungo). Pathogenicity of KHV proved to be
very strong to kill 100% healthy common carp, however any other aquaculture fish including Tilapia showed no sensitivity
to KHV infection in natural condition.
62
PATHOGENICITIES TEST OF Edwardsiella ictaluri TO DIFFERENT KINDS OF FISH

Meliya Bahnan*, Novita Panigoro, Edy Barkat Kh and Kei Yuasa

bbatj@indo.net.id
One of the causative agents of the mass mortalities on culture of striped catfish Pangasius hypophthalmus in Jambi
Sumatra due to Edwardsiella ictaluri infection. A cumulative mortality can reach 100 %. This study was made to determine
pathogenicity to other kinds of fish. This test was done with artificial infection of the Edwardsiella ictaluri to seven species
of fingerling fish, striped catfish (P. hypophthalmus), catfish (P. djambal), green catfish (Mystus nemurus), Common carp
(Cyprinus carpio L), Tilapia (Oreochromis sp) and kissing gouramy (Helostoma temminckii).
Striped catfish (P. hypophthalmus), catfish (P. djambal) and channel catfish (Clarias batracus) demonstrated high
pathogenicity to Edwardsiella ictaluri. Green catfish (Mystus nemurus) and Tilapia (Oreochromis sp) demonstrated
low pathogenicity while common carp (Cyprinus carpio L) and kissing gouramy (Helostoma temminckii) showed no
pathogenicity to Edwardsiella ictaluri.
63
EFFECTS OF INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR-I ON OOCYTE MATURATION IN

PERSIAN STURGEON Acipenser persicus, IN VITRO
Barzan Bahrami Kamangar*, Bagher Mojazi Amiri, Mohamad Javad Rasaee, Behroz Abtahi
and Mahmood Bahmani
Department of Fisheries Sciences

Faculty of Natural Resources
Tarbiat Modares University
Tehran, Iran
bbkamangar@yahoo.com
Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and may be particularly evident at given stages
of the life cycle in fish. Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), a mitogenic polypeptide of 70 amino acids, is one of the
candidates that contribute to both growth and reproductive axes. In this study, the effects of IGF-I were examined on in vitro
germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) in oocyte of Persian sturgeon, a chondrostean fish belong to order Acipenserformes.
Moreover, IGF-I effects were compared with 17�,20�-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3one (DHP), human chorionic gonadotrophin
(hCG) and acetone-dried pituitary of Persian sturgeon (adsP) on in vitro GVBD. In addition, the effect of DHP and hCG in
pretreated oocyte with IGF-I was examined.This study was carried out on two maturational stages of oocytes according to
their polarization indexes (PI<0.07 and PI>0.1). The oocytes used on two germinal vesicle positions, underwent GVBD in
response to IGF-I (10, 100, 1000 ng/ml), DHP (10, 100, 1000 ng/ml), hCG (10, 100, 1000 IU/ml), and adsP (3000, 6000
ng/ml), in compare with control oocytes. DHP (1000 ng/ml) had shown the most effect on GVBD induction in both groups
of oocytes. In oocytes with PI<0.07, IGF-I (10, 100 ng/ml) were more potent than DHP (10 ng/ml) while in oocytes with
PI>0.1, IGF-I (100, 1000 ng/ml) was more potent than DHP (10, 100ng/ml) on GVBD induction (P<0.05). IGF-I (10 ng/
ml) in PI<0.07 and (100, 1000 ng/ml) in PI>0.1 induced more GVBD than hCG (10,100,1000 IU/ml). In two PI,s , adsP
was more potent than IGF-I (P<0.05). On the other hand, pretreated oocytes with IGF-I (100 ng/ml) and then treatment with
DHP (10 ng/ml) in oocytes with PI>0.1 could increase GVBD as compare to oocytes that was not pretreated. Moreover this
effect was found for pretreatment of oocytes with IGF-I (1000 ng/ml) and then treatment with DHP (100 ng/ml) in oocytes
with PI<0.07 or (100, 1000 ng/ml) in oocytes with PI>0.1 (P<0.05). IGF-I had the same effect for hCG only when oocytes
were pretreated with IGF-I (1000 ng/ml) and then treated with hCG (100, 1000 IU/ml) in oocytes with PI>0.1 (P<0.05).
These results suggest, for the first time in a chondrostean fish, that IGF-I is involved in the induction of GVBD of oocytes.
IGF-I appears to act directly on oocyte as well as in conjunction with DHP or hCG, to induce GVBD. These effects were
dose depended and change during ovarian follicular development in the Persian sturgeon.
Fig.1. Effect of IGF-I, DHP, hCG, and adsP on percentage in vitro GVBD of oocytes of Persian
sturgeon on two maturational stages (PI<0.07, PI<0.1). 1,2 and 3 are hormone doses. In cases of
IGF-I and DHP, are 10,100,and 1000 ng/ml and for hCG are 10,100 and 1000 IU/ml respectively. 1
and 2 for adsP are 3000 and 6000 ng/ml respectively. Each value represents the mean ± SEM of three
replicates. * and * * = significant difference at P<0.05 and P<0.01 respectively between two PI in the
same treatment.
64
PUBLIC POLICY ISSUES ON SHRIMP FARMING SUSTAINABILITY

Denis Bailly* and Pascal Raux
Centre for the Law and Economics of the Sea

University of Western Brittany, France
denis.bailly@univ-brest.fr
Important parts of costal areas in Asia are almost exclusively devoted to shrimp culture with a wide diversity of technical
systems. At the world market level and on long run, the total shrimp supply has presented a strong growth followed by a
stagnation and some signs of new growth. But behind a relative stability, is hidden a strong variability with some boom
and bust cycles at local and national scales. Problems faced by public/collective action are multiples and complex. With
30 years distance, the same scenario appears several times and in different areas. An initial and slow phase of knowledge
diffusion, rather based on learning by doing than based on well controlled knowledge, is followed by productions boom
and then by crisis that can lead to the total collapse due to economic or legal motives. After a latent period, a number of
adjustments sometimes allow a news development period. It is rather difficult to say which developments are the most
resistant to this boom and bust cycle. What is sure is that number of rural communities have sunk their few land resources.
Important public investments and subsidies have also been sunk. Nevertheless, this dimension doesn’t constitute the main
part of the problems faced by private, collective or public decisions.
Speculative logic and spread of diseases are one of the main source of instability. Consequence is a rise of consciousness
to the necessity to combine an individual approach based on precaution for rearing practices and a collective approach in
areas as diverse as stock transfers control, pathologies monitoring, collective management of water or alert systems. The
development of a new economic activity presenting a strong economic potential in underprivileged areas also generates
important changes in social structures and welfare distribution. When shrimp culture induces collateral damages, conflict
uses come in addition to these tensions. Due to environmental impacts, shrimp culture is often at the core of the aquaculture/
environment debate. Some lacks in environmentalists’ arguments, as well as skillful lobbying and communication actions
from the industry have divert attention on better practices theme, regarding with zootechniques as well as to environment
or social issues. Food security is another important factor of uncertainty and rise the question of the industry organisation.
(difficulty in implementing traceability and its acknowledgement). Answers can be individual, as suggested by the promoters
of the certification and codes of practices. But it also requires from producers and public authorities to combine their efforts
so that this uncertainty factor weights less on the collective future of the producers and on the economic viability of their
production. International trade regulation is also becoming one of the major issue for an activity oriented to exports with the
antidumping procedures for instance. At least GMO issue in aquaculture, between environment and food security issues,
has often taken over mangrove or aquifer issues in environmental debate. In this area, the industry has been able to reach
the consensus for a precautionary approach.
With questions over coastal ecosystems preservation and the development requirements, it is only a part of the problems and
issues faced by private and public decision makers. Organisation modes of shrimp farming are also part of this questioning.
Have extensive or intensive practices to be favoured? Have small scale artisanal units or industrial integrated development
to be supported? It is maybe not the best way to set out the problems. Question related to individual and collective strategies
to face the risks, the quality of the public debate leading to collective choices, in terms of objectives as well as in terms of
means, are probably more determinant.
65
EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE TO DISEASES EXPERIENCES FROM

THE LIVESTOCK SECTOR
Chris Baldock *
AusVet Animal Health Services Pty Ltd

PO Box 3180
South Brisbane, Queensland 4101
Australia
chris@ausvet.com.au
Early warning, early detection and early response are critical to the effective management of disease emergencies. A strong
national approach is required to ensure the necessary operational capability is in place so that early detection and effective
responses are efficiently achieved. Recovery from an emergency disease after eradication includes measures to ensure
that freedom from the particular disease is again maintained. The livestock sector has a mixed history of success with
emergency diseases but the situation continues to improve. Known risks are now clearly identified and FAO provides a
global policy framework through its EMPRES (Emergency Prevention System for Transboundary Animal and Plant Pests
and Diseases) program while the OIE provides international standards through the Terrestrial Animal Health Code. The
recent epidemics of Nipah virus, SARS, West Nile virus and highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1) have highlighted
the role of wildlife vectors and the importance of having effective partnerships with the public health sector. The lessons
from these experiences are likely to result in new approaches to preparedness planning and how responses are managed,
particularly when a number of countries are simultaneously affected and human lives are lost.
66
MASS SEEDLING PRODUCTION OF THE FILEFISH Thamnaconus modestus Günther

(Monacanthidae : Tetraodontiformes)
In-Chul Bang, Sang Yong Park and Sung-Min Kwon
Department of Marine Biotechnology

Soonchunhyang University
Asan 336-745, Korea
incbang@sch.ac.kr
The filefish, Thamnacounus modestus is widely distributed in the Korea coast, southern Japan and extended to east and south
China sea (www.fishbase.org). This fish are quite useful for the dried slices of fish, antifouling organism in the seawater
netcage and natural enemy of large Jelly fish. Presently, the population of these species are chronologically reduced from
late 1980s (320,000 metric tons) to 2000s (1,000 metric tons) due to overfishing. Therefore, seedling production of this fish
has been required continuously from 1990s. The some restricted factor for mass production of this fish were discussed to
very small size of newly-hatched larva (2.14 mm in total length) and their small mouth size at full opening.
The present study was aimed to the acquisition of fertilized eggs with good quality through broodstock management, search
for first feeding organisms and production of seedling in mass scale by various hatchery system.
A broodstock management for acquisition of the good quality eggs, which involved changing the water temperature
management (rise slowly for 40-days from 12 to 16) and photoperiod. The mean diameter of fertilized egg was 0.625 mm
(3,300 individuals/ml). Total spawned eggs was 170 millions from 500 adult fishes (450 g in body weight) for 59 days.
Larval rearing was conducted in 50 ton tank at a stocking density of 6-12 larvae per liter. The feeding regime consisted of
Chlorella, rotifer, brine shrimp and artificial feed (Fig. 1).
First feeding organisms analyzed from stomach content in the 5-day-old fish reared in the larval tanks were eggs and newly
hatched larvae of rotifer (about 100 in total length, Fig. 2).
The survival rate of this seedling fish from this study was very low and the highest survival rate was observed (9.5%) from
the group fed by rotifer+brine shrimp+ artificial feed. High mortalities in the experimental groups occurred in the first week
during transition from endogenous to exogenous feeding.
Fig. 1. Water management and feeding in the nursery culture

tank for the mass seedling production of filefish.
Fig. 2. Eggs and newly hatched larvae (arrows) of rotifer in

the stomach of filefish larva (5 day-old, left ), below box is
newly hatched rotifer larva from the stomach after 24hrs in
culture tube. And seedling of filefish (50 day-old and 4.5 cm
in total length, right).
67
EFFECT OF SOME INDIGENOUS HERBS IN CURING THE DISEASES OF FISH

A. N. Hasna Banu
Freshwater Station
Bangladesh Fisheries Research Institute
Mymensingh 2201
Bangladesh
dhossain@bangla.net
Study and use of herbal medicines have gained special attention to researchers and fish growers as they are non-toxic, non-
mutagenic, eco-friendly and are readily available in the country. Many people are interested in the use of herbal treatments
to replace expensive and environmental harmful chemotherapeutants. Herbs are used to prevent and treat bacterial and
fungal diseases of fish. Many kinds of herbal medicines have been used in different countries of the world to control
fish diseases and have achieved satisfactory results. The present study was designed due to the high cost of chemicals
by replacing cheaper substitute with indigenous herbal medicine to reduce the cost of fish cultivation. The effect of the
indigenous plant products on the mortality rate and curing from diseases of fishes were investigated in the laboratory and
under farmers pond conditions. Prior to treatment clinical external sings and diagnosis of disease were confirmed. Under
the present investigation the Neem (Azadirachta indica), Garlic (Allium sativum) and Bishkatali (Polygonum hydropiper)
samples were used against diseases of fish. The results are presented in Table 1. The findings of the study indicate a good
possibility of using herbal medicine in aquatic disease management without environmental pollution.
Table 1. Effect of some indigenous herbs in curing the diseases of some fishes.
68
QUALITY FISH SEED PRODUCTION AND THE ROLE OF NGOs IN BANGLADESH

Benoy Kumar Barman*, David C. Little and Johannes Janssen
The WorldFish Center

Bangladesh and South Asia Office
House No. 22 B, Road No. 7
Banani, Dhaka, Bangladesh
bbarman@agni.com
The availability of fish seed to farmers is important for the development of aquaculture. Both availability and quality of fish
seed appears to be an important factor affecting the aquaculture production of farmers, particularly those in isolated rural
locations in Bangladesh.
Quality of fish seed cannot simply be related to genetic factors but must also consider the importance of management
factors. This is particularly importance in Bangladesh, where fish seed typically, passes through extensive production
and marketing chains before reaching the final customer. This broader view of quality also includes size of fish seed at
the time of stocking as an important indicator of quality irrespective of genetic variation. Large sized fingerlings show
better performance when compared to smaller fry of the same species under similar management conditions. This creates
opportunities to improve the quality of smaller sized fry by nursing them to a larger size using a variety of methods such
as cages in ponds, irrigated rice fields and rearing of over-wintered fingerlings. Such nursing is most cost effective, and
potentially has most development impact, if it is local to final demand. The grass roots capacity for promoting change of
non-government organisations therefore makes their awareness of, and capacity for, stimulating appropriate seed strategies
important.
Conventionally Governments have assumed responsibility for improvement in fish seed quality and applied a genetic
management approach, some have also considered imposing regulations on private hatcheries; strategies that involve
NGOs and commercial interests as central stakeholders have been lacking. Successful maintenance and improvement
of indigenous and introduced germplasm within the current centralised hatchery/nursery systems requires a partnership
approach between these three main sectors but there has been limited consideration of the challenges of more decentralised
approaches. Most NGOs have limited scope to work on genetic improvement using their own resources; the larger ones
may work in partnership with the government and large private sector hatcheries in this regard. A more effective strategy
may be to facilitate private sector hatcheries to work as a ‘group’ with the common goal of improving the quality of fish
seed.
A key challenge is to identify the most promising approaches that NGOs can use to promote quality fish seed availability
in rural areas, given competing demands and limited resources. Adopting a broader view that includes the promotion of
decentralised nursing of fry in cages in ponds and irrigated rice fields and the over-wintering of fingerlings in rural areas
is suggested. Partnerships between NGOs and key private sector actors are identified as being critical, as is the supply and
quality of the species and strains that are being promoted. Evidence from field work based around partnerships between
international and local NGOS and research organisations is presented.
69
HATCHERY STRATEGIES FOR AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT: INTRODUCED FISH

SPECIES BENEFIT SOUTH AND SOUTHEAST ASIA
Benoy Kumar Barma*, David C. Little and Corinne Critchlow-Watton
The WorldFish Center

House No. 22 B, Road No. 7
bbarman@agni.com
A major component in the promotion of inland aquaculture in Asia over the last four decades has been the introduction of
exotic species and their propagation using hypophysation techniques. These efforts, and their broad impacts, are assessed in
the light on new challenges. Demand for seed has grown rapidly in many parts of South and Southeast Asia as fish culture
has become part of peri-urban and rural landscapes, and wild stocks have declined in relative importance. A market-led,
entrepreneurial private sector has developed often linking clusters of carp seed production through networks of traders
with more dispersed and heterogeneous foodfish growers and consumers. This development has succeeded in establishing
aquaculture, especially among the resource rich but, in general, marginal farmers have benefited less. The role of introduced
fish species in meeting current and potential needs is examined based on field work in Bangladesh, Thailand, Vietnam and
Eastern India. The impacts of introduced species, such as the Indian major carps (Cirrhinus mrigala and Labeo rohita) to
Vietnam and silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) in Bangladesh and India are assessed. The growing importance of
catfish and tilapias is evaluated, especially in terms of optimising benefits to the poor through their involvement in seed
production and marketing.
70
STRESSOR RESPONSE MODEL FOR THE AMERICAN OYSTER Crassostrea virginica:

IMPLICATIONS FOR RESTORATION AND ENHANCEMENT OF OYSTERS IN SW
FLORIDA ESTUARIES
Tomma Barnes*, Leonard Pearlstine, Frank Mazzoti, Robert Wasno and Aswani Volety
South Florida Water Management District

2301 McGregor Blvd.
Fort Myers, FL 33901
tbarnes@sfwmd.gov
Alterations in freshwater inflow resulting from watershed development and water management practices, have impacted
salinity and water quality within southwest Florida estuaries. For example, in the Caloosahatchee estuary, where oyster
(Crassostrea virginica) abundances have declined precipitously from historic values, altered hydrology including unnatural
high and low water deliveries to the estuary have been identified as key stressors. In concert with changes in ecosystems
related to the “Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan” (CERP), an adaptive assessment strategy is being developed
that will create a system-wide monitoring program to measure and interpret ecosystem responses. The key component in
adaptive management of all projects in CERP including the Caloosahatchee estuary is the focus on water quantity quality,
flood protection, and ecological integrity.
Policy-screening or forecasting models bring together research and monitoring within ecosystems in SW Florida and
place it into an adaptive management framework for the evaluation of alternate plans. Adaptive management can be
structured either as passive adaptive or active adaptive. In passive adaptive management policy decisions are made based
on a forecasting model and the model is revised a monitoring data becomes available. In the active adaptive management,
activities are implemented through statistically valid experimental design to better understand how and why natural systems
respond to management. In order to better understand how alterations in the watershed impact oyster populations, we are
engaged in an integrative approach of adaptive management in developing a stressor response model (Habitat Suitability
Index) for oysters. Each stressor metric is being portrayed spatially and temporally across the Caloosahatchee Estuary and
is incorporated into a GIS to facilitate policy decisions. New monitoring / experimental sites are being established in areas
of high uncertainty to improve overall model predictability.
For the stressor response model for the American oyster, a larval component index (LCI) and adult component index (ACI)
are being examined. The LCI comprises of spat recruitment, mean salinity, temperature, and inflow of freshwater. The ACI
comprises of densities of living oysters, disease intensity of Perkinsus marinus, spat recruitment, salinity, temperature and
frequency of killing floods. The Habitat Suitability Index of oysters is calculated as LCIw* ACIw, where w = 1 / number
variables. The weight can take on different values for different variables, however, the sums of the weights must be equal
to one. Areas that show high HSI from this model are being targeted for restoration and enhancement of oysters in the
Caloosahatchee Estuary.
71
PRINCIPLES FOR MANAGING BIODIVERSITY IN AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT:

AN OVERVIEW
Devin M. Bartley*
Inland Waters and Aquaculture Service

Fishery Resources Division, Fisheries Department
00100 Rome, Italy
devin.bartley@fao.org
Biological diversity has been defined as “the variability among living organisms form all sources including, inter alia,
terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes
diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems”. Thus, biodiversity has components at the genetic, species
and community levels and this diversity has real value for aquaculture development. Species and genetic diversity allow
aquaculturists to produce products with different nutritional qualities, with different resource requirements, and for a
diversity of consumer demands. The successful management of aquatic biodiversity in aquaculture will involve raising and
distributing the farmed product in such a way as to conserve local biodiversity and to improve economic viability.
Genetic diversity is the raw resource that allows species to adapt and evolve and that allows farmers to domesticate aquatic
plants and animals. Breeding programmes that select for certain desirable traits prevent inbreeding and allow for future
selection help aquaculturists produce a desirable product cost effectively. Although small-scale aquaculturists may not have
the resources to buy or create highly selected seed, it will be essential that the seed they use has sufficient genetic diversity
to grow well and be marketable. Early estimates were that approximately 5% of aquaculture production was from planned
breeding. The incorporation of planned breeding programmes in aquaculture is increasing, but still lags behind the crop,
poultry and livestock sectors.
Species diversity allows farmers to raise a variety of organisms in a variety of environments, from cold freshwater lakes,
to warm tropical seas. FAO received reports on approximately 260 species of farmed aquatic plants, fish, vertebrates, and
invertebrates. Farming of most of these species has not involved systematic breeding programmes and many species have
been moved around the world in efforts to increase aquaculture production. Although effective at increasing production
in some instances, these introduced or alien species are now recognized as a major threat to local biodiversity. Biological
diversity above the species level helps basic ecosystem or agro-ecosystem processes function more effectively, allows
farming systems to recover better from disturbances and to resist disturbances better in the first place, and helps use
resources more efficiently. Diversity of trophic levels in polyculture systems, diversity of organisms in integrated farming
systems, and maintenance of species diversity and ecosystem functions in rice-based ecosystems and other agro-ecosystems
help contribute to more cost-effective and environmentally friendly farming systems.
72
ARE BIOTIC INTERACTIONS IMPORTANT IN MARINE AQUACULTURE EFFLUENT

MANAGEMENT: COMPARING THE EFFECTS OF CARBON INPUTS (MOLASSES),
MACROALGAE Ulva rigida AND GREY MULLET Mugil cephalus
Basham, C., Mohan, R., Willett, D. and Knibb, W.
The School of Inegrative Biology

University of Queensland
Bisbane QLD 4072
Australia
candice7236@yahoo.com
In Australia, the rapid expansion of the prawn farming industry over the last decade has led to concerns over the impacts
of the industry on the environment. With relatively little understanding of the process to treat aquaculture waste, with its
typical high volumes and low nutrient loadings compared to domestic wastewater, further research is required to alleviate
concerns. This study proposes an integrated approach to bioremediating prawn pond effluent by combining the use of
molasses to stimulate bacteria growth; Mugil cephalus to reduce particulate matter; and Ulva rigida to extract nutrients
with the view to gain new knowledge for application in the design of more efficient bioremediation systems. This study
was conducted at the Bribie Island Aquaculture Research Centre (BIARC), March to April 2004. The experimental facility
comprised of twenty four 1750 l round PVC tanks stocked with Ulva rigida. There were eight treatments (replicated
three times), each treatment a combination of molasses concentration (0, 15, 30 or 60 g molasses per tank) and either the
presence or absence of Mugil cephalus. Each tank received prawn pond effluent from lined production ponds intensively
stocked with 15 g banana prawns (Penaeus merguiensis) in a 100% batch exchange once a week.
Within 24 hrs of treatment, nutrients and solids had decreased by 52% for total nitrogen, 44% for organic nitrogen, 72%
for inorganic nitrogen, 82% for total ammonia nitrogen, 45% for total phosphorus, 79% for total chlorophyll and 55% for
total suspended solids in all treatments whereas nitrate plus nitrite increased in treatments with 0 or 15 g molasses per tank
and decreased in treatments with 30 or 60 g molasses per tank. This study determined that Mugil cephalus were effective
in reducing organic nitrogen in the water column and sediment in settlement ponds and that their presence also improved
the quality of Ulva rigida according to nitrogen content by producing total ammonium nitrogen but inhibited its growth by
grazing thereby reducing the potential yield of the secondary crop. It was therefore determined that Ulva rigida and Mugil
cephalus are best compartmentalised. Furthermore, the application of molasses was effective in reducing pH and toxic
nitrogen species, however, for efficient removal of nitrogen from the system further research is needed to identify fish or
crustacean species with the ability to harvest organic matter.
73
IMPROVEMENTS AND LONG-TERM TRENDS IN STRIPED TRUMPETER Latris lineata

CAPTIVE SPAWNING
Stephen C. Battaglene*, Matthew Bransden and Ross M. Goldsmid
Marine Research Laboratories

Tasmanian Aquaculture and Fisheries Institute
Aquafin, Cooperative Research Centre
University of Tasmania
Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
stephen.battaglene@utas.edu.au
Striped trumpeter Latris lineata, a cold-temperate marine fish has significant potential for sea cage culture in Tasmania
where production of Atlantic salmon has reached a plateau. With excellent flesh characteristics, high oil content and a
docile nature the species has been identified as an ideal aquaculture candidate. A ten-year captive breeding program for
wild-caught Latris lineata has demonstrated that they are an excellent aquaculture species. Wild-fish are caught at depth
but do not rupture their swim bladders and are extremely hardy and easy to transport. They are easily acclimated and held
in captivity in 25,000 L tanks, spawning within 6 months of capture at ambient temperatures of 12 to 16oC.
Hormone induced ovulation using slow release LHRHa pellets in mature fish caught during the spawning season (August to
November) is no longer necessary. Striped trumpeter are multiple spawners with group synchronous oocyte development,
producing eggs on a three to four day cycle over 3 months. Broodstock of 3 to 6 kg are now held under controlled
photoperiod and temperature. They can be entrained to spawn out of season and compression of the spawning cycle can be
achieved within six months. Unlike some tropical species they do not undergo sex inversion.
The stress and reproduction response of captive striped trumpeter is unlike that of other marine species under investigation
in Australia, for which similar data is available, such as snapper or barramundi. For example, striped trumpeter can be hand-
stripped daily for weeks without inducing ovarian atresia. Regular hand-stripping increases the volume of eggs produced by
females over a season. It also facilitates experimentation and increases genetic diversity by allowing fertilisation of females
using stripped sperm from up to 6 males. Natural spawning has increased in recent years with better husbandry practises
and changes to sex ratios.
Total egg production for spawning groups has increased with time in captivity. The life cycle for striped trumpeter has
been closed and F1 generation broodstock spawn in their fourth year. Broodstock have traditionally been fed pelleted,
formulated feeds and fresh fish with a recent change to a composite moist diet. Female broodstock initially increase in
weight at the start of the spawning season, possibly as a time of ‘conditioning’, after which weight gradually decreases.
Muscle fat content decreases linearly during the spawning season, probably as lipid is redirected from the muscle to the
liver for vitellogenesis. Individual females show repetitive spawning traits with some reliably spawning early, others with
increased fecundity or poor fertilisation and larval hatch histories.
74
THE GENERAL ENGINEERING ASPECTS OF BLUEFIN TUNA FARMING

Daniel Beaz*, Jose de Lara, Francisco Muñoz and Victoria Beaz
Global Aquafish
Ctra. de Valencia Km. 7,3
Campus Sur Universidad Politécnica de Madrid
Edificio “La Arboleda”
28031 Madrid, Spain
danielbeaz@globalaquafish.com
After meetings with tuna growout private companies and research and development institutions, some considerations and
upgrading areas in the engineering field related to bluefin tuna farming were identified and will be presented in this paper.
The considerations are related to the following aspects of the BFT domestication:
• Offshore culture: BFT culture should be performed in deep waters and far from the shore, therefore the farming facilities
will have to withstand a high energy open sea environment.
• Towing and transfer: Towing of live fish to their final destination and transfer to the farming cages should be improved.
The ease and practicality of the connection between the two cages is an important aspect to consider.
• Cage design: The design should solve the fish farmers technical needs: depth of the cages in relation to the tuna behaviour;
avoid stress and mortality during storms, etc.
• Handling: Research work on handling techniques is needed to ease transportation from cages to land facilities, taking
blood samples, biopsy of gonads, killing methods.
• Land-based facilities: To keep broodstock in order to study them and get them to spawn in captivity. The tank design
should consider the specific tuna characteristics (size, form, depth, light, temperature, salinity, indoors or outdoors
locations, etc).
• Quality improvement: To upgrade and develop handling, harvesting and post-harvesting methods to maximize colour
and flesh characteristics (freshness, texture, avoid tissue damages, improve organoleptic properties) as required by the
export market.
From the first phases of the BFT farming to the final stages in the processing plant, the following areas of interest are to be
considered and studied from the engineering point of view in order to meet the objectives of this project:
• Handling methods and techniques to keep live fish in good shape during catching, towing, farming, harvesting and
post-harvesting operations.
• Transport and offshore cages.
• Mooring designs and monitoring methods for offshore cages.
• Feeding control systems.
• Non-invasive fish size assessment methods.
• Dead fish and feed waste removal systems.
• Killing cage and killing methods.
• Systems to collect fertilized eggs.
• Land-based facilities and processing methods.
• Instrumentation and control systems.
75
RECOVERY AND CHARACTERIZATION OF LIPIDS FROM ENZYMATIC DIGESTION

OF SALMON EYE TISSUE
Peter Bechtel*, Kermit Reppond and Alexandra Oliveira
USDA-ARS Seafood Laboratory

233 O’Neill Building
University of Alaska
Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA
bechtel@sfos.uaf.edu
Offal from processing of Alaska wild salmon consists predominately of heads and viscera, which are typically combined
and processed into fish meal and fish oil or discarded. The object of this research was to determine lipid content and fatty
acids profile from eyes and other neural tissues in three species of wild Alaska salmon. Discards from local processing
plants (Kodiak Island) of pink (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha), red (Oncorhynchus nerka) and coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch)
salmon were obtained during the summer of 2003 and 2004. Eye tissues were removed from intact heads using a hollow
metal cylinder for pink and red salmon while coho salmon heads were first split in half. Eye tissue from coho salmon was
larger and was further dissected into two tissues, eyeball and orbital fat. The material was homogenized, pH adjusted to
about 2.8 with formic acid, subjected to digestion with pepsin or papain for about 16 hr, then neutralized with sodium
hydroxide and centrifuged to separate liquid and solid components. Pepsin digestion yielded a lipid layer, an aqueous layer,
and a solid faction. The lipid layer was separated using a Pasteur pipette and further analyzed. Yields of recovered crude
lipid were highest in coho eyeball at 19% followed by red and pink at 12% and 7%, respectively.
Monounsaturated fatty acids were slightly higher and polyunsaturated fatty acids slightly lower in red salmon eye samples
than those from pink or coho salmon, Table 1. Red salmon eye tissue had lower �3 and higher �6 values than that from coho
salmon. The ratio between nutritionally important fatty acids C20:5�3 (EPA) and C22:6�3 (DHA) were lower in red salmon
than in other salmon species. The tissues investigated showed differences in fat content and nutritional value and can be
use separately to the manufacturing of specialized ingredients to be used in aquaculture feeds.
Table 1. Fatty acid distribution of salmon eye lipids. Values are percent of total fatty acids.
76
NOTES
77
CHARACTERIZATION OF PROTEIN HYDROLYSATE FROM ALASKA FLATFISH

PROCESSING BY-PRODUCTS
Sébastien Plante*, Peter J. Bechtel, Alexandra C.M. Oliveira and Scott Smiley
Fishery Industrial Technology Center

University of Alaska Fairbanks
118 Trident Way
Kodiak, AK 99615
plante@sfos.uaf.edu
Annual average capture rates for the suite of flatfish species, excluding Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis),
harvested in Alaska amounts to ~165,000 metric tons. Flatfish (order Pleuronectiformes; super-order Acanthopterygii) are
evolutionarily distinct from salmon, pollock and cod; other species with significant harvests in Alaska. This evolutionary
distance could translate into important biochemical differences. Little is known about the properties of protein meals made
from the enzymatic hydrolysis of processing byproducts derived from these fish. Here we report on the characterization of
a hydrolysate meal made from flatfish processing waste.
4,500 kg of flatfish from Alaska’s seafood processing waste stream were shipped frozen to Bio-Oregon (Warrenton
OR) to produce a protein hydrolysate meal. Byproducts were thawed, grounded to uniform size, cooked at ~95oC to kill
endogenous enzymes and deboned. Excess water, soluble proteins and oils were removed and discarded. The solids were
hydrolyzed with Corolase L 10 enzyme at 57oC for 1 hr. The temperature was increased to ~88oC for 10 min. to inactivate
the exogenous enzyme. The hydrolysate was evaporated to ~60% moisture and drum-dried to a final 5% water content.
Approximately 315 kg of fishmeal was produced, corresponding to 7% recovery.
The hydrolyzed meal was composed of roughly 71% proteins, 13% lipids, 9% ash and 7% water content. The meal was
high in the amino acids glutamate and aspartate, low in histidine and methionine (Table 1). Triglycerides accounted for
76% and phospholipids 7% of the total lipids; while sterols, diglycerides, monoglycerides and free fatty acids were less
abundant. Color, FAMEs, elemental analysis, solubility, pepsin digestibility and the degree of hydrolysis for the hydrolysate
meal were also measured.
These data show that enzymatic hydrolysis of flatfish processing byproducts could constitute a cost effective alternative for
the production of high quality fish protein meals.
Table 1. Amino acids compositions of a protein

hydrolysate fraction from Alaska flatfish processing
waste stream. *Weight with 7% moisture.
78
SUSTAINABLE COASTAL AQUACULTURE THROUGH IMPROVEMENT OF INDIGENOUS

KNOWLEDGE IN BANGLADESH
Anwara Begum and M. Mizanur Rahman
Caritas Fisheries Program

Prokalpa Bhaban, 1/C, 1/A
Pallabi, Section 12
Mirpur Dhaka-1221, Bangladesh
cfp@bangla.net
The coastal aquaculture especially shrimp culture is playing vital role in the national economy of Bangladesh from the
period of early 1980s. But this potential crop facing serious threat because of epidemic viral disease outbreak and is affecting
negatively to the lives of people. Now a day, the farmers started for stocking some commercially important fin fishes into
the shrimp culture farm as risk aversion strategy. Giving due value to respect their indigenous practice, integration of sea
bass (Lates calcarifer) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) using varying stocking ratios without any supplementary feed
and chemical has brought a ray of hope in this area.
Seabass-tilapia integrated farming has been practiced and tested in the farmer’s demonstration ponds covering two full life
cycles in the two conjugative years. In the first year, the stocking ratio of seabass and tilapia was only 1:5 in three ponds
with an average of 0.16 ha and produced 400 kg seabass and 100 kg tilapia for 90 days with cost benefit ratio 1: 2.5. In
the second year, the stocking ratio was 1:5, 1:7 and 1:10 in ponds with three replications for each treatment. The average
production from 0.86 ha pond observed 2,074 kg seabass and 518 kg tilapia with 1: 2.75 cost benefit ratio. The highest
harvest has been recorded in 1:10 ratio ponds and produced 121 kg seabass and 30 kg tilapia from .048 ha with cost benefit
ratio 1:3 at the same time period. The paper details the practices with an improvement of management system in coastal
79
ROLE OF NGOS IN WOMEN EMPOWERMENT THROUGH AQUACULTURE IN

BANGLADESH
Anwara Begaum Shelly*, Thomas Costa, K.M.Nurul Islam, M.A.Rahman, M. Mokarram Hossain,
M. Mozaffer Ahmed and Ms. Angela Gomes
Caritas Fisheries Program

Prokolpo Bhaban, 1/C, 1/A, Pallabi, Section –12
Mirpur, Dhaka –1221, Bangladesh
cfp@bangla.net
The role of NGOs in the development of Bangladesh, particularly in improving the livelihood of the most disadvantaged
people has been enormous. Women being the largest disadvantaged group in Bangladesh, several NGOs focus their
empowerment through various programs. Micro-credit schemes introduced in Bangladesh have proved to be a major
success and a number of income generating activities have been introduced taking advantage of the easy access to credit .
Aquaculture is considered as one of the most successful and powerful income generating activity in Bangladesh, in view
of the high demand for fish throughout the country and throughout the year. In early years of aquaculture development, the
activity was thought to be appropriate for male and women were not considered as active participants of various trainings
aimed at imparting knowledge. However, with the bold inititive of some of the NGOs in demonstrating that all activities
of aquaculture can also be carried out by women, today aquaculture is considered as an important activity that can benefit
women. Women involvement in aquaculture is seen in all areas of pond fish culture, paddy –cum-fish culture, culture of fish
in cages, freshwater prawn and carp farming in Ghers, shrimp farming in coastal areas, etc. Several NGOs like CARITAS,
BRAC, PROSHIKA, BANCHE SHEKHA, GRAMEEN BANK, CARE, etc have initiated special programs that focus on
women empowerment through aquaculture. It should be noted here that NGOs do not focus only on aquaculture, but aim at
improving livelihood of people through an integrated approach involving various agricultural activities, health, education,
etc. It should be noted that the successful introduction of aquaculture through these NGOs has been largely due to this
integrated approach.
Although women work load has been further increased in the family through the introduction of aquaculture, the studies
indicate that because of the economic gains observed from aquaculture , their position in the family has increased in several
instances. However, this is not uniform in all areas and in some areas, women continue to improve economy of the family
without improving their status within the family. In addition, in several instances, women have not been able to derive loans
easily to undertake the activity. As a result, desired results are not obtained from aquaculture due to inadequate supply of
inputs. Further, several NGOs still view aquaculture as a risky activity, particularly in case of prawn and shrimp farming.
The role of international Research and Develop organizations like World Fish Centre and various donor agencies have created
good examples for other countries to emulate on how aquaculture could be used to empower women. This paper reviews the
process of aquaculture development in Bangladesh and its impact in empowering women. The strategies essential to ensure
the benefits of aquaculture to all sections of women in the society are outlined. Technological improvements essential
and the social support necessary under Bangladesh conditions to make aquaculture more women friendly and riskfree are
outlined.
80
CONTROLLING AQUATIC WEEDS IN A SAUDI DRAINAGE CANAL USING GRASS CARP

Ctenopharyngodon idella Val
Ibrahim E.H. Belal
Department of Aquatic wealth development

College of Agricultural and Food Sciences
King Faisal University
PO Box 420
Al- Hassa, 31982
Saudi Arabia
ibelal@yahoo.com
Aquatic weeds have a negative effect on agriculture by blocking its water drainage system. This is especially true in
hot climate countries where aquatic weeds quickly like Saudi Arabia. For this reason, a field experiment was conducted
as follows; grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella Val fingerlings ( average weight 3.3 ± 0.3g) were randomly stocked in
12 sections (50m L x 5m W x 1.5m D) of a drainage canal at a rate of 0, 1, 3, and 5 fish / m2 in triplicate. Starting from
upstream, the drainage canal was divided into 12 sections using 13 metal frames covered from both sides with 0.5-inch
plastic mesh screen. The canal was infested with 85% of Phragmites australis (5.1 ± 0.6 kg / m2), 10% of Ceratophyllem
demersum (2.39 ± 0.22 kg / m2) and filamentous algae Cladophora globulina Kützing 0.35 kg / section). Fish were grew
on aquatic weeds for a period of one year. The results indicated that the grass carp eliminated filamentous algae within 5
months. The number of Phragmites australis / m2 was reduced in all treatment groups as compared to the control group.
Sections containing 3 and 5 fish / m2 were similar and significantly higher than those containing one fish / m2. Average daily
growth rates were 3.47, 5, and 6.25g / day for treatments with 1, 3, and 5 fish / m2. Removal of aquatic macrophyts by grass
carp affected water quality parameters by increasing levels of dissolved oxygen, carbon dioxide, turbidity, chlorophyll
a (phytoplankton), conductivity and total dissolved solids in the down-stream water samples as compared to that of up-
stream.
HATCHERY AS A RESEARCH’S TOOL

Mereani Bellais*, Cédrik M. Lo, Sandra Langy and Anne-Sandrine Talfer
Service de la Perliculture
PO Box 9047 Motu Uta
98715 Tahiti
Polynésie Française
cedrik.lo@perli.gov.pf
The culture of black lip pearl oyster Pinctada margaritifera, is the second main economical activity in French Polynesia.
This activity has commercially started in the sixties by grafting mother of pearl from the wild brood stock. Anarchic and
excessive development of this unsustainable method of production has considerably reduced the number of natural wild
pearl oysters.
In the late 80’s, to anticipate an eventual defect of natural resources, the Polynesian government has created an hatchery
specialised in the production of P. margaritifera in the atoll of Rangiroa, an hour flight up north from Tahiti.
The initial aim was to reassure pearls producers on the permanent availability of P.margaritifera spats.
The life cycle development and the mains factors involved in the reproduction process of P. margaritifera have been
studied in artificially controlled environment.
Rangiroa Territorial hatchery has developed successful larval rearing that produce millions of spats. These techniques will
be described.
Since, other research programs in which performing quality, growing rate or selecting phenotypic characters like colors
have been undergone in this hatchery.
81
ORGANIC AQUACULTURE: STANDARD DEVELOPMENT AND STATUS

S. Bergleiter
Naturland – Association for Organic Agriculture

Kleinhaderner Weg 1
82166 Gräfelfing, Germany
naturland@naturland.de
Preface/History: Naturland association, an internationally operating certifier for Organic agriculture, started mid nineties
with the development of standards for Organic aquaculture. First experiences were made with carp and tench (Tinca tinca),
very traditional products in Southern Germany pond culture. A completely different picture showed when developing
first standards for salmon, an initiative originating in co-operation with Claire Island Sea Farm at the Irish West coast. A
feed formulation in accordance to Organic requirements was found with fishmeal made of trimmings from Irish herring
processors, Organic wheat from local farms and natural pigments (Phaffia yeast) as key ingredients. Intensive environmental
monitoring, very low stocking densities (<10 kg/m3) and exposure of sea-cages to strong tidal currents apparently contributed
to the superior quality of the first „bio-salmon“ harvest.
A step toward applying Organic certification criteria to invertebrate aquaculture was development of standards for rope
grown blue mussel in a pilot project with an Irish company. At the end of 1998, first contacts were made with interested
Ecuadorian shrimp farmers, and with the support of the German gtz (Agency for Technical cooperation), the Naturland
project “Camarón Orgánico” was successfully conducted.
Principles of Organic Aquaculture

The main criteria of organic aquaculture have – as far as possible - been derived and transferred from organic agriculture.
Due to the different ecology of the aquatic environment (e.g. structure of food-chains), these original organic principles in
many instances had to be supplemented and modified. The main principles can be listed as follows:
• absence of GMOs (genetically modified organisms) in stocks and feed
• limitation of stocking density
• origin of vegetal feed and fertiliser from certified organic agriculture, no artificial feed ingredients
• criteria for fishmeal sources; decreased protein and fishmeal content of diets
• no inorganic fertilisers
• no synthetic pesticides and herbicides
• restriction of energy consume
• preference for natural medicines
• monitoring and controlling of social and environmental impact
• processing according to organic principles.
Status Tab.1: Organic aquaculture production by species and countries (estimations for 2004).
82
GROWTH PERFORMANCE IN JAPANESE RED SEA BREAM Pagrus major EXPOSED TO

DIFFERENT PHOTOPERIOD REGIMES
Amal K. Biswas*, Manabu Seoka, Yuya Inoue, Kenji Takii and Hidemi Kumai
Fisheries Laboratory, Kinki University

Uragami, Wakayama 649-5145, Japan
ns_akb@nara.kindai.ac.jp
This study was conducted to determine the influence of different PPD regimes (6L:6D, 12L:12D, 16L:8D & 24L:0D) on the growth
performance of Japanese red sea bream P. major. Automatic timer switches connected to two 40-W incandescent light bulbs controlled
PPD of each treatment. Light intensity was kept constant at 1500 lx throughout the study. In each PPD regime, triplicate groups of fish
(ca. 19.5g, n=32) were stocked in a 200 l tank and fed ad libitum with commercial diet for 8 weeks at 22ºC. Variation in food intake and
efficiency, growth rate, body compositions etc. were determined among treatments. Fish exposed to long PPDs showed significantly
higher weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR), feed consumption and feed conversion efficiency (FCE) than those exposed to short
PPDs (P<0.05, Fig. 1 & 2). The results suggested that PPD manipulation could be used to enhance growth performance in P. major.
Fig. 1. Variation in weight gain and SGR among

treatments. Bars and different points of line with
different letters are significantly different (P<0.05).
Fig. 2. Food consumption and FCE among treatments.

83
NOTES
84
ADVANCES IN FINFISH FEEDING CONTROL TECHNOLOGY WITH A FOCUS ON

DEVELOPMENTS IN JAPAN AND ITS RELEVANCE TO THE BROADER ASIAN
AQUACULTURE INDUSTRY
Peter J. Blyth*
AQ1 Systems Pty. Ltd.

TechnoPark Centre
Hobart, Tasmania, Australia, 7010
peter.blyth@aq1systems.com
Since the early 1990’s, the development of systems to automatically control feeding of fish in cages and tanks has occurred
primarily in the salmonids, Mediterranean sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and bream (Sparus auratus) markets. These
sectors have been driven by global competitive pressure on farm production costs ie; labour, production equipment
and feed costs. Fish performance (specific growth rate-SGR and feed conversion ratio-FCR) is dependant upon wise
feed management, nutrition, genetics, disease, environment and other factors. As feed usually comprises 50-60% of the
production cost, good or poor management can make a large difference to farm efficiency. The use of automatic feed
delivery systems (centralised feeding systems and stand alone hopper units), together with sensors (infra red, video camera,
Doppler shift) to detect waste feed pellets and the use of feeding algorithms (to match feed delivery to feed ingestion),
has produced significant production benefits for the salmon, bass and bream sectors (increase in SGR 30-40%, decrease in
FCR by 15-20%). Feeding control systems have also contributed to decreased carbon loadings on the seabed as well as
improving fish health through a reduction in stress associated with temporal and spatial feed distribution.
The aim of this paper is to present preliminary data from a system designed for the smaller Asian sea cages. The major
limitation to the adoption of modern farming technology in Asia has been due to small size of cages (Salmonids ~80-
200tonnes per cage, Japanese farms ~6-40tonnes per cage, Asian tropical species <5tonnes per cage) and the use of
fresh/frozen fish/invertebrates as opposed to pelletised feed. Other socio-economic issues such as tenure of farming areas,
education, training and access to capital all add further constraints.
The Japanese sea cage fish farming sector is midway between the developed salmon sector and the small scale Asian farm
in its adoption of production-orientated technology. Previous production trials in Japan conducted by the author using
feed control technology have investigated the natural feeding rhythms, maximum growth and optimum FCR for red sea
bream Pagrus major and yellow tail kingfish Seriola quinqueradiata and found feeding technology could improve SGR
significantly (20-30%). However the technology used was adopted from the salmonid sector and did not entirely suit some
aspects including the species feed spatial distribution requirements and operational aspects. A recent joint development
program in Japan has seen the integration of the feed control technology with local stand-alone hoppers (AQ1Systems &
Fukushin) to produce a system that adequately suits small unit farming operations for red sea bream Pagrus major. An
initial trial showed red sea bream fed to satiation with the AQ1-Fukushin system had a daily intake 20-30% greater than
the control cage. These fish also displayed more relaxed swimming behaviour than the control fish. The challenge will be
to transfer the feed control technology to smaller production units such as those in SE Asia.
85
IMPROVEMENT OF SPAWNING FREQUENCY AND CONTINUITY OF NAPOLEON

WRASSE Cheilinus undulatus THROUGH UTILIZATION OF SQUID Loligo sp AS DIETARY
PROTEIN AND ESSENTIAL HIGHLY UNSATURATED FATTY ACID SOURCE FOR
BROODSTOCK DIET
Achmad Buchori Muslim, Sofiati and Prilastini
Situbondo Brackishwater Aquaculture Development Center

P.O. Box 5 – Panarukan – Situbondo
East Java – Indonesia
achmad_bochari@yahoo.com
Napoleon wrasse (Cheilinus undulatus) is one of the most important reef fish species in many areas of Asia Pacific where
over fishing and environmental degradation are depleting natural populations. There are many unsuccessful efforts to
trial Napoleon wrasse seed production. It is presumably caused by poor egg quality. Therefore, this study aimed to know
environment and feeding management as effort to increase spawning frequency and continuity.
Squid (Loligo sp) was fed to napoleon wrasse broodstock (12 females and 4 males) with an average weight of 6 – 25 kg.
This study was carried out during four month, i.e. (A) first month: 100% trash fish as control; (B) second month: 25% squid
+ 75% trash fish; (C) third month: 50% squid + 50% trash fish and (D) fourth month: 75% squid + 25% trash fish. Feeding
frequency was twice per day.
In the first month, there was no spawning. However, broodstock fed with combination of squid and trash spawned normally
every month. Our study indicated that broodstock given diet contain 75% squid and 25% trash fish had a higher mean
number of eggs per spawning than those of the control.
86
BROILER CARPS BREEDS FOR WARMWATER AQUACULTURE

Andrei K. Boguerouk* and Valentin B. Murashkin
Federal Centre of Fish Genetics and Selection (Moscow Branch)

14B, Listvennichnaya Alleya
Moscow 127550, Russia
bogeruk@elnet.msk.ru
fsgcr@ipc.ru
In world aquaculture there are several dozens of carp breeds and breed groups adapted to the specific rearing natural-
climatic environment conditions. The most of these breeds were cultivated in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe,
where carp takes the leading place in pond aquaculture. Carp is rearing not only in ponds with the temperature conditions
of temperate latitudes; it is also actively cultivated in some countries with subtropical and tropical climate and also in
reservoirs-coolers of electric power stations, where water temperatures are high during the whole year.
In the Russian Federation the area of reservoirs-coolers are several thousand hectares. Tank-rearing and cage aquaculture
farms, located in these reservoirs, grow up to 20000 tons of carp annually. During the last 30 years two carp breeds were
cultivated specially for the temperature conditions of such industrial farms. These breeds are: Cherepetskaya scaly and
Cherepetskaya frame. They are notable for high fishbreeding-biological characteristics and were being cultivated under very
little vital space for fish and high stocking density in the conditions of strained oxygen rate and serious stress pressure.
The basic brood stock of Cherepetskaya scaly began from the hybrids, which were the result of crossing between German
(Galicia) carp (Cyprinus carpio carpio) and the Amur River wild carp (Cyprinus carpio haematopterus). These hybrids
were represented by the individuals with scale integument (gene type SSnn and Ssnn), straggling integument (gene type
ssnn) and linear one (gene type SSNn and SsNn). The brood stock of Cherepetskaya frame comes of German (Lausit) carps,
which take the beginning from typical “cultural” Galicia mirror carps. The most important purpose was to keep the main
characteristics of genetic structure with securing geterosis effect during interbreed crosses and to increase the productivity
of pure-strain brood stock. The selection was carried out on all stages of organism development and included the selection
on body mass with taking into account the peculiarities of figure, the degree of gonad expression, the state of health, etc.
Together with testing on body mass it was determined the reaction of carp individuals on hypoxic conditions, which can
be very strained under high temperatures. On this sign during the selection a comparative length of head increased under
the influence of natural selection. As a result the size of gill organs also increased together with surface of ventilation and
volume of blood flow.
During direct selection the cultured breeds got new morphological characteristics: large comparative length of head; much
more gill filaments on the 1st and 4th gill arches; elongated bowels. Scale pattern is like frame of round scales on the
body’s sides. Cherepetskaya scaly is characterized by high heterogeneity on transferine locus, stipulated by the presence
of three main alleles: A, B, D. Cherepetskaya frame is homozygous by recessive genes s and ssnn. The main economic
characteristics of carp breeds Cherepetskaya are: high working fertility (730-750 thousand eggs); stress stability and high
viability; high productivity (230-250 kg/m2); ability for effective use of feeds for growth. One of the important consumer
character is a sharp decrease of number of scales on fish body. Carp breeds Cherepetskaya are very perspective for rearing
in waters of South-East Asia because they are adapted to the environment conditions and methods of fish farming, which
are typical for aquaculture farms of this region. These breeds are also perspective for other regions with tropical and
subtropical climate.
87
GENETIC VARIABILITY AND PASPORTIZATION OF WILD CARP AND RUSSIAN

COMMON CARP BREEDS Cyprinus carpio
A.K. Boguerouk*, S.K. Semyenova, G.G. Chrisanfova, P.I. Ludannyi, V.A. Vasilyev, E.K. Filippova,
V.K. Prizenko and A.P. Ryskov

fsgcr@ipc.ru
For creation of genome collections the genetic pasportization was performed on two wild carp populations and seven Russian
common carp breeds (Cyprinus carpio) by means of two different types of genetic markers (RAPD’s and microsatellite
loci).
For the intra- and interbreed analyses six primers were selected: OPA-11 (CAATGGCCGT), OPA-17 (GACCGCTTGT), R-
45 (GCCGTCCGAG), R-55 (CAGCCTCGGC), P-29 (CCGGCCTTAC), SB-2 (GACGGCCAGTTATT). Genetic variability
was also estimated by four microsatellite loci (MFW – 4, 6, 10, 26; Crooijmans, 1997). The genetic markers were used to
reveal genome polymorphism and breed-specific markers in the samples of Amur (n=20) and Altai (n=20) wild carp and
such breeds of common carp as Stavropolsky (n=20), Cherepetsky ramchaty (n=15), Cherepetsky cheshuichaty (n=15),
Ropshinsky (n=15), Angelinsky (n=20), Altaisky zerkaljny (n=30) and Vengersky (n=20). The common carp breeds differ
in a set of morpho-anatomic characteristics and were acclimatized to different climate zones in Russia. On the base of the
joint RAPD patterns the binary similarity matrix was obtained where presence and absence of a fragment were designated
as “1” or “0” respectively. Genetic similarity and polymorphism were calculated for the samples and dendrograms showing
the relationships between the individuals were derived. The genetic heterozygosity and breed differentiation were also
evaluated by using microsatellite allele frequenses.
The average level of polymorphism (P) in the studied carp samples was found to be equal 34,5% (Ropshinsky), 40<2%
(Vengersky), 49,5% (Angelinsky), 52,7% (Cherepetsky carp: Ramchty – 61,3% and Cheshuichaty – 44,0%), 64,9%
(Stavropolsky), 66,3% (Altaisky zerkaljny carp), 73,1 and 75,4% in wild carp populations (Altai and Amur, respectively).
The interbreed similarity was 65,3-85,2% for carp breeds and 70% - for wild carp. Thus, the greatest polymorphism in the
nine studied samples was found in wild carp and in such breeds as Stavropolsky and Altaisky zerkaljny. Ropshinsly and
Vengersky breeds were presented by the least polymorphic and more homogeneous group. The level of genetic similarity
between common and wild carp turned out to be much less (63,0%) than between the seven common carp samples (85,3%).
All the examined samples were joined in seven large clusters representing only individuals of the same breed or sample.
The levels of intra- and interbreed variability and the structure of the dendrogram testified the presence of distinct genetic
differentiation between the studied wild carp and common carp breeds. The samples of wild carp revealed the largest
number of specific molecular markers (10%) while for the common carps this value was 0-5%. These markers can be a
useful tool for pasportization and certification of common carp breeds.
Comparing of two different types of genetics markers revealed higher level of breed polyporphism and more breed-specific
markers obtained with microsatellites (thus, allele numbers varied from 7 to 19, the level of heterozygosity did from 20 to
60%). Such questions were discussed as the reasons of high genetic diversity of carp breeds; potential applications of these
markers in pasportizations and certification of carp breeds; creation of genetic bank and living collections of Cyprinidae.
The research was preformed with the partial support of grants INNO 02-04-08033 and RFBF 02-04-48516.
88
CARP IN AQUACULTURE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Andrei K. Boguerouk

fsgcr@ipc.ru
Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) takes the most important place in aquaculture of the Russian Fede-ration. For the last years its
volume in the total production of marketable fish is 75-80%. In the main carp is growing in ponds located on the territories
to the South of latitude 60° South with the length of the vegetation period (water temperature is more than 15°C) not less
than 60 days. The territory of the Russian Federation is subdivided into six fish-breeding zones according to the soil-
climatic conditions. These zones differ from each other by the sums of effective tempe-ratures: in fish-breeding zone 1 this
sum is about 1000 degree/days, and in zone 6 – up to 2500-3000 degree/days. Aquaculture farms in each fish-breeding
zone function according to these zones’ norms and standards; they cultivate different fish species and influence on the pond
ecosystems differently.
Besides ponds carp is also cultivated in cage and tank-rearing aquaculture farms, which use warm water of electric power
stations, where water temperatures are much more higher than such ones in ponds. There are a lot of various habitats mostly
differ from each other. So it was necessary to cultivate various carp breeds adapted to the specific zone conditions of fish
rearing.
All present-day carp breeds rearing now in European countries were cultivated on the initial material of two subspecies of
wild common carps: European (Cyprinus carpio carpio) and Asian (Cyprinus carpio haematopterus) with different part of
blood of one or another subspecies. Now in Russia there is a specific carp breed for each fish-breeding zone adapted to the
local conditions one way or another (Table 1).
Fishbreeding-biological and economic characteristics of each carp breed were identified according to the thermic conditions
of the water-bodies of different zones with regard for economic efficiency of fish rearing. In particular in Russia the carp
breed Ropshinskaya was cultivated, it is the most north carp breed rearing during the vegetation period, the length of
which is only 60-65 days and the sum of effective warmth is up to 1000 degree-days. At the same time the carp breeds
Cherepetskaya scaly and Cherepetskaya frame are rearing under the water temperature not less than 10°C. You can find the
productive characteristics of carp breeds cultivated in Russia in Table 2.
All carp breeds were passed through the state testing including the following demands: the number of breeders – not less
than 600 individuals; availability of not less than two structural types; difference from other carp breeds; stability in the
time; similarity in the main morpho-bio-logical characteristics; economic importance.
Table 1. Russian carp breeds and their zone

location. Table 2. Productive characteristics of Russian carp breeds.
89
EFFECT OF STARVATION ON TRYPSIN AND LIPASE ACTIVITIES IN JAPANESE

FLOUNDER Paralichthys olivaceus LARVAE AND JUVENILES
Sergio Bolasina*, Adriana Pérez and Yoh Yamashita
Maizuru Fisheries Research Station

Kyoto University, Nagahama, Maizuru
Kyoto 625-0086, Japan
sergio@kais.kyoto-u.ac.jp
Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus is one of the most important fish species in coastal fisheries, aquaculture and
stock enhancement in Japan. Larval development of flatfishes is characterized by a metamorphosis that includes dramatic
changes in anatomy, physiology and behavior. This process is associated with settlement from the sea water column to the
bottom substratum, resulting in a drastic change in food habits. Survival rates and growth of larvae depend mainly on food
availability and quality, at the sea and at aquaculture facilities. One of the most important factors that cause high mortality
during the larval period is starvation. Analysis of digestive enzymes activities is an easy and reliable methodology that
could be used as indicator of digestive processes and nutritional condition of larvae. Several studies were made on trypsin
activity on fish, but despite the importance of lipase in larval physiology, lipase activity was rarely measured. The purpose
of the present study is to determine trypsin and lipase activity using fluorometric substrates in Japanese flounder larvae and
juveniles, comparing starved fish with a control group at different developmental stages.
Japanese flounder eggs were provided by Obama Station of the Japan Sea Farming Association. Flounder were reared at
Maizuru Fisheries Research Station of Kyoto University. Larvae were fed L-type rotifers Brachionus plicatilis from 3-24
DAH, artemia nauplii from 10-35 DAH and then gradually switched to pellet food from 30 DAH. Temperature was kept
at 18 ºC and photoperiod was12L:12D. Four starvation trials were made: from 2-6, 8-2, 23-29 and 33-39 DAH. Samples
of five individuals were token each other day and kept frozen at –80 ºC. Fluorometric determinations were made using
N-α-carbobenzoxy-L-arginine 7 amido-4 methylcoumarin hydrochloride (CBZ-L-Arg-MCA) and 4- methylumbelliferyl
butyrate as specific substrates for trypsin and lipase activity, respectively.
In the first and second trial after 7 days of starvation larval mortality was 100%. In the third trial (23-29 DAH) a starvation-
feeding experiment were done with 1day and 3 days starved larvae.
Total and specific activities were determined. As a general trend, enzymes activities get significantly lower (P< 0.05) in
starved fish. In fish starved only one day, lipase and trypsin activities levels took two days to reach control levels, on the
other hand 3 days starved fish showed significant differences two days after feeding again. During the last trial (33-39
DAH) lipase and trypsin activities went down in all fish after 37 DAH, at this time the settlement of juveniles begun. These
results show that trypsin and also lipase activity determination could be used for analyzing the nutritional status and the
90
REMOVAL OF CARBON AND NITROGEN FROM SHRIMP AQUACULTURE WASTEWATER

USING A SEQUENCING BATCH REACTOR
R. Boopathy*, Q. Fontenot and M. Kilgen
Department of Biological Sciences

Nicholls State University
Thibodaux, LA 70310 USA
biol-rrb@nicholls.edu
We tested a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) for the treatment of shrimp wastewater. A SBR is a variation of the activated
sludge biological treatment process. This process accomplishes equalization, aeration, and clarification in a timed sequence
in a single reactor basin to take the place of multiple tanks in conventional treatment systems. This is achieved through
sequencing stages, which includes fill, react, settle, decant, and idle. The sludge from a backwash of a single bead filter
from the Waddell Mariculture Center, South Carolina, was successfully treated using a SBR. The sludge initially contained
a high concentration of carbon and nitrogen. By operating the reactor sequentially, viz, aerobic, anaerobic, and aerobic
modes, nitrification and denitrification were achieved as well as removal of carbon. Specifically, the initial chemical
oxygen demand concentration of 1596 mg/L was reduced to 44 mg/L within 10 days of reactor operation. Ammonia in the
sludge was nitrified within 3 days. The denitrification of nitrate was achieved by the anaerobic process and 99 to 100%
removal of nitrate was observed. The optimization study showed the reactor performed very well under wide variety of
conditions such as salinity, temperature, and C:N ratio. The SBR system showed promising results and could be used as a
viable treatment alternative in the shrimp industry.
91
ANALYSING MEKONG DELTA FARMERS’ MOTIVATIONS FOR AQUACULTURE WITH

FUZZY LOGIC
Roel Bosma*, Uzay Kaymak, Jan van den Berg, Henk Udo and Johan Verreth
INREF/POND
P.O.Box 338
6700AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
roel.bosma@wur.nl
Contrary to the global trend of specialisation, the rice-based production systems of the Vietnamese Mekong Delta (VMD)
diversified into integrated aquaculture agriculture (IAA) systems after 1975. IAA systems are expected to improve
sustainability, as farms with several components use nutrients more efficiently (Prein et al, 1998). The realization of
IAA’s potential to contribute to sustainable livelihoods depends on individual farmer decisions. Most simulation methods
of adoption are unsatisfactory as they assume that farmers make decisions upon utility considerations only (Scoones &
Toulmin, 1998). Conversely, models based on fuzzy logic are designed to manage subjective human expressions (Zadeh,
1965). We explored the use of fuzzy logic to simulate farmer’s choices for a particular fish production system.
Data were collected by recall in semi-open interviews at 173 farms in 3 hamlets in the upland zone and 3 hamlets in the
fresh water alluvial plain, we refer to as delta. The farmers’ decision-making was simulated in a bi-level hierarchy decision-
tree (Figure 1) of which the 1st layer of three fuzzy inference systems (FIS) simulated the preference of farmers to produce
rice, fruit, and fish, and the 2nd layer simulated the choice for 5 alternatives: no fish, fish in water or pellet-fed ponds, and
fish in rice-fish or fruit-fish (i.e. ditch-dike) systems (Bosma et al, 2004).
The fuzzy simulation estimated that 63 out of 173 farmers would not raise fish; in reality it were 58 (Figure 2). In the
uplands, the overestimation of waste fed and the underestimation of pellet fed ponds was probably due to not-considering
a local religious restriction to use manure as feed. The inverse in the delta might be explained by these farmers’ preference
to buy concentrates for fattening pig whose manure is used to fertilize the ponds. The fuzzy rules consistent with the data
showed that for raising fish an acceptable market is a condition, and a low availability of capital and water are constraints
but that a low availability of land is not a restriction. As farmers’ motivations were made explicit, the fuzzy model induced
can be used to identify crucial factors in agricultural innovation.
Figure 1. Architecture of the simulation of the decision making: at the left hand side
the inputs for the 1st layer of FISs, in the centre their outputs, and at the right hand
side the output of the 2nd layer FIS.
Figure 2. Frequency distribution of fish production systems in the fresh

water alluvial zone (delta) and in the uplands of the VMD.
92
THE IMPACT OF MUTATIONS IN THE QUORUM SENSING SYSTEMS OF Aeromonas

hydrophila, Vibrio anguillarum and Vibrio harveyi ON THEIR VIRULENCE TOWARDS
GNOTOBIOTICALLY CULTURED Artemia franciscana
P. Bossier*, T. Defoirdt and W. Verstraete
Laboratory for Aquaculture and Artemia Reference Center

Department of Animal Production
Faculty of Bioscience Engineering
University of Ghent
Rozier 44, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
peter.bossier@ugent.be
Disruption of quorum sensing, bacterial cell-to-cell communication by means of small signal molecules, has been suggested
as a new anti-infective strategy for aquaculture. However, data about the impact of quorum sensing on the virulence of
aquatic pathogens are lacking. In this study, a model system using gnotobiotically grown Artemia franciscana was developed
in order to determine the impact of mutations in the quorum sensing systems of Aeromonas hydrophila, Vibrio anguillarum
and Vibrio harveyi on their virulence. Mutations in the autoinducer 2 synthase gene luxS, the autoinducer 2 receptor gene
luxP or the response regulator gene luxO of the dual channel quorum sensing system of Vibrio harveyi abolished virulence
of the strain. Moreover, the addition of an exogenous source of autoinducer 2 could restore the virulence of an autoinducer
2 non-producing mutant. In contrast, none of the mutations in either the AHL-mediated component of the Vibrio harveyi
system or the quorum sensing systems of Aeromonas hydrophila and Vibrio anguillarum had an impact on virulence of
these bacteria towards Artemia. Our results indicate that disruption of quorum sensing could be a good alternative strategy
to combat infections caused by Vibrio harveyi but that it cannot universally be applied to treat all bacterial infections in
aquaculture.
THE SALMON AQUACULTURE DIALOGUE – A MULTI-STAKEHOLDER APPROACH TO

SUSTAINABLE SALMON PRODUCTION AND STANDARD DEVELOPMENT
Katherine M. Bostick* and Jason W. Clay
World Wildlife Fund

1250 24th St, NW
Washington, DC 20037 USA
katherine.bostick@wwfus.org
Aquaculture in general, and salmon aquaculture in particular, has become the subject of much controversy, primarily
concerning its environmental and social impacts. The Salmon Aquaculture Dialogue is a transparent, multi-stakeholder
approach to identifying and resolving the potential negative environmental impacts of salmon aquaculture. Representatives
from industry, non-governmental organizations, governments, research institutions, buyers, and other members of the
market chain are participating in this global effort, which began in early 2004. Together, Dialogue members identified
six key areas of impact from salmon aquaculture: feed, disease, escapes, chemical inputs, benthic impacts and siting,
and nutrient loading and carrying capacity. For each of these areas, the group has identified points of agreement and
disagreement and is working to identify critical research needs. The goal of the Salmon Aquaculture Dialogue is to engage
stakeholders in constructive dialogue to define environmentally, socially, and economically sustainable salmon farming,
develop performance-based and verifiable standards, and foster their implementation. These standards can be used as the
basis for government permits and investment or buyer screens, and will be used by the World Wildlife Fund and their
partners to create and implement an independent, third-party global certification program. For more information on the
Dialogue, visit http://worldwildlife.org/cci/aquaculture_dialogues.cfm.
93
MICROORGANISMS IN FISH FEEDS AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE GROWTH,

PHYSIOLOGICAL AND METABOLIC CHARACTERISTICS OF YOUNG STURGEONS
Irina V. Burlatchenko
VNIRO Russian Federal Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography

107140 17, V. Krasnoselskaya
Moscow, Russia
dergaleva@vniro.ru
Mixed fish feeds, having as a rule high level of proteins (to 60%) and fats (to 30%) and consisting of many components of
animal origin, make up a favorable substrate both saprophytic and parasitic microorganisms forms. The increasing of feeds
moisture (more then 12%) leads to increase of bacteria number in many times. Together with the accumulated of bacteria
– made products, this factor becomes dangerous both for the cultured species and for the habitat. However data concerning
of feeds microbial background and influence of high bacterial contamination of mixed feeds on fishes its feeding are very
limited.
The purpose of our examination was to study the microbial background of fish feeds and to estimate in whole the influence
of feeds with different degree of bacterial contamination on young sturgeons.
Microbiological examination of more then 80 samples of mixed feeds for fishes of different species and age, made in Europe
and Asia countries as well as in Russia, was carry out. The range of bacterial contamination fluctuate from 2,9x103 to 6x109
CFU (Colony Forming Units) per 1g of feed, on average - 105 – 106 CFU/g. The structure of microbial background
is represents by four basic bacteria groups: genus Bacillus – 23%; Yeast and Mold – 21%; genus Staphyloccocus –21%; E.
coli and others Enterobacteriaceae –18%; Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter - 6% each, other microorganisms – 5%.
For estimation the effect of feeds bacterial contamination on fishes 4 series of experiments was carry out. We used feeds
experimental on purpose infected by several microfloral specimens: 1. Bacillus - Bac. mesentericus; 2. Staphyloccocus – St.
epidermidis; 3 - Yeast and Mold – Candida albicans and Penicillum; 4 – Enterobacteriaceae - E.coli. The contamination
degree constituted 105, 107 and 109. Young sturgeons Acipenser ruthenus L and Acipenser baeri Brandt have been used for
experiments.
Feeding by contaminate feeds during of 45 days to cause insignificant decrease of survivality and growth rate (on 5-7%).
The analysis of internal organs state showed of pathological changes of liver, kidney and intestines structure and infection
of these organs by feed’s bacteria. The substitution of normal intestinal microflora by feed’s bacteria cause to disbacteriosis.
The study of metabolic processes showed the direct correlation between the feeds contamination degree and sequence
filling of water, decreasing of intensification of proteins and lipids synthesis. All of these changes caused to dead of 30-50%
of fishes in period id of winter starvation. The most negative effect for fishes was marked at E. coli infection.
94
EFFECT OF PROBIOTICS ON THE GROWTH AND BIOCHEMICAL STATUS OF YUONG

STERLETS Acipenser ruthenus L. AFTER STARVATION
Irina V. Burlatchenko
VNIRO Russian Federal Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography

107140 17, V. Krasnoselskaya
Moscow, Russia
dergaleva@vniro.ru
Probiotics are widely use in aquaculture for correction of negative influence of infavourable conditions. One of this
factor is winter starvation which leads to significant loss of body weight, changes of biochemical status and intestinal
microbiocenosis.
The purpose of this work was to estimate the probiotics effect on the growth and biochemical status of young sterlets which
starting to feed after starvation.
Young sterlets average body masse of 43,2±4,3 g after starvation were used in experiments. Sterlets have got granulated feeds
with probiotic «Intestevit», which include the complex of liofilized bacteria Bifidobacterium globosum, Enterococcus
faecium and Bacillus subtilis. «Intestevit» is used for poultry in general. Two doses of this preparation we tested, they are
107and 109 Colony-Forming Units (CFU) per 1g of feed. The duration of probitics application was 10 days; the observation
time on the whole was 30 days. Fishes, which having got the same feeds without probiotic, constitute the control group. The
fishes growth, changes of chemical composition and relative indices of accumulation of substances in fish body calculated
on 1 g of initial body weight were use as indicators the probiotic effect.
After 30-day of examination appear no statistical valuable differences on body weight and biochemical status.
But the calculation of assimilation of main substances in the fishes body is revealed of hidden character of positive probiotics
influence.
Probiotics use accompany with more intensive accumulation of dry matter, crude proteins and lipids to compare with fishes
not received of probiotics. More significant effect was noted in the probiotics concentration of 107 CPU per g of feed.
95
GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPING AQUACULTURE CERTIFICATION PROGRAMS

Claude E. Boyd* and Jason Clay
Department of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures

Auburn University, Alabama 36849 USA
ceboyd@acesag.auburn.edu
A growing number of consumers desire food products produced by environmentally- and socially-responsible methods.
Many also would like additional assurance that the food they buy does not contain potentially harmful chemical or biological
contaminants. These desires by consumers represent a potential market for certified products, and there is interest in
certifying aquaculture products. The label for a certified aquaculture product will only state that the product is from
environmentally- and socially-responsible producers and free of contaminants. Consumers know little about aquaculture,
and the success of a certification program will reside in the confidence that consumers have in its label. Thus, a rigorous,
transparent process must be followed in developing an overarching aquaculture certification program. Some issues will
cut across species, but most species will have one or more specific issues that must be addressed. Therefore, production
methods for each species must be documented, and possible negative environmental and social impacts and food safety
concerns identified and addressed. Some examples of issue identification will be provided.
Based upon the assessment of production methods, impacts and other issues should be discussed and agreed to by a
wide range of stakeholders, and certification standards formulated to assure a product that meets consumer expectations.
Participating producers may use existing better management practices (BMPs) or devise other appropriate means to
comply with measurable standards. A third party must confirm that each participating producer is in compliance with the
certification standards. An oversight committee should maintain surveillance and modify standards and other aspects of
the program as necessary. The information about the program must be posted on a website to inform consumers and other
interested parties. Moreover, a publicity and educational program should be initiated to promote the program because label
recognition will be critical for success.
AN OVERVIEW OF CERTIFICATION ISSUES FOR FRESHWATER FINFISH

Claude E. Boyd,* Jason Clay and Aaron McNevin

Auburn University
Alabama 36849 USA
There is considerable interest in certification of major aquaculture species in response to the growing number of
environmentally-aware and socially-concerned consumers. In addition, consumers are concerned about food safety, and
this topic must be considered in certification programs. We recently conducted studies of channel catfish, tilapia, and
rainbow trout to identify issues that should be considered by stakeholders in developing certification standards. There are
common issues for the three species that also would extend to most other freshwater finfish. These issues include efficient
land and water use, prevention of water pollution, reduction in fish meal use in feeds, and abstinence from use of antibiotics,
drugs and other potentially dangerous compounds in production systems. However, there will be specific issues that apply
to individual species. In channel catfish culture, some specific issues are groundwater use, removal of daily mortalities
from culture systems, and use of medicated feed. Tilapia culture in the tropics can result in the spread of this species
into watersheds where it has not been introduced previously resulting in serious competition between tilapia and native
species. Sex reversal in tilapia often is done by hormone treatment, and some consumers object to this practice. Genetic
modifications of broodstock and widespread use of therapeutic agents in trout will be major issues. In order to identify the
main environmental, social, and food safety issues, studies should be made of production areas, land and water use, grow-
out facilities, and production technology for any aquaculture species considered for certification.
96
THE GROWING IMPORTANCE OF WATER QUALITYAND BOTTOM SOIL MANAGEMENT

IN SHRIMP CULTURE
Claude E. Boyd

Auburn University
Alabama 36849 USA
Problems with viral diseases and declining shrimp prices have lead to drastic changes in shrimp aquaculture. There has
been a tendency to reduce water exchange to lessen the likelihood of introducing diseases into farms. At the same time,
there has been an effort to increase production per unit area to enhance profitability. This has led to greater reliance on
mechanical aeration, experimentation with plastic-lined ponds, efforts to “close” production systems and reuse water, and
widespread use of microbial inocula and other probiotics in attempts to control water quality. Most production still comes
from earthen-lined ponds, and impaired bottom soil condition becomes more common as production level increases and
greater rates of aeration are needed. In particular, erosion of pond sides and bottoms by aerator-induced water currents
results in accumulation of soft, organically-enriched sediment that may become highly anaerobic.
Intensive culture of marine shrimp in low-salinity water at inland sites has possibilities for becoming a significant activity
in several nations. Soil and water management in these systems should focus on maintaining good culture conditions while
preventing salinization of nearby soils and waters.
There is a great effort to reduce the negative environmental impacts of shrimp farming through application of best management
practices (BMPs) and coastal water quality monitoring. Use of BMPs and water quality monitoring ultimately may be
mandated in environmental regulations imposed by governmental agencies. There is a demand for shrimp certified to be
produced by environmentally-responsible methods and free of antibiotics and other potentially harmful residues. Water
quality monitoring and BMPs also could be the means for compliance with certification standards. Several organizations
currently are developing aquaculture shrimp certification programs.
97
SHRIMP MATURATION PRINCIPLES AND METHODS: THE LATIN AMERICAN

EXPERIENCE IN ASIA, EMPHASISING Penaeus vannamei
Matthew Briggs
5/16 Fisherman Way

Vises Road, Rawai
Phuket, 83100, Thailand
koygung101@yahoo.co.uk
Perhaps the most profound change in Asian shrimp culture in recent years has been the introduction and increasingly
widespread culture of Penaeus vannamei. This species now dominates the production of shrimp in China and Thailand and
is of growing importance in Indonesia, Vietnam, Philippines, Malaysia and other Asian countries.
Although larval and pond rearing practices for this species are not too dissimilar from those used for Penaeus monodon,
the species traditionally cultured throughout Asia, the systems for maturation are quite different. The ability to close the
culture cycle, taking pond-reared animals for maturation, opens the way for the domestication and selection of improved
strains of shrimp, with the aim of enhancing the growth, survival and disease resistance of the stocks. Additionally, the
ability to purchase and use disease free (SPF) and disease resistant (SPR) stocks of P. vannamei allows enhanced levels of
biosecurity, important in the face of repeated epidemics of viral diseases worldwide.
The techniques used for maturation of P. vannamei are little known in the majority of Asian countries. This often leads
to a lack of, or results in sub-optimal quality of nauplii for stocking the hatcheries. This deficit is currently acting as an
impediment to the expansion of the culture of P. vannamei in Asia.
When making the switch from the culture of P. monodon to P. vannamei, many maturation owners tend to rely on Chinese
technicians, who are spreading their own style of maturation practices throughout Asia. Latin American maturation units
use techniques quite dissimilar from those of China.
The techniques used, their pros and cons, and their applicability to Asia will be discussed in this presentation. Critical
areas include broodstock selection procedures, stocking densities, temperature and water quality controls, nutrition, egg
hatching and spawning techniques and disinfection protocols. Some of the techniques used may also have relevance to the
maturation and spawning of indigenous Asian shrimp species.
98
SHRIMP MATURATION PRINCIPLES AND METHODS: THE LATIN AMERICAN

EXPERIENCE IN ASIA, EMPHASISING Penaeus vannamei
Matthew Briggs
5/16 Fisherman Way

Vises Road
Rawai, Phuket, 83100, Thailand
koygung101@yahoo.co.uk
Perhaps the most profound change in Asian shrimp culture in recent years has been the introduction and increasingly
widespread culture of Penaeus vannamei. This species now dominates the production of shrimp in China and Thailand and
is of growing importance in Indonesia, Vietnam, Philippines, Malaysia and other Asian countries.
Although larval and pond rearing practices for this species are not too dissimilar from those used for Penaeus monodon, the
species traditionally cultured throughout Asia, the systems for maturation are quite different. The ability to close the culture
cycle, taking pond-reared animals for maturation, opens the way for the domestication and selection of improved strains
of shrimp, with the aim of enhancing the growth, survival and disease resistance of the stocks. Additionally, the ability to
purchase and use disease free (SPF) stocks of P. vannamei allows enhanced levels of biosecurity, important in the face of
repeated epidemics of viral diseases worldwide.
The techniques used for maturation of P. vannamei are little known in the majority of Asian countries. This often results in
sub-optimal quality of nauplii for stocking the hatcheries. This deficit is currently acting as an impediment to the expansion
of the culture of P. vannamei in Asia.
When making the switch from the culture of P. monodon to P. vannamei, many maturation owners tend to rely on Chinese
technicians, who are spreading their own style of maturation practices throughout Asia. Latin American maturation units
use techniques quite dissimilar from those of China.
The techniques used, their pros and cons, and their applicability to Asia will be discussed in this presentation. Critical
areas include broodstock selection procedures, stocking densities, temperature and water quality controls, nutrition, egg
hatching and spawning techniques and disinfection protocols. Some of the techniques used may also have relevance to the
maturation and spawning of indigenous Asian shrimp species.
99
DETECTION AND ORIGIN OF WHITE SPOT SYNDROME VIRUS (WSSV) FROM AN

OUTBREAK ON GUAM IN 2004
John Brown*, Vic Camacho, Frank Alig, Stephen Nelson, Kathy Tang and Donald Lightner
College of Agriculture and Life Science

University of Guam
Mangilao, Guam 96923
jbrown@uog9.uog.edu
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) has caused substantial mortalities in farmed populations of many species of penaeid
shrimp and other aquatic crustaceans throughout the world. The disease attributed to this virus was first observed in east
Asia in 1992-1993. It spread very rapidly, and by 1996 it had severely impacted most of the shrimp farming regions of
SE Asia. Subsequently, WSSV spread to many countries of the western hemisphere. In the United States, WSSV was
first reported in Texas in 1995; and it was found in South Carolina in 1997-1998. Since then, WSSV was not found in US
essentially due to rigorous stocks monitoring and development of SPF shrimp. Until 2004, WSSV was detected in a US
territory, Guam and in Hawaii.
In 2003, a project to increase SPF Litopenaeus vannamei stocks at the Guam Aquaculture Development and Training
Facility (GADTC) was initiated. In conjunction with this, shrimp samples from the hatchery, farms, and local markets
(frozen and fresh) were sent to the Aquaculture Pathology Lab at the University of Arizona to be screened for specific
shrimp pathogens. The stocks at the GADTC facility were free of these pathogens. However, we found both WSSV
and IHHNV in samples of shrimp collected from local markets. During the course of the study, one farm, producing,
L. vannamei, on Guam experienced severe mortality and samples proved positive for WSSV by both PCR analysis and
histological examination. This was surprising since the L. vannamei stock at the farms had been imported from Hawaii,
where producers are rigorous in maintaining clean stocks. However, we learned that at about the same time, a WSSV
outbreak was detected in some populations in Hawaii. The WSSV isolates from the Guam and Hawaii outbreaks and those
from market samples from both areas were compared with a PCR method based on determining the number of tandem
repeats in WSSV genome. This analysis showed that the WSSV isolates from the outbreak on Guam was clearly different
than those from the outbreak in Hawaii. However, the WSSV isolate on Guam was similar to those detected in the imported
shrimp in the local markets.
Ln1-5:” commodity shrimp

collected on Guam
Ln 6: WSSV-infected shrimp
collected from a farm on Guan
Ln 7: WSSV-infected shrimp
collected on Kauai, Hawaii
Ln 8,9: commodity shrimp
collected on Kauai, Hawaii
100
AN INTEGRATED PHOTO/CHEMOAUTOTROPHIC SYSTEM SUPPORTING INTENSIVE

SHRIMP AND BIVALVE PRODUCTION
D.E.Brune, A.G. Eversole, Kendall Kirk and Antonio Aranguren
Dept. of Agricultural and Biological. Engineering

Clemson University
Clemson, SC 29634
debrune@clemson.edu
The Clemson University Partitioned Aquaculture System (PAS) was combined with a Suspended Culture, Extended
Aeration, Nitrification/De-nitrification (SEA-N) reactor for control of ammonia-nitrogen concentration in a shrimp culture
system fed at sustained levels exceeding 750 lb feed/acre day, and shrimp carrying capacity approaching 250 shrimp/m2.
The combination of photosynthesis and chemoautotrophic nitrification/denitrification offers a number of advantages for
application to zero-discharge, aquatic animal production systems. Algal growth allows for solar driven oxygen production
and nitrogen uptake. The added nitrification function provides ammonia detoxification capacity during extended cloudy
periods, with an expanded capacity to remove ammonia production at rates far exceeding photosynthetic capacity (greater
than 12 gm C/m2 day, corresponding to 350 lb feed /acre day). The addition of de-nitrification capacity to the system
provides further advantage in countering alkalinity destruction from the nitrification reaction and, in addition, preventing
excessive accumulation of nitrate-nitrogen concentrations within the system. The PAS/SEA-N technique offers the
advantages of “greenwater production” at productivities far in excess of conventional intensive aquaculture systems, while
avoiding the high cost of media intensive fixed-film biofiltration techniques.
The combined PAS/SEA-N process was operated (in the 2004 growing season) for culture of the Pacific White Shrimp
(Litopenaeus vannamei) at densities ranging from 150 to 250 animals/m2. Feed application rates exceeded 750 lb of 35%
protein feed/acre day, with multiple harvests yielding net shrimp productivities ranging from 18,000 to 31,000 lb shrimp/
acre of 25 to 27 count shrimp. System dissolved oxygen levels ranged from 3 to 6 mg/l, while total ammonia-nitrogen
concentrations averaged 1.5 mg/l with peaks of 2.0 mg/l. Nitrite-nitrogen concentrations averaged 0.5 to 1.0 mg/l, with
peaks of 1.5 mg/l. System total nitrate-nitrogen levels reached a maximum of 100 mg/l. System salinity averaged 12 gm/l.
Secchi disk visibility was maintained within a range of 10 to 15 cm by use of continuous water exchange (at one day
detention in each shrimp unit) between three shrimp units and a single Nile tilapia unit (Oreochromis nilotica). Tilapia
populations employed as a “living filter” provided for optimal water column particulate solids concentration while avoiding
use of expensive physical solids removal techniques. System pH ranged from a minimum of 7.0 to 7.5 at maximum feed
application rates. Freshwater was added to balance evaporative losses; water was never discharged from the system. As
of December 2004, experiments are continuing in an effort to quantify the impact of feed rate, and feed organic carbon to
nitrogen ratio, upon system microbial population autotrophic / heterotrophic ratios.
In addition to using tilapia for algal density control, the potential use of oysters for control of algal standing crop was
also investigated in 2004. The primary limiting factor in using the eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) to control algal
density in this modified PAS operation was found to be the high water column algal and bacterial cell densities (100 to 150
mg/l volatile solids), and the need for frequent and aggressive cleaning of excessive oyster pseudofeces. A solution to the
algal density and cleaning issue was found in control of hydraulic detention time in containerized populations of oysters,
employing a cyclic, automated, dumping of water from the containers, followed by use of an aggressive, automated,
rotating spray bar to wash attached solids from the oysters, with wash-water discharge into a settling tank. Algal uptake
kinetics of the containerized oysters was quantified, with observed oyster uptake rates as high as 1000 mg algal C /kg hour
at 28o C, which was twice that observed with tilapia under similar conditions.
101
SEAWEED FARMING: AN OVERVIEW OF BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN

INDONESIA
Agus A. Budhiman, Setiawan
Directorate for Seed Development

Directorate General of Aquaculture
Indonesia
budhiman@indosat.net.id
setiawan@yahoo.com
Seaweed in Indonesia has become one of the important aquaculture commodities, and has become an important alternative
for income generation for coastal communities in some coastal areas of Indonesia. Eastern Indonesia, such as Bali, NTB,
NTT, South Sulawesi and a part of West Indonesia such as DKI Jakarta, Lampung, and West Java, are the main producers
of seaweed. The two species being cultured in Indonesia, Euchema cottonii and Gracilaria sp, are the most favorable and
demand for these species for industrial purposes has gradually increased. Accordingly, the production of seaweed has
increased to 231.9 metric tonnes in 2003, increasing by 9.1 % per year since it was cultured in 1999. The export value
from this commodity has increased as well up to US$ 20,511,000 in 2003. Economically seaweed has proven to be a
support for livelihood improvement in rural areas, mostly in provinces that do not have any resources except for fisheries
and aquaculture development. In other words, seaweed culture may be very useful for poverty reduction purposes. There
are several ways to culture seaweed, dependent upon the species and culture techniques. Euchema cottonii is commonly
cultured using raft and long-line attached to bamboo and a wooden pole which is fixed to the seabed bottom, whilst
Gracilaria sp is cultured in brackishwater ponds, either in monoculture or polyculture with shrimp as well as milkfish. To
some extent, development of seaweed culture has minimized the pressures for coral reef exploitation and deterioration of
mangrove areas, due to it being as an alternative source of livelihood in the coastal area.
THE USE OF ALGAL MEALS FOR FISHMEAL AND FISH OIL REPLACEMENT
Robert A. Bullis*, D. Allen Davis, Tzachi M. Samocha, Susmita Patnaik, Craig L. Browdy, Alvin D. Stokes
and Heidi L. Atwood
Advanced BioNutrition Corp.

6430 Dobbin Rd., Suite C
Columbia, MD 21045
rbullis@advancedbionutrition.com
The ever-increasing demand for marine-derived fish meal and fish oil as major sources for essential proteins and lipids in
aquaculture feeds, requires identification of alternative sources. Beside the fact that the wild-fishery, from which these
products are extracted, is at or near the maximum sustainable level of harvest, there is also increasing concern over the
contaminant and pollutant accumulations in marine fish. The replacement of fish meal and oil in marine fish and shrimp
feeds could have significant nutritional, economic and social impact on aquaculture feeding practices.
The objective of the current study is to develop diets that replace fishmeal and fish oil ingredients with non-marine sources
of proteins and lipids. This study evaluated the effects of different diets, all formulated to have 35% crude protein and 8%
lipids, with no marine-sourced ingredients on growth, survival and selected water quality indicators in a static tank-system
stocked with juveniles (0.95±0.04 g) of the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. The study was conducted in tanks
filled with 24 ppt water (610 L working volume) and stocked with 31 shrimp (36/m2 or 51/m3) in a six replicates treatment.
Five shrimp from each tank were removed when shrimp reached the 5 g average weight to determine requirements for
essential fatty acids (EFA). Two airstones (8-10 lpm) provided mixing and aeration in each tank. Tanks were positioned
under a shade with a roof that enabled partial penetration of direct sunlight. Shrimp were fed four times a day. Dissolved
oxygen, temperature, pH and salinity were monitored twice daily, and ammonia and nitrite were monitored once a week in
all the tanks. The dietary treatments included a basal diet containing menhaden fish oil as well as two diets with a highly
unsaturated fatty acid source (DHA, AA) and one without. Three of the treatments received the test diets for the entire
growth period whereas one group was switched from the HUFA supplemented diet at week 4 to a non-HUFA supplemented
diet. At this point (after 4 weeks of growth) five shrimp (~5 g each) from each tank were removed and stored to determine
fatty acid profiles of the shrimp.
The paper will present the results from this and related studies.
102
PAPUYU Anabas testudineus (Bloch) FISH BREEDING TECHNOLOGY IN BUSINESS

SCALE
Bunasir* and Sarifin
Loka Budidaya Air Tawar Mandiangin

Jln. Tahura St.Adam Km.14 Mandiangin
Kec. Karang Intan Kab
Banjar Prov. Kalimantan Selatan (70661)
lbat_mandiangin@telkom.net
The papuyu (Anabas testudineus Bloch) is a Kalimantan particular fish, although its existence spread throughout Indonesian
territory, because of the high interest of the “Banjarese” for papuyu also the Kalimantan people in general, the papuyu has
became a special course.
The market opportunity of the papuyu commodity is in sufficient good condition because of the big interest of the people
for the commodity for price from Rp. 15.000,- up to Rp.30.000,-/kg. For all these times, the people relied on the activity of
papuyu catching in its natural habitat in order to fulfil the market demand. Yet, it is important to realize that continous fish
catching in its natural habitat will endanger its existence, that’s why the effort to breed has to be done.
Fish breeding or aqua culture in ponds or karambas gives a business opportunity, working opportunity and increases the
community income. So that in time the elaboration of papuyu breeding technology will develop in the community as good
as the breeding of other introductory fish (carper, catfish and tilaphia) which is carried out in a karamba or floating net.
The elaboration of papuyu breeding in ponds, karambas or swamp water system with fish pen system as one of the
alternatives can be determined as a sufficient good treatment, although the germ growth is still unstable.
Generally, the germ growth of papuyu can reach a weight of 65 gr – 95 gr in 4 - 6 months breeding. Yet, the Survival Rate
(SR) during the breeding period for the treatment is 80%-90%.
The 1,21-1,55 food conversion value is relatively good because the fish has been able to adapt to the breeding area and to
take advantages from the food for its growth.
From the business analysis point of view the average of Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR)>1, it means that the breeding of papuyu
is recommended to be carried out and profitable as well.
103
POTENTIAL USE OF OFFSHORE CAGES AS PART OF A MODEL FOR TROPICAL

ECOSYSTEM BASED MANAGEMENT
Alexis Cabarcas-Núñez* and Dallas E. Alston
Department of Marine Sciences, PO Box 9013

University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez Campus
Mayagüez, PR 00681-9013 USA
acabarcas@cima.uprm.edu
Coastal communities in Puerto Rico, as other places worldwide, have seen a decline in fishery resources due to habitat
destruction, pollution, over-fishing, and inappropriate coastal management practices. However, by integrating aquaculture
as an additional tool to manage marine tropical systems, reefs can be protected while the community can benefit from
aquaculture fish yields. An environmental study near Culebra, Puerto Rico USA on a submerged cage operation culturing
Rachycentron canadum (cobia) to 6 kg in one year, indicated negligible negative environmental effects. As expected, the
‘footprint’ of the effects was limited to directly beneath the cage and attributed to a combination of nutrient release (uneaten
feed, fish feces) and shading by the cage itself. Simultaneously, an independent study conducted both before and after the
establishment of a coastal reef reserve at Culebra, Puerto-Rico shows fish abundance increased dramatically and species
numbers have increased by 38%. Dramatic increases in the abundance (2,539%) and in the biomass (26,618%) of the
yellowtail snapper (Ocyurus chrysurus) were noted, as well as significant increases in the abundance (414%) and biomass
(868%) of the schoolmaster (Lutjanus apodus). The designation of the Luis Peña Channel No-Take Marine Reserve in
Culebra, Puerto Rico petitioned by the local fishermen itself is a clear demonstration of a grass-roots effort to manage local
fisheries resources. Increasingly complex aquaculture management strategies require a multifaceted approach in which
aquaculture could help alleviate the impact on the fisheries habitat while still providing healthy seafood products for the
public. Proper placement of offshore aquaculture in water over 30 m and 2-5 km offshore, away from coral reef structures
has minimal environmental impact. Cages at Culebra served also as fish aggregation devices (FADs), in which many
pelagic fishes were attracted. Offshore cages offer protection and substrate similar to other FADs and also supplement
nutrient supply in the area which could serve as direct or indirect sources of food for opportunistic feeders. The offshore
aquaculture industry could enhance the local fishery by facilitating new pelagic resources or serving as a source of
recruitment to replenish impacted reefs. The cage site would serve as a “mini-reserve” with the cages serving an artificial
reef and spawning ground. Recruitment from the aquaculture site to area reefs could indirectly improve fish catch on the
reefs themselves. Our premise is that the reef should be maintained with minimum impact to foster tourism and some
subsistence fisheries to keep populations intact to maintain ecological balance of the reef and possibly provide broodstock
for offshore aquaculture. The local government should work with local fisheries associations and the community at large to
make decisions appropriate to their marine resource.
104
AQUATEC A SUCCESSFUL SHRIMP FARM IN VENEZUELA: 30 TON/HA

Tomás Cabrera*, Luigi Bottazzi, Eduardo Castles, Matilde Duque, Maria Margarita D’Suze, Jesús Rosas,
Aide Velazquez, Marisol Silva and Darryl Jory
Escuela de Ciencias Aplicadas del Mar

Universidad de Oriente
Nueva Esparta, Venezuela
tom3171@telcel.net.ve
AQUATEC is a shrimp farm located in Coche Island in Venezuela. There are 4 - 2 ha ponds (P1 to P4) and 1 – 0.30 ha
pond (PP1), with 2 cycles per year. The species that has been used is Litopenaeus vannamei. The initial system used by
AQUATEC was semi-intensive without aeration. From the year 2001 blowers and four-7 aeration systems have been using,
at 14 to 18 Hp/ha. In 2004 an oxygen injection system has been used in the PP1 pond (0.30 ha).
The average values of the physical and chemical factors in the three periods described are showing in Table 1. The values
of these factors have been similar besides the system used, but the dissolved oxygen range has been narrowing with the
aeration and oxygenation. The average values of the production factors are showing in Table 1. It has been a significant
increasing in production since the aeration has been used. In the 2-ha ponds this increment has been from 2 to 3 times.
Meanwhile, in the 0.3-ha pond, the increment was 4 times for aeration and up to 8 times for injected oxygen. Although
it is noted a reduction in the final weight, it has been not significant in the value of the crop, since the weight has been
maintained in the similar market size range.
Table 1. Average values of physical and chemical factors and production in Aquatec shrimp farm.
105
BLUE REVOLUTION AS MEAN OF COMMUNITY ENCOURAGEMENT FOR INCREASING

FARMER INCOME BY COMMERCIALIZATION OF LIVE FEED PRODUCTION IN
SITUBONDO, EAST JAVA, INDONESIA
Sri Cahyaningsih

PO Box 5 – Panarukan – Situbondo
sri_cahyaningsih@yahoo.com
In terms of aquaculture, revolution blue could be defined as utilization of aquatic resources. One of that effort is
development of live feed production both phytoplankton and zooplankton. Recently, there are two kind of phytoplankton
and zooplankton i.e. Nannochloropsis sp and Brachionus sp production have been developed. In the future, Spirulina,
Tetraselmis, Dunnaliella and Chaetoceros sp are candidate for live feed production that could be used for finfish hatchery,
food industry as well as pharmaceutical.
Development of the grouper backyard hatchery system and the new improvement shrimp culture have prompted the
production of live feed as integrated part of small scale hatchery as well as separated small scale industry. For that reason,
the live feed production could be a new small scale industry for farmers. They can built a new facilities or switch from
shrimp hatchery facility.
Our study in Situbondo Municipality indicated that increasing number of grouper small scale hatchery had prompted the
development of live feed production industry. In addition to, our survey also revealed that the new improvement technology
of shrimp culture by addition of phytoplankton in the water culture increased shrimp survival from 75% to 90% and
biomass production from 10 to 20 tones per hectare. This is a concomitant in the shrimp pond revitalization, decreasing the
drug usage and towards to aquaculture sustainable.
UTILIZATION OF CHITOSAN AS COAGULANT AGENT FOR ALGAE Porphyridium sp.

Sri Cahyaningsih, Slamet Soebjakto, Pujiati and Slamet

East Java, Indonesia
sri_cahyaningsih@yahoo.com
The red microalgae Porphyridium sp. are natural source of high value compounds for pharmaceutical and food industry
such as bioactive compounds, vitamins, pigments and fatty acid.
This study aimed to know concentration of chitosan used for coagulant agent of Porphyridium sp. Six concentrations of
chitosan were tested, i.e. V50 400; V50 450; V50 500; V800 40; V800 45 and V800 50. Every treatment used 2 – 3 ml HCL
0,1 N.
This experiment demonstrated that utilization of V50 450 ppm and V 800 50 ppm chitosan were better for coagulant agents
compare to the other.
106
A STUDY ON THE Aeromonas sobria DISEASE OF SOFT-SHELLED TURTLE Trionyx

sinensis
Cai Wan-qi and Fu Li-xia
Shanghai Fisheries University

334 Jun Gong Road
Shanghai, 200090
wqcai@shfu.edu.cn
Two bacterial strains, 01—10—A and 01—10—B,isolated from the liver and blood of seriously diseased soft-shelled
turtle, were identified as Aeromonas sobria by bacterial certification. The healthy soft-shelled turtle can be infected through
artificial infection by these two strains and the symptoms occured identically accord with the naturally diseased turtle-
neck ulcer. The testing results by paper extension methods for drug sensitive show that seventeen drugs of 40 antibiotics,
including tobramycin etc, have the most inhibitive effects on the two strains.
Aeromonas sobria spread through the blood system of the turtle.They grow and reproduce in blood vessel make erythrocyte
broken, cause damage and broken of small blood vessel in internal organs,finally form septicemia characterized by necrosis.
Alterative pathological changes happen in internal organs and a large number of purulent cells spread in tissues and form
purulent area. Compared with the healthy soft-shelled turtle, the number of erythrocyte, the contents of gross protein(GP),
alkaline phosphatase(ALP), amylase(AMS) and superoxide dismutase(SOD) in serum of diseased soft-shelled turtle
decreased by 40.14% t<0.01, 37.01% t<0.01, 48.96% t<0.0117.83% t<0.05 and 44.15% t<0.01 respectively,while lactate
dehydrogenase (LDH) and lysozyme in serum increased by 53.14% t<0.05 and 32.46% t<0.01 respectively. The absolute
activity of LDH and SOD in liver decreased by 30.8% t<0.01 and 21.8% t<0.05 respectively.
Compared with the healthy soft-shelled turtle, the percentage of erythrocyte C3b receptor rosette, the activity of leukocyte
phagocyte erythrocyte active rosette (EaR) of T lymphocyte, the activity of leukocyte phagocyte and erythrocyte native immune
adhering tumor cell rosette in diseased soft-shelled turtle decreased very significantly (t<0.01) or significantly(t<0.05).
However, the percentage of erythrocyte immune complex rosette in diseased soft-shelled turtle increased very signicantly
(t<0.01).
The toxic ability of Aeromonas sobria is stronger than that of Aeromonas Hydrophila and doesn’t decrease significantly by
successive generation. Since aeromonas sobria is a pathogenic bacteria that can infect both human beings and animals, we
should pay high attention to this matter.
107
THE IMPORTANCE OF RISK ASSESSMENT BEFORE SPECIES INTRODUCTIONS – A

LESSON LEARNED FROM THE GOLDEN APPLE SNAIL DISASTER IN SOUTHEAST
ASIA
N. O. L. Carlsson
Department of Ecology
Limnology
Lund University
Sweden
nils.carlsson@limnol.lu.se
The intentional introduction of the South American golden apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata) for aquaculture in South
East Asia backfired. The Asian markets were reluctant to the taste of the snails and these soon spread from collapsing
aquacultures through irrigation channels to rice fields.
The herbivorous snails are serious pests in agriculture since they consume rice and other aquatic plants of economical
importance. In natural wetlands the snails have a dramatic effect on plant biomass and plant growth. High densities of
the snails corresponded to an almost complete absence of aquatic plants, high nutrient concentrations (nitrogen and
phosphorous) and a high biomass of phytoplankton in invaded wetlands. The intentionally introduced snail has thus caused
both economical and ecological problems in large parts of South East Asia that are unlikely to go away anytime soon.
There are good reasons to assume that the golden apple snail invasion could have been predicted and therefore avoided.
The snails are known to be highly efficient plant eaters that reproduce rapidly in the natural range. They are further ”repeat
offenders” since they became a pest in Suriname in the 1950:s when large scale rice production started there. The fact that
the industry failed shows that the entrepreneurs were ignorant not only of ecology of the snail but of the needs of the Asian
markets as well.
Knowledge about an organism’s ecology must be carefully considered before a new species is considered for introduction
anywhere. The unwanted snails continue to spread and are likely to continue to reduce rice crops and negatively affect
natural aquatic systems for decades to come. The invasion clearly shows us that an ounce of prevention is better than a
pound of cure.
108
EFFECT OF HARVEST AND POST-HARVEST PROCESSES ON QUALITY OF BAIT FISH

FOR FEEDING SOUTHERN BLUEFIN TUNA
John F. Carragher*, David Ellis, Jeffrey Buchanan and Wade Micke
Product Quality and Value-Adding Program

SARDI Aquatic Sciences
P.O. Box 120, Henley Beach
South Australia 5022
carragher.john@saugov.sa.gov.au
Southern bluefin tuna (SBT) grown in Port Lincoln, South Australia are primarily fed on baitfish. Up to 22 different
species of baitfish have been used across the industry in some seasons, however only 5 or 6 of these species are used in
significant amounts by most farming companies; the remaining 11 or 12 species are used only occasionally by one or two
companies. The decision of which baitfish species to use is usually based on (1) crude lipid content (2) availability (3) price
(4) baitfish size. The proximate analysis of baitfish provided by baitfish sellers (upon which their suitability as SBT feed is
primarily determined) has a level of risk associated with the following questions – how representative is the sample for the
hundreds of tonnes of baitfish in the batch, how old is the baitfish, when was the analysis done, how has the baitfish been
stored? Six of the commonly used baitfish species are caught in Australian waters, the remainder are imported frozen from
overseas, thus, there is also the potential for deterioration in baitfish quality during extended shipping. Furthermore, there
is a requirement for freezer storage for up to 20,000 tonnes of baitfish per season and associated questions about the best
techniques and conditions to retain baitfish nutritional quality.
A survey of the nutritional quality of 22 different species of baitfish used in SBT growout has been carried out over the
past 5 seasons. Samples of several batches of each species were sourced from frozen stocks in Port Lincoln and analysed
for lipid quality indicators (% free fatty acids, peroxide values). None of the levels suggested that baitfish fed to SBT were
of sub-standard nutritional quality, however, in some instances there was 10-fold variation between batches of a particular
baitfish species suggesting some harvest and/or post harvest influences on nutritional quality.
A series of controlled experiments on the effects of different post-harvest storage (time, temperature and atmosphere) and
feeding practices (thawing medium, time and temperature) on lipid quality (lipid hydroperoxide and TBARs) was carried
out on locally caught pilchards (Sardinops sagax). Whilst different experimental treatments did affect the formation and
accumulation of these compounds, there also appeared to be an overriding influence of harvest and/or immediate post-
harvest conditions on the extent of nutritional degradation.
In summary, baitfish fed to SBT in South Australia is of very high nutritional quality. Harvest and post-harvest processes
can cause measurable variation in nutritional quality indicators between batches of baitfish, however it does not seem likely
that this has significant deleterious effects on the quality or performance of SBT.
109
SEARCH OF EVIDENCES FOR THE EXISTENCE OF DIFFERENCES IN PATHOGENICITY

OF GEOGRAPHIC ISOLATES OF YHV
Yenelli Cedano-Thomas and Jorge de la Rosa-Vélez
Facultad de Ciencias Marinas

Universidad Autónoma de Baja California
Ensenada, B.C. 22860
Mexico
jdrosa@uabc.mx
YHV is a ssRNA (+) Okavirus reported for the first time in Thailand in 1992. This virus’ outbreaks have provoked severe
mortalities in shrimp farms across South East Asia. However, it has recently found in some facilities along the Mexican
Pacific Coast with no apparent morbility (De la Rosa-Vélez et al., submitted). RNA viruses show a high mutation rate,
so, it is plausible to suppose the existence of geographic variation of their genome which could be related to differences
in pathogenicity. To explore this hypothesis, we postulate that variations in the structure of structural proteins may affect
infectivity by alterations of the relationship between them and the host membrane receptors. Moreover, virulence, defined
here as the capability of viral reproduction, may be altered by sequence changes of early and other regulation proteins. In
this communication we report the gp 116, m3 and pol sequence identities between the YHV “Mexican”, “Thailand” and
“Ratchaburi” (GenBank Acc No. AY052786) strains, and GAV (as a close relative; GenBank Acc No. AF227196), and the
N sequence identity between the YHV “Mexican”, “Thailand” strains and GAV.
Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp were separately injected with innocula prepared with homogenized pleopods from dead YHV
positive a) L. vannamei shrimp from an experimental infection conducted with the “Mexican” strain, and b) L. setiferus
shrimp infected with the “Thailand” strain. Total RNA was isolated from dead organisms and the three genomic fragments
were amplified by RT-PCR. Primers were designed according the sequences reported by (Cowley et al., 1999) and/or from
the GenBank . Sequences obtained and the one reported in GenBank were aligned using Multalin, and compared using the
Blast tool from GenBank.
Identities among YHV strains and GAV are summarized in table 1.
The high identities displayed among the genome fragments analyzed seem not to be enough to account for the differences
in pathogenecity between the Asiatic and Mexican strains.
However, more studies about the possible differences in protein function due to the minute changes detected must be
conducted. Alternatively, differences in immunological response between the shrimp species commonly used in Asia
and America (P. monodon vs, L. vannamei) is another suitable path to enlighten the question about the differences in
pathogenecity , which is being carried out in our laboratory.
Table 1 Summary of genomic identities.

110
FAIRTRADE STANDARDS FOR SHRIMP AQUACULTURE

Udo Censkowsky and John Arnold
On behalf of Fairtrade foundation (UK)

Organic Services GmbH
Dipl.-Ing. Agr. Udo Censkowsky
Landsberger Str. 527
81241 München, Germany
u.censkowsky@organic-services.com
The market for fair-traded products is still a niche market but shows significant growth rates not only in some European
countries but also in the united States. Today, the available number of products in a certified Fairtrade quality has been
extended from coffee, tea or bananas to products like fresh vegetables from Egypt, wine from South Africa or textiles from
India. The stepwise development of new product specific Fairtrade Standards by the Fairtrade Labelling Organization
(www.fairtrade.net) reflects the growing interest for fair-traded products and is the reason why the Fairtrade Foundation
(www.fairtrade.org.uk) has started a project to develop Fairtrade Standards for Shrimp Aquaculture. The status quo of the
development project as well as a first standard proposal will be presented and discussed during the World Aquaculture
Society conference 2005 in Bali. Some of the main issues to be addressed in the lecture are:
• What is the rationale to enter the shrimp aquaculture sector?

• Who should be the beneficiaries of a Fairtrade Scheme for Shrimp Aquaculture?
• Which types of shrimp operations should be eligible for a Fairtrade certification (only small scale shrimp farmers or also
large scale and vertically integrated shrimp operations with good Corporate Social Responsibility systems in place)?
• how strict should a Fairtrade certification scheme address environmental issues (e.g. following organic standards)?
• Is there a market existing for fair-traded shrimps?
111
ROLE OF Achyranthes aspera IN THE ENHANCEMENT OF IMMUNITY AND DISEASE

RESISTANCE OF INDIAN MAJOR CARP Labeo rohita
Rina Chakrabarti* and Vasudeva Rao.Y
Aqua Research Lab, Department of Zoology

University of Delhi,
Delhi–110 007, India
rina@ndf.vsnl.net.in
Immunostimulation is a useful tool in aquaculture where vaccination and/or treatment by injections are difficult and a
laborious process, and where repeated chemotherapy posses a problem of developing drug resistant strains of pathogen.
The herb, Achyranthes aspera Linn. (family: Amaranthaceae) shows immunostimulatory effect in mammals. The aim of
the present study is to investigate the effect of A. aspera on the immunity and disease resistance of Indian major carp rohu
against pathogens. Fish were fed with experimental diet containing plan extract along with other feed ingredients. Control
diet was prepared using same ingredients, except plant extract. The pathogen challenge test was performed. Effects of plant
ingredients on the specific and non-specific immunity of fish were evaluated.
Feeding fish with Achyranthes incorporated diets enhanced the antibody response against both cRBC and BSA. Achyranthes
enhanced the agglutinating antibody response against cRBC over the untreated control. Immuno-labeling of spleen showed
that BSA was abundantly present in the control, which was evident by the presence of gold particles; whereas in treated
samples, BSA was efficiently cleared as less number of particles were found. The serum lysozyme levels were elevated in
treated fish. The percentage trypsin inhibition was maximum on day 7 and gradually decreased. Achyranthes aspera enhanced
the bacterial killing activity of the serum of fish. The increase of serum bactericidal activity was directly proportional to the
dose of plant. The plant extract had no significant effect on serum total protein and albumin levels. However, it enhanced the
serum globulin level than the control. The plant ingredient showed significant (P<0.05) effects on ALP, SGOT and SGPT
levels. The RNA/DNA ratio as always higher in treated group than the control group. Challenging of fish with Aeromonas
hydrophila showed significant effects of plant extract. Achyranthes aspera enhances both the specific and non-specific
immunity of the fish, and thus it can protect the fish from the pathogens.
INNOVATIONS IN Monodon PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY
George Chamberlain, Kenneth Morrison, Christopher Howell and Randall Aungst
Mega Prawns and Black Tiger Aquaculture

5661 Telegraph Road, Suite 3A
St. Louis, MO 63129 USA
georgec@integra.prserv.net
Management of disease has been a major factor limiting production of black tiger shrimp in Asia. This paper reports on
advances in farm and hatchery management technology gained during 5 years of experience operating in Malaysia. The
initial approach was aimed at control of white spot syndrome virus. This involved screening of postlarvae, fine filtration
of water, and pond management with zero water exchange. This was largely effective in controlling WSSV, but occasional
outbreaks still occurred. A second step involved development of an SPF line of black tiger shrimp to eliminate WSSV as
well as other viral diseases which affect growth rate and size uniformity. This required investment in a PCR diagnostic
laboratory as well as primary and secondard quarantine facilities. This step was highly effective in avoiding disease
outbreaks and improving year-round productivity of the hatchery and farm. The third step, which is now underway,
involves use of the SPF stocks as a foundation population for a breeding program targeting fast growth as the primary
selection criteria. In recognition of the superior growth potential of selectively bred SPF stocks, additional effort has been
directed toward development of high performing feeds. In a series of preliminary pond trials, promising results have been
achieved with extruded, rather than pelleted diets. Other elements that have been helpful in our experience have been use of
a database to facilitate storage and review of pond data and use of a live harvesting system that improves quality by directly
pumping live shrimp into an ice slurry.
112
CULTURE TRIALS ON PRODUCTION POTENTIAL OF L. vannamei IN HETEROTROPIC

(BACTERIA FLOC) SYSTEM
Saenphon Chandaeng*, Nyan Taw, M. Handoyo Edi and Agung Gunawan
PT. Central Pertiwi Bahari

Charoen Pokphand, Indonesia
SHS Building, Second Floor
Jl. Ancol Barat, Block A5E No.10
Jakarta 14430, Indonesia
saenphon@cpbahari.com
The heterotrophic (bacteria flocs), zero water exchange production strategy to reduce effluents, increase bio-security,
and generate high yields was successfully implement at Belize (McIntosh, 2001). The study has prompted many shrimp
farms and organizations to study the system. PT. Central Pertiwi Bahari (CP group) is one of the farms initiated and have
successfully commercialized the system (Nyan Taw & Rudyan Kopot, 2004). The CPB has over 3,500 commercial ponds
with technical support from R&D and Trial sections, which have nearly 100 intensive culture ponds of various sizes (2,000
– 6,000 m2), shapes (round, square, rectangular) and construction types (earth & HDPE lined).The trials on heterotrophic
system were carried out in ponds of various sizes, shapes and construction types within the period from mid 2002 to early
2004. The system is adapted version of Belize system as advised initially by McIntosh (per comm.).
The trial results showed that bacteria flocs are not easy to develop in earthen ponds (lose bottom soil). This could be due
to suspended sediments caused by high aeration which resulted in lower growth (ADG) and smaller size (MBW) shrimp
at harvest. However, in HDPE lined ponds of various sizes and shapes, bacteria flocs can be developed. L. vannamei
can be stocked at very high density to 300 PL/m2 as long as energy input is also increased and the bacteria flocs system
is maintained. The productivity from smaller size appeared to be higher than larger size ponds. In small size HDPE lined
ponds (0.2 ha size) production was high to nearly 30.0 MT/hectare compared with around 20 MT/hectare for larger size
ponds. This could be due to the bacteria flocs system, which is much easier to manage in small pond than a larger pond.
The record production from the trials was 49.7 MT/hectare from small (900 m2 size), high stocking density (280 PL/m2)
and round HDPE lined pond.
Fig.1 Productivity – different densities Fig. 2 Productivity– different pond sizes

113
ESTIMATES OF PHENOTYPIC AND GENETIC PARAMETERS FOR CARCASS TRAITS

IN NILE TILAPIA SELECTED FOR FAST GROWTH IN LOW-INPUT CONDITIONS
Harrison Charo-Karisa*, Oanh Phan, Mahmoud A. Rezk, Henk Bovenhuis and Hans Komen
Animal Breeding and Genetics Group

Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences (WIAS)
P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH
The Netherlands
harrison.charo@wur.nl
Nile tilapia is sold as either un-gutted or gutted whole carcasses, or as fillets depending on geographical location. In
whichever state the fish is sold, meat yield is an important consideration. Although carcass traits are of economic importance,
only a few estimates of phenotypic and genetic correlations have been carried out in tilapia selective breeding programs. A
selection program for fast growth in low-input conditions is being carried out at the Worldfish Center, Abbassa, Egypt. To
evaluate the effect of selection for body weight on other body traits, we estimated heritability and phenotypic and genetic
correlations between traits.
Fish consisted of first and second generation of selection for fast growth in low-input conditions. Fry production involved
single-pair mating of each male with two females. At least 60 fry from each full-sib family were reared separately in 2 x 3 m
hapas for 1-3 months after which 25 fry per family were tagged. Fish were then grown in two 1000 m2 ponds in which 50kg-
1
ha-1day chicken manure was applied. After 6-9 months of growth, a total of 2521 fish were measured for un-gutted and
gutted body weight, body length, body thickness and body depth. Dressing percentage was calculated as the ratio between
gutted weight (x100) and un-gutted body weight. The heritability of each trait was estimated. Furthermore, phenotypic and
genetic correlations between body measurements and gutted weight and dressing percentage were recorded.
Results indicate that gutted and un-gutted body weights and body depth are significantly influenced by sex of the fish. High
heritability was recorded for un-gutted body weight (0.55 ± 0.08, heritability ± standard error), head length (0.6 ± 0.08),
body depth (0.51 ± 0.08) and body thickness (0.43 ± 0.08). However, gutted weight, head width and dressing percentage
heritability estimates were lower (0.12 ± 0.06, 0.26±0.07 and 0.18 ± 0.06, respectively). There was high genetic and
phenotypic correlation between gutted and un-gutted body weight with other traits in both years. In year two the correlation
between dressing percentage and gutted weight was remarkably improved (from 0.18 to 0.52). Highest genetic correlation
was recorded between gutted weight and body thickness (0.87 ± 0.11) and standard length (0.87 ± 0.06). Similarly, the
genetic correlation between dressing percentage and body thickness and standard length were relatively high (0.38 ± 0.27
and 0.26 ± 0.37 respectively) indicating that body thickness can be used together with un-gutted body weight to predict and
select for meat yield in tilapia.
114
EXTRACT OF Sargassum IMPROVES IMMUNITY OF WHITE SHRIMP Litopenaeus vannamei

AND ITS RESISTANCE AGAINST Vibrio alginolyticus
Su-Tuen Yeh*, Chiu-Sha Lee and Jiann-Chu Chen
College of Life and Resource Sciences
National Taiwan Ocean University
Keelung, Taiwan, 202, ROC
jcchen@mail.ntou.edu.tw
The total haemocyte count (THC), phenoloxidase activity, respiratory burst, phagocytic activity and clearance efficiency
to the pathogen Vibrio alginolyticus were examined when the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (10.42 ± 1.39 g) were
injected individually with extract of brown alga Sargassum at 10A, 5A, 3A, or 1A µg g-1. L. vannamei received extract of
Sargassum at 10A and 5A µg g-1 increased significantly its THC, phenoloxidase activity and respiratory burst after 1 days,
and still maintained higher after 6 days. L. vannamei that received extract of Sargassum at 10A, 5A and 3A µg g-1 increased
its phagocytic activity and clearance efficiency to V. alginolyticus after 1 day and the termination of the experiment (6
days). In another experiment, L. vannamei which had been injected with extract of Sargassum were challenged with V.
alginolyticus at 1.4 x 105 colony-forming units (cfu) shrimp-1 and then placed in seawater of 34 ‰. The survival of shrimp
that received extract of Sargassum at 10A, 5A, 3A and 1A µg g-1 was significantly higher than that of control shrimp after
2 days, and at the termination of the experiment (6 days after the challenge). L. vannamei received extract of Sargassum at
5A µg g-1 or less increased its immune ability and resistance from V. alginolyticus infection.
FIXED FILM NITRIFICATION KINETICS – IMPACTS OF PERTINENT WATER QUALITY

FACTORS
Shulin Chen
Department of Biological Systems Engineering

Washington State University
Pullman, WA 99164-6120
chens@wsu.edu
Various types of fixed-film biofilters have been used in recirculating aquacultural systems rearing a variety of species
under different water quality and operating conditions. Nitrification in the bacterial film of the biofilter involves physical,
chemical, and biological processes that are governed by a variety of parameters such as substrate and dissolved oxygen
concentration, organic matters, temperature, pH, alkalinity, salinity, and turbulence level. The impacts of these parameters
upon nitrification process make predicting the performance of a biofilter for a given application, a critical to both designers
and managers, an engineering challenge. The effectiveness of the nitrification process can be evaluated by nitrification
kinetics. This paper summarizes the current knowledge on nitrification kinetics as affected by the aforementioned
parameters based on literature and the results from the authors’ laboratories. These parameters were ranked according to
their significance of impact in terms of biofilter design and system management. The information presented can provide
valuable reference for the design and operation of biofilters in recirculating aquaculture systems.
115
NUTRITIONAL PROBLEMS OF COBIA FED WITH FEEDS RICH IN PLANT

INGREDIENTS
Houng-Yung Chen
Institute of Marine Biology

National Sun Yat-sen University
Kaohsiung 80424 Taiwan
hychen@mail.nsysu.edu.tw
Incorporation of plant ingredients in aquaculture feeds to reduce feed cost is widely practiced, even among carnivorous
fishes. However, nutritional impairments caused by amino acid deficiency or imbalance and the presence of antinutrients in
the plant ingredients are limiting the maximum amounts of the plant ingredients that could be incorporated in the fish feeds.
In a growth trial with cobia juveniles, in which fishmeal was replaced with soybean meal ranging from 0~60% of fishmeal
protein, the best growth occurred in the group with 20% replacement. Fish growth was not significantly affected when
the replacement level was not higher than 40%. Further attempts to maximize soybean substitution have mixed results. In
40% and 50% replacement treatments, supplementation of crystalline methionine did not show any compensatory growth
in cobia. Weight gain, protein efficiency ratio and survival of cobia fed with 40 or 50% fishmeal replacement and with or
without methionine supplement showed no significant differences.
Efforts were made to reduce the adverse effects of phytin in feeds rich in plant ingredients. Increased supplementation of
mineral mixture (twice the routine level) did not enhance the growth and body retention of phosphorus and zinc of cobia. On
the other hand, cobia fed with test diets that used fermented soybean, in which phytin contents were significantly reduced, to
replace fishmeal showed a significant enhancement in body and vertebrate zinc retention compared to those supplemented
with solvent-extracted soybean meal or those fortified with extra amount of mineral mixture. The enhancement was more
obvious in the 50% than the 40% replacement group. Studies comparing the supplemental effects of phytase or phytase-
treated soybean also showed positive results. It is thus possible to incorporate relatively high levels of soybean meal or its
processed products in the diets of cobia. Further research on amino acid supplementation and antinutrient reduction are still
needed to fine-tune the usage of plant ingredients as replacement for fishmeal protein in cobia feeds.
116
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT FEEDING REGIMES ON SENEGAL SOLE Solea senegalensis

(KAUP 1958) LARVAL CULTURE IN CANTABRIA (NORTHERN SPAIN)
Chereguini O., García de la Banda I. Diez J. , Lobo C. and Linares F.
O. Chereguini
Spanish Institute of Oceanography, Culture Centre
El Bocal. P.B. 240 Santander
o.chereguini@st.ieo.es
Solea senegalensis (Kaup 1958) research in recent years has been focused on optimizing production at spawning, larval
rearing, juvenile ongrowing levels, and promoting its culture in geographical areas different from the species’ s native
range.
The aim of this study carried out in the Bocal Fish Culture Centre at the Spanish Institute of Oceanography (Known by its
Spanish initials, IEO) in Santander, was to improve larval culture using four different initial feeding regimes for Senegal
sole (Solea senegalensis): A (300000 cells mL-1 Chlorella spp in tank and 20 rotifers Brachionus plicatilis ml-1 enriched
with Isochrysis galbana (4 h), B (1.4 Artemia nauplii ml-1), C (2.9 Artemia nauplii ml-1), D (4.3 Artemia nauplii ml-1 ). From
8 DAH all larvae were only fed with enriched Artemia (DC-DHA Super Selco, INVE), their quantities were increasing as
larvae culture needs. Partial and total growth rates were calculated and survival rates were recorded at 8, 13, 27 and 36
DAH (Table 1). Total protein and lipids content and fatty acid composition of sole larvae were analyzed at 8 and 39 DAH.
Comparing the slopes of the regression lines for larval growth in terms of length and dry weight until 36 DAH, similar
growth rates for length were found (Figure 1), however a higher growth rate for dry weight was obtained with B regime
(Figure 2). Higher survival (47 %) was reached for A regime, versus B (28 %), C (22 %) and D (20 %) regimes at 36 DAH.
Protein content at 39 DAH vary between 42-45% of dry weight and no differences were obtained among the larvae fed
with the different regimes. Total lipids were related to Artemia level supply. W3/ W6 was higher for A regime at 8 DAH,
but similar to the other regimes at the end of the experiment. The DHA, 22:6(n-3), content is higher in larvae fed with the
A regime reaching the 10% of the total fatty acid and between 4-5% with the other regimes at 8 DAH. DHA/EPA was also
higher for A regime both at 8 and 39 DAH.
Our results suggest the advantage of using Rotifers enriched with Isochrysis galbana during the first 8 days of larval culture
respect to larval survival and quality, and a suitable Artemia level is necessary to optimize the growth rates.
Figure 1. Larval growth, by length (mm), of Senegal Figure 2. Larval growth, by dry weight (mg), of sole
sole fed four different regimes. Senegal sole fed four different regimes.
117
THE IMPACT OF TUNA FARMING ON BENTHIC SYSTEMS: EFFECTS AND

RECOVERY
Anthony C Cheshire*, Milena Fernandes, Maylene Loo and Peter Lauer
SARDI Aquatic Sciences and Aquafin CRC

PO Box 120
Henley Beach
cheshire.anthony@saugov.sa.gov.au
Farming of southern bluefin tuna (Thunnus maccoyii) has been conducted in the coastal waters adjacent to Pt Lincoln
(South Australia) since 1990. Tuna farmers use large (50 m diameter) open water sea-cages in which wild caught fish
are held and grown out to commercial size. These cages consist of a pontoon (40-50 m in diameter) that floats on the sea
surface with a holding net (15 m deep) slung beneath. Cages are deployed in coastal waters (around 20 m deep) and are
stocked with fish at rates of 1.5 to 2.5 kg m-3.
Sea-cage farming systems produce a constant supply of organic and non-organic wastes into the surrounding water
column and have the capacity to substantially alter the benthic environment. Uneaten food, ammonia and faeces are major
components of this waste stream. Organic enrichment of the sea floor (beneath and close to the cages) results in changes
in chemical processes including the rates of re-mineralisation of nitrogen and phosphorus. These changes result from
alteration of the sediment chemistry and in extreme cases may include the formation of anoxic sediments. As a result
of these changes in the benthic environment there are concomitant changes in the structure of associated benthic macro-
infaunal communities including changes in community composition, species richness and diversity. These changes may
also be reflected in total abundance and biomass of the constituent taxa.
To address the potential for these sorts of impacts on farming systems in Port Lincoln, SARDI has conducted a broad based
program of environmental research with a focus on 3 major areas including the application of molecular technologies to the
assessment of benthic impacts, quantitatively characterising waste streams from seacages and research to understand the
broader scale (far field) environmental effects associated with these farming systems.
Results to date indicate that tuna farming in South Australia has had limited impacts on the benthic environment. Whereas
there have been significant changes in sediment chemistry and benthic communities under and around the cages, these
effects are transitory and recovery (return of normal function) occurs in benthic systems within 3-6 months.
This paper reports on the range of studies conducted by the Aquafin CRC to investigate the effects on benthic systems and
considers how this information can be used to improve the management of farming and regulatory systems.
118
ASTAXANTHIN AND CANTHAXANTHIN ENRICHMENT ON Artemia sp. NAUPLII
Yew-Hu Chien, Chien-Chung Lee
2 Pei-Ning Road
Keelung 202 Taiwan
yhchien@mail.ntou.edu.tw
Just like DHA, carotenoids can well be considered as nutrition required enriching on Artemia as a live prey for crustacean
larvae since carotenoids can enhance the resistance capability of crustacean juvenile against environmental stresses but
they become deficient as Artemia grows. A completely randomized design with a 2 carotenoids (astaxanthin (AX) and
canthaxanthin (CN)) X 7 concentrations (0, 20, 40, 80, 120, 240, and 360 mg/kg) factorial arrangement of treatments and 3
replications per treatment was used to find out body carotenoid enhancement efficiency in Artemia nauplii. Artemia nauplii
6 days post hatch were fed with zeolite containing the designated carotenoid for one day. The results on body AX and CN
content and dry weight of the nauplii sampled on previous day, the day, and the day after were evaluated. More than 90% of
the body carotenoid content of the Artemia fed with AX containing zeolite (AX Artemia) was CN, showing a conversion of
AX to CN occurred in Artemia. The progressive loss of body CN content, even 64% a day, suggested the enriching body CN
content in Artemia would be necessary. Dietary AX was in average 22% more efficient in enriching and 59% more efficient
in retaining body CN content in Artemia than dietary CN. Positive correlations of dry weight of the sampled Artemia versus
zeolite AX or CN concentration, body CN content of AX Artemia or CN Artemia, and body AX content of AX Artemia all
indicated that AX or CN should be considered as a nutritional requirement for Artemia.
119
DIETARY PROBIOTIC Pediococcus acidilactici MA 18/5 M (BACTOCELL®) STUDY TO A

JUVENILE MARINE SHRIMP Litopenaeus stylirostris REARED IN TANKS AND IN POND
Liet Chim*, Vivien Maisonneuve, Pierrette Lemaire, Nelly Wabete and Vincent Usache
IFREMER
Laboratoire Aquacole de Calédonie
Quai des scientifiques
BP 2059
98846 Nouméa, New Caledonia
liet.chim@ifremer.nc
In this study, the probiotic Pediococcus acidilactici MA 18/5 M (Bactocell®, Lallemand Inc., Canada) was tested on
juveniles shrimp Litopenaeus stylirostris. The trial was carried out at two Pediococcus acidilactici inclusion rates (106 and
107 Colony Forming Units (CFU)) for 20 days and 28 days. The tests were run at the same time on animals raised in tanks
with filtered water and in cages placed in earthen pond. Each treatment was replicated using 6 tanks and 6 cages on a total
of 604 shrimps of 12,38g +/- 0.084 (SE). The temperature profile of the rearing water was characteristic of intermediate
season with high thermic variations. Significant drops of temperatures, between days 7 and 10 and between days 20 and
26, led to the “syndrome 93” (S93). S93-induced mortalities after the first temperature drop affected only shrimps of the
control group. Indeed, the survival rates were 28,8% (p = 0.514) and 73% (p=0.106) higher respectively for the treatments
Pediococcus acidilactici 107 CFU.g-1 of diet and Pediococcus acidilactici 106 CFU.g-1 of diet. The second peak of mortality
was similar whatever the treatment.
This trial showed a positive effect of Pediococcus acidilactici (Bactocell®)on the maximum growth rate of the shrimp
(p=0,0116) which was 12.8% and 25.7% greater in tanks and 8% and 17% in cages respectively for Pediococcus acidilactici
(Bactocell®) inclusion rate of 106 and 107 CFU.g-1 of diet.
The values of measured blood parameters are significantly lower for treatment Pediococcus acidilactici (Bactocell®) 107
with p = 0.0887, p = 0.0002, p<0.0001 respectively for THC, NBTb and NBTs. This lower THC and related concentration
of anion superoxyde could be induced by high infiltration of hemocytes into tissues (connective tissue, gut and gills) where
the pathogen may be concentrated.
Pediococcus acidilactici (Bactocell®) does not colonize the shrimp gut. The probiotic seems to be diluted and drained out
of the shrimp gut following a meal without the additive. However, the presence of P. acidilactici in the gut 6 hours after
their ingestion shows that it was able to survive and withstand the physiological and anatomical processes of the shrimp
digestion.
The temperature has a fundamental influence on the physiology of the shrimp and naturally modulates the activity of P.
acidilactici. We therefore have to consider the results of the present trial taking into account that it was carried out in cool
season.
These results are very promising for application of Pediococcus acidilactici (Bactocell®) in shrimps culture and seems to
match with shrimp farmers expectations.
120
THE USE OF ANTIMICROBIALS IN ASIAN AQUACULTURE: AIMS OF THE

EU-ASIARESIST PROJECT
Supranee Chinabut*,T. Somsiri, K.L. Bartie, G. Huys, D.T.H. Oanh, M. Giacomini, S. Bertone, M. Shariff,
F.M. Yusoff, J. Swings and A. Teale
Department of Fisheries
Jatujak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
supranee@fisheries.go.th
supraneecb@yahoo.com
Antibiotic usage in aquaculture, as in other areas of agriculture, is generally consider to be entirely legitimate and carefully
managed. Even so, due to the means of delivery to the farmed species, high antibiotic levels can occur in the water that
can lead to antibiotic resistance development in bacteria. Moreover, the illegal use of antibiotics has been documented, as
recently publicised in the rejection of Asian aquaculture products by the European Union (EU). In these cases, the antibiotic
chloramphenicol, which is banned for use in the aquaculture producing countries of Asia and South East Asia (SEA), was
found in farmed shrimp. Chloramphenicol is a particularly important antibiotic that is generally reserved for the treatment
of central nervous system infections, and some highly contagious and potentially epidemic diseases such as typhoid in
humans and none food producing animals.
In these recent export cases, the importation of some Asian aquaculture products were banned as residues of chloramphenicol
were detected. Low concentrations of chloramphenicol may be toxic or carcinogenic for humans. Another potential risk to
the consumer is that low levels of antibiotics in the food could lead to the development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria
that are carried by the people consuming the products. In addition, the presence of the antibiotics in aquaculture products
indicates their use on the farm, with the consequent risk that antibiotic resistance may develop and disseminate in the
aquatic environment. The selection or acquisition of antibiotic resistance in human bacterial pathogens may become a risk
to farm workers and handlers of the farm products in preparation for the market. Furthermore, if the resistance arises in
pathogens of the species that is being farmed, the antibiotic will cease to be of any therapeutic value to the farmer, whether
its use is legal or illegal.
Therefore, the project “Hazard Analysis of Antibiotic Resistance Associated with Asian Aquaculture Environments”
(ASIARESIST) was developed by five international collaborative research institutions and funded by the European
Commission through the Framework 5 Program (ICA4-CT-2001-10028) to assess the extent of antibiotic resistance in
the aquaculture environment in SEA, the potential for transfer of antibiotic resistance from the aquaculture environment
to the broad public environment and identification of critical control points (CCP) where SEA fish farmers could apply
monitoring systems to prevent or eliminate antibiotic resistance.
Specifically this involved completing the following tasks:

• Developing standard operating procedures for the sampling of chloramphenicol resistant bacteria from diverse geographical
and aquaculture backgrounds in Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam.
• Collecting descriptive and taxonomic data for each antibiotic-resistant bacterial isolate and enter into a project
database.
• Assessing the antibiotic susceptibility of each bacterial isolate.
• Evaluating the genetic relationships among the strain collection by applying genotypic techniques.
• Determining the distribution of resistance genes among the resistant isolates.
• Assessing the transferability of antibiotic resistance between aquatic and laboratory isolates.
• Developing a global database to collect project data in a standard format.
• Producing guidelines for monitoring transferable antibiotic resistance at aquaculture sites, and internet-accessible
strategies for the implementation of hazard analysis and CCP ecosystem management.
121
COMPENSATORY GROWTH AND CHANGES IN BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF

JUVENILE FLOUNDER Paralichthys olivaceus DURING THE SUMMER SEASON
Sung Hwoan Cho*, Sang-Mok Lee, Bum-Hee Park, Cheol Young Choi and In-Seok Park
Division of Marine Environment and BioScience

College of Ocean Science and Technology
Korea Maritime University
Busan 606-791, Korea
chosunh@hhu.ac.kr
Compensatory growth of fish, rapid or faster than normal growth rate resulting from refeeding after starvation or undernutrition,
has been observed in coldwater fish as well as warmwater fish. However, poor survival and growth of fish starved over
critical period of time was observed in most cases. Achieving compensatory growth of fish after starvation during a certain
period of time has the several positive potentials for aquaculture: saving personnel time, probably producing less pollution
during starvation and improving fish-feeding activity, and it can eventually reduce fish production cost. Therefore, this
feeding strategy will be a very useful technique, especially when red tide or coldwater mass frequently occurs during the
summer season and fish must be starved to reduce mortality. The objectives of this study were to investigate possibility of
compensatory growth and to monitor changes of biochemical composition in juvenile flounder during starvation and after
refeeding in the summer season.
Twenty five juvenile flounder (an average body weight of 16.0 g) were stocked into 15 of 200-L circular flow-through
tank (water volume: 160 L). Water temperature ranged from 16.0 to 27.0 (Mean±S.D.: 22.9±2.91) throughout the feeding
trial. Five treatments with triplicates were prepared for this study: C, S1, S2, S3 and S4. Fish in the control group (C) were
hand-fed to apparent satiation twice daily for 8 weeks throughout the feeding trial. Fish in treatments S1, S2, S3 and S4
experienced 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks of starvation, respectively, and were then fed to apparent satiation twice daily during the
remaining 7, 6, 5 and 4 weeks of the experiment. Fish were fed by the experimental diet (48.6% crude protein and 7.3%
lipid) as designated Weight gain and specific growth rate (SGR) of flounder in S1 and S2 were similar to those of fish in
C, but significantly higher than those of fish in S3 and S4. Feed consumption of fish (g/fish) in C, S1 and S2, which was
not significantly different, was significantly higher than that of fish in S3 and S4. Feed efficiency ratio (FER) and protein
efficiency ratio (PER) for flounder in C and S1, which were not significantly different from those for fish in S2, were
significantly higher than those for fish in S3 and S4. However, no distinctive trend in biochemical composition of flounder
was found at the end of the feeding trial.
TABLE 1. Performance of juvenile flounder with

different feeding strategies
TABLE 2. Feed efficiency for juvenile flounder with

different feeding strategies
122
SPATIAL VARIATION IN ANNUAL REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE OF THE TOP SHELL Batillus

cornutus IN JEJU, KOREA
Jee-Youn Lee, Do-Hyung Kang, Chung-Hee Hong, Sang-Chul Chung and Kwang-Sik Choi*
School of Applied Marine Science

College of Ocean Science
Cheju National University
1 Ara 1-Dong Jeju 690-756
Republic of Korea
skchoi@cheju.ac.kr
This study reports temporal and spatial variation in reproduction of the top shells Batillus cornutus collected from
Bookchon, northern Jeju and Kangjung, southern Jeju Korea. Top shells were collected from July 2003 to August 2004 on
a monthly basis at a depth of 10-20m. Annual gametogenesis of top shell was examined using histology. Water temperature
at Bookchon varied from 13-25°C while it ranged from 15-25°C at Kangjung. Gametogenesis of the top shell on the
northern Jeju started in January when water temperature reached 14°C, while the southern top shell initiated gametogenesis
in December when water temperature become 16°C. Gonad index of top shell from the north increased from May and
reached its peak in June, while the southern top shells increased from March and peaked in June. The data indicated that
gametogenesis of top shell in the south initiated gametogenesis two month earlier than the northern top shell, probably due
to warmer water temperature and better food condition in the south.
NEW STAKES OVER MARINE AND COASTAL AREAS MANAGEMENT: CHANGING

FROM FISHERS TO SHELLFISH FARMERS IN THE SOUTHERN GULF OF SAINT
LAWRENCE
Omer Chouinard* and Jean-Paul Vanderlinden
Master’s Program in Environmental Studies

University of Moncton
Moncton, New-Brunswick, Canada
chouino@umoncton.ca
vandrejp@umoncton.ca
Since the mid 90s following the benthic fish stocks depletion of the Atlantic coast, local fishermen communities within the
framework of partnership with the federal and provincial government, undertook oysters and scallops spats collection in
order to sow them in cages or directly on sea-beds. This new dynamics induced a change in the use of sea-beds habitats as
well as conflicts use. This transition also came along with a new attitude toward government agencies. From negotiators
for fishing rights allocation over relatively large areas, fishers have to negotiate for the settlement of shellfish farms over
limited areas and to take care of the protection of those areas in order to protect their investments. However, government
agencies do not always take into account the adaptation that such a change in time and space requires. Following interviews
over 50 fishers-farmers, we tried to understand the new coordination modes (governance) that were set up and implemented
between fishers organizations in order to carry out the transition from fishers to sea farmers.
123
THE DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES OF Tachypleus gigas EGGS COLLECTED FROM A

SANDY BEACH IN PERAK, MALAYSIA
Christianus, A.*, Ng. C.K and C.R. Saad
Department of Agricultural Technology

Faculty of Agriculture
Universiti Putra Malaysia
43400 Serdang, Selangor
annie@putra.upm.edu.my
Two species of horseshoe crabs had been identified in Peninsular Malaysia. They are found to dwell in two different
habitats, the Tachypleus gigas in slightly muddy sandy beaches and the Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda in muddy river
mouth area. The former is the most popular due to its eggs consumption by the local. Despite the many trials, the artificial
fertilization of horseshoe crab has not been successful. Therefore, this paper can only describe the embryonic development
of the T. gigas eggs collected from the wild.
Spawning ground of horseshoe was accidentally discovered during one of the monthly survey of horseshoe crab distribution
in Peninsular Malaysia. It was found in the short stretch sandy beach situated in the state of Perak, Malaysia. Pairs of
horseshoe crabs were observed coming to shore for spawning in the evening before sunset for few days continuously during
the highest tide and full moon. At this time, locals in the area can be seen catching the female horseshoe crabs for their
much sought after eggs.
The eggs nest of horseshoe crab can be found in certain part of the beach and sometime the batches of eggs with different
developmental stages buried in the same area. These eggs were collected into tray with some sand and in order to retain
moisture, seawater was sprinkle on it at least two times a day. Developmental stages of these eggs were observed and
photographed until it hatches in five to six weeks time, depending on the surrounding temperature. The developmental
stages of T. gigas egg observed has similarity to those of T. tridentatus as described by Sekiguchi (1988). Fertilized eggs,
olive green in color with thick elastic chorion look similar to that of unfertilized eggs. As the eggs continue to develop, the
chorion color changes from olive green to yellowish brown. Externally there was no change in the morphology of the eggs
until the chorion ruptures due to the swelling of the eggs to accommodate the molting embryo. As the embryo continues
molting and rapidly increases its size, the membrane grows. At this stage the yellowish colored embryo can be seen turning
round and round through the thin translucent membrane. When the eggs reaches its maximum size the eggs membrane
ruptures completely and releases a yellowish colored larva. In less than a week, the sluggish moving larva changes its color
from yellowish green to olive green, which really resembles a miniature horseshoe crab.
124
INTEGRATING ARTEMIA AND SHRIMP PRODUCTION USING MICROALGAE-BASED

RECIRCULATION AMONG CIRCULAR RACEWAYS AND EARTHEN PONDS
Yuan-Nan Chu*, Chung-Zen Shyu, Shiarn-Chiang Chou and Jaw-Kai Wang
Bio-industrial Mechatronics Engineering Department

National Taiwan University
No 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road
106 Taipei, Taiwan ROC
ynchu@ntu.edu.tw
Microalgae-based water recirculation systems could reduce aquaculture water consumption while generating more profit
by producing a second crop such as Artemia using the microalgae as a food. The progress with this technique is slow,
however, due to lack of data and problems associated with simultaneously producing two crops, each has its own life cycle
and growth requirements, and the difficulties in maintaining suitable microalgae species in an open environment. The
principle of steady state provides the basis of integrating two species in one production system using microalgae as the
intermediary product. Biomass constancy dictates the design of such systems. A conceptual design of a microalgae-based
recirculating Artemia and shrimp production system has been developed earlier by Wang (2003). For the implementation of
the integrated system in Taiwan where the environment condition is different from Hawaii, further considerations are made.
First of all, steady state can not be sustained if significant shrimp casualties occur. The shrimp ponds in Taiwan are mostly
earthen, and shrimp viruses have been ubiquitous. The accumulation of organic sediment in earthen ponds is inevitable
and may cause water quality deterioration and bottom oxygen depletion. Shrimp casualties that could be attributed to
sediment-related problems often occur at the later part of production and could result in great losses. Provided the shrimp
ponds can not be altered, a practical way to reduce the sediment problem is to divide the production into multiple stages
and allow a shorter growout stage in the earthen ponds. Second, the unpredictability of weather conditions may yield highly
instable microalgae production, especially during the raining season and when the tropical storm comes. The difficulties
to maintain a good microalgae bloom in the early season may lead to starvation of the Artemia if the nauplii are stocked
in a large quantity. During the late season, when daily organic nutrient input into the shrimp ponds reach a high level and
the bloom becomes too dense, slow consumption of the microalgae by an insufficient quantity of Artemia nauplii could
result in sudden changes of the bloom, which may be harmful to both the shrimp and the Artemia. A flexible and responsive
scheduling ability for the stocking of Artemia nauplii is therefore important. The above considerations lead to design
modifications that incorporate a separate rearing facility, the circular raceways, in addition to the existing shrimp growout
ponds. The circular raceways are capable of removing settled particles quickly and maintaining good water quality. They
first serve as shrimp nursery sites to stock post larvae until certain size. After the juvenile shrimp are moved to the growout
ponds, the circular raceways could then be stocked with Artemia nauplii to produce the adults. As the shrimp biomass in
the growout ponds increases, the stocked amount of Artemia nauplii could catch up quickly since there is enough number of
circular raceways to facilitate flexible stocking scheduling. The construction and operation costs for the circular raceways
could be returned easily by selling the highly priced Artemia. The integrated Artemia and shrimp production system has
been constructed which consists of three components: four earthen ponds (about 900m2 each) for shrimp growout, twelve
circular raceways (from 35 to 48m2 each) for shrimp nursery and Artemia production, and four earthen ponds (about 400m2
each) for buffering. The anticipative shrimp culturing density is 500/m2 in nursery raceways and 50/m2 in growout ponds.
PL stocked in the raceways is expected to reach an average of 1g in about 30-35 days. They are then moved to the growout
ponds where they are expected to grow for 75-90 days to reach 15-20g. The Artemia nauplii will be stocked with a density
of about 1-10/ml.
125
FARMING OF SOUTHERN BLUEFIN TUNA Thunnus maccoyii: AN AUSTRALIAN

PERSPECTIVE
Steven M. Clarke*
SARDI Aquatic Sciences and Aquafin CRC

PO Box 120
Henley Beach
clarke.steven@saugov.sa.gov.au
Southern bluefin tuna (Thunnus maccoyii) have been farmed in South Australia since the early 1990s, when research was
initiated to investigate the feasibility of such a venture by the Tuna Boat Owners Association of Australia (TBOAA), the
Japanese Overseas Fisheries Cooperation Foundation (JOFCF) and the SA Government. Farming involves the capture of
tuna of about 17 kg weight from the quota regulated wild fishery in the Great Australian Bight, transporting them over a 2-3
week period in tow pontoons back to the farm sites near Port Lincoln, South Australia, and farming them for about 3 to 8
months, after which the sites are left fallow.
Following a number of years preliminary research, the industry grew steadily (except for a substantial storm induced mortality
event in 1996-97), peaking in value at $256 million in 2002-03 (9,000 tonnes). The most recent SA Government statistics,
2003-04, highlight that the industry value has decreased to $151 million, even though production volume has remained
similar (9,290 tonnes). Causes of this decline are primarily due to increasing international volume and competition on the
Japanese market resulting in lower sale prices and to less favourable Japanese - Australian currency exchange rates.
Research drivers have varied since the inception of southern bluefin tuna farming, progressing from industry development,
to industry growth, risk minimisation and most recently, to enhancing industry’s competitive advantage and reducing their
operational costs. Initially research was focussed on the technical and economic feasibility of such basic components of tuna
farming as capture, transport of live fish, holding of fish in pontoons, harvesting, marketing and managing the environmental
effects of tuna farming. In 1996 the establishment of the Cooperative Research Centre (CRC) for Aquaculture led to a
single comprehensive research project to develop a manufactured pellet feed to address a specific risk facing industry; the
continuity of feed supply if imported baitfish resources became unavailable. Then in 2001, with the establishment of the
CRC for the Sustainable Aquaculture of Finfish (Aquafin CRC), the research focus was broadened to include four research
programs: Environment, Fish Health, Propagation and Production with a seven year tuna budget of about $42 million.
Subsequently, the Propagation program was terminated due to the identification of changed and higher industry research
priorities and a Value Adding program included. Currently, 21 research projects are managed by the Fisheries Research
and Development Corporation (FRDC) Southern Bluefin Tuna Aquaculture Subprogram in conjunction with the Aquafin
CRC.
Current research topics and some of the notable outcomes will be highlighted.
ADDRESSING SOCIAL ISSUES IN AQUACULTURE CERTIFICATION

Jason W. Clay
World Wildlife Fund

1250 24th St, NW
Washington, DC 20037 USA
jason.clay@wwfus.org
There is increasing interest in aquaculture certification. Most of this interest has focused on reducing the overall
environmental impacts of the different industries. Many of the key issues that are of concern, however, are the impact
of aquaculture on its work force and more importantly on neighboring communities. Furthermore, many of the markets
that are the most interested in certified aquaculture product, e.g. in the European Union and high end stores in the United
States, are very concerned about social impacts in general and fair trade in particular. This presentation will identify key
social issues that come up in many aquaculture industries as well as ways to address them within certification principles,
criteria and measurable standards. The presentation will also focus on how such standards can be used both to encourage
local compliance with laws and regulations as well as innovation that can increase the positive impacts of aquaculture
industries.
126
IDENTIFICATION OF Pinctada margaritifera LARVAE IN THE PLANKTON OF POLYNESIAN

ATOLLS
Pierre Garen*, Christine D’Ollone, Marcel Le Pennec, Jean-Claude Cochard, Mereani Bellais
and Gaby Haumani
Laboratoire d’Aquaculture Tropicale

Ifremer, Centre Océanologique du Pacifique
BP 7004, Taravao, 98719 Tahiti
pgaren@ifremer.fr
To optimize the spat collection of the pearl oyster Pinctada margaritifera in French Polynesia atolls it is necessary to track
in real time the abundance and the development of its larvae in the plankton. The specific identification of larvae is therefore
compulsory.
A comparative morphometric study between larvae of some of the main bivalve species in atolls was realized with image
processing. Six parameters were used to specifically characterize the larvae. A discriminant analysis showed that the
maximal segment is the main discriminant factor and separates the two species of Pinctada genus from the two other genus
Saccostrea and Arca. The percentage of properly classified larvae never overpassed 77%.
The hinge examination by scanning electron microscopy allowed to identify P. margaritifera larvae and to separate
them from P. maculata larvae by a narrower provinculum and a dissymetrical hinge especially close to the ligament.
P. margaritifera has four anterior and six posterior teeth on the right valve while P. maculata has five anterior and five
posterior teeth. Both techniques allowed a bivalve larvae taxonomic determination but they are not applicable to rapidly
characterize a huge amount of samples in the field. The first method is hampered by a large error margin while the second
one is heavy and time consuming.
The development of a third method for rapid, specific and individual identification of Pinctada margaritifera larvae in
plankton samples has already been implemented. It is based on the fluorescent labelling of larvae using prepared specific
antibodies.
127
INVESTIGATIONS ON THE CRYOPRESERVATION OF SPERMATOZOA OF PEARL

OYSTER Pinctada margaritifera IN FRENCH POLYNESIA
Catherine Rouxel, Raquel Bambridge, Mereani Bellais, Antoine Pellan, Vincent Vonau, Cédrik M. Lo
and Jean-Claude Cochard*

Ifremer - Centre Océanologique du Pacifique
B.P. 7004, Taravao
98719 Tahiti
jean.claude.cochard@ifremer.fr
Pearl oyster culture is an industry of paramount importance in French Polynesia. Most of the farms depend upon spat
collected in a small number of atolls but which are reared in more than 30 islands. The resulting mixing of populations is
cause of a reduction of the genetic diversity among the different stocks. This could cause the loss of potentially valuable
traits associated with some previously isolated populations.
The pearl oyster Pinctada margaritifera is a protandric hermaphrodite, the sperm contains then most of the genotype. The
feasibility of its cryopreservation was investigated as a mean to preserve the biological resources of this species.
The strict application of protocols giving the best results of survival for the sperm of Crassostrea gigas was not effective
on sperm of P. margaritifera. It was not possible to get active sperm by stripping the gonad. The collection of sperm
at the genital pore on a sacrificed animal that had already started to release gametes allowed obtaining viable sperm.
Modifications were made on standard protocols. They consisted mainly in diluting this sperm at ambient temperature to
the third in a diluting-protecting solution. This consisted in DCSB4, a diluter designed for finfish sperm cryopreservation
where a cryoprotectant (DMSO) was added to a concentration of 20%. The conditioned sperm was placed in 350µl straws
which were frozen above liquid nitrogen.
The quality of the sperm of P. margaritifera, quantified by its motility index appeared to be highly variable throughout the
year. Only sperm of motility index of 4 or 5 (above 75 % motile spermatozoa) could be preserved efficiently. This method
allowed an average survival of 20% at thawing. This variation was partially responsible for highly inconsistent rates of
fertilization.
The optimal ratio of spermatozoa per ovum was determined with fresh sperm in order to standardize the experiments. On
average, a ratio of 100 spermatozoa per ovum for a sperm of index of motility equal to 3 (25 to 50% motile spermatozoa)
allowed an optimal fertilization rate. The first results of fertilization using frozen sperm was 12% of fertilized ova quantified
by counting the developing embryos under microscope two hours after the contact of the gametes. This required a ratio
of 700 spermatozoa per ovum. Development of embryos to normal straight hinge stage was low due to high polyspermy
rate.
Further developments of this technique require a better understanding of the causes of high variability of sperm quality.
128
PRODUCTION OF TRIPLOIDS OF THE PEARL OYSTER Pinctada margaritifera IN FRENCH

POLYNESIA
Christophe Ledu, Raquel Bambridge, Mereani Bellais, Gérard Jonquières, Antoine Pellan, Vincent Vanaa,
Jean-Claude Cochard*

B.P. 7004, Taravao
98719 Tahiti
jean.claude.cochard@ifremer.fr
Triploids are commonly used in aquaculture, their sterility and superior growth could be of some interest to pearl culture
industry. Rearing time should thus be shortened and grafting process facilitated. Attempts to produce triploids have
been conducted using cytochalasin B in the Service de la Perliculture hatchery in Rangiroa atoll and in the Ifremer-COP
experimental facilities at Vairao (Tahiti).
Zygotes and embryos were stained with Hoechst 33258 and examined under epifluorescence microscopy for evaluation of
ploidy. The larvae were reared using techniques developed at Rangiroa hatchery. At setting stage, artificial collectors were
immersed in the tanks containing pearl oyster larvae; after 10 days. After 10 days, each collector with oyster spat were
suspended on a breeding line in the lagoon for on-growing (3 months to 1 year).
The first step consisted to analyze the chronology of embryo development. At 28-29°C, the expulsion of first polar body
(PB) occurred on average (n=17) at 12 ± 2 min after fertilization. The second was expelled after 27 ± 3 min. The two cells
stage was observed at 55 ± 5 min.
In 2003, the experiments on the retention of the second PB resulted in 95% triploid embryos before first cleavage. Survival
to straight hinge stage was 65 ±15 % of diploid controls, however up to 40% of the larvae were abnormal in shape. Larval
growth rate and survival were not significantly affected in most cases.
After one year, ploidy was checked on gill samples of spat. Only 2 out of 130 treated juvenile pearl oysters were identified
as diploids, the remaining 98% were triploids. Mean diameter differed significantly (59 ± 9 mm and 63 ± 9 mm for triploids
and diploid controls respectively) probably due to higher density of triploid spat on collectors. Growth and development of
the gonad after a 2 month conditioning period in hatchery will be described.
129
COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT NUCLEUS TYPES TO IMPROVE GRAFTING PROCESS

OF Pinctada margaritifera
N. Cochennec-Laureau*, P. Haffner, P. Levy, G. Haumani, C. Belliard, A. Fougerouse and S. Langy
Ifremer
Centre de Tahiti, BP 7004
Taravao, 98719 Tahiti
ncochenn@ifremer.fr
Grafting is a complex surgical act which should lead to a pearl being formed within approximately twelve to eighteen
months post-graft. Although these operations have been effected for many years in French Polynesia, the grafting technique
has still not been standardized. Various studies have been carried out in order to improve graft performance and yield (using
anaesthesia, overgrafted nucleus, etc.). However, highly variable graft yields (due to post-operatory mortality, nucleus
rejection) and pearl quality remain limiting factors for farms profitability.
Previous study showed that reject phenomena were linked to multiple causes and particularly bacterial infection due to
V. harveyi.
As part of a global research project devoted to the improvement of grafting processes, an attempt is being made to check
nucleus impact on rejection and mortality rates. This paper discuss the use of different nucleus showing antibacterial
activities or propriety to reduce inflammatory phenomena of recipient oysters.
130
ZOO-SANITARY MONITORING NETWORK FOR THE Pinctada margaritifera PEARL

OYSTER IN FRENCH POLYNESIA
A. Fougerouse , P. Levy , M. Tanetoa, S. Langy and N. Cochennec-Laureau*
Ifremer, Centre de Tahiti

BP 7004, Taravao
98719 Tahiti
ncochenn@ifremer.fr
The rapid development of pearl farming, leading to increased pearl oyster density in farms and transfers between atolls
since the 1980s, has required that a disease monitoring network be set up.
Since 2003, the pearl farming service and Ifremer have worked together to develop a zoo-sanitary monitoring network
for the pearl oyster, Pinctada margaritifera, in five atolls or islands where the production is relevant. The objective is to
prevent infectious agents from being introduced, emerging or being propagated within a pearl farming area. It also studies
ways to monitor their development, ensure safe exchanges between farming areas and so limit their potential impact.
The histological analyses done to date have not revealed any pathogenic agent which must be declared to the OIE world
organisation for animal health. Farmed oysters examined showed a varying degree of parasitic infection by gregarine
sporozoites and Rickettsia type parasites. Likewise, the P. maculata species is affected by gregarine sporozoites. Areas of
encysted Metazoa have also been observed in P. margaritifera and Saccostrea cucullata.
An emergency procedure has also been set up for abnormal mortality or morbidity, with the main objective of mobilizing
information and expertise in French Polynesia as fast as possible for crisis situation response.
Figure 1 : Gregarine organisms within Figure 2 : rickettsia-like organisms

digestive tubule (x1000) within digestive tubule (x400)
131
REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF RECIPROCALLY CROSSED WILD-CAUGHT AND

TANK-REARED Penaeus monodon
Greg J. Coman*, Stuart J. Arnold, Silvio Peixoto, Frank E. Coman, Peter J. Crocos and Nigel P. Preston
CSIRO Marine Research

Cleveland, Queensland, Australia 4163
greg.coman@csiro.au
The reproductive performance of reciprocally crossed wild-caught and domesticated Penaeus monodon broodstock was
assessed over two moult periods under standardized conditions. Wild-caught broodstock (W) were collected from a
population off the coast of Innisfail, Queensland, Australia (17º53`, 146º01`). The two domesticated lines (L1, L2) used in
the trial were first generation lines reared to 12 mo of age in tanks. L1 founder stocks originated from a population from
the Gulf of Carpentaria, Queensland, Australia (12º48`, 141º32`). L2 founder stocks originated from the same population
as the W broodstock.
Significant variations in the reproductive performance of the broodstock from the three sources were found. Reproductive
output was more dependent on the source of the female broodstock than the male broodstock. W females matured and
spawned more rapidly and more often than females from the two tank-reared lines (L1, L2). The percentage of W females
spawning (86.8%) was approximately double that of the L1 females (38.9 %), and more than three times that of the L2
females (23.7%). Additionally, the W females had significantly more spawnings (1.99 spawnings female-1) than the L1
(0. 62 spawnings female-1) and L2 females (0.37 spawnings female-1), and spawned within a shorter period after ablation
(9.2 d) than the L1 (15.3 d) and L2 females (18.7 d). There was no difference in the numbers of eggs per spawning and
the quality of the larvae produced from the spawnings of the W and the L1 tank-reared females. However, the L2 females
had significantly lower numbers of eggs per spawning (75 068), percentages of spawnings that hatched (6.25%), nauplii
hatch rates per spawning (18.39%), and protozoeal metamorphosis rates per spawning (0%) than the W (131 098, 75.68%,
33.77%, 70.03%) and L1 females (126 062, 78.30%, 28.92%, 46.95%).
These results suggest that the largest improvements in the reproductive output of successive generations of these
tank-reared P. monodon stocks will likely be found through improvements in the quality of the female broodstock. The
different performance of the two tank-reared lines highlights the large variability in reproductive performance that can exist
between different domesticated stocks. Continued improvements in husbandry, and genetic selection for high reproductive
performance, should ensure future increases in the reproductive output of these tank-domesticated P. monodon stocks.
132
U.S. TO HONDURAS DISTANCE DIAGNOSTICS TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER:

SUSTAINABLE AQUACULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT THREE YEAR PILOT
PROJECT
Jean Corbett Walter*, Fowler, Robert R., Don Hamilton, Julian Beckwith, David Barber, Marco Fonseca,
Missy Wilson, Edwin Flores, Suyapa Meyer and Dan Meyer
University of Georgia
Jasper County Extension Service
145 E. Washington Street
Monticello, Georgia 31604 USA
jcwalter@uga.edu
In 2003, a project was initiated by Dr. Jean Walter, Jasper County Extension Coordinator, to link youth in Honduras with
4-H youth in Jasper County using distance diagnostics technologyand aquaculture. The first virtual “diagnostic samples”
consisting of images and environmental data were transmitted between youth at Piedmont Academy, Jasper County ,
Georgia, and the Zamorano Pan American School of Agriculture in Honduras.
In 2004, private, grant funding provided for expansion of the now $500K project to three years (2004-2006). Discussion
will include the project’s goals, fund raising, and development, timeline, and, to-date accomplishments. Also presented will
be the involvement and specific roles of the collaborating agencies and entities, namely: the University of Georgia (UGA)-
Center for Internet Imaging (CIIDS) and the College of Agriculture & Environmental Sciences (CAES)-Cooperative
Extension Service (CES) and Office of International Agriculture; the Piedmont Academy of Jasper County; the Atlanta-
based, Honduras Outreach International, Inc.(HOI) and their “Rancho Paraiso” near San Esteban, Olancho; the Organismo
Internacionale Regional de Sanidad Agropecuaria (OIRSA)based in Tegucigalpa; the “Villa de San Francisco” municipality;
and finally, the SENASA-SAVE, national fish pathology lab of the Honduras.
133
PRACTICAL WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT IN A COMMERCIAL SEMI-INTENSIVE

SHRIMP FARM IN MADAGASCAR
Kenneth E. Corpron
AQUALMA Mahajamba Farm

4, Rue Gallieni, B.P. 93
Mahajanga 401, Madagascar
kenneth.corpron@unima.mg
Consistent performance in shrimp farm operations depend upon numerous factors but maintaining a practical water quality
monitoring program in farm ponds, pumping stations, supply canals, and the surrounding environment can certainly help
a farm avoid unexpected crises, and can help assure that production goals are met. Production and water quality records
from a commercial black tiger shrimp farm in Madagascar will be presented, and ways in which the farm’s production
strategy has been adapted to compensate for specific external environmental parameters will be highlighted. The farm is
located in an estuarine environment where substantial seasonal variations in salinity, temperature, and turbidity can occur,
so production strategies have been fashioned to anticipate the changing environmental conditions.
For each of the last 5 years, the AQUALMA farm in Mahajamba Bay, on the northwest coast of Madagascar, has produced
annually at least 3,000 MT of black tiger shrimp in 700 hectares of growout ponds, for an average yield of 4,400 kg/hectare/
year, ranging in individual ponds from as low as 3,000 kg/hectare/year, to as high as 7,500 kg/hectare/year. Differences
in production rates are most highly influenced by seasonal temperature differences, but have also been affected by other
factors including stocking density, survival rate, growth rate, feed quality, feeding practices, final target harvest size, oxygen
levels, water exchange, and natural productivity. Madagascar has marked cool and warm seasons, with temperatures in
the Mahajamba Bay area varying from 23 degrees C to 32 degrees C, and salinity from 3 ppt to 36 ppt. Temperature
plays a substantial role in rates of shrimp growth, and during Madagascar’s cool season, average growth in the farm rarely
exceeds 0.75 g/week, whereas in the warm season, growth can reach 2.50 g/week. Water quality is closely monitored to
assure that stable conditions are maintained, not only in individual culture ponds but also in the water supply system of
the farm. Parameters managed most closely at the farm include oxygen, secchi disk turbidity, temperature, salinity, and
pH. Production planning must consider carefully seasonal and temporal environmental factors to assure profitability and
sustainability.
134
DEVELOPING A SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM TO INCREASE PREPAREDNESS FOR

AQUATIC ANIMAL EMERGENCIES IN VIETNAM
Flavio Corsin*, Tran Quoc Thanh, Phan Thi Van, Nguyen Tu Cuong, Pham Van Khang, Erland Jensen
and Jacob Fjalland
Network for Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific (NACA)

Ministry of Fisheries
10, Nguyen Cong Hoan St.
Hanoi, Vietnam
flavio.corsin@enaca.org
Like many other countries in which aquaculture plays a significant role in economic growth and sustainable livelihood,
Vietnam has suffered enormously from diseases outbreaks of which White Spot Disease and Yellow Head Disease of Tiger
shrimp, and Red Spot Disease of grass carp are only a few examples. Like many other countries, Vietnam was not prepared
when emergencies struck. Two key elements of emergency preparedness are early detection and early response. To achieve
the early detection of an emergency, the establishment of an effective surveillance is crucial. This is a complex task in
Vietnam as in other countries where aquaculture is predominantly conducted by small-scale farmers and only limited
resources are available to develop and sustain such a system. The Vietnamese government’s recognition of this as an area
of high priority is the first important step towards establishing such a system. With the support of the DANIDA-funded
Fisheries Sector Program Support (FSPS) and the Network for Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific (NACA), the Ministry
of Fisheries is developing a system capable of coping with this challenge. This process was initiated through a series of
consultations with national and provincial stakeholders and is building also on the experiences and resources of livestock
health institutions. The two main objective of this system are to provide timely and accurate information about aquatic
animal disease emergencies to allow a quick response and to limit the spread and impact of disease outbreaks by providing
early warning for areas at risk of being affected. In order to achieve these objectives, digitalization of the information is
carried out at a lower level as possible and is executed by extension workers, diagnostic laboratories and in some cases
by the farmers themselves. The system (see information flow diagram in the figure below) is presently being piloted in 7
provinces. A number of models are being tested on both freshwater and brackish water farming systems and the paper will
present and discuss the experiences gathered to date.
NAFIQAVED: National Fisheries Quality Assurance and Veterinary

Directorate; RI: Research Institutes; DOFI: Dept. of Fisheries; AAH: aquatic
animal health.
135
PUTTING PRINCIPLES INTO PRACTICE: THE VIETNAMESE EXPERIENCE ON BETTER

MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IMPLEMENTATION
Nguyen Tu Cuong, Flavio Corsin* and Pham Van Khang
NAFIQAVED/NACA
Ministry of Fisheries
10, Nguyen Cong Hoan St.
HaNoi, Vietnam
flavio.corsin@enaca.org
Between 1998 and 2003, shrimp production in Viet Nam more than doubled, going from 538 to 1,150 thousand tons. The
Vietnamese government promptly recognized the need for the sustainable development of the sector and, with the support
of NACA and the DANIDA-funded Fisheries Sector Program Support (FSPS), initiated a number of activities to put into
practice the principles developed by other shrimp producing countries and through the Consortium Program developed by
the World Bank, NACA, WWF and FAO. In 2004, NAFIQAVED, the government institution responsible for aquatic animal
disease control and safety, initiated pilot projects to assess the effect of Good Aquaculture Practices (GAP) implementation
in intensive shrimp farms and to disseminate GAP application. GAP included application of better heath management
and food safety practices, reduced application of chemicals, decreased environmental impact, quality assessment of pond
inputs etc. Pilot projects have now been initiated in 6 provinces (5 on intensive and 1 on semi-intensive systems), over an
area of almost 400 ha. Preliminary results indicate that most farmers implemented GAP and obtained a sizable harvest of
good quality product (Table 1). Where data were available, GAP ponds had better production than ponds outside the pilot
project.
Since 2004, NACA, in collaboration with FSPS and the Vietnamese government, has also been implementing and
disseminating Better Management Practices (BMP) in small-scale semi-intensive shrimp farming systems. NAFIQAVED
GAP and NACA BMP are very similar and address similar shrimp health, food safety and environmental protection issues,
although, BMP have a stronger disease control focus and attention is also given to establishing farmer groups to ease BMP
implementation. In 2004 BMP were disseminated in 6 communes from 2 provinces over an area of more than 200 ha.
Fortnightly visits to the pilot communes indicated that farmers generally tried to adopt BMP. However, data collected with
a semi-structured questionnaire at the end of the production cycle showed different degrees of implementation. About 50%
of the farmers removed the sludge before stocking. Similarly, before stocking, only half of the farmers tested the seed for
WSSV. Preliminary analysis shows that following BMP such as removing the sludge from the pond bottom before stocking
or testing the seed for WSSV significantly reduced the risk of observing dead shrimp, harvesting poor yields per hectare
and experiencing a financial loss. All farmers declared to be willing to apply BMP in the following crop and about 3/4 of
them stated that they would give particular attention to assessing the quality of shrimp seed.
136
FACTOR FOR CBO: KEY ORGANIZATION FOR ENSURING AQUACULTURE IN BEEL

FISHERIES IN BANGLADESH
Thomas Costa*, Anwara Begum, K.M Nurul Islam and M. Alamgir
CARITAS Bangladesh
2, Outer Circular Road
Shantibagh
Dhaka 1217
Bangladesh
dd@caritasbd.org
Community Based Organization (CBO) is deemed the prime element for ensuring aquaculture in beel fisheries in
Bangladesh. Government-Organizations and Non-Government Organizations (GO-NGOs) jointly test various approaches
and implement several projects such as Community Based Fisheries Management (CBFM), where CBOs are playing a
vital role in aquaculture management. CBO is a grassroots level peoples’ organization, formed by the primary resource user
groups through election process with a view to establishment of access rights and sustainable use of aquatic resources for
better livelihood & environment. External and internal factors are responsible for strengthening and effectiveness of CBOs.
Proper aquaculture management and sustainability depend on the efficacy of CBO’s stability. Internal factor includes active
participation of people in the social mobilization process, group meetings & savings, their capacity build-up, stocking of
fingerlings, nursing, harvesting, marketing, equitable distribution of benefit, guarding, preparation of bye-laws, obeying
fish act, advocacy and registration from GOs. On the other hand, external factor includes: GO-NGOs roles in planning,
policy implications, leasing of public property & graduation, providing livelihood support services (social, awareness,
advocacy, research, technical, financial); role of local government, development allies, social elites and other stakeholders
are also considered. A common assumption is that aquaculture management in beel fisheries not possible by the community
people, but CBFM approach proves that it is possible. Caritas (NGO) has been actively involved with CBO through CBFM
project in collaboration with Department of Fisheries and WorldFish Center since 1995. Caritas has been implementing
CBFM project at Hamil Beel, which is a stocked waterbody. CBO structure namely Beel Management Committee (BMC)
is actively functioning there. A considerable achievement has been made at community level by having access rights,
sustainable production, equitable distribution, savings, capacity building and guarding system. CBO of Hamil Beel is
now capable of producing 700-1300 kg of fish per hectare per year from their managed water bodies of area, which was
only 100-200 kg per hectare per year in the past. Balanced saving have been recorded at Hamil Beel US$ 2,070 among
138 fishermen and US$ 735 among 42 fisherwomen respectively from 1995 to June 2004. In 2004, CBO of Hamil Beel
released 82,658 carpling investing an amount of US$ 1,128 and harvested 14.890 metric tone fish, whose market price
was US$ 10,602. They received an amount of US$ 9,474 as profit, of which 20% (US$ 1,895) was deposited in their
Bank account for future fisheries management and the rest 80% (US$ 7579.20) was equally distributed to 138 fishermen
(e.g., US$ 55/person/year). Livelihood status of fishers’ community, such as balance diet intake augmented, malnutrition
reduced; housing & clothing, child education & adult literacy, health & sanitation and vulnerable biodiversity conditions
are significantly improved. Nevertheless still there are few limitations at capacity building. Very cooperative attitudes from
all corners and diversified attempts could accelerate factors affirmatively and extend such approach to wider aspects in
Bangladesh. The paper encompasses factors for CBOs, roles in ensuring aquaculture in Beel Fisheries and its continuation
in the context of Bangladesh.
137
AN ANALYSIS OF TRADE AND ECONOMIC IMPACTS FROM THE U.S. DUMPING

ACCUSATION ON BRAZILIAN SHRIMP FARMING
Carlos Alexandre Fernandes de Moura and Ecio de Farias Costa
Departamento de Economia
Universidade Federal de Pernambuco
Praça Professor Fleming, 50 / Apto. 1.201
Recife, PE 52.050-180 Brazil
ecio@yahoo.com
The development experienced in the 90’s by shrimp farming in Brazil was responsible for impressive numbers such as the
increase in average productivity to 7,300 kg/ha/year and an estimated production of 110,000 tons by end of 2004. This
activity is nowadays not only responsible for income and export revenues, since most of the production is guided to the
export market (more than 65%), but also represents an important sector in jobs generation. In 2003, however, the sector
suffered a major impact caused by one of its main importers, the U.S., which filed a dumping accusation against Brazil.
Since then, exports have decreased and been re-oriented to other markets, but the impacts have drawn prices and production
down.
The main objective of this study is to demonstrate trade and economic impacts that the dumping accusation filed by the
U.S. will cause in Brazilian production, including all of its production chain (hatcheries, farms and processing plants) and
changes on planned investments, income and jobs generation. According to past literature and to recent developments for
other industries related in the literature, four scenarios were developed: Scenario 1, where no accusation is filed and the
industry’s development is not diverted by any noise; Scenario 2, where rumors about dumping are recognized; Scenario
3, where a preliminary antidumping action is taken by the U.S., restricting imports; and the worst case, Scenario 4, where
Brazil is condemned by trade courts of dumping.
Results presented by the analysis show that the dumping accusation affects considerably the activity’s development, given
the fact that even for scenarios where no formal conviction is claimed, trade and production are negatively affected. The
analysis shows, according to Figure 1, that in the worst case scenario, trade between Brazil and the U.S. might even be
interrupted. Impacts will be negative on both Brazilian producers and workers, given the fact that most of shrimp farming
is export oriented.
138
SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC IMPACTS GENERATED BY SHRIMP FARMING IN SELECTED

MUNICIPALITIES OF NORTHEASTERN BRAZIL
Ecio de Farias Costa and Yony Sampaio
Departamento de Economia
Universidade Federal de Pernambuco
Praça Professor Fleming, 50 / Apto. 1.201
Recife, PE 52.050-180 Brazil
ecio@yahoo.com
A recently developed agribusiness in Brazil, shrimp farming started in the 70’s, turning into a business by the end of the
following decade. In the 90’s however, with the introduction of the Litoperaneus vannanei species, industry’s development
became a reality. This species presented great ability to adapt to the most diverse environmental conditions and presented
high productivity, reaching more than 6,000 kg/ha/cycle. Most of shrimp farming, approximately 95%, is located in one
of the poorest regions of Brazil: the Northeastern. Impacts generated by shrimp farming in jobs and income generation, as
well as social benefits, have become very important for some cities that concentrate shrimp farming and processing.
Therefore, the main objective of this study is to estimate the social and economic impacts generated by shrimp farming
in selected municipalities of the Northeastern region of Brazil. Data collected were representative for small, medium and
large farms, hatcheries and processing plants in municipalities of main producing states in Brazil. Tax revenues from
shrimp farming were estimated for each of these municipalities. Social benefits, such as increases in water supply and
treatment, education levels and employment rates were also computed. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) estimates for each
municipality that has shrimp farming and for the surrounding municipalities were estimated, evaluating the impacts of
shrimp farming. Comparisons were made among the revenue impacts from shrimp farming and the amount of state and
federal funds that are annually allocated for each municipality.
Table 1 presents the selected municipalities of the study, including number of farms, average production, and jobs
generated. Results indicate that all selected municipalities in the study presented growth rates greater than the average for
the regions observed. Social indicators such as water supply and treatment, education levels and employment rates were
positively affected by the insertion of shrimp farming in most of the municipalities. Even though social benefit estimates
are difficult to measure since its measurement depends on political decisions regarding investments in public goods – and
these investments vary from governor to governor of each municipality, increases in social conditions are, in part, caused
by increases in tax revenues originated by shrimp farming in the selected municipalities of the study.
Table 1. Selected Municipalities of Northeastern Brazil Positively Impacted by Shrimp Farming.

139
USE OF A PURIFIED CARBOHYDRATE SOURCE IN DIETS FOR JUVENILE COBIA

Rachycentron canadum
Steven R. Craig*, Michael H. Schwarz and Ewen McLean
Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine

Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences
Virginia Tech
Blacksburg, VA 24061
scraig@vt.edu
A six-week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the ability of juvenile cobia to utilize dietary carbohydrate. Four
experimental diets were formulated to provide 40% crude protein with solvent-extracted menhaden fish meal as the protein
source and 293 kcals available energy/100 g dry diet. Lipid and carbohydrate (dextrin) levels were adjusted to maintain the
diets as isocaloric with the control diet containing 11% dietary lipid and 9.5% dextrin, with the remaining diets providing
18% lipid/0% carbohydrate, 6% lipid/25% carbohydrate and 3% lipid/36% carbohydrate. Diets were fed to triplicate
groups of juvenile cobia (initial weight 11.0 g/fish) with each tank containing 10 fish. At the end of the trial, weight gain (%
increase from initial weight), feed efficiency ratio values (g gain/g fed) and biological indices (visceral somatic index-VSI,
hepatosomatic index-HSI, and muscle ratio--MR) were determined from three fish from each tank (n=9/dietary treatment).
Blood was collected via caudal venipuncture on these animals as well to determine packed cell volume (HCT) and plasma
protein levels.
Weight gain and feed efficiency ratio values were not significantly affected by carbohydrate or lipid level. Cobia fed the diet
containing 36% carbohydrate returned the highest weight gain at 554%, with fish fed the diet containing 0% carbohydrate
having the lowest growth response at 393%. Feed efficiency ratio values ranged from 0.56 in fish fed the high carbohydrate
diet to 0.43 in fish fed the diet containing 0% carbohydrate.
There were no significant effects of dietary carbohydrate levels on the VSI, MR, HCT or plasma protein. Hepatosomatic
indices were significantly impacted by dietary carbohydrate, however, with cobia fed the diets containing higher levels of
carbohydrate having significantly higher HSI values (3.2 and 3.0) compared with fish fed the diets containing 9.5 and 0%
dietary carbohydrate (1.8 and 2.2). Hepatic concentrations of glycogen are currently being evaluated, as are muscle and
hepatic lipid concentrations.
These data illustrate that juvenile cobia can utilize dietary carbohydrate at relatively high levels for a marine carnivore
without detrimental impacts on production characteristics. This information is critical to formulating feeds designed
specifically for this species that will support optimal production while maintaining good health and final product quality
under commercial culture conditions.
140
ENHANCING POLYCHAETE PRODUCTS FOR ENHANCED HATCHERY

PERFORMANCE
Peter JW Olive, Stephen Craig and Eric Pinon
School of Marine Science and Technology

Newcastle University
Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
p.j.w.olive@ncl.ac.uk
The provision of polychaete worms has become a standard element of the diets for hatchery reared Peneaidae especially
during brood production. The provision of the worms has impacts on brooding performance but can also be important
in the provision of other dietary elements required for the larval phase of the life cycle. It is therefore important that the
worms provide a high quality diet meeting the entire dietary requirement of the brood stock. We have investigated the
potential to enhance the content of specific nutritional elements in the tissues of Nereis virens and Arenicola marina using
modified feeding schedules and surface coating of worms prior to processing as aquaculture feeds in a variety of ways
(Patent applied for). We show that enrichment of polychaete tissues can be achieved and that ‘encapsualtion’ of specific
components ‘within the body’ (either in the bloodstream or bound to a protein or lipid comonent) and mucosal coating can
lead to substantial increase in the content of a number of beneficial components.
In Nereis virens tissues the following increases were achieved by the treatments that will be described: Vitamin E content
from c. 25 ppm to c. 55 ppm ; total lipid content by up to 15% total lipid; Free astaxanthin content increased to 21 ppm
from an undeterminable level (<1 ppm). Mucosal coating trials resulted in exceptionally high levels of beta carotene,
astaxanthin and other similar carotenoid pigments after freezing and washing [c.750 ppm free astaxanthin; c. 5300 ppm
carotenoid]). Amino acid profile was determined for N. virens and Arenicola marina fed on a variety of diets demonstrating
that the Glycine content in A. marina (fed on brewery yeast) was twice that of N.virens (the amino acid Glycine has been
identified as a highly stimulatory component of cod maturation); similarly the Lysine content in A.marina was higher than
that of N. virens (Lysine is deemed an essential component of shrimp nutrition and limiting in squid meal). These results
suggest that the amino acids of the two species are complementary and that the combination of species may be desirable
in an optimised polychaete aquaculture feed. The trace element profile (Cu, Zn, Fe, Co, Ni, Pb, Mn, Al, Se, Au, Ba) of N.
virens and A. marina will be described showing that Fe and Cu in Nereis virens and Arenicola marina are at levels that are
deemed beneficial by shrimp hatcheries (Copper [Cu] is required by Penaeids as it forms the central respiratory pigment
Haemocyanin); Zinc is also present at a level that is deemed beneficial in shrimp and finfish hatcheries. Specific nutrients
such as Selenium can be enhanced by appropriate diet and can be adjusted to suit the aquaculture feed markets. Fatty acid
profiles are presented for N. virens and A.marina: DHA, EPA and AA are present in both N. virens and Arenicola marina
at levels deemed beneficial to shrimp and finfish broodstock together with other fatty acid components such as cis-vaccenic
acid, the value of which in brood stock diets may not yet be fully understood.
141
EXTENSION EFFORTS TO DEVELOP AN ORNAMENTAL AQUACULTURE INDUSTRY

IN GUAM, USA
David P. Crisostomo*
Cooperative Extension Service

College of Natural and Applied Sciences
University of Guam
Mangilao, Guam 96923
dcrisost@uog9.uog.edu
The aquaculture industry in Guam has been developed as a food industry to date. Efforts to diversify the industry have
included freshwater ornamental aquaculture. Guam is blessed with a tropical climate, with year-round temperatures
ranging from 25-30°C (77-86°F). Rainfall averages over 100 inches per year. Coupled with it’s location, transportation
infrastructure and political status, Guam has great potential for freshwater ornamental fish production.
The Cooperative Extension Service has been involved in the development of Guam’s aquaculture industry for over 25
years. In 2003, the first ever Ornamental Fish Show and Competition was held at Guam’s largest shopping mall. With
over 40 entries in 5 categories, the show was deemed a success by organizers and participants. Two of Guam’s largest pet
shops helped sponsoring the event and donated prizes. Students at the University of Guam (Science of Aquaculture class)
assisted and surveyed viewers and participants to determine levels of awareness or ornamental aquaculture. Judging was
done by three well known fish experts in Guam. A committee was established shortly after this event to plan future events.
The committee includes commercial fish farmers, pet shop owners, representatives of the Guam Department of Agriculture
and Cooperative Extension Service. The 2nd annual Ornamental Fish Show & Competition will be held in March 2005 and
results will be available at the WAS 2005 Conference in Bali. Additional efforts include establishment of a small-scale
demonstration on an ornamental fish farm. These efforts are part of the Cooperative Extension Service Plan of Work for
2005-2006.
142
NOTES
143
THE DEVELOPMENT OF IN SITU AND LABORATORY TOXICITY TESTS AS TOOLS TO

ASSESS PESTICIDE EFFECTS IN MULTIUSE AQUATIC SYSTEMS IN THAILAND
Critchlow-Watton, C., Satapornvanit, K, Domingues, I., Nogueira, A.J.A., Yakupitiyage, A., Taylor, G, Davis,
W., Phommakone, S., Ruangsuksut, S., Charngthark, K. and Kaneshalingam, S.
Institute of Aquaculture
University of Stirling
Stirling, Scotland, FK9 4LA
c.a.critchlow-watton@stir.ac.uk
Across much of Thailand and in many regions of Asia, the increased use of agrochemicals is having a profound effect on
agricultural systems, aquatic ecosystems and the lives of farmers and their families. In many of these areas the agricultural
and aquatic systems are fully integrated and are characterized by high levels of productivity and heavy reliance on pesticide
use. Many farmers may use several pesticides in a ‘cocktail’ rather than singly and with large knowledge gaps in the current
state of pesticide research, the extent to which these systems have been damaged is currently unknown. Over and above
the need to assess the extent of damage to aquatic ecosystems is the provision of tests that may give some indication of the
potential impacts on food safety associated with the consumption of animals from systems where water often has several
uses.
The close linkage between the agricultural and aquatic systems in these areas means that the pesticides and chemicals
applied to crops will in turn impact the aquatic ecosystem and potentially the quality of associated food products. Biological
assessment of the potential or actual effects of toxic substances on aquatic ecosystems can be carried out using bioassays.
Bioassays can be used to measure responses to environmental stressors and to set ecologically-based standards for water
quality either in the laboratory or in situ. Ultimately these tests are used to determine the potential or actual effects of
toxic substances on ecosystems. The complexity of evaluation at ecosystem level, however, makes the study of individual
organisms or their component parts a more pragmatic approach. Either in the laboratory or in situ, the use of assays, which
employ single or relatively few species and test methods are valuable tools in the evaluation of risk, pollution monitoring
or assessment of recovery.
The EC funded MAMAS project (Managing Agrochemicals in Multiuse Aquatic Systems), aims to develop a battery of
in situ toxicity tests for the assessment of ecological risk associated with the use of pesticides in aquatic environments.
Methodologies were developed for deployment of the following 4 local species: the prawn Macrobranchium rosenbergii,
the cladoceran Moina, the fish Tilapia, and the chironomid Kiefferullus calligaster. In order to assess species sensitivity,
laboratory toxicity tests were performed initially with the pesticides profenophos, dimethoate and chlorpyrofos in order to
validate in situ testing as well as to make comparisons with results obtained through physiological modeling. Following
laboratory testing animals were exposed in canals surround cultivation plots as well as in canals outside of the farms
considered reference sites. A variety of sublethal endpoints were used including growth, feeding inhibition and yolk sack
consumption.
The resulting suite of bioassays will provide useful tools for the assessment of impacts associated with agrochemical use in
tropical countries; information that has been until now extrapolated from knowledge available for temperate countries.
144
CONTINENTAL MALACOCULTURE IN BRAZIL

Gilberto José da Cunha* and Vera Lucia Lobão
Instituto Brasileiro de Malacocultura Continental (IBRAMACO)

Rua Candido Espinheira
823 – ap. 61 - São Paulo – 05004-000 - SP- Brazil
gilberto@ibramaco.com.br
Worldwide aquaculture has proven itself due to growth and successive increase in productivity, conferring to this type of
production a destacking position in the international pecuary sector. Amongst different modalities of aquaculture, in the
last two decades, the culture of escargots (malacoculture) have deserved attention from businessmen, government and
researchers.
In continental waters, continental malacoculture, especially ampullariculture could be seen as a way of producing low
impact mollusks, using a system compatible with the production from small properties, contributing to a greater increase
in the availability of high nutritional value food and also improving rural families income.
Most continental malacoculture carried out has been based, until now, on the culture of exotic species such as Helix and
Achatina genus. However, this is a risky situation since problems arising with these species could cause a collapse of
activity. An example of this occurred in Brazil with then culture of Achatina fulica: the Instituto Brasileiro dos Recursos
Naturais Renováveis (IBAMA) was against its culture due to large areas being infested by this species and as a consequence,
investments were dropped, the animals were abandoned, making environmental problems worse, and the product was
removed from the internal market.
In Brazil, a native freshwater gastropod exists with great potential for commercial exploring. The species Pomacea bridgesii,
has a vast geographical distribution, being present in the main bays of the country. This species presents many advantages
in relation to the exotic snails: greater productivity, fewer needs considering climatic conditions, greater resistance to
diseases, a production system compatible with small family proprieties, sustainable and a smaller environmental impact.
Apart from this, Pomacea bridgesii is not listed as dangerous or as a pest, in Brazil or any part of the world (Foundation
d’Entreprise Total – www.issg.org/database, Ministério do Meio Ambiente – www.mma.gov.br, Rede de Informações
sobre as Espécies Invasoras da América do Sul - //i3n.cria.org.br, USDA). Also important is that this species competes and
fights planorbidae of the genus Biomphalaria, hosts of Schistosoma mansoni (www.applesnail.net/content/snails_various.
htm#Planorbidae).
Therefore, considering the possible exploration potential of Pomacea bridgesii and its competitiveness with the various
traditionally commercialized species, the IBRAMACO has been developing zootechnological research aiming to maximize
their production. This includes shorter culture periods, cost improvement, and better productivity and quality of the final
product. This requires technological advances in manipulation, nutrition, environmental and sanitary conditions as to obtain
an economically viable final product of high quality. These researches are accompanied by rural extension work with
social inclusion in the mountainous region of Monte Alegre do Sul (SP-Brazil), headquarter of the East São Paulo State
Agribusiness Technology Development Regional Unity which includes about 16,000 rural proprieties.
145
NOTES
146
NOTES
147
AQUACULTURE-BASED ECOTOURISM
T. R. Ade Darmawan S.
Department of Fisheries Resources Utilization

Fisheries and Marine Faculty
Indonesia
ade_darmawan_tr@yahoo.com
By reducing of local and foreign visitors from 5.033.400 peoples in 2002 become 401.351 in July 2004, the Indonesia
government has taken new approach in rising the visitors. One of them is initiating new tourism site by combining the
tourism activities with manifestation of culture. It is suitable with the changing of international tourism pattern in the world.
This orientation become a rapidly expanding segment of the tourism market and later called as ecotourism.
Ecotourim was began since 1995 in Indonesia and growth slowly because : (1) there is no guidance to develop ecotourism
becomes a conservation activities and sustainable economic development, (2) lack of ecotourism understanding from
stakeholders, and (3) ecotourism concept was considered as a doubt to sustain and develop local economic.
Aquaculture is considered has a big potential with 4,29 millions Ha mangroves with utilization area about 830.000 Ha (20%)
for brackish water, open water area around 14 millions Ha which 140.000 Ha could be manage for freshwater aquaculture,
and coastal water of 80.925 Ha for marine culture (mariculture) and ecotourism. Considering it, aquaculture could support
Indonesia tourism by: generating region which means the stakeholders notice the tourist demands on aquaculture ecotourism
site, making the destination region more attracting by conservating the aquaculture area and serving it to the tourist with
indigenous scenery, flora and fauna, also preserve the transit zone for ecotourism transportation.
REPLACEMENT FISH MEAL BY FISH SILAGE IN HUMPBACK GROUPER Cromileptes

altivelis FINGERLING DIET
Veni Darmawiyanti, Muhammad Mulyadi, Febriko Sapto Dwiyanto and Slamet Soebjakto

PO Box 5
Panarukan – Situbondo
East Java, Indonesia
veni_darmawiyanti@yahoo.com
The use of fish silage as fish meal substitution in formulated feed for humpback grouper (Cromileptes altivelis) fingerling
was investigated.
Five artificial diets were formulated to contain (A) all fish meal as control diet; (B) 25% fish silage : 75% fish meal; (C)
50% fish silage : 50% fish meal; (D) 75% fish silage : 25% fish meal and (E) 100% fish silage. Each diet was fed to three
replicate groups of humpback grouper fingerling with an average initial weight of 4.5 – 5.5 g over a period of 12 weeks.
The growth rate and feed conversion were examined.
Statistical analysis showed that growth rate and feed conversion of humpback grouper fed the various test diets was not
significantly different.
148
THE CURRENT STATUS OF NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS AND AVAILABILITY DATA

FOR MARINE SHRIMP
D. Allen Davis* David M Smith, Joe Fox and K. Shunsuke

Auburn University
Auburn, AL 36849 USA
davisda@auburn.edu
As shrimp prices fall and profit margins decline, producers are forced to reduce costs and look towards high value markets.
Quite often producers are hesitant to change their production strategies when profit margins are good; however, during
times of economic stress they are often open to rethinking production strategies and feed management. If commercial
shrimp farming is going to continue to be a profitable venture, producers must question their production strategies, feed
requirements and reduce costs. Given that nutrition, feed management and production are all interrelated and that feed is
one of the primary costs for producing animals, farmers must be critical regarding what they are demanding from feed
manufacturers as well as their own feed management strategies. Typically when feeds are first developed for a given
species we know little about their nutritional requirements; hence, feeds are often over-formulated and contain high levels
of expensive ingredients that are found in limited supply. As the industry grows, the supply of product is expanded and
profit margins fall. Hopefully our knowledge of nutrient requirements expands with the industry allowing us to more
precisely formulate feeds, ultimately reducing their costs. Although, this trend is seen in almost all agriculture systems,
feed manufactures and farmers are often slow to respond. As our first feeds are often based on marine products, such as
fish meal, farmers often feel these ingredients must be included in feed formulations. This is unfortunate, because there is
no dietary requirement for marine ingredients such as fish meal. Given the limited supply of marine ingredients, this is not
only unsustainable but is costing the industry millions of dollars in lost profitability. If the commercial shrimp industry is
to maintain long term profitability, it must continue to develop sound nutrient requirement data, useful nutrient availability
data and utilize this information to produce nutritionally balanced feeds that produce the best economic return as possible.
To do this the farmer and feed manufacture must have a good understanding of the nutritional requirements of the culture
species and base feed request on sound nutrient requirement data. Of course it is also up to the farmer to properly apply the
feed and maintain the animals in a good culture environment. This presentation will focus on reviewing pertinent nutrient
requirement data as well as the biological availability of nutrients from various ingredients commonly used in commercial
shrimp feeds.
149
STRESS-INDUCED GENE EXPRESSION PROFILING IN THE BLACK TIGER PRAWN

Penaeus monodon
Enrique de la Vega*, Bernie Degnan, Mike Hall and Kate Wilson
Australian Institute of Marine Science

PMB 3, Townsville 4810 Queensland
Australia
e.delavega@aims.gov.au
The health of aquatic species is dependent on interactions between the environment, pathogens and the host. Under
intensive prawn aquaculture, environmental conditions can degrade, causing significant stress to the cultured organisms.
The resultant induced stress response can lead to a reduction in immunological capacity and is believed to be the trigger
for the transition from chronic to acute infections, and hence disease outbreaks. Understanding the molecular mechanisms
involved in the stress response, which can lead to an increase susceptibility to disease outbreaks, is of great importance for
the prawn culture industry.
In an effort to identify and analyse the expression patterns of stress-specific genes we challenged juvenile Penaeus monodon
to thermal, hypoxic and osmotic stress. RNA isolated from hemocytes was used as a template for suppression subtractive
hybridisation (SSH) to enrich for genes that are differentially expressed under these stresses. Six different SSH cDNA
libraries were constructed. Preliminary sequencing of 224 clones from the six libraries revealed low redundancy and high
treatment specificity. Significant database matches were found in 37% of the genes. Out of those with significant homology
to sequences on GenBank, 16% had no known function, 2% were categorised as nuclear, 2% as cytoskeletal and structural,
13% as involved in energy and metabolism, 7% as mitochondrial, 15% protein synthesis and processing, 15% immune, and
most interestingly, 30% corresponded to retrotransposons.
To facilitate analysis of patterns of gene expression that might be specific to a particular stress, a microarray was constructed.
A total of 4200 clones were spotted in duplicate on a microarray slide, comprising 1248 clones from the stress specific
libraries together with additional clones from an unsubtracted haemocyte cDNA library. A second group of juvenile
prawns was then exposed to the same 3 environmental stressors. Gene expression profiles for the prawns immediately
before, during and 24 hours post stress, were compared between treatments using the newly developed cDNA array. The
expression profiles of these genes in response to different environmental stressors and its possible implication in prawn
health will be discussed.
150
SEA BASS & SEA BREAM HATCHERY VIRTUAL SIMULATOR

J. De Lara*, C. Montes, J. F. Núñez, A. González and E. Muñóz
Madrid Polytechnical University

Av. Arco de la Victoria s/n
28040 Madrid, Spain
josedelara@globalaquafish.com
This Project promote effective use of modern technologies and provide a source of innovation to the training of students,
staff and aquaculturists. Through the creation of a sea bass & sea bream hatchery virtual reality simulator, those engaged
in this type of activity will receive training in an innovative, interactive and practical manner. They will acquire experience
and skills at the various domains in the culture system and processes, specific job activities, equipment use, environmental
management, safety and hygienic measures and quality control tasks.
In order to do so, a culture installation recreate alike a real one with all its static and dynamic elements including the
equipments, systems and processes used, as well as the fish and the staff working at the installation.
A very important part of the virtual interactive system is the logic and artificial intelligence of the system that will be
created and designed in such a way that any decision or action of the student, will have an impact in the productive system.
In this way, a practical training can be obtained which follows and evaluates the decisions taken by the student. In order
to do so, the activities and routines that take place in the installation, at the various job positions, have been recreated
and modelled, as well as the modelling of the fish behaviour and growth as a function of determinant parameters such as
temperature, pH, etc.
In order for the system to be able to evaluate the student’s advances, an automatic register system will be created, in
which the measures taken by the user will be saved and analyzed. In such way, the tutor can easily obtain, at the end of the
simulation, a result or evaluation of the user’s decisions reflected upon the production obtained. In addition, the system will
introduce and submit the students to tests and emergency situations in order to evaluate their skills at critical scenarios such
as electrical power cuts.
Besides, the users will be able to choose the scenario that they want and the position in which they wish to train at.
Moreover, they will be able to choose between two pedagogical systems: An active one, in which the teacher will be able to
control the student’s actions, evaluating in real time the student’s behavior and ability, starting and interrupting the exercise
when wanted; and a free system, in which, the own student will select the level and the exercises to do or those that have
been assigned to them by the expert system that will act as the instructor.
Hence, through the recreation of a installation and the user’s interaction in real time with the various objects and characters
that will represent the real staff of an installation, the students and professionals will be able to receive the necessary
practical training and will allow them to become immersed in the position that they occupy in the recreated world, obtaining
quickly, at low cost, without interfering with the real production and in a simple way, knowledge and skills in the future
position that they will to work at.
151
MOVEMENTS OF BLUEFIN TUNA Thunnus thynnus TAGGED IN THE MEDITERRANEAN

BY USING ELECTRONIC DEVICES AND IMPLICATIONS IN DOMESTICATION
EXPERIMENTS
De Metrio G.*, Deflorio M. and G.P. Arnold
Department of Animal Health and Well-being

University of Bari
Str. Prov. Casamassima km 3
I-70010 Valenzano (Bari), Italy
g.demetrio@veterinaria.uniba.it
Although there have been several studies of the migratory movements of Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus, L.) between
the Western and Eastern Atlantic, the two-stock hypothesis remains untested and exchange rates are still unidentified.
Three research projects dealing with tagging of bluefin tuna with pop-up satellite tags were carried in the Mediterranean Sea,
during the years 1998-2004, with the aim of obtaining useful information to better understand this problem. Specifically,
the projects set out to identify and describe movements of this species both within the Mediterranean and between the
Mediterranean and the Atlantic Ocean in relation to spawning and nursery areas, and to improve the understanding of the
relations between fish behaviour and environmental characteristics. During the tagging programmes, a total of 148 bluefin
tuna were tagged using both PTT-100 and PAT tags, respectively, built by Microwave Telemetry and Wildlife Computers
companies.
The results coming from the first survey showed that most of the tagged bluefin tuna were located in the central and western
Mediterranean, while the remaining specimens were located in the eastern Atlantic Ocean, moving either south towards
the Cape Verde Islands or north to Iceland and the Greenland Sea. As regards to the second tagging campaign, when the
fish were tagged and released in the eastern Mediterranean, most of the bluefin tuna showed a tendency to remain in areas
close to the deployment sites. Only two fish moved towards the central Mediterranean: one surfaced southeast of Malta, the
other in the Bocche di Bonifacio, between the islands of Corsica and Sardinia. The tags deployed during the third survey
were detected in the central and western Mediterranean, respectively, close to the deployment sites, and none of them were
detected outside the Mediterranean.
No evidence of transatlantic movement was observed in any of the investigations. The demonstrated Mediterranean residency
clearly offers the scope of overexploitation, which could increase if the industry continues to catch more and more large
bluefin for fattening in cages instead of starting to rear ‘new fish’ from eggs. The knowledge of the environmental needs
of bluefin tuna is of high importance in view of controlling its biological cycle (e.g. reproduction in captivity, rearing and
weaning of the larvae, and growth to market size) and to adequately culture this large pelagic species.
152
THE INFLUENCE OF MACROMINERALS (Ca, P, Mg and K) IN THE DIET ON GROWTH

OF Litopenaeus vannamei AT LOW SALINITIES
Eric De Muylder*, Huynh Thi Tu and Marijke Van Speybroeck
VDS Crustocean Feeds

Paanderstraat 40
8540 Deerlijk, Belgium,
crustocean@vds-afs.be
www.crustocean.com
During the submersion of shrimp feed pellets

in the shrimp pond, nutrients and especially
some macrominerals will leach out of the pellet
from the first minute. Some highly watersoluble
cations, especially Sodium and Potassium are
leaching very fast, up to 95 % in 1 hour. This
can cause a deficiency in Potassium, especially
in low salinity. Special combinations of minerals
can increase the Potassium retention in the feed
after leaching in fresh. Leaching of Phosphates
can be reduced completely.
The influence of the retention of these minerals

in the feed is evaluated in a growth trial with
3 different diets. Diet 1 is a high quality diet,
but with high mineral leaching rates. Diet 2 has
lower leaching rates and diet 3 has very low
leaching rates. These diets were evaluated at
salinities between 0 and 25 ppt. Survival rates
varied between 89.29 % and 94.64 % at 0 ppt,
but were not statistically different.
At 25 ppt, best growth and FCR were obtained

with diet 1 and 2, but were not different. Diet
3 performed less. At 10 ppt, Diet 2 showed the
best results, while Diet 3 showed similar results
as Diet 1. The same trend was observed when
salinities were lowered to 5 and 0 ppt.
We can conclude that L. vannamei can grow

and survive at very low salinities and that the
minerals in the diet influence the growth of
L.vannamei at very low salinities.
153
CHARACTERIZATION OF MUSCLE GENE EXPRESSION PATTERNS OVER MOLT

CYCLE IN PACIFIC WHITE SHRIMP Litopenaeus vannamei
Jose Renato de Oliveira Cesar*, Baoping Zhao, Spencer Malecha and Jinzeng Yang
Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences

University of Hawaii
Honolulu HI 96822 USA
jinzeng@hawaii.edu
The growth in shrimps, like other crustaceans, is intermittent, and muscle mass accumulation occurs through molt-shedding
of the exoskeleton. Molt is fundamental in crustacean growth since old carapace is shed and new exosqueleton is developed
in each cycle. The purpose of this research is characterize the gene expression patterns in abdominal muscle over molt
cycle. Molting stages were determined by setogenesis. A practical and quick identification
method was described by observations of the morphological changes in endopodites of uropods under microscope (100X) in
Litopenaeus vannamei. Six stages are characterized by this method, including two postmolting stages (A,B), one intermolt
(C), and four premolting stages (D0, D1, D2, and D3) and molting stage (E). Molting intervals increased with aging in
L. vannamei. One-month-old animals take about 4 to 5 days while 3 to 6 month old animals take about 11 to 18 days for
one molt cycle. Three-month old shrimps were used for the gene expression study. Three muscle genes, namely ubiquitin,
ß-actin and myosin heavy chain (MHC) mRNA levels were detected by reverse-transcriptase-PCR, and expressed as the
ratio to elongation-factor-1α (EF-1) mRNA in the tissue. Ubiquitin mRNA levels over the molt cycle were relatively steady,
suggesting that possibly other proteolytic systems may control shrimp muscle atrophy during molting. Expression levels
of ß-actin increased significantly from post-molting to intermolt stage, and keep at a high level during premolting stages.
MHC mRNA showed low levels during post-molt and intermolt, followed by a dramatic increase in all premolt stages.
These data suggest that muscle structural protein are possibly regulated by molting cycle at the transcriptional level.
154
CULTURE-BASED FISHERIES: A STRATEGY FOR INCREASING INLAND FISH

PRODUCTION
Sena S. De Silva
School of Ecology and Environment

Deakin University
PO Box 423
Victoria, Australia 3280
Culture-based fisheries (CBF) is a form of stock enhancement but falls within the realm of aquaculture by virtue of it
being a “farming practice”, with defined ownership, either singly or cooperatively of the farmed stock. CBF, unlike normal
aquaculture practices, is a practice that utilises existing waters, either perennial or seasonal, located mostly in rural areas,
and is non-consumptive of this primary resource, particularly in the light of relative limitations of freshwaters in most
developing nations. CBF is also less capital intensive; it is environmentally friendly in that artificial feeding is rarely
employed, the stock, except for species such as grass carp, fending on natural production, and less labour intensive. CBF
often permits women to play an active role.
CBF is increasingly recognised as a sustainable and useful development strategy by most developing nations as a means of
increasing fish food supplies, at affordable prices, and a strategy for poverty alleviation amongst rural communities. It is
suggested that the relatively delayed development of CBF in most nations was due to emphasis being laid on conventional
aquaculture, and the concurrent shortage of seed stock for utilisation in an extensive practice such as this.
The yields from CBF are very variable between water bodies in a region and inter-regionally. The highest mean yields are
recorded from PR China amounting to 743 kg ha-1 cycle-1, accounting fro a total production exceeding a million tons cycle-
1
. In CBF the yield, as expectedly, is related to stocking density, species combinations used and the natural productivity
of the water bodies. In this regard thee is a need for further research to determine the best stocking densities and species
combinations for a given region. The other major constraints to CBF development are accessibility to seed stocks at the
time when water bodies are filling up, which is often determined by the prevailing rains in a region, and the need to engage
farming communities, who have limited experiences in aquaculture, in this activity. In addition, as the harvesting is often
dictated by the prevailing hydrological conditions, that is when the water bodies tend to dry up, there is a possibility of
an over supply of fish in a given region, within a short frame of time. The long-term sustainability of CBF will therefore,
depend on the existence of suitable institutional framework and marketing chains.
It has been estimated that in Asia alone there are 66,710,052 ha of small water bodies that are potentially suitable for
development of CBF. If only 5% of such water bodies are developed to the extent that a n average yield of 743 kg ha-1 cycle-
1
, as in PR China, could be obtained, it will add 2.5 million tons to the rural fish supplies in Asia.
CBF in most nations, except perhaps in PR China and India, are predominantly dependent on alien species, and the use
of alien species in CBF on biodiversity aspects is little known. The limited information available however, suggests that
negative impacts on biodiversity have not occurred as a result of CBF, but with the growing impetus on CBF this is no
reason for complacency and as such there is a need for continued monitoring, and even perhaps a gradual shift towards
using indigenous species.
155
TILAPIAS IN ASIA: THEIR IMPACTS ON FISH FOOD PRODUCTION AND

BIODIVERSITY
Sena S. De Silva

Deakin University
PO Box 423
Warrnambool, Victoria, Australia
Tilapias, in particular Oreochromis mossambicus and O. niloticus, have been a component of the ichthyo-fauna of most
of Asia since their first introduction into the region over five decades ago. The tilapias have been hailed as the “aquatic
chicken”, destined to contribute significantly to the increasing demand for food fish supplies, particularly to the poorer
sectors of the community, to being invasive and a nuisance species to affecting the ichthyo-faunal diversity in the region.
All evidence indicates that on the production side of the equation the
tilapias have literally fulfilled its task. Tilapias in some countries in the
region, most notably in Sri Lanka, Philippines and Indonesia are the
predominant group in artisanal fisheries in lacustrine water bodies, and
is estimated to contribute approximately 20 % to the world’s tilapia
capture fishery of about 600,000 t per year. These fisheries are thought
to contribute significantly to the fish consumption and rural livelihoods
in these countries. Tilapia fisheries however, have developed only in
one river- the Sepik River flood plains and associated waters in Papua
New Guinea. Equally, tilapia capture fisheries exist in South America,
most notably in reservoirs in Brazil and tilapias also are used in culture-
based fisheries in Cuba.
The global tilapia aquaculture production has increased steadily over the last two decades from 87,555 in 1980 to 1,311,372
(t) in 2002, with Asia accounting for nearly 86% of the global production in 2002 (Figure). There are only a handful of fish
species in the world that have made a rapid impact on markets of all nature- both in the developing and developed world-
so rapidly as the tilapias. In the very early days tilapia was essentially a “poor mans fish”; fetching low prices and often
looked down as a very low quality fish. It never or rarely reached urban markets. The situation has changed dramatically
in all of Asia: tilapia is a mainstay in the urban markets in the Philippines for example, and fetches a higher price than the
traditionally favoured milk fish, Chanos chanos, and is often sold in most urban Asian markets.
Currently, the total value of cultured

tilapia production exceeds US$1.2
billion. The great bulk of cultured tilapia
in ASEAN countries and in East Asia is
exported to the US. Tilapia exports to
the US have been growing over the last
ten years currently valued at US$67.6
million. Moreover, tilapias have come to
dominate the freshwater imports to the
US, accounting for 72.5% of all freshwater
fish imports.
Table: The alleged detrimental influences reported in Asia arising from the
introduction of Tilapias.
In the more recent years there have been instances when certain faunal changes have been attributed to the presence
of tilapias (Table), and the tilapias have been alleged to be destructive. However, an objective analysis of the available
evidence indicates that in all probability that tilapias are not the causative agent for such changes. Tilapias exhibit features
that are to be expected of invasive species. However, its invasive characteristics are very different to that of such as the Nile
perch. The invasiveness tilapias’ lies in its abilities to occupy niches and habitats that are generally made unsuitable for
indigenous species through anthropogenic influences and or habitats that are human-created and are alien to native species.
The balance of evidence suggests that tilapias have been beneficial to Asia, and that it has until now not been responsible
for negative impacts on biodiversity either. However, this is no reason for complacency, and as such continuous monitoring
and vigilance will be required will be require to minimise its affects on biodiversity in the future.
156
EFFECT OF FEEDING LEVEL ON BODY CHARACTERISTICS OF RAINBOW TROUT

Oncorhynchus mykiss
Lourens F de Wet* and Kobus Swart
Feed Technology Project, Division of Aquaculture

University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1
Matieland 7602, South Africa
lfdw@sun.ac.za
The major criteria used for acceptable marketable rainbow trout in South Africa is based on bodyweight, desired flesh
pigmentation and the absence of muddy flesh taint. Although carcass composition is an essential characteristic of fish farmed
for human consumption, no form of incentive currently exists to optimise production towards these parameters. An analysis
of carcass composition and yield and a better understanding of their relationships with bodyweight measurements may
allow for the optimisation of feeding management economics. A trial was therefore conducted to examine the relationships
between feeding rate and these body characteristics of rainbow trout grown under commercial culture conditions. The trial
was also aimed at determining the relationship between feeding level, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and specific growth rate
(SGR) in rainbow trout towards optimising farm-specific feeding management in South Africa. Rainbow trout fingerlings
weighing approximately 180g at the start of the trial were stocked in 10 floating cages at a density of 20kg/m3. Each of the
10 treatments were fed increasing feeding levels of a commercial extruded trout grower diet, increasing from a currently
used commercial standard feeding rate (e.g. 2.4% for 180g trout at 15°C) with 10% increments up to 90% thereof. Weighing
of fish and feed were done after each month of the 5-month experimental period. Twenty fish were sampled as replicates
from each treatment and sacrificed as soon as fish reached a marketable bodyweight of approximately 1 kg for analyses of
body and flesh composition. Flesh samples were taken from the area behind the pectoral fins for the determination of crude
protein and crude fat content. Results for production performance and body composition parameters were analysed for
significant differences using one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s pairwise comparison test. Regression analyses of the interaction
between feeding level (expressed as % of bodyweight per day) and SGR and FCR were respectively:
FCR = 1.35457 - 0.618205 Feeding level + 0.225486 Feeding level
SGR = -0.20070 + 1.69444 Feeding level - 0.294307 Feeding level 2
Although the effect of feeding level on body yield partitioning and flesh composition has indicated some significant
differences, these differences were inconsistent and too small to be of any economic value to producers or processors.
Specifically, no significant differences were observed for either consumable dress-out or fillet yield with increasing feeding
level. However results for mean values on body yield partitioning over all treatments may provide practical guidelines
to the industry with regard to processing costing. It is hence concluded that adopting a practice of feeding for maximum
growth rate up to a level 90% of current industry recommendations had no significant influence (P>0.05) body yield or
characteristics of rainbow trout.
157
QUANTIFYING THE NUTRITIONAL CONTRIBUTION OF NATURAL PRODUCTIVITY

IN THE POND CULTURE OF MOZAMBIQUE TILAPIA Oreochromis mossambicus
Lourens F. de Wet* and Khalid Salie
Feed Technology Project: Division of Aquaculture

University of Stellenbosch
Matieland 7602
South Africa
lfdw@sun.ac.za
A trial was performed to optimise feeding management regimes of tilapia culture in earthen ponds, considering the
utilisation of natural pond productivity. The experiment was performed at the Elsenburg aquaculture facility of the Division
of Aquaculture, University of Stellenbosch. Fish were kept in 40 hapa cages (1m x 1m x 1.5m) that were partially (80%)
submerged in 5 earthen ponds. The ponds were fertilized prior to the stocking of the fish to ensure adequate natural pond
productivity during stocking. Mozambique tilapia fingerlings with an average weight of 17.855 ± 1.5910 grams were
obtained from the Division’s Welgevallen hatchery of which 50 were stocked in each cage at the start of the trial. The fish
were fed a commercial tilapia starter diet 3 times a day for the duration of the trial (111 days). The experimental layout
consisted of 8 replicates of 5 treatments (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 percent of ad libitum feed intake). Daily ad libitum feed
intake was calculated from a feeding management software package of the supplying feed company (AquaNutro Tilapia
Feeding Management Assistant). Results were analysed for significant differences using one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s
pairwise comparison test for the production performance parameters, viz. specific growth rate (SGR), feed intake (FI) and
feed conversion ratio (FCR) at 27, 55 and 111 days.
At 27 and 55 days no significant improvement in both SGR and FCR were observed above levels of 60 and 80% of ad
libitum feed intake respectively. At 111 days these values were 80 and 60% for SGR and FCR respectively. Extrapolation
of SGR and FCR values to 0% ad libitum artificial feed intake allowed for the calculation of natural food intake, which
was 0.34, 0.29 and 0.20% of bodyweight per day feed intake at 27, 55 and 111 days respectively. These results may help
quantify the natural pond productivity towards the planning of feeding management regimes for Mozambique tilapia.
158
WEIGHT-LENGTH RELATIONSHIP FOR WILD-CAUGHT SILVER KOB Argyrosomus

inodorus CONDITIONED ON NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL DIETS
Lourens F de Wet* and Willem Schoonbee

Private Bag X1
Matieland 7602, South Africa
lfdw@sun.ac.za
The possible commercialization of Silver Kob (Argyrosomus inodorus) through aquaculture received renewed interest in
South Africa. Broodstock however need to be successfully recruited from the wild for the effective implementation of a
Kob breeding program. The damage and stress generally imposed onto non-domesticated fish in captivity are recognized
as serious problems for such successful recruitment due to the concurrent negative affect on condition and hence on
growth and reproductive capacity. Poor condition of such fish further increases the risk of mortality following handling
and spawning. No information were available on the growth of Silver Kob in captivity and a trial was designed to establish
growth parameters (a,b) and condition factors (CF) for Silver Kob in captivity, receiving natural and artificial diets. Wild-
caught silver kob of a varying weight range (850.8 ± 327.8g) were equally divided in three circular ponds at a density of
7 kg/m3. Three treatments consisted of two commercially available artificial feeds and an apparent natural diet consisting
of pilchards were fed to apparent saturation. Length (cm) and weight (g) of individual fish were recorded every 30 days
throughout the 6-month duration of the trial. Since the growth parameters or wild-caught Silver Kob were earlier published
as being isometric (b = 3), the use of Fulton’s K was considered appropriate for description of fish condition in this
trial. Results were analyzed for significant differences using one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s pair wise comparison test
for the various parameters. Growth parameters (a = -2.415, b = 3.23377, R2 = 85.5%) from the logarithmic relationship
between bodyweight W and fish length L of the fish over the full duration of the trial indicated positive allometry that was
in contrast with the isomeric growth (b = 3.04) previously recorded for wild stock. Further work is hence suggested to
incorporate body depth measurements for the calculating of more reliable CF’s for Silver Kob to accommodate for growth
allometry. Mean CF between treatments and period varied from 0.84 at the start of the trial to 1.05 the end. Significant
differences (P<0.005) in CF’s were found within as well as between treatments. For treatment 1 (natural diet), a significant
improvement (P<0.005) in condition were found after 30 days of feeding whereas such improvement were observed after
180 and 120 days respectively for treatments 2 and 3 (extruded artificial diets). In all cases a significant improvement in
condition were found when CF did not significantly differ from 1 (P<0.005). These results indicate that although it may
take longer than with a natural diet, it is possible to effectively condition wild-caught Silver Kob on extruded artificial diets
after at least 120 days in captivity.
159
DETERMINING SALINITY TOLERANCE LIMITS FOR MOZAMBIQUE TILAPIA

Oreochromis mossambicus
Lourens F. de Wet*, Biniam S Fitwe, Gert le Roux and Danie Brink

Matieland 7602
South Africa
lfdw@sun.ac.za
Many species of tilapias are euryhaline for their ability able to adapt to varyring salinity ranges. Among the commercially
important species, Oreochromis mossambicus is known to grow well at brackish as well as seawater conditions, extending
its utilisation for aquaculture. The purpose of the study was to determine the survival rate of tilapia O. mossambicus
weighing approximately 85 g during direct transfer from freshwater to the salinity level of 0, 15, 20, 22.5, 27.5, 30, 32.5
and 35 ppt. The data were analysed by means of univariate ANOVA and regression analysis.
Fish showed no mortality for all salinity regimes up to 25 ppt. Mortality was observed at 27.5 ppt, with 100% mortality at
35 ppt. LC50 and LC90 were found to be 30.5 and 34.2 ppt, respectively. The results indicate that tilapia O. mossambicuss
will survive a direct transfer to salinities up to 25 ppt. Acclimation will be required in the event of transfer to salinity levels
above 25 ppt, in order to prevent significant levels of mortalities.
160
APPLYING FULTON’S K IN INTENSIVE CULTURE OF AFRICAN SHARPTOOTH CATFISH

Clarias gariepinus
Paul D Lückhoff and Lourens F de Wet*

Private Bag X1
Matieland 7602
South Africa
lfdw@sun.ac.za
Fulton’s condition factor K is derived from the weight-length relationship of fish and provides useful information on the
nutritional and health status of fish. With the recent renewed interest in the commercial culture of African sharptooth catfish
in South Africa, suitable methods for the quantification of some production performance parameters such as growth and
health measurements need to be established for application in intensive catfish culture. Especially in the light of the large
size variation in offspring spawned from undomesticated fish that may eventually increase cannibalism. The aim of the
trial was to establish and compare length-weight relationship and condition factors for future use in commercial culture
conditions.
Catfish fry with average weight of 1.912g ± 0.789 and average length of 59.375mm ± 8.812 were equally allocated into
ten 1000L-recirculating tanks. The fish were fed a commercial feed to apparent satiation at a frequency of 5 times per day.
Sixteen fish were sampled out of each treatment. Weight (g) and length (mm) of each fish were recorded every seven days
over a trial period of 175 days from which Fulton’s condition index K was calculated. Results were analysed for significant
differences using one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s pair wise comparison test for the various parameters.
Growth parameters (a = -5.083, b = 3.004, R2 = 99.4%) derived from the logarithmic relationship between body weight
and length indicated an isometric growth over the duration of the trail. No significant differences (P>0.005) in condition
factors were found between treatments at initial stocking but significant differences were found at the end of the trail period
for both weight and condition factor. No significant difference (P> 0.005) in length measurements were found between
treatments at the end of the trial. These results indicate that Fulton’s K may be a more sensitive method for body scoring
than length measurements in African Sharptooth Catfish.
161
CAN ORGANIC ACIDS EFFECTIVELY REPLACE ANTIBIOTIC GROWT PROMOTANTS

IN DIETS FOR RAINBOW TROUT Oncorhynchus mykiss?
Lourens F. de Wet

Matieland 7602
South Africa
lfdw@sun.ac.za
Antibiotic growth promotants (AGPs) aim to improve fish production performance through the elimination of nutrient-
competing and growth-suppressing bacteria in the gastrointestinal canal of the fish. However, consumer concern exists that
the use of low levels of these antibiotics in aquafeeds may lead to the transfer of bacterial immunity to species pathogenic
in humans. The use of dietary organic acids is widely promoted as alternative method of maintaining modern levels of
production and routinely controlling growth suppressing microbial populations in the fish’s gut. The study was conducted
to evaluate the growth promoting potential of an organic acid prototype-product (KK Animal nutrition, Sweden) for the
possible future replacement of antibiotic growth promotants in feeds for rainbow trout. It was considered necessary for the
industry and consumer to feel confident about the potential of this product to embrace it as part of standard practice, as they
do with antibiotic growth promoters.
Rainbow trout fingerlings weighing approximately 40g at the start of the trials were fed 5 experimental trout starter diets:
control, 3 diets containing varying levels of organic acids (0.5, 1 & 1.5%), and a diet containing a commercially available
AGP (Flavomycin). Each treatment was replicated six times. Weighing of fish and feed were done after each of the
4-month experimental period. Results were analysed for significant differences using one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s
pairwise comparison test.
A trend of improved dress-out (VSI) was observed with increasing level of organic acid inclusion that was significant
(P<0.05) for 0.5 and 1% inclusion of organic acid only after the first month. These differences were however non-significant
during the later stages of the trial. Improvement in production performance parameters were observed with increasing level
of dietary organic acid inclusion that became significant (P<0.05) for specific growth rate above 1% organic acid inclusion
after the fourth month of the trial. These results did not differ significantly from the Flavomycin-containing treatment that
also significantly improved production performance parameters significantly from the control diet at the end of the trial. It
may hence be concluded that the inclusion of the tested organic acid formulation in feeds for rainbow trout at and above
levels of 1% may successfully replace Flavomycin as a growth promotant.
162
INFLUENCE OF FROZEN STORAGE ON FLESH COLOUR RETENTION OF RAINBOW

TROUT Oncorhynchus mykiss
Lourens F de Wet*, Heleen Visagie and Louw Hoffman

Matieland 7602
South Africa
lfdw@sun.ac.za
The freezing stability of two commercial carotenoids, astaxanthin and canthaxanthin in rainbow trout flesh were studied
over a period of four months. Gutted fish (not vacuum packed) were stored in the dark at -10°C. Prior to freezing, fish were
fed for ten weeks on diets containing 20 ppm to 60 ppm of the pigments. At the beginning of the experiment, both pigments
were at equal concentrations in the flesh, but the fish that were fed the astaxanthin based diet had fillets with redder hue
than canthaxanthin fed fish. During frozen storage canthaxanthin fed fish showed rapid fading of colours with a final colour
retention of 68.2% for canthaxanthin compared with 94.0% for astaxanthin (P < 0. 05).
INFLUENCE OF LEVEL OF DIETARY SYNTHETIC ASTAXANTHIN AND

CANTHAXANTHIN ON FLESH PIGMENTATION OF RAINBOW TROUT Oncorhynchus
mykiss
Lourens F de Wet*, Heleen Visagie and Louw Hoffman

Matieland 7602
South Africa
lfdw@sun.ac.za
An experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of varying levels of dietary concentrations of synthetic
asthaxanthin and canthaxanthin on muscle pigmentation of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Fish of approximately 1
kg body weight were fed a diet supplemented with synthetic astaxanthin and canthaxanthin at concentrations of 20 ppm,
30 ppm, 40 ppm, 50 ppm and 60 ppm, respectively for ten weeks. A random sample of three fish from each concentration
group were slaughtered every two weeks. Flesh samples were analysed by chemical and instrumental analysis (CIE (1976)
L*,a*,b* and chroma). Results showed only slight differences between deposition of canthaxanthin and astaxanthin over
time. Astaxanthin however, produced darker flesh with higher redness (a) values (P < 0.05), than canthaxanthin at the same
feed concentrations (15.29a20; 17.65 a30; 18.99 a40; 19.28 a50; 18.79 a60; 13.24 c20; 14.62 c30; 15.42 c40; 15.79 c50; 16.38 c60).
163
HOW TO AVOID BREECHES IN BIOSECURITY ON A FARM

Julie L. Delabbio*, Gerald R. Johnson, Brian R. Murphy and Wayland Moore
Aquaculture Department,
Bluefield State College,
Bluefield, WV 24701 USA
jdelabbio@bluefieldstate.edu
In order to sustain high levels of biosecurity, and thereby avoid breaches of biosecurity, it is important that management
personnel understand the underlying factors that influence biosecurity utilization.
It has often been assumed that lack of education and/or lack of basic knowledge about biosecurity were the major reasons
for inadequate biosecurity utilization. However, our research has shown that biosecurity utilization on a farm is influenced
by a number of factors, some of which are related to the physical and biological characteristics of the farm enterprise, while
others are related to farm management and “social” characteristics of farm personnel.
Management’s pro-active and continuous support of biosecurity utilization was found to be one of the key factors in
creating sustainable biosecurity practice on a site. Positive and negative rewards for practicing biosecurity, communication
about biosecurity concerns and keeping employees informed of new disease developments in the operation, industry, and
region were seen as significant steps towards consistent, quality biosecurity use on a site.
Social factors such as group identity, and peer pressure were found to be important influences on biosecurity utilization
on a site. Also, the personality of an employee, as well as other characteristics of the individual, were identified as factors
contributing to the quality of biosecurity practiced.
To attach commercial application to these findings, in the Atlantic salmon industry, the use of quality assurance management
systems, such as ISO 9001:2000, are being employed, on an experimental basis, to enhance biosecurity utilization and
reduce the risk of biosecurity breeches. This site-specific work is focused on addressing and defining policies, authorities,
and responsibilities on a farm that will achieve commercial objectives in biosecurity utilization and help create a “culture
of biosecurity”.
164
LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN RECEPTOR (LDLR) IS DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED

IN TAURA SYNDROME VIRUS (TSV) INFECTED SHRIMP Penaeus vannamei
Arun K. Dhar*, Kate S. Licon, Kenneth W. Hasson, Patricia W. Varner and F. C. Thomas Allnutt
San Diego State University

Biology Department
San Diego, CA USA
arun_dhar@hotmail.com
Taura syndrome (TS) disease, caused by the Taura syndrome virus (TSV), is an OIE notifiable disease of penaeid shrimp
that continues to pose a threat to shrimp mariculture in both hemispheres. Although considerable progress has been made in
elucidating the organization of the TSV genome and developing TSV-specific diagnostic methods, information on shrimp
cellular genes involved in TSV pathogenesis and cellular immunity remains unknown.
Two separate strains of P. vannamei juveniles (one TSV-resistant (SPR) and one Fast Growth (FG) TSV-susceptible line)
were per os exposed (Texas 2004 TSV strain). Moribund acutely infected shrimp, surviving chronically infected shrimp
and unexposed negative control shrimp were preserved in Davidson’s (AFA) for histological analysis. Mild to moderate
multifocal pathodiagnostic acute phase epithelial necrosis was detected in moribund FG shrimp, which suffered 20-36%
mortality. Moderate to severe lymphoid organ spheroids were detected in chronically infected FG survivors. No mortality
or acute TSV lesions were detected among the TSV-exposed SPR groups.
A cDNA library was prepared using hepatopancreas from a healthy Penaeus vannamei. Random sequencing of the resulting
cDNA clones demonstrated that some clones showed similarity with the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLr) gene of
human, mouse, Drosophila and Caenorhabditis elegans. The LDLr gene is a member of an evolutionarily conserved family
of multifunctional receptors that binds to rhinoviruses (Family Picornaviridae) and a variety of ligands. Upon binding to
the ligands, LDLr transports the macromolecules through receptor- mediated endocytosis. We measured the TSV load and
the expression of the LDLr gene in both healthy and TSV-infected (acute and chronically infected) shrimp by real-time RT-
PCR. LDLr mRNA expression was almost 4-fold higher in the healthy TSV-resistant SPR shrimp compared to the healthy
FG TSV-susceptible line. In the SPR animals, LDLr expression increased upon TSV challenge (3.3 to 6.6-fold higher
expression depending on the TSV load). In the FG TSV-susceptible acute phase animals, there was no increase in the LDLr
expression. However, in the FG TSV-susceptible chronic phase animals, LDLr expression was 5-fold lower compared to
the healthy control animals. These data indicate that LDLr expression is differentially modulated in the TSV-resistant and
susceptible animals. Efforts are underway to express LDLr protein using bacterial expression system and to determine if
TSV binds to LDLr protein.
165
MICROSATELLITES AND RAPD-SCAR MARKERS ASSOCIATED TO SPAWN DATE IN

COHO SALMON Oncorhynchus kisutch
Díaz, N.F. *, Iturra, P., Araneda, C. and Cortéz, S.
Departamento de Producción Animal

Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas
Universidad de Chile. Casilla 1004
Santiago, Chile
ndiaz@uchile.cl
Sakamoto et al (1999) and O´Malley et al., (2002) have used microsatellite loci to search QTL´s linked to spawning time in
rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss); they identified six chromosomal regions in 26 linkage groups that shows association
with this trait.
In this work we describe microsatellites and SCAR (RAPD derived) loci associated to spawning time in coho salmon, which
is an important cultivated species in Chile, where the alternative of genetic manipulation of spawning time is important in
their production.
Coho salmon were managed under a two year cycle system, the fish belongs to the Coho Breed Improvement Program at
Coyhaique, Chile. During the 1997 spawnig period divergent lines for spawning time were initiated, producing a group of
Early spawner families belonging to the first third of the spawning period, and a group of Late spawner families belonging
to the last third of the spawning period. During the 2001 spawning period blood samples were taked from Early spawner
females between April 20 - 30 and Late spawner females betwen July 23 - 28. DNA was obtained for 20 Early and 20 Late
spawner females and used for PCR.
Polymorphic RAPD markers were used to construt SCAR specific single locus markers and microsatellites previously
described for salmonid species were amplified in coho salmon. Microsatellite screening was performed using dye labeled
primers in an automated sequencer. SCAR screening was performed with standard agarose gel electrophoresis.. Association
of SCAR markers and microsatellite to early or late spawning condition was measured using the LD statistic (Choulakian
and Madhi, 2000).
Three SCAR and four microsatellites loci shows significative association to spawning time in coho salmon. In the case
of microsatellites the of loci showing association in this study were previosly related to QTL´s linked to spawning time in
rainbow trout. This result support the hypothesis that QTL regions are functionally conserved in closely related species of
salmonid fish and that comparative mapping or association studies are valid approach for QTL identification.
166
DEVELOPMENT OF HANDLING PROCEDURES FOR CAPTIVE BLUEFIN TUNA Thunnus

thynnus
Maria del Valle Díaz*, Antonio Garcia, Christopher Bridges, Antonio Belmonte, Antonio Medina,
Constantinos Mylonas and Hillel Gordin
Instituto Español de Oceanografía

Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia
Ctra. de la Azohía s/n
E-30860 - Puerto de Mazarrón (Spain)
antonio.garcia@mu.ieo.es
The specific physical characteristics and behaviour of Bluefin Tuna (large body size, fast and continuous swimming, high
sensitivity to catch and transport operations which usually cause physical damage such as skin lesions or abrasions of
fish and mortality) require the development of new handling methodologies and strategies. The high commercial value
of the fish will force the farmer to reduce, as much as possible, the risk of losses during manipulations. Therefore, It is
considered that new techniques should be tested and set up for handling BFT. In that sense, our current researches carried
out in the frame of the EU/FP5 REPRODOTT project (Q5RS-2002-01355) are focused on the development of anaesthesia
and sedation procedures, the setting-up of transportation systems, by cages and/or tanks; the development of egg collection
devices; and testing of new, less invasive, methodologies for determination of sex and maturity stage in live fish, and for
hormone implant injection.
Results so far achieved will be shown on the setting up of safe and effective anaesthesia procedures adapted to the BFT
research and farming operations, on designing and testing new capturing and transportation systems and setting up optimal
conditions; on the employment of different devices to get BFT eggs spawned at cage facilities; on the use of non-invasive
techniques for sex and maturity assessment (muscle biopsy, ultrascanning); and the development of methods for tagging
and of hormonal implantation devices by scuba diving.
167
INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT MICROALGAE SPECIES ON SIZE AND GROWTH OF

Brachionus plicatilis
Marc A. Lacuisse*, Rui J. Rocha, Luis E.C. Conceição, Pavlos Makridis and Maria Teresa Dinis
Aquaculture Research Group

Centro de Ciências do Mar
Universidade do Algarve
8005-139 Faro – Portugal
lacuiss@ualg.pt
It is known that the size of rotifers depends upon various parameters as temperature, life stage, and type of food. In the case
of start feeding of fish species as groupers, rotifers with a lorica width inferior to 100µm are preferred. The aim of this work
was to test the influence of feeding with different strains of microalgae on the average maximum size of the rotifers.
Pure strain of Brachionus plicatilis (average lorica width 177.5 µm) previously fed on Tetraselmis suecica were used
in this study. The rotifers were cultured in 250 ml-Erlenmeyer flasks at 25°C, 30ppt salinity, and with an initial density
of 10 rotifers.ml-1. The rotifer cultures were filtered daily using a 35 µm mesh, carefully rinsed and the rotifers were
transferred to new media containing algae. The concentration of algae cells was adjusted in each treatment to maintain the
same algae biomass in all treatments (30 µg algae DW.ml-1). The following treatments (triplicate) were used: Chlorella
minutissima (Trebouxiophyceae; average cell size: 2.8 µm), Isochrysis galbana (Prymnesiophyceae; 4.4 µm), Tetraselmis
suecica (Prasinophyceae; 8.4 µm), Micromonas pusilla (Micromonadophyceae; 1.6 µm), Nannochloropsis occulata
(Eustigmatophyceae; 3.0 µm), and Nannochloropsis gaditana (Eustigmatophyceae; 3.5 µm). Rotifer population density
and egg ratio were monitored daily, whereas lorica length and width were determined at the end of the experiment (4 days)
using 30 females with eggs.
The growth was highest when using I. galbana and C. minutissima (instantaneous growth rate of 58 and 59%.day-1
respectively), while the growth rates when using T. suecica, N. gaditana and N. occulata were 46, 48 and 49%.day-1
respectively. The egg ratio (total number of eggs/total number of females) was lowest in the treatment with M. pusilla (0.34
compared with 0.48 on average in the other treatments).
Lorica length showed significant changes compared with initial length (p<0.05) after 4 days in all treatments, except in
T. suecica treatment. Feeding with M. pusilla resulted to a decrease of 11% in lorica length (Figure 1). The relationship
between algae size and rotifers lorica length is shown in Figure 2. Feeding rotifers using microalgae of small cell size
appears to be a possible solution to obtain rotifers of small size. Effects of enrichment on such rotifers will be presented.
168
OVERVIEW OF FRENCH POLYNESIA RESEARCH CONTRIBUTIONS ON PEARL

OYSTER Pinctada margaritifera FARMING
Dominique Buestel*, Cédrik M. Lo and Sandra Langy

B.P. 7004, Taravao
98719 Tahiti
dominique.buestel@ifremer.fr
Research on pearl oyster was initiated by the French Polynesia government following the massive mortalities appeared
in the 80’s. In front of the complexity of the problem, a general research program called PGRN (Programme Général de
Recherche sur la Nacre - General Research Program on Pearl Oyster) was launched from 1990 to 1999.
These research programs were conducted in two directions. The first one focused on pathology, physiology, and biology
of the pearl oyster. The second was conducted to study the lagoon ecosystem and develop rational management of pearl
culture. Afterwards, research were oriented to improve pearl quality and to popularise communication for pearl farmers.
New propositions are today discussed at the Europeen Commission to develop a program to organize and make the pearl
industry sustainable.
Following the PGRN, the acknowledged current crisis highlights the need for applied research initiated by the Service de
la perliculture (Pearl Culture Agency) with pearl farmers agreement in the following directions :
• reinforcing farm's cost-effectiveness by improving graft yields, pearl quality, rearing practices and controlling
reproduction in the hatchery in order to select high-performance farmed oysters ;
• making pearl farming sustainable by optimising spat collection in the wild and mastering production in the hatchery ;
• making pearl farming safe through health and environmental surveillance and through preserving the genetic variability
of oyster populations.
At present time, this research is mainly conducted in collaboration between the Service de la perliculture, depending
from the French Polynesia government and the Ifremer Center of Tahiti. New collaborations are needed to improve the
effectiveness of these research programs.
169
MOLECULAR GENETIC ANALYSIS OF HETEROSIS IN COMMON CARP Cyprinus

carpio
Zaijie Dong, Weimin Miao, Jian Zhu, Jianxin Wang and Xinhua Yuan
Freshwater Fisheries Research Centre

Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences
Wuxi 214081, China
dongzji@ffrc.cn
Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was applied to three varieties of common carp, Cyprinus carpio
L.: Xingguo red carp, German mirror carp and Russian mirror carp. 27 decamer primers pre-screened from 40 random
primers were used to assay polymorphism within and between the populations. 199 fragments were generated in the three
populations and 155 of these fragments were polymorphic. The similarity indices and genetic distances within and between
the three populations of carp were calculated. The results indicated that the highest value of similarity within populations
was obtained for German mirror carp, and the genetic distance between Xingguo red carp and Russian mirror carp was the
farthest.
The RAPD technique was also applied to the genetic analysis of Xingguo red carp, Russian mirror carp, German mirror
carp and their filial generations. 104 fragments were generated by using 17 decamer primers. Out of which, 63 were
polymorphic. The amplified bands of the filial generations could be found in their parents. In the cross combination of
Xingguo red carp and Russian mirror carp, 7.5 primers revealed the larger similarity indices between the filial generation
and the paternal line, and 9.5 displayed larger similarity indices between the filial generation and the maternal line. In
the combination of Xingguo red carp and German mirror carp, there were 13 and 4 primers revealed the larger similarity
indices between F1 and the paternal line and between F1 and maternal line, respectively. The result indicated that the filial
generation of Xingguo red carp and Russian mirror carp inherited equal genetic material of the parental fish. But the filial
generation of Xingguo red carp and German mirror carp inherited a little more genetic material from paternal fish than from
maternal fish. We also calculated the ratio of polymorphic loci and average allelic heterozygosity in the filial generation
of Xingguo red carpf × Russian mirror carpm and Xingguo red carpf ×German mirror carpm. The values were 0.3684,
0.1487 and 0.3737, 0.1499, respectively. The result showed that they are in the same degree. The heterosis of the filial
generation of Xingguo red carp and Russian mirror carp could be explained by using the dominance hypothesis.
170
IMPROVING SKIN COLOUR IN FARMED SNAPPER = RED SEA BREAM Pagrus auratus
Ben J. Doolan*, Geoff L. Allan, Mark A. Booth and Paul L. Jones
NSW Department of Primary Industries

Taylors Beach NSW 2316, Australia
ben.doolan@fisheries.nsw.gov.au
Carotenoids are an important component of formulated feeds used to enhance flesh or skin colour. The Australian snapper
(= red sea bream, Pagrus auratus) is farmed in sea cages in Japan, Asia and, in small quantities, in Australia. Market
price is governed in part by skin colour. Sea-cage produced snapper are characteristically darker and less pink than wild
snapper and often receive a lower market price. Australian farmers are seeking simple and effective methods to improve
skin colour. Previous research showed that background tank colour was more important in influencing skin lightness than
shading visible or ultraviolet light. Light coloured tanks producing light coloured fish. We report here on four additional
experiments to improve skin colour of farmed snapper. Skin pigmentation was instrumentally measured using tristimuli
colourimetry which expresses colour numerically, based on chromaticity and lightness coordinates (a* and b*, and L*
respectively, where a* represents red/green, b* represents yellow/blue and L* represents white/black).
In the first experiment, snapper (ca. 120g) were fed diets supplemented with 60 mg kg-1 of either astaxanthin (Lucantin®
Pink, BASF), canthaxanthin (Lucantin® Red BASF), ß-apo-8’-carotenoic acid ethyl ester (Lucantin® Yellow BASF), selected
combinations of the above, or no carotenoids, and held for 51 days in either white or black cages. Fish supplemented with
free astaxanthin displayed greater redness (i.e. higher a*). Canthaxanthin ß-apo-8’-carotenoic acid ethyl ester and the basal
diet imparted no detectable colouration. Fish held in black cages were significantly darker (higher L*) than those held
in white cages and there was no interactions between carotenoid type and tank colour. In the second experiment, snapper
were fed a basal diet supplemented with 60 mg astaxanthin kg-1 or with the basal diet without additional carotenoids and
held in white, black, red or blue tanks. Fish held in white tanks, fed with the astaxanthin supplemented diet had skin
colour most like wild snapper (light and pink). The third experiment was a dose response experiment with fish fed diets
supplemented with different concentrations of astaxanthin. The optimal dose was 39 mg free astaxanthin kg-1 for fish fed
for a 6 week period prior to harvest to give maximum pinkness. During the fourth experiment, the rate of skin colour change
for snapper (ca. 500g) held in black tanks and transferred to white tanks, or vise versa, was measured over 7 days (fish were
not fed during this period). Skin lightness (L*) changed rapidly when exposed to a different background colour with little
change thereafter (black to white L* = 1.208Ln(t-0.001) + 11.184, R2 = 0.85) indicating a physiological change in skin
melanophores during the 7 days rather than net changes in the quantity of melanin in the skin. Surprisingly, both a* and b*
values of fish transferred from black to white cages decreased over the 7 days when fish were unfed (R2 = 0.91 and 0.85
respectively). Plasma cortisol levels did not differ significantly between treatments indicating that relocating fish to a white
background prior to sale does not induce additional stress on the animals.
Overall, it is recommended that snapper be fed 39 mg astaxanthin kg-1 for 6 weeks in white tanks prior to sale for optimum
skin colour.
171
ECOTOXICOLOGICAL EVALUATIONS OF COMMON HATCHERY SUBSTANCES AND

PROCEDURES USED IN THE PRODUCTION OF SYDNEY ROCK OYSTERS Saccostrea
glomerata
Michael C. Dove*, Wayne A. O’Connor, Ben Finn and Michael P. Heasman

Taylors Beach, NSW 2316, Australia
dovem@fisheries.nsw.gov.au
The Sydney rock oyster (SRO) is a commercially important species mainly farmed in estuaries along the east coast of
Australia. Production of this species is the oldest and largest aquaculture industry in New South Wales (NSW), Australia
and production is worth approximately $30 million annually. Since the mid 1970s the SRO industry has suffered decreasing
production levels attributed to a combination of factors including competition from other species, disease and declining
water quality. Techniques for reliable commercial scale hatchery production of SROs are currently under development to
supply faster growing and disease resistant oysters to industry. To date a reliable hatchery supply of commercial quantities
of SROs has not previously occurred primarily due to heavy mortalities (>80%) at either the early larval stage or 7 to 45
days following settlement.
To achieve reliable commercial scale production of SROs, research is focussing on elevating early larval survival and
growth by investigating key autecological factors, namely salinity and temperature, and improving diets. Additionally,
experiments were conducted to determine the chronic toxicity of substances commonly used in the Port Stephens Fisheries
Centre (PSFC) bivalve hatchery and the effects of handling procedures on development to the D-veliger stage. The
chronic toxic effect of each substance was determined by quantifying embryo-larval development after 48 h exposure
time. Initial experiments included a broad range of substances commonly used for sterilisation, cleaning and other routine
purposes in commercial and research bivalve hatcheries. Substances initially tested included: chlorine; iodine; potassium
permanganate; Antec Virkon S; Antec cleaning and sanitizing agent (DSC-1000); rainwater; bore water; and, algal filtrates.
This first experiment was used to identify toxic ranges and substances to target for more rigorous testing.
Chlorine, Antec Virkon S, bore water and rainwater were selected for further testing based on the results from the first
experiment and their regular usage in the PSFC bivalve hatchery. These substances were of particular interest because the
concentrations at which significant effects occurred were possible through inadvertent contamination in the hatchery. Low
concentrations of Virkon S (0.05 mg L-1) and chlorine (0.8–1.7 mg L-1) were found to significantly inhibit development
rates of SRO embryos. Other notable findings were that rainwater and bore water, commonly used to dilute seawater
for experimental work, caused abnormal development at concentrations between 1 and 10%. Handling procedures were
also of concern and the effect of screening fertilised eggs was tested and found to be non-significant. Further handling
experiments are planned to investigate the effect on early larval development of temperature shocks that may occur following
spawning.
172
FEEDING AND HISTOLOGIC EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE OF SYDNEY ROCK OYSTERS

Saccostrea glomerata TO ACID SULFATE SOIL OUTFLOWS
Michael C. Dove*, Jesmond Sammut and Richard B. Callinan

dovem@fisheries.nsw.gov.au
Estuarine acidification, associated with excavation and artificial drainage of acid sulfate soils (ASS), causes fish kills, fish
disease outbreaks and habitat degradation in many Australian estuaries. ASS are coastal sediments that contain iron pyrite
which oxidises on exposure to air. Oxidation produces sulfuric acid and releases iron, aluminium and other metals from
the sediments. During wet periods these oxidation products are transported via floodplain drainage channels to adjacent
estuarine waters. Production of the Sydney rock oyster is the oldest and most valuable aquaculture industry in New South
Wales and is impacted by estuarine acidification events.
Field studies showed that Sydney rock oyster mortality rates were higher at lease sites exposed to ASS-affected waters
compared to non-acid impacted sites. Mortality was significantly higher in smaller oysters and was attributed to shell
degradation and perforation. Additionally, growth rates were reduced at sites impacted by ASS-affected waters, and oyster
quality was reduced by iron precipitates which smothered the external surfaces of the shell and were observed grossly on
the soft tissue.
Laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate plausible explanations for slow growth and mortalities at ASS-affected
sites. Filtration rate was measured when oysters were exposed to ASS-affected waters at pH 6.5 and 5.5. Histopathology
was used to assess oysters exposed to acidified waters (pH 5.1) that contained iron, aluminium and ASS outflows. A
significant reduction in oyster filtration rate was measured at pH 5.5 compared to pH 6.5 and 7.9 (Figure 1). The pH 5.5
treatments also contained colloidal iron and aluminium in higher concentrations than the pH 6.5 and 7.9 treatments. It
could not be established if the reduction in filtration rate was a result of the acidity alone or due to the presence of oxidation
products contained in the ASS-affected waters. Histopathology revealed that acidified water containing aluminium causes
a degenerative soft tissue response in the gills, and to a lesser extent in the mantle. Injuries to the gills of oysters were a
consequence of the combined effect of low pH and aluminium. Iron precipitates extensively accumulated on the gill and
mantle epithelium and in the intestine, stomach digestive tubules and rectum of oysters exposed to ASS-affected waters.
Laboratory results highlighted the deleterious effects of low pH and ASS oxidation products to oyster health and helped to
explain poor oyster performance at ASS-affected sites.
Figure 1. sydney rock oyster filtration rate over a

range of pH.
173
NOTES
174
NOTES
175
PERFORMANCE OF JUVENILE Atractoscion nobilis FED WITH DIETS OF DIFFERENT

ENERGY TO PROTEIN RATIO
Eduardo Durazo*, Lus .M. López, Gisselle.D. Tinoco, Mark Drawbridge and Conal D. True
Facultad de Ciencias Marinas

Universidad Autónoma de Baja California
km 107 highway Tijuana-Ensenada
CP 22830, Ensenada, Baja California, México
edurazo@uabc.mx
White seabass (Atractoscion nobilis) is a carnivorous fish of great economic value. It grows to a large size and occurs
naturally along the coasts of Southern California in USA and Northern Baja California in Mexico. White seabass has
exhibited great potential as an aquaculture species. Unfortunately, information on nutrient and energy requirements is still
very limited. The present study on white seabass nutrition was conducted to evaluate the optimal dietary energy to protein
ratio in a practical diet on growth and body composition of juveniles.
Five experimental diets were formulated to contain energy:protein ratios of 6.95, 7.54, 7.88, 8.27 and 8.59 kcal.g-1 protein,
respectively. A commercial diet (CD, 10.45 kcal.g-1 protein) was used has a reference diet. The fish (0.47±0.01 g and
30.16±0.28 mm) were held in twenty four 75-l plastic tanks at a stocking density of 50 fish/tank. The feeding experiment
lasted for 50 days. Fish were offered their respective diets to satiety three times daily. Fish in each tank were bulk-weighed
and individually 20 fish from each tank were scaled at day 0 and then at 25-day and 50-day. Triplicate samples of each
dietary treatment were used for proximate and fatty acid analyses. Total fatty acids of diets and fish tissue samples were
analyzed as methyl ester derivatives by GC.
After 50 days, significant differences in growth (P<0.05) were observed among dietary treatments (Table 1). The highest
growth rate by either length or weight was observed in fish fed diets 4 (8.27 kcal.g-1 protein, 15.3% lipid) and 5 (8.59 kcal.
g-1 protein, 19.4% lipid) with the lowest growth for fish fed diet 1 (6.95 kcal.g-1 protein, 2.6% lipid). Significant differences
(P<0.05) in FCR were observed among dietary treatments. Fish fed diet 1 showed lower (P<0.05) FCR than the other
groups.
Statistical differences (P<0.05) in EPA, DHA and n-3 HUFA were found among treatments (Table 2). The muscle of fish
fed the diet 1 containing the lowest lipid level had the lowest (P<0.05) EPA, DHA and n-3 HUFA contents. The liver of fish
fed diet 1 showed the lowest EPA and n-3 HUFA contents.
Results from the present study showed that diets containing different ratios of energy:protein had significant effects (P<0.05)
on the growth performance and the fatty acid profile in tissue of juvenile white seabass.
Table 1. Growth performance and feed conversion Table 2. EPA, DHA and n-3 HUFA contents (% by
ratio (FCR) of juvenile white seabass (Atractoscion weight) in total lipid of muscle of juvenile white
nobilis) fed experimental diets for 50 days. Means seabass fed experimental diets for 50 days. Means
± SE. ± SE.
*Value in parenthesis is the energy:protein ratio in

kcal g-1 protein.
176
THE WATER QUALITY OF AQUACULTURE SITES BY USING Lactobacillus sp. AS A

PROBIOTIC MICROBIAL SPECIES
Shanti Dwita Lestari
Fisheries Product Technology Department of

Indonesia
jazz_or_classic@yahoo.com
Organic waste from fish’s feces, carcasses, or aquaculture feeds will be accumulated in the waters substrate and decrease
the water quality of aquaculture sites, especially for the sites without good recirculation system.
The metabolisms waste contains NH3 groups as a yield of putrefied protein (cadaverine, putrecine, propionic and butyric)
besides fat, cellulose, lignin and the gases of carbon dioxide, hydrogen and methan. Automatically, the NH3 groups will
undergo the oxidation process in aerobic condition. The oxygen needed on the process will be taken from the environment,
and in this case is the waters. The oxidation process will cause an anoxide condition to the environment and stress the fishes
so that they become easier to be attacked by pathogens.
Those problems could be solved by adding some probiotic bacteria into the contaminated sites such as lactobacilli and
bifidobacteria. Lactobacillus sp. has a potential uses for fermented feces, carcasses or in extruded aquaculture feeds and
reduce the environmental impacts of organic waste.
In the case of recovering the waters quality, Lactobacillus sp. will facilitate the NH3 oxidation process without bring an
anoxide condition to the environment. NO2 (nitrite) groups that is formed will be continuously oxidized into the NO3
(nitrate) groups. The presence of nitrate in the waters will stimulate the growth of phytoplankton by supplying essential
compounds needed for its metabolisms. The availability of phytoplankton and zooplankton can be exploited by fish as its
feeds.
Besides improving the water quality, the presence of Lactobacillus sp. as a probiotic microbial species also has a great
impact in predisposing the growth of harmful bacteria, preventing the colonization of pathogens through the production of
inhibitory substances, and as a competitive-exclusion agent which introduced into the environment to take up the available
resources and prevent harmful bacteria multiplying.
DISEASES OF OSCAR FISH Astronotus ocellatus IN IRAN
H.A.Ebrahimzadeh Mousavi and S.S. Mirzargar
Department of Aquatic Animal Health

University of Tehran
Tehran- Iran, P.O.Box: 14155-6453
hmosavi@ut.ac.ir
Diseases of oscar fish (Astronotus ocellatus) were studied during a four years period (1999 – 2002) in Iran. In this study
about 500 moribund fishes were examined. Clinical examination procedure includes history taking, parasitological,
bacteriological, mycological trials, nutritional status and environmental conditions.
The observed diseases are classified as:

A: Parasitic diseases: Monogeniasis (Gyrodactylosis and Dactylogyrosis), Trichodiniasis and Ichthyophthiriasis.
B: Bacterial diseases: Bacterial heamorrhagic septicemia, fin rot, hole in the head. (Isolated bacteria included: Flavobacter
sp, Aeromonas hydrophila, , Edwardsiella sp.).
C: Fungal diseases: Saprolegniasis, Aspergillosis.
D: Nutritional disorders: Protein deficiency, Vitamin deficiency (specially vit. C deficiency), and Lipoeidosis.
Additionally a case of swim bladder hernia was confirmed too.

177
SMALL-SCALE FRESHWATER RURAL AQUACULTURE FOR POVERTY REDUCTION

Peter Edwards
Aquaculture and Aquatic Resources Management

Asian Institute of Technology
Klong Luang, Pathumthani, Thailand
pedwards@ait.ac.th
The Operations Evaluation Department of the Asian Development Bank carried out a special evaluation study (SES) to
assess the channels of effects for poverty reduction of selected technology and management improvement initiatives in
small-scale freshwater rural aquaculture, and analyzed the enabling conditions for making aquaculture benefit the poor.
The SES distilled pertinent lessons from review of R and D initiatives of ADB, and eight case studies based on initiatives
in Bangladesh, the Philippines and Thailand, four of which were developed based on collection of primary survey data in
the field, two each in Bangladesh and the Philippines.
The study was guided by a conceptual framework that used an adapted sustainable livelihoods approach. It recognized the
importance of (i) access to livelihoods in five dimensions (human, social, natural, physical and financial), (ii) input and
output markets, including prices, supply and demand, (iii) labour market, (iv) public and private institutions, (v) facilities,
infrastructure and services, (vi) legal framework and development policies, (vii) aquatic resources management and the
environment, and (viii) safeguards such as those related to food quality and health safety. Technology and management
improvement initiatives in aquaculture were assessed in the contexts of access and vulnerability to livelihood assets, and
transforming processes and structures.
Polyculture of carps in ponds has a long tradition in Bangladesh, in contrast to more recent introduction of tilapia monoculture
in ponds and cages in the Philippines. Surveys in Bangladesh were carried out of small-scale household-based pond culture
in Kishoreganj district in the Greater Mymensingh area, the most important area for inland aquaculture in Bangladesh; and
of groups composed primarily of women from landless and marginal farming households being assisted to culture leased
ponds in Chandpur district as a component of an ADB-financed irrigation command area development project designed
to mitigate the adverse environmental impact on fisheries of the construction of flood control embankments in the past.
Surveys in the Philippines were carried out of small-scale household level fish culture in Nueva Ecija and Pampanga
provinces in Central Luzon which produces most of the pond raised tilapia in the Philippines; and of cage culture of tilapia
in Lake Taal in Batangas province which produces 18,000 tonnes annually.
The case studies demonstrate that there are considerable opportunities for poor people to farm fish but finding suitable
aquaculture development approaches to open up livelihood opportunities for them remains a challenge. The case studies
demonstrate that it is not merely a case of targeting the poor and introducing them to appropriate technologies but sustainable
rural aquaculture demands a comprehensive understanding of contextual circumstances, operating environments and
enabling conditions.
178
ESTABLISHMENT OF MODEL-MAKING FOR SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF

SWIMMING CRAB Portunus pelagicus THROUGH STAKEHOLDERS INVOLVEMENT
Saldyansah Effendy*, Ilham, Suarni and Haruna Hamal
Center of Brackishwater Aquaculture Development, Takalar

Bontoloe, South Galesong – Takalar 92254
South Sulawesi - Indonesia
bbaptakalar@yahoo.com
One of the important commodities in South Sulawesi is Swimming Crab Portunus pelagicus. Recently, it has become a
source of income for fishermen within coastal communities. Environment degradation and overfishing lead to the reduce
of stock population. Good practices and management, particularly based on stake holders needs, could be effectively
anticipated for a sustainable effort. The involvement of stakeholder in a model-making and the consensus they have been
accepted will lead to more effective programs. Institutions which are responsible, play an important role to stimulate
stakeholders who have critical aspects including human resources capacity, organization, process and costs of management
programs.
It could be initiated by making a scheme that describes whole condition happened in a captive area, by collecting and
analyze data. Then, problems and stakeholders are identified in order to find out interrelationship among those who are
involved. Stakeholders involved were divided into 2 groups, namely direct and indirect. Direct group, i.e. fishermen,
collectors, suppliers, and crab companies, and indirect group such as CBAD, Fisheries and Marine Services, in a province
and a regency. Stimulation are focused on developing human capacity and arranging of each part of stakeholder.
Therefore, based on the agreement of stakeholders, model-making for sustainable management are oriented to the
combination of Culture Based Fisheries (CBF) and restocking. CBF was conducted by spreading crabs seeds, which are
produced by CBAD, in a certain reserved area. Programs are conducted through the establishment of organization among
stakeholders. The outputs become regulations for themselves, and stakeholders monitors the programs that they have
made.
179
PROFILES OF AQUACULTURE DEMONSTRATIONS PRACTICED UNDER

DEVELOPMENT OF SUSTAINABLE PROJECT (DSAP) IN BANGLADESH
Khondker Murshed E-Jahan*, Shameen Kamal and Manuara Azim
WorldFish Center Bangladesh and South Asia Office

Road 8, Block F, House 22B, Banani
Dhaka 1213, Bangladesh
k.jahan@cgiar.org
The Development of Sustainable Aquaculture Project (DSAP) implemented by the WorldFish Center and funded by USAID
is aimed at improving the household incomes and life circumstances of resource limited people. The major thrust of the
project is to implement aquaculture demonstrations and to bring unused and/or underused seasonal and perennial ponds and
rice fields into improved production with methods that are feasible, affordable and acceptable to resource poor households
in rural areas of Bangladesh. To increase the production of fish DSAP, WorldFish center is disseminating improved low-
input fish culture technologies (carp polyculture, carp-freshwater shrimp polyculture and nursery) in pond and rice field in
collaboration with NGOs.
Development of Sustainable Aquaculture Project (DSAP) is an action-cum research project. The action is in terms of
disseminating tested low cost aquaculture technologies through rural fish demonstration farmers/households, providing
them training and technical support on tested aquaculture technologies, integrated agriculture and aquaculture systems,
household finance and group dynamics while the research is in terms of monitoring and evaluating the results of the
technologies practiced and assessing the short and long term impact of these demonstrations on fish production, income,
nutrition intakes as well as skill development and decision making.
This paper examines the performance of the fish farmers as well as the adopted aquaculture technologies by making use of
the 2,022 fish farmers’ (10 % of total beneficiaries) information of 2003/04 aquaculture production cycle. The performance
is examined in terms of main parameters such as production practices, productivity and income. The impact of different
extension approaches being implemented by DSAP such as participatory (bottom up) versus top-down approaches and
grant versus non-grant farmers is also examined in this study. Mostly descriptive analyses were made to present the findings
of the survey. However, some graphical analysis as well as statistical correlation and t-tests were conducted wherever found
necessary. The paper shows that the low-cost technologies practiced under DSAP are highly profitable and providing
substantial benefits to the poor farmers.
180
ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL OF EEL Anguilla japonica AND Conger myriaster FLESH AND
SKIN
Prashani Mudika Ekanayake*, Geun Tae Park, Sang Chul Jeong and Jehee Lee
Faculty of Applied Marine Science

Ara–Dong
Jeju, 690-756
Republic of Korea
mudika_15@yahoo.com
The flesh and skin of Anguilla japonica and Conger myriaster were investigated for antioxidant activity to enhance their
value as functional food. Ethyl acetate and diethyl ether extracts (4 mg/mL) after extracting with methanol were obtained
for flesh and skin of each eel species. Eight different extracts were tested for DPPH free radical scavenging activity. The
values were compared with commercial antioxidants (�-tocopherol and BHT). Extracts showing positive results, when tested
for DPPH free radical scavenging, were tested for dose effect, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical, superoxide assays and
heat stability at 25, 50, 75 and 100oC for 30 min. All four extracts of Anguilla japonica showed dose dependent DPPH free
radical scavenging activities as well as significant hydroxyl radical scavenging activities when compared with commercial
antioxidants (>65%). Diethyl ether extract of flesh of Anguilla japonica showed the highest superoxide scavenging activity.
Low activity for hydrogen peroxide scavenging was observed for all the extracts. Diethyl ether extracts of Anguilla japonica
were stable with increased temperature. Ethyl acetate extracts were stable up to 75oC and then exhibited gradual decrease
with increased temperature. Thus, it can be concluded that Anguilla japonica is rich with heat stable antioxidants and
thereby possesses properties of functional food.
DIETARY VITAMN C REQUIRMENT IN GLASS AND JUVENILE JAPANESE EEL Anguilla

japonica
Okorie Okorie Eme*, Se-min Choi, Xiaojie Wang, Kyungmin Han and Sungchul C. Bai
Feeds and Foods Nutrition Research Center
599-1 Daeyoeon-3-dong, nam-gu
Busan 608-737, Rep. of Korea
okorieme@yahoo.com
This experiment was conducted to study dietary vitamin C requirement in glass and juvenile Japanese, Anguilla japonica.
Five diets were formulated to contain 0, 30, 60, 120 and 1200mg /kg diet L-ascorbic acid (AA) in glass and juvenile eel,
respectively. Casein and defatted fish meal were used as the main protein sources in the semi-purified experimental diets.
Prior to the start of the feeding trial, fish were fed vitamin C free diet for 2 week to adjust to the experimental conditions.
The feeding trial was conducted in a recirculating system with 60 L aquaria at a rate of 1.2 L/min. Supplemental aeration
was provided to maintain dissolved oxygen near saturation. Fish with average weight of 2.10±0.03g and 12.54±0.03g
(mean±SD), were randomly distributed to each aquarium as groups of 20 fish and fed the experimental diets in triplicate at
a rate of 3 to 6% of wet body weight per day for 12 weeks, respectively.
Weight gain, feed efficiency, and protein efficiency ratio will be measured at the end of the feeding trial. The vitamin C in
whole body will be analyzed and discussed later.
181
A RELIABLE DNA PEDIGREE SYSTEM FOR Pinctada maxima BREEDING STUDIES
Brad S. Evans*, Jens Knauer, Joseph J. Taylor and Dean R. Jerry

brad.evans@jcu.edu.au
The silver-lip pearl oyster industry in Australia is worth approximately $175 million and has traditionally been based on the
harvest of wild stock. More recently, pearling companies have moved away from sole reliance on wild stocks into hatchery
propagation of spat as a buffer against poor or fluctuating recruitment (Rose and Baker, 1994). Hatchery propagation has
the added benefit that genetic selection can be practiced to improve the growth rate and disease tolerance of oysters, as
well as uniformity and quality of pearls. Since pearls are generally sold in allotments characterised by weight, shape, lustre
and surface complexion, reduced variance in these traits consequent of selection will dramatically increase prices received
(Rose and Baker, 1994). The downside of hatchery production can be a rapid increase in inbreeding if hatchery genetics
are not understood and controlled.
We have developed the first reliable DNA pedigree system for Pinctada maxima. The system comprises a suite of eight
highly polymorphic tri- and tetra-nucleotide microsatellite markers. The use of tri- and tetra-nucleotide microsatellites
removes the problem of stutter peaks and subsequent automatic binning which are often associated with the more common
di-nucleotide microsatellites. Through examining the expected Mendelian inheritance of alleles from 40 fullsib families
where the true parents were known, our results indicate that the likelihood of null alleles within this suite is very low.
The eight polymorphic markers that comprise the DNA pedigree system were chosen for reliability and ease of scoring
from an initial set of 40 tri- and tetra- nucleotide markers developed from an enriched microsatellite library created by the
Molecular Genetics for Biology group at James Cook University.
Our DNA pedigree system has been used on a commercial scale to genotype parental broodstock, to confirm Mendelian
inheritance of the loci in the progeny from known single pair matings, to assess the differential contribution of broodstock
in commercial batch spawnings and to maintain pedigree information for selective breeding in P. maxima.
We have also shown the utility of this method for the familial assignment of individual D-larvae, allowing for analysis of
broodstock contributions as early as 2 days after fertilization.
This system will be used to support ongoing collaborative P. maxima aquaculture research by Atlas Pacific Limited and
James Cook University, to increase our understanding of hatchery genetics, and to assist the elucidation of the genetic basis
of commercially important pearl quality traits in this species.
182
GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION OF Oreochromis shiranus STOCKED AT DIFFERENT

DENSITIES AT BUNDA COLLEDGE OF AGRICULTURE IN MALAWI
Isaac R. Fandika
Kasinthula Research Station

P.O. Box 28
Chikwawa
Malawi
fandikai@yahoo.co.uk
Oreochromis shiranus were cultured for 70 days in 3m3 concrete tanks (1.5*2.0*1m). Triplicated treatments included
O. shiranus stocked at 5 fish/m2 (50,000/ha) and 10 fish/m2 (100 000/ha). Fish were fed daily, six days per week with
formulated feeds of 30% crude protein. At the onset of the experiment feed was applied at 5 body weight, and gradually
reduced to 3% as fish gained weight. Fish were measured (weight and length) at two weeks intervals for adjustment of
feeding. All tanks were filled with Bunda College Dam water.
The average final body weight with high stocking density was greater than in low density though not significantly different.
Average body weight was significantly affected by sex but not by stocking density. Sex had stronger effect on mean body
weight (P<0.05) with males growing faster than females that resulted males having higher final mean weight than females
for both low density and high density. Females for high density significantly differed with low-density females. Male length
was greater than females in low density and in high density but females had higher final condition factor indices for high
density, which were not significantly different. The growth rate performance in low density female was accompanied by
high negative growth depression in the period between 42-56 days when males recorded higher mean weight gain per day.
The mean biomass with high density almost doubled that of low density.
Average number of young produced in the two treatments stocked with 5fish/m2 and 10fish /m2 were equivalent to 3
recruits/female, 6recruits/female and 24.2recruits/female for low density while high density recorded 0.0, 0.57 and
3.3recruits/female for day 42, 56, and 70 respectively. There were no significant differences in mean recruitment number
per female for day 42. However, significantly different mean recruitment number per female (P<0.05) were obtained on
day 56 and 70 with low density recording higher number of recruits per female. The average GSI was significantly higher
in female fish for both treatments. At high density mean GSI% was higher but not statistically significantly different from
low density. Water temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen were not statistically significantly different between treatments
and within treatments over the experiment period. The results suggests reduction of excessive reproduction in O.shiranus
with increased stocking density
183
DISEASES OF FARMED EXOTIC CATFISH Pangasius hypophthalmus IN BANGLADESH
Md. Ali R. Faruk*
farukmar@royalten.net
Pangasius hypophthalmus locally known as Thai pangas, is currently one of the important and popular species in aquaculture
of Bangladesh. The fish was introduced into Bangladesh in 1990 from Thailand. Over the last few years, spectacular
development has been taken place in P. hypophthalmus farming all over the country. Due to quick profit, farmers are
converting their rice fields into pangas farms. However, with the expansion and intensification of pangas culture, farmers
are facing serious disease problems and mortality in farming condition. This study was therefore undertaken to investigate
diseases of P. hypophthalmus through clinical, histopathological and bacteriological techniques. In addition, to assess the
financial losses of farmer due to disease, questionnaire interview and participatory rural appraisal tools were used with
selected farmers. This study indicated that there are economic losses of approximately 4% to farmers from diseases. These
losses varied among the different farm categories. The most prevalent disease was red spot, followed by anal protrusion,
tail and fin rot, pop eye, dropsy and gill rot. Other conditions like cotton wool type lesion, ulceration and white spot were
reported but with lower incidence.
Histopathologically, all the organs were found affected to some extent. Lamellar hypertrophy and hyperplasia, telangiectasis,
hemorrhage, fusion, necrosis of lamellar epithelial cells, presence of parasites and their cysts were the major pathology
of gills. Hemorrhagic lesion, pyknotic nuclei and melanomacrophage centers (MMC) were found in the liver of fish.
Major renal pathology included hemorrhages and sever necrosis of kidney tubules and haemopoietic tissues. Aeromonas
hydrophila were recovered from kidney and lesion of diseased fish. Red spots over the body especially near mouth and
caudal region were associated with aeromonad infection. Internally kidney, liver and spleen were swollen and enlarged. The
isolates varied with their pathogenicity and antibiotic sensitivity. The study also highlighted fish health management related
problems and recommended further work for the development of farmer-oriented fish health management packages.
FOOD AND FEEDING HABITS OF AN ECOTYPE CICHLID “WESAFU” FROM EPE

LAGOON, LAGOS-NIGERIA
H.A. Fashina-Bombata*, A.M Hammed and R.G. Ajepe
Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Science

Lagos State University, Ojo
bombatta2002@yahoo.com
Investigation on food and feeding habits of an Ecotype Cichlid popularly known as “wesafu” from Epe lagoon, Lagos,
Nigeria was carried out between the month of August to November, 2003 and April to May, 2004. A total of one hundred
and fifty (150) specimens were used in the study. The total length ranged between 7.8cm and 41.5cm. The specimens
were divided into three (3) size groups to study the food habits in relation to size. The predominant food items found in
the stomach were green algae, blue-green algae, diatoms, plant materials and detritus. This suggests that the fish feed on
various food items. The fingerlings (7.8-18.7cm) show preference for Chaetophora, Anabaena and somewhat Spirulina;
the juvenile (18.8-29.7cm), Diatoms, Spirulina, and Cladophora while the adult (29.9-41.5cm) consume and are able to
use large variety of foods including Protococus, Cladophora, Pediastrum, Anabaena, Spirulina, Diatoma with a stomach
frequency of occurrence range between 7.03% and 10.53%.
184
ASPECTS OF THE BIOLOGY OF “WESAFU” (AN ECOTYPE CICHLID): AGE AND

GROWTH DETERMINATION
H.A. Fashina-Bombata*, R.G. Ajepe and A.M Hammed
Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Science

Lagos State University, Ojo
bombatta2002@yahoo.com
“Wesafu” is the vernacular name of a Cichlid that is very prominent in Epe lagoon of Lagos State. This species is highly
prized and grows well to a size of over 1500g in the wild Bombata et al., 2004. Previous studies on “Wesafu” were mainly
concerned with morphometric and meristic characters (Fadu 2002; Bombata et. al. 2004), food and feeding habits, Bombata
et. al. 2004). No work has however been reportedly done on age and growth of this ecotype species. Body length at the time
of formation of the last (most recent) annulus was calculated for each fish using the formula:
Li = c + Si (L – c) (Ricker, 1968).
S
Sex data were collected for the 150specimen. The distributions of the sexes according to age are presented. The data
suggests that there is no remarkable difference between the number of males and females in all the age groups. This is
further explained by the sex composition curves that overlapped considerably. The number of male:female, were 72:78,
the ratio being approximately 1:1. The relationship between the scale radius and fish length was found to be linear i.e.
the growth is isometric. Regression line was drawn from these data, which cuts the abscissa at 38.88mm. The functional
regression (Ricker, 1968) of scale radius on body length provided a good fit to the scale radius-body length data. No
significant difference between the mean back - calculated body lengths of males and females was obtained for age classes
1+ to 3+. In age class 4+ males were significantly longer than females, which indicate a difference in growth rates. The
study show the maximum growth rings observed did not exceed four. It therefore means that the “Wesafu” encountered in
Epe lagoon were not up to five years. The fact that the fish is highly demanded may result in over exploitation. This may
therefore explain why only 5 specimen of the age 4+ was in the 150 specimen collected.
185
A NOVEL PCR-BASED DETECTION SYSTEM SPECIFIC FOR Vibrio harveyi
Fitri Fegatella*, Maman Suhardiman, Yepy Hardi Rustam, Sativana Nilawati and Antonius Suwanto
Research and Development Center

Jl. Parangtritis Raya Blok A5E no 12 A
Ancol Barat, Jakarta, Indonesia 14430
asuwanto@indo.net.id
Vibrio harveyi has long been identified as an important pathogen in shrimp aquaculture. Surveillance and quantification
of Vibrio has become a routine procedure in shrimp quality control systems. Current detection of Vibrios most frequently
utilizes specific and differential media such as thiosulphate citrate bile sucrose (TCBS) agar. While it can specifically detect
and enumerate Vibrio, it has limited capacity for discriminating Vibrio harveyi – the species of interest- from other Vibrio
species.
Here we report the development of a PCR-based detection system specific to Vibrio harveyi. We have designed 2 novel
primer sets, one specific to the Vibrio group and the other specific to Vibrio harveyi. A total of 29 Vibrio isolates were tested
with these primers. Amongst these isolates, V. harveyi ATCC 14126 and V. charcariae ATCC 35084 type strains were used
as positive controls. Other Vibrio isolates were gathered from shrimp hatcheries and environmental samples. All Vibrio
isolates gave positive results with our Vibrio-specific primer set. From these 29 isolates, 13 were positive when tested with
the V. harveyi specific primer set.
In parallel with PCR detection, a microbiological survey using Vibrio harveyi agar (VHA) (Harris et al., 1996) was
conducted on 25 Vibrio isolates. Using VHA, 13 isolates gave positive morphological characteristic of V. harveyi and these
results were in complete agreement with the PCR test results.
PCR analysis can be conducted directly from colonies on agar plates can be completed within 2 hours. By contrast, the
microbiological method (VHA test) required 48 hr to generate typical V. harveyi morphology. Thus, the PCR-based method
has potential application in the aquaculture industry where rapid and accurate V. harveyi detection is needed.
186
DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS OF ABALONE CULTURE IN INDONESIA; CASE STUDIES

FROM LOMBOK, WEST NUSA TENGGARA, INDONESIA
Fauzan Feisal
el_uzano@yahoo.com
As a new commodity in Indonesian Aquaculture, Medao (local name for Ass’s Ear Abalone Haliotis asinina) culture still
needs a lot of data. The technologies that already establish were adapted from other countries especially from Japan. These
should be analyzed because abalone culture varies dependent on each species natural habitat. Culture development of this
animal is a must, because reduced fishing size already reported by local fisherman.
In this writing, abalone culture in government facilities, i.e. Lombok Marine Aquaculture Development, Lombok Island,
West Nusa Tenggara, is analyzed from 5 sides. They are: 1) Natural habitat and fishing; 2) Domestication, transportation and
captivity; 3) Breeding; 4) Embryogenesis, larval development and growth; 5) Grow out. Recent development strategies also
analyzed. All are discussed based on field reality with photos included. Analyses are done by collecting facts, comparing
with reference, discussing the problems and propose strategies in solving the problems.
It can be concluded that abalone culture development in Indonesia still need many scientific data from researches, local
adaptation, and integrated strategies with fisheries, but indeed, abalone culture in Indonesia is still prospective.
Samples of Photos:
187
BIOSECURE THIRD GENERATION SHRIMP FARMING TECHNOLOGY

PROTOTYPED AT FISHERIES COLLEGE AND RESEARCH INSTITUTE,
THOOTHUKKUDI, INDIA
S. Felix
Fisheries Biotechnology Centre

Fisheries College and Research Institute
Thoothukudi – 628 008
Tamilnadu, India
sfelix@sancharnet.in
Raceway based shrimp farming is gaining considerable importance currently in USA, Mexico and in South East Asian
countries. The uniqueness of the system is that it ensures very high production and high survival and its eco-friendly.
The raceway system includes the following major components viz. water treatment system, raceway tanks, limited water
exchange grow out ponds, indoor and outdoor algal culture facility and constructed wetlands (CW).
The water treatment system consists of biological, rapid sand / activated carbon and U.V. filtration systems to ensure the
quality of the incoming water to the raceways. The raceway tanks are roofed under the green house made up of shading
nets to the sides and transparent / non-transparent FRP roofing, to control the temperature and for protection. Raceways
are provided with airlift systems, central partition, etc to circulate the water effectively both horizontally and vertically
in raceways. Limited water exchange grow out systems are LDPE (250 GSM) lined ponds with provision for paddle
wheel aeration and central drain provision, to grow the remaining phase of shrimp rearing, after they are transferred from
raceways. Indoor and outdoor algal culture facilities would enable the continuous supply of unialgae (eg. Chaetoceros
spp.) to the raceways for bioremediation. The used water from raceways and limited water grow out ponds will be treated
in the constructed wetlands, which acts as kidneys of this culture system. Heterotrophic microbe based management, use
of limited water, release of less ‘used water’, algae induced bioremediation and eco-friendly shrimp production are the hall
mark of this system.
The raceway based shrimp farming designed and prototyped at Fisheries College and Research Institute, Thoothukudi with
the funding support of the DBT, Govt. of India is the first of its kind in the country. Rearing of post larval shrimp in raceway
system in our maiden trial was successfully completed with a survival of above 80% in 45 days at a density of 1000 / m3.
Nevertheless, the potential carrying capacity of this system is higher upto 3000/m3.
188
THE MARKET FOR SEABREAM IN THE MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES OF THE

EUROPEAN UNION AND TURKEY: A PREDICTION MODEL FOR 2003-2006
Ladislao Luna, Fernando G. Laxe and José M. Fernández
Director del Grupo de Investigación en Acuicultura de la Universidad de Cantabria

Av. de los Castros
s.n. 39004 Santander, Spain
lunal@unican.es
1. Introduction. The market for seabream (Sparus aurata) in the European Union has undergone a major expansion, making
it necessary to project its future development in order for institutions and companies—both producers and dealers – to plan
their strategies. The present study estimates the consumption and production functions for 1985-2002, in order to then
predict the market’s behaviour in 2003-2006, using different scenarios for prices, income, catches, and consumption of
seabream and whitefish in general.
2. Methodology. Our data comes from the FAO’s

FISHSTAT+ and the World Bank’s World Development
Indicators 2003. Considering the market supply of
whitefish to comprise catches of whiting, cod, megrim,
sole, ling, hake, and monkfish, the price was estimated
based on an average of the unit value of imports and
exports, in constant euros; apparent consumption is the
aggregate of aquaculture production and catches and the
net trade balance for the species.
The technique used is multiple linear regression, for

potential functions, with logarithmic transformation of
the variables, with elasticity as a coefficient. The demand
function estimate based on apparent consumption ratified
our theoretical previsions, by varying directly according to income (elasticity higher than 1) and consumption habits for the
species, and indirectly according to price and consumption habits for direct and indirect substitutes. Noteworthy was the
low elasticity of price, indicating that price competition is inadvisable in this sector. Regarding the aquaculture production
function, it was estimated using the autoregression analysis model AR(1), in which increase in today’s production varies
directly according to the installed productive capacity and price of the previous period, due to the lag between the moment
of decision and the obtaining the product.
3. Results. Three scenarios are presented, taking as their reference

the events of the past 5 years.
ÿ Optimistic: Assumes variations the same as the average for
the past 5 years, and price recovery (annual variation: income:
2.68%, prices 5.8%, and whitefish consumption -3.9%). The
balance of trade indicates that imports in 2006 should reach
39,597 T/year, with a consumption level in the Mediterranean
countries of 126,905 T for a supply of 123,620 T (117,805
aquaculture, 5,816 fishing). Consumption pressure on price,
assuming that no new producers appear on the international
market, would favour a price increase even higher than estimated
here, with the possibility of a major increase in 2003-04 and
a slight downturn during the rest of the period, to around 4.45
constant euros/Kg.
ÿ Mid-range: The most probable scenario (annual variation:
income 1.34%, prices 2.9%, and whitefish consumption -
2%), with variations half that of the optimistic version. The
trade balance indicates that imports should read 36,000 T/year
by 2006, with consumption in the Mediterranean countries of
108,509 T and a supply of 108,815 T (103,000 from aquaculture, and 5,816 from fishing); prices should recover,
stabilising at approximately 4 constant euros/Kg after 2005.
189
ÿ Pessimistic: Stagnation of values in 2002. Under this scenario, the trade balance in 2006 should be 33,418 T/year,
with a consumption of 92,630 T in the Mediterranean countries and a supply of 95,525 (89,710 from aquaculture, and
5,816 from fishing), indicating a sharp drop in production growth. Prices would recover in 2003-04, and then suffer a
downward adjustment that would lead to the same price recession in 2006 as in 2002.
A simulation of the seabream market was carried out for each scenario, aggregated and disaggregated by countries.
4. Conclusion. These previsions indicate that seabream consumption will continue to rise in the EU, with a price recovery
that will be more accentuated the more favourable the economic situation, leading to a need to increase aquaculture
production.
5. Bibliography
Luna, L.; G. Laxe, F; Polanco, J. (2004): “Estudio del mercado de la lubina y la dorada en la UE en el periodo 2003-
2006”. Study by the Aquaculture Research Unit, University of Cantabria, for Spain’s Department of Maritime Fishing.
MICROSATELLITE-BASED PARENTAGE ANALYSIS AND MALE REPRODUCTIVE

SUCCESS IN NILE TILAPIA Oreochromis niloticus
Yonas Fessehaye*, Zizy El-Bialy, Mahmoud A. Rezk, Richard Crooijmans, Henk Bovenhuis and Hans Komen
Animal breeding and Genetics group

Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences (WIAS)
P.O. Box 338
6700 AH, The Netherlands
yonas.fessehaye@wur.nl
Territorial behavior and reproductive competition among Oreochromis niloticus males for fertilizing a batch of eggs from
a female may lead to a large skew in reproductive success among individuals. However, there are no studies that have
analyzed the reproductive success of individual males in spawning aggregations of Nile tilapia. We analyzed parentage and
estimated male reproductive success under commercial hatchery conditions in hapas.
A broodstock of 50 females and 24 males of Nile tilapia were selected from an out-bred population maintained at the
WorldFish Center station in Abbassa, Egypt. After collection of phenotypic data and blood sampling, fish were divided
into two groups of 25 females and 12 males each, and stocked in two 8m x 2m (L x W) hapas. Broodstock were allowed
to spawn naturally. After ten days of acclimatization and initiation of spawning, checking for incubating females was
carried out on a weekly basis and fertilized eggs were collected and incubated until hatching. Egg collection continued for
four weeks. In total two cycles of egg collection were performed with a reconditioning period of two weeks in between.
A total of 76 spawns was obtained. All parental fish in addition to ten offspring from each spawn were analyzed using 11
microsatellite markers.
In hapa 1, a total of 47 spawns were collected with 16 females spawning repeatedly. In hapa 2 a total of 29 spawns were
collected from all except two females which did not spawn at all. The number of males participating at each collection
was proportional to the number of spawns. Results of the parentage analysis showed that 99.2% of the offspring could
be unambiguously allocated to their putative parental pairs. Multiple paternity (participation of 2 or 3 males in a family)
occurred in 46.8% and 48.2% of the total number of families in the first and second hapa respectively. In the first hapa
89.4% of the offspring were sired by 6 of the 12 males; in the second hapa 75.2% of the offspring were sired by 4 out
of the 12 males. There was a positive correlation (r = 0.62) between male body weight and its reproductive success,
expressed as percent of offspring sired by that male, in both hapas. There was a significant deviation from Hardy-Weinberg
equilibrium at all eleven loci in the offspring from both hapas. This significant deviation together with the large skew
in reproductive success in males gives a clear evidence of non-random mating in the population under study. The high
variance in reproductive success will affect the genetically effective population size and the increase of inbreeding. The
results of this study are relevant for commercial farms that use mass spawning.
190
FEEDING THE GROWTH IN AQUACULTURE TO 2015: THE SCOPE FOR NOVEL

NUTRITIONAL PRODUCTS
Willa Finley*, James Fry and Nigel Peacock
LMC International Ltd

1841 Broadway
New York, New York 10023
wfinley@swbell.net
In view of the impending shortage of marine products for aquafeed, a study was undertaken to evaluate the demand for
vegetable proteins and oils that could substitute for fishmeal and fish oil, together with the demand for feed additives that
are required when vegetable sources are substituted. These additives include amino acids, antioxidants, betaine, carnitine,
colourants, enzymes, lipid derivatives, nutraceutical health products and vitamins. The study forecast the demand until
2015 for each of these products in carnivores, omnivores and crustaceans.
Figure 1 shows the steady decline in availability of fish oil and fishmeal relative to their vegetable oilseed meal and oil
counterparts; fish oil supply is the most critical constraint for intense aquaculture production. Vegetable oils will provide
about 40% of the total lipid demand by 2015, and oils that will dominate substitution include soybean, rapeseed and maize
oils; demand for linseed oil will be limited by its high cost and low availability. Vegetable protein meals and concentrates
will supply over half of the required protein demand by 2015. Vegetable protein concentrates are strong candidates for
substitution in carnivorous species on the basis of quality, but their high cost relative to fishmeal will limit their use unless
fishmeal price increases.
The study estimates the current market for feed additives to be over $760 million, (shown in Figure 2) and forecasts for
2015 indicate that their value will double to $1.5 billion. Significant feed additive market trends that were identified include
growth of crystalline amino acids and betaine volumes from over 26,000 and 19,000 tonnes, respectively, to 47,000 and
39,000 tonnes by 2015. Vitamins were identified as the highest value sector, with almost $500 million of sales led by
the carotenoid colourants subgroup; sales are expected to exceed $950 million by 2015. Nutraceutical health products,
including b-glucans and nucleotides, show strong growth globally as a result of Europe’s ban on growth promoting
antibiotics in feed.
Figure 1: Fishmeal and Fish Oil Output as a Figure 2: Market Volume and Value for
Percentage of Vegetable Oilseed Output. Aquaculture Feed Additives, 2003.
191
STOCKING DENSITY EFFECT ON GROWTH OF PIRARARA Phractocephalus hemioliopterus

FARMED IN CAGES IN THE REGION OF VALE DO PARAÍBA – STATE OF SAO PAULO,
BRAZIL
Fiorini, MP*, Aquino-Silva, MR, Girardi, L. and Val, AL
Ecology Pisciculture Limnology and Ichthyology Center

Study and Research Society on Aquatic Ecosystems
Universidade do Vale do Paraíba
Av Shishima Hifumi
2911 São José dos Campos, SP
Brazil. Zip code 12244-000
mpfiorin@yahoo.com.br
Pirarara (Phractocephalus hemioliopterus) has a very rapid growth rate, gill breathing, withstands rough handling, and can easily
be trained to accept extruded feed. The present study evaluated the effect of stocking density and environmental variables on the
adaptability and zootechnical potential of pirarara (indigenous to the Amazon Region) in cage fish culture to recover impaired areas
(Southeast). Figerlings weighing 323g, were stocked in 6m3 cages: 25 fish/m3, 30 fish/m3 and 50 fish/m3 were fed daily with commercial
extruded feed (42%PB) for 7 months. Ten percent of the batch in each cage was measured and weighed monthly to determine the
weight (W), weight gain (WG) and feed conversion (NC). Concomitantly, from March to August of 2004 the following analyses were
made: dissolved oxygen (mg/l), water temperature (°C), pH and electrical conductivity (μS/cm).
Low volume cage fish culture may be more advantageous when compared to traditional fish cultures, offering an ecological
source of income and recovery of ecosystem spoiled by widespread sand mining .The most adequate stocking density
was 30 fish/m3 and the water quality was within the limits showing a reduced effect of feed degradation and nitrogenized
residues. Pirarara has shown a good zootechnical and adaptability potential to be farmed in cages in such impaired areas,
as well good acceptance to artificial diet if previously trained to accept commercial feed.
Fig. 3: Zootecnical Indices presented at densities

Fig. 1: Physical and chemical variables during the of 30 fish/m3.
study period.
Fig. 4: Zootechnical indices presentet at densities

Fig. 2: Zootechnical indices presented at densities
of 50 fish /m3.
of 25 fish/m3.
192
OVERVIEW OF GLOBAL TRADE AND MARKETS FOR TILAPIA – 2005

Fitzsimmons, K.* and Gonzalez, P.
University of Arizona
2601 E. Airport Drive
Tucson, Arizona 85706 USA
kevfitz@ag.arizona.edu
Tilapia are the second most widely farmed group of fishes after the carps. The growth of tilapia products in international
seafood trade has been rapid and the future prospects are of interest to growers, seafood marketers and consumers. Global
production of farmed tilapia with almost 1,650,000 metric tons is described with individual country statistics reported.
Trade in various tilapia products is reported with trends in fillet and other value added products described. New production
from Latin America, Africa and Asia is described. Tilapia-shrimp polyculture is providing significant quantities of new
product that has been added to supplies. New markets in Europe and for organic food retailers are also described.
Short overviews of advanced breeding programs and other research that has made major contributions to the growth of the
industry are provided. Future prospects of major research programs will be reviewed.
193
RESEARCH PROGRESS ON MONODON SLOW GROWTH SYNDROME (MSGS) IN

THAILAND
T.W. Flegel* and B. Withyachumnarnkul
Centex Shrimp, Chalermprakiat Bldg.

Faculty of Science, Mahidol University
sctwf@mahidol.ac.th
During 2002, slow growth of farmed P. monodon (monodon slow growth syndrome or MSGS) was reported throughout
shrimp growing areas of Thailand and figures indicated that annual production volume was down by approximately 36%.
Although the etiology is still uncertain, a working case definition of MSGS has been developed for surveillance and
epidemiological purposes. By this definition, a suspected population must have a coefficient of variation (CV = Standard
deviation/Mean) of more than 35% by weight and absence of hepatopancreatic parvovirus (HPV) or of other severe
hepatopancreatic infections by known agents while also complying with any 3 out of the 5 following gross signs: 1)
unusually dark color, 2) average daily weight gain of less than 0.1 g/day at 4 months, 3) unusually bright yellow markings,
4) “bamboo” abdominal segments, 5) brittle antennae. Preliminry trials using bacteria-free filtrates from slow growing P.
monodon caused slow growth in laboratory injection experiments with P. monodon but not with P. vannamei. This suggested
that an infectious agent might be involved. An initial survey suggested that known pathogens were unlikely to be the cause.
A new type of yellow head virus (YHV) was found in these shrimp, but preliminary tests revealed that was not correlated
with the problem. Another candidate virus is lymphoid organ vacuolization virus (LOVV) first described in several captured
P. monodon broodstock from Thailand by DV Lightner (personal communication) in late 2002. Ultracentrifuge bands of
tissue homogenates from MSGS shrimp have shown 2 previously unreported viral-like particles, and extracts of these
bands give products by random RT-PCR but not by PCR, suggesting possible involvement by an RNA virus(es). As of
now, there is no tested management approach to tackle this problem. However, it is well known that exotic viruses can
move easily amongst crustacean species. Implementing the following recommendations might help to reduce the impact of
slow growth syndrome. Imported crustaceans and especially exotic species should be reared separately from native species
particularly at the hatchery phase and importations should follow the full ICES protocol with the addition of co-habitation
tests employing important, endemic crustacean species. This will reduce the risk of importing exotic viral pathogens that
may damage local aquaculture or fisheries.
194
SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS NEEDED IN THE TRANSBOUNDARY MOVEMENT OF

CRUSTACEANS FOR AQUACULTURE
T.W. Flegel
Centex Shrimp
Chalermprakiat Building
Rama 6 Road
sctwf@mahidol.ac.th
The International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) has prepared an ICES Code of Practice on the Introductions
and Transfers of Marine Organisms 2003 with guidelines for transboundary movement of exotic organisms for aquaculture
or for stocking of natural waters. Briefly, this includes a recommendation for preparation of an advance prospectus for
presentation to ICES outlining the purpose and objectives of the introduction, giving details on biology and ecology, and
including an overall assessment of issues, problems, risks and benefits so that the ICES Council can provide comments
and recommendations on the proposed introduction. Once a decision has been made to proceed with an introduction, ICES
recommends following internationally recognized protocols to review health records from the donor location, establishment
of introduced broodstock for the production of progeny in a strict quarantine facility, and release of subsequent progeny
provided that a risk assessment indicates minimal likelihood of negative genetic and environmental impacts, that no disease
agents, parasites, or other non-target species become evident in the progeny, and that no unacceptable economic impact is
expected. Initial release is recommended to be a pilot phase on a limited scale to assess ecological interactions with native
species and especially to test risk assessment assumptions. Contingency plans are recommended for immediate removal
of the introduced species should any problem arise, and a monitoring program is recommended so that annual progress
reports can be submitted for review by the ICES Working Group on Introductions and Transfers of Marine Organisms.
During the pre-release, quarantine phase of an introduction program the purpose is to “ensure freedom from disease agents
in broodstock and progeny prior to release from the quarantine system”. Although not specifically stated anywhere in
the Code, there appears to be an assumption that disease agents will become apparent in stocks during an appropriate
quarantine period. This may be true for vertebrates but would be a dangerous assumption with crustaceans, since they have
a high propensity to carry single to multiple viral pathogens for long periods of time without showing any sign of disease.
Recent research results suggest that such persistent infections are a consequence of the mechanism by which arthropods
reduce the severity of viral diseases. Cryptic viral pathogens may be endemic and innocuous in an exotic crustacean and
therefore unknown to science, but they may be deadly for native species cultivated in the importing country. There are
very good examples of catastrophic disease transfers that have occurred with shrimp due to this phenomenon. The best
way to guard against the problem is to include co-habitation studies with economically and ecologically important native
crustaceans as a mandatory requirement of the quarantine process.
195
ATTRACTANT PROPERTIES OF PROTEIN MEALS FOR PACIFIC WHITE SHRIMP

Litopenaeus vannamei
Ian Forster*, Napua Germano, Matt Pearce, Sébastien Plante, A.C.M. Oliveira, Scott Smiley and Peter Bechtel
Oceanic Institute
Waimanalo, Hawaii USA
iforster@oceanicinstitute.org
A trial was conducted on Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, to quantify the attractant properties of several
marine protein meals, including some co-products of the Alaska fishing industry. A bland control diet was made of soybean
meal and wheat flour (74:26), while the test diets were made by blending each protein meal with the control diet at a
ratio of 75:25 control:protein meal. The protein meals tested were made from: sockeye salmon hydrolysate meal, pink
salmon hydrolysate meal, sole hydrolysate meal, fall pollock hydrolysate meal, two menhaden meals (Special Select from
Omega Protein, Inc., and LT menhaden meal from Daybrook Fisheries, Inc.). Two other protein powders were tested at
3% inclusion: dried pollock stickwater and squid meal (Agribrand, Mexico). Shrimp (mean weight 7.5 g/individual) were
randomly assigned to 24 indoor aquaria (0.53 X 0.53 X 0.30 m; 55-liter water volume, supplied with 1 L/min salt water
from a well). Each aquarium contained two bowls, situated in diagonal corners. The trial was conducted for a four day
period, with one test in the morning and one in the afternoon. All groups were supplied with an abundance of a commercial
feed each night throughout the trial. A test consisted of comparing the rate of consumption of the test diet in comparison
with the control diet, indicating relative attractiveness. One bowl contained 10 pellets of the control diet; the other bowl
contained 10 pellets of one of the test diets (the control diet was common to all aquaria in each test). The water inflow was
turned off for one hour to reduce current effects. After one hour the number of pellets remaining in each bowl was counted.
The resulting data from each test diet were first submitted to a two-tailed paired t-test (using a 5% error rate) to determine if
the numbers of test diet pellets were significantly different from the control. The differences in number of pellets between
the control and the test diet were then calculated and used as measure of relative preference (attractiveness), with positive
numbers indicating a preference for the test diet over the control. The data from all the treatments were subjected to one-
way ANOVA procedures to compare relative preference among the treatments (using a 5% error rate).
It was found that all the protein meals (except pollock hydrolysate, dried pollock stickwater and squid meal) were
significantly preferred to the control diet (see table below), and there were no differences in preference between these
protein sources. In conclusion, the protein sources listed, which are co-products of the Alaska fish processing industry, are
as palatable as menhaden meal to L. vannamei, under flow-through water conditions.
196
METHIONINE IN FEEDS FOR PACIFIC WHITE SHRIMP Litopenaeus vannamei

Ian Forster* and Warren Dominy
Oceanic Institute
Waimanalo, Hawaii USA
iforster@oceanicinstitute.org
A growth trial was conducted to examine the need for supplemental methionine and the relative nutritional efficacy of
different methionine sources for Pacific white shrimp, L. vannamei, fed diets in which soybean meal completely replaced
fish meal and reared under zero-water exchange conditions. A control diet (30% crude protein) was formulated to be
deficient in methionine by inclusion of high levels of soybean meal and with no fish meal (methionine level was 0.45% of
diet as fed; 1.5% of total amino acids). Three test diets were manufactured based on the control diet but supplemented with
L-methionine, DL-methionine, or methionine hydoxy analog at the level of 0.5% as fed (equivalent to 1.5% of total amino
acids). Cystine was constant among these diets at 0.5% of diet as fed. A commercial feed (30% crude protein) was included
as a reference. The culture vessels were flat-bottomed cylindrical black fiberglass tanks (1.5 m diameter) initially filled with
1000 L saltwater and supplied with aeration. Throughout the trial, only fresh water was added to make up for evaporative
loss and a rich biotic community was allowed to develop. At the commencement of the trial, 90 shrimp (initial weight 1.53
g/individual) were randomly assigned to each tank. Each diet was fed to three tanks of shrimp for 10 weeks. Samples of
30 shrimp in each tank were weighed after 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks and the feed rate adjusted accordingly. At the end of the
trial, shrimp were counted and weighed. The mean water temperature throughout the trial was 25.9 °C and water quality
parameters (ammonia, pH, DO, nitrite) were adequate for this type of trial. Survival, final weight, growth rate, and feed
efficiency data were subjected to one-way ANOVA procedures with a 5% error rate. An orthogonal contrast was also made
between the results for the shrimp fed the control diet and those fed the diets supplemented with methionine sources.
The mean survival, final weight, growth rate, and feed efficiency of the shrimp in this trial were: 96.5%, 11.3 g, 0.98
g/week, and 0.44, respectively. The orthogonal contrast indicated that the final weight, growth rate, and feed efficiency of
the shrimp fed the control diet were significantly lower than that of shrimp fed the methionine supplemented diets. The
results of the ANOVA indicated that none of the parameters measured were significantly affected by treatment (P > 0.05).
It is concluded that under conditions of zero water exchange, where there is significant opportunity for shrimp to obtain
nutrients from endogenous biotic production, there is a need for supplemental methionine in a diet containing high levels
of soybean meal and no fish meal, but that the three sources of methionine examined in this trial: L-methionine, DL-
methionine, or methionine hydroxyl analog, were equivalent in their ability to meet this need.
197
CAN GREENLIP ABALONE Haliotis laevigata BE CULTURED IN INLAND SALINE

WATER?
Sean Savage, Simon Harries and Ravi Fotedar*
Muresk Institute, Curtin of Technology

1 Turner Ave.
Bentley WA 6102 Australia
r.fotedar@curtin.edu.au
Inland saline water (ISW), which may be suitable for the culture of marine organisms, is abundant throughout Western
Australia, occurring mainly as a result of human activities. Past research has shown that deficiency of potassium ions (K+)
in ISW is one of the main reasons for poor performance of marine species in culture situations. However, the impact of low
K+ in ISW has not been researched on Greenlip abalone (Haliotis laeviagata). Two independent trials were conducted for
21 days to assess the suitability of (i) different proportions of inland and marine water and (ii) when raw ISW was fortified
with different concentrations of K+ on abalone culture In trial 1, raw MW, 25% (ISW25), 50% (ISW50), and 75% (ISW75)
proportions of raw ISW with marine water was tested whereas in trial 2, ISW was fortified with 33% (ISWK33), 66%
(ISWK66), and 100% (ISWK100) of potassium ions compared to MW was prepared as a culture media. In both trials raw
ISW and MW were used as two extreme controls.
The result from the first trial showed an acute LC50 96hours value of ISW ranges between 75 and 100%.in MW At the end
of the first trial, 84% of abalone survived in ISW75 while in raw ISW (control) only 12% survival was achieved (Table 1).
The specific growth rate of abalone increased with increasing proportion of inland saline water while the percent moisture
decreased, which indicates that the weight gain was due to increase in dry mass. However, the osmoregulatory capacity of
abalone decreased with increasing proportion of inland saline water in the culture media. The highest serum osmolality was
1211.5±22.4 in ISW0 while the lowest was 1061±5 in raw ISW. In the second trial, one hundred percent mortalities resulted
when abalone were cultured in raw ISW and ISWK33. Abalone survival significantly increased in ISWK66 and ISWK100.
In both trials survival of abalone was significantly higher in MW.
The fortification of ISW with K+ had no significant influence on growth rates. Abalone cannot survive in inland saline water
but can survive in a high proportion (75%) of ISW and MW. Abalone did not survive well in K+ fortified ISW, which may
suggest that it is the ratio of ions in inland saline water that is affecting survival of abalone when compared to MW.
198
INLAND SALINE WATER AQUACULTURE RESEARCH AT MURESK INSTITUTE, CURTIN

UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY – AN UPDATE
Ravi Fotedar*, David Prangnell, Uras Tantulo, Sean Savage and Simon Harries
Muresk Institute
1 Turner Avenue
Bentley, WA 6102 Australia
r.fotedar@curtin.edu.au
In order to investigate the commercial aquaculture viability of the selected high-value aquatic species, it is imperative to
have a sound understanding of their physiological response(s) when they are exposed to inland saline water environment
having a different ionic profile than ocean water. One of the current research focus at Muresk Institute, Curtin University
of Technology is to understand the underlying physiological needs and ionic regulatory mechanisms of the selected
euryhaline and stenohaline species when cultured in inland saline water (ISW). These species are: black tiger prawns
(Penaeus monodon), Western king prawns (P. latisulcatus), Western rock lobsters (Panulirus cygnus), giant freshwater
prawns (Macrobrachium rosenbergii), brown lip abalone (Haliotis laeviagata), mangrove jack (Lutjanus argentimaculatus)
and estuary cod (Epinephelus coioides). These species were short listed after SWOT analysis was performed on a wide
range of target candidate species of Western Australia.
The general research methodology involved transporting the inland saline water from Wannamal (31o 15”S, 116o 05”E),
100 km northeast of Perth and testing its suitability under laboratory conditions. The ionic profile to inland saline water was
then modified by three methods: by mixing different proportions of ocean water with inland saline water; by adding various
quantities of KCl salt to inland water; and by changing the salinities of inland saline water (tested for euryhaline species).
In all trials raw ocean water and inland saline water were used as two extreme controls. The short-term responses (survival,
changes in osmoregulatory capacities and hepatosomatic index) and long-term responses (growth, moult-frequencies,
survival and organosomatic indices) were measured after the selected species were exposed to different water types for
different time periods. The synopsis of results is provided in Table 1
199
CURRENT STATUS OF PHYTASE RESEARCH ON MARINE PENAEID SHRIMP

Joe M. Fox, Addison L. Lawrence, D. Allen Davis, Denis Ricque-Marie, Elizabeth Cruz-Suarez,
Anthony J. Siccardi III and Tzachi M. Samocha
Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi

6300 Ocean Drive
Corpus Christi TX 78412 USA
jfox@falcon.tamucc.edu
For most shrimp farmers, the rapid increase in supply of marine penaeid shrimp has resulted in a concomitant decrease in
sales revenues associated with declining prices. In order to improve profitability, the shrimp farming industry must turn
to increasing feed performance and reduction of feed ingredient costs. One means is by increasing availability of dietary
phosphorus from organic sources. Currently, dietary phosphorus requirement is largely met through inclusion of expensive
inorganic sources of phosphorus in a relatively organic feed. A less expensive and potentially more environmentally
sustainable alternative could involve increasing the availability of phytate-bound phosphorus in feed grains through addition
of phytase.
This review reports past and present efforts at improvement of phosphorus digestibility in grain-based shrimp feeds using
various sources of phytase. Future areas of research are also discussed.
200
EFFECTS OF DIETARY OIL SOURCE ON THE GROWTH AND MUSCLE FATTY ACID
COMPOSITION OF MURRAY COD, Maccullochella peelii peelii (MITCHELL)
David S. Francis*, Paul L. Jones, Giovanni M. Turchini and Sena S. De Silva

Deakin University
Warrnambool, Victoria 3280, Australia
david.francis@deakin.edu.au
The Murray cod Maccullochella peelii peelii (Mitchell), an Australian native freshwater fish, supports a relatively small but
increasing aquaculture industry in Australia. Presently, there are no dedicated commercial diets available for Murray cod,
instead, nutritionally sub-standard feeds formulated for other species are commonly used. With the rising price of fish oil
and fishmeal in mind, the inclusion of alternative, sustainable feed ingredients will play a significant role in the success of
Murray cod aquaculture.
The aim of the present investigation was to assess the suitability of two terrestrial based lipid sources, canola oil (C)
and linseed oil (L), as alternatives to fish oil for juvenile Murray cod. Five iso-nitrogenous, iso-calorific semi-purified
experimental diets were formulated with 17% lipid originating from 100% cod liver oil (CL), 100% canola oil, 100%
linseed oil and 1:1 blends of canola and cod liver oil (CCL) and 1:1 blends of linseed and cod liver oil (LCL). Each of the
diets were fed to apparent satiation twice daily (0800h & 1500h) to triplicate groups of 50 Murray cod with initial mean
weights of 6.45g ± 1.59 for 84 days at 22°C.
Murray cod approximately tripled their weight during the experiment. Final mean weight, specific growth rate and daily
feed consumption were significantly higher for the CL and LCL treatments compared to that of other treatments (Table 1).
Feed conversion and protein efficiency ratios were also best in fish fed CL and LCL diets and differed significantly from
the 100% linseed treatment. Significant differences in carcass moisture, protein, lipid and ash were evident between some
treatments. All body composition parameters measured at the termination of the study differed significantly from those
measured initially. Fatty acid analysis is also being conducted and will be presented.
The preliminary data obtained so far indicate that both canola and linseed oil are potentially effective replacements for
traditionally used fish oil in diets for juvenile Murray cod.
201
MIGRATION OF JAPANESE FLOUNDER Paralichthys olivaceus REVEALED BY

MITOCHONDRIAL DNA SEQUENCING
Fujii Tetsuo* and Hiroyuki Hatanaka
Japan Sea National Fisheries Research Institute

Fisheries Research Agency
1-5939-22, Suido-cho
Niigata, 951-8121 Japan
tefujii@affrc.go.jp
Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus is one of the most important fish for the coastal fisheries in Japan and more than
30 million hatchery-reared juveniles have been released annually for the stock enhancement. It is well known that the
wild flounder migrate widely as they grow (Minami, 1997). Previous tagging studies have been performed using external
tags or chemical markings. External tags are harmful for juveniles (most juveniles are released less than 10cm in total
length) and it is troublesome to put tags on the huge numbers of juveniles. On the other hand, chemical markings, such
as fluorescent marking in otoliths, are comparably easy to put on, but the patterns of the marks are limited. To improve
the tagging method, a method of tracking released Japanese flounder by mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequencing was
developed. In this method, sequences of hatchery-produced juveniles should be analyzed first. The sequence data are then
registered in a database, so that when the flounder later caught, where they originally been produced can be determined.
We can get the information about the genetic variability of hatchery-reared socks in the sea as well as the migration of the
released flounder.
Preliminary results showed that released Japanese flounder began to migrate in their second winter mainly against Tsushima
current, which streams from southwest to northeast. Some of them migrated more than 300km and flounder from several
hatcheries were recaptured together in many regions. The haplotypic diversity of recaptured fish is usually higher than
hatchery-reared juveniles at one hatchery, because of mixture of flounder released from several hatcheries and conserved
genetic diversity until recaptured. The mitochondrial DNA tag is useful not only for the elucidation of the migration but
also for the monitoring of the genetic diversity. It is expected that the migration of the released Japanese flounder will be
totally revealed and genetic monitoring will be put into effect in near future.
202
EMERGING ANIMAL DISEASES AND PREPAREDNESS FOR APPROPRIATE

RESPONSES
Teruhide Fujita
OIE Regional Representation for Asia and the Pacific

East 311, Shin-Aoyama Bldg
1-1-1 Minami-Aoyama, Minato-ku
Tokyo 107-0062 Japan
oietokyo@tky.3web.ne.jp
Many animal diseases have recently emerged or re-emerged in various countries in the world, most of which are zoonotic
animal diseases not only affecting farm/companion animals but also threatening humans with risks. Emerging diseases have
been recognised in terrestrial and aquatic animals in Asia and the Pacific, including Avian Influenza, Bovine Spongiform
Encephalopathy (BSE), Nipah Virus Infection, Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD), Koi (Carp) Herpes Virus Disease (KHVD),
etc. It is considered that occurrences of those transboundary animal diseases are relevant to and accelerated by globalisation
in transportation of humans, animals including wildlife, animal products, etc. from one country to another, by global
changes of environment and by changing livestock farming systems.
Because of the nature of emerging diseases, it is important and necessary for Veterinary Services, other related authorities
and industry to take effective and challenging measures in preventing and controlling such diseases and to secure public
and animal health and to achieve economic development, which include disease preparedness. They include transparent
and timely notification of animal disease occurrences and relevant animal health information by a country, in order that
the country itself and other neighbouring/trade partner countries are able to facilitate preparedness of disease prevention
and control. Others are the strengthening/improving of the legal framework (legislation) and animal health infrastructure
with adequate resources for capacity building to diagnose and survey diseases, the setting up of epidemiological networks,
issuance of early warning to reduce cases of emerging diseases and their impacts, case studies and simulation exercises
on diseases, organisation of control measures and the strengthening of research efforts. International organisations need
to develop better international animal health standards and to extend cooperation for effective prevention and control of
emerging diseases.
203
EFFECT OF TRAINING ACTIVITIES FOR DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE AND

MANAGEMENT ON ILL CONSEQUENCES BY HARMFUL MICROALGAE
Yasuwo Fukuyo
Asian Natural Environmental Science Center

The University of Tokyo
Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku
ufukuyo@mail.ecc.u-tokyo.ac.jp
Some microalgae often make harmful red tides and cause mass mortality of fish cultured in fish cages. In Japan a
raphydophyte Chattonella antiqua and a dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi killed tremendous amount of cultured fishes such
as yellowtail Seriola quinqueradiata. In Korea Cochlodinium polykrikoides and recently in the Philippines Prorocentrum
minimum caused mass mortality of fishes which are popular and important aquaculture products in these countries. In
addition several microalgae produce toxins, which are often transferred into shellfish through feeding activity, and then the
toxins contaminated in shellfish cause human poisoning. Such contamination has been detected in bivalves such as oysters
and mussels and some other invertebrates including plankton feeders and omnivora in most of Asian countries which
develop the aquaculture industry.
The area affected by these harmful microalgae has been expanded in these two decades. The expansion of the problem is
presumed as the results of several mechanisms; 1) change of environment due to utilization of coastal areas by aquaculture,
resulting blooming of hidden organisms, 2) development of aquaculture industry, resulting increase of chances of
encountering harmful events, 3) expansion of causative harmful organisms through natural vectors such as water currents
and anthropogenic activity such as ballast water and transfer of fisheries organisms without careful preventive measures.
Several international organizations, especially IOC (Intergovernmental Oceanographic Committee) with WESTPAC (its
subsidiary body for the western Pacific), conduct training courses to develop scientific capacity to reduce and manage
harmful effects for smooth development of aquaculture industry. Identification of harmful species is the first and key step
to mitigate problem, as the problem is species specific, and training courses on the topic are regularly conducted using
laboratory study for technical development and classroom lectures on taxonomy of harmful species. Recently an internet-
learning system for basic knowledge acquisition has been developed and applied to several courses. Toxin detection in
marine organisms is also high priority topic, but development of monitoring system of contaminated toxin in managing
agency is often left behind and calamities occurred.
204
THE AQUACULTURE OF INDIGENOUS SPECIES IN ASIA

Simon Funge-Smith
FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific

39 Pra Athit Rd.
Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
simon.fungesmith@fao.org
Aquaculture is often considered to be principally based around the culture of alien species, although only approximately
17 percent of the world’s finfish production is due to alien species. Once other non-finfish species are considered this figure
is even further reduced. This presentation will investigate the validity of this claim and also highlight the extent to which
indigenous species are cultured in many countries.
There extremely wide range of aquacultured species that are found in the Asian region, which represents the bulk of
aquaculture volume is used as a reference point. Whilst the use of alien species often typifies intensive and export oriented
aquaculture operations, domestic aquaculture is often based around indigenous species. Indigenous species for aquaculture
have not received the same intensive attention that several key ‘commodity species’ have enjoyed and standardized
“industrial production systems do not exist for most of them. Indigenous species often enjoy excellent niche markets in
those countries t which they are indigenous. However, there are limitations as what makes these species local luxuries, also
tends to make them difficult to market internationally.
Although it is possible to demonstrate that the culture of indigenous species is actually widespread in the Asian region,
there are issues relating to the movement of particular strains beyond their original range. This raises a different set of
issues relating to the ability to escape and interbreed with other strains. Thus whilst there are concerns regarding the escape
of alien species and the potential risk of invasiveness, there is still a potential effect of the escape of indigenous species from
different watersheds and the effect on local populations.
This effect may be made more severe by the effect of hatchery breeding and deliberate restocking of open waters. This
presentation concludes that a risk-based approaches to movement and better awareness of the different issues concerning
the culture of indigenous and alien species are needed.
205
EFFECTS OF AQUAGEN™, A COMMERCIAL ß–GLUCAN PREPARATION ON SOME

INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSES OF JAPANESE FLOUNDER Paralichthys olivaceus
Jorge Galindo-Villegas*, Keita Kajiwara, Toshiro Masumoto and Hidetsuyo Hosokawa
Fish Nutrition Laboratory

Kochi University
B200 Monobe
Nankoku. 783-0093. Kochi, Japan
jgalindo@cc.kochi-u.ac.jp
A feeding trial was carried out to determine the potential immunomodulatory effect of Aquagen™, a commercial ß-glucan
powder product isolated from dehydrated brewer’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), by dietary intake in the seawater
teleost Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Each diet supplemented with 0 (control), 1, 2 or 4 g Aquagen™ kg-1 dry
diet was fed to replicate groups of juvenile Japanese flounder twice daily at 2.5 % moist diet kg-1�biomass day-1 for 21 days.
After feeding trial, Edwardsiella tarda IP injection challenge was executed to test the effects of diet on disease resistance.
Growth, blood parameters, serum lysozyme and C-reactive protein, head-kidney leukocyte migratory, respiratory burst and
phagocyte activities were evaluated every week until the end of the trial.
Results demonstrate that specimens fed Aquagen™ supplemented diets presented a slightly higher total growth; nevertheless,
promoted growing activity was not statistical supported (P>0.05). For all groups, analyzed blood parameter presented similar
activities with out significant changes along the trial. Lysozyme activity from 2 and 4 g kg-1 Aquagen™ supplemented
groups became significantly enhanced after 14 days. No group was able to enhance the serum C-reactive protein. On the
cellular component, migration assay was enhanced after 7, 14 or 21 days by the 2 g kg-1 Aquagen™ supplemented group;
such increase was not statistically supported. For the respiratory burst significantly high responses were observed for
Aquagen™ supplemented groups but treatments did not presented dose-dependant activation pattern. Phagocytic ability of
head-kidney leucocytes displayed significant enhancement after two weeks of feeding 2 g kg-1 Aquagen® supplemented
pellets.
On day 22 when fish were challenged with a virulent strain of Edwardsiella tarda, and mortalities were recorded over a
15-day period. The Aquagen™ 2 g kg-1 treated fish were significantly more resistant than control group.
Based on the results of this study, it is concluded that dietary Aquagen® in a dose of 2 g kg-1 dry diet basis positively influenced
innate immune responses of Japanese flounder as well as disease resistance to E. tarda infection when administrated for a
short period, offering direct economic benefits to farmers of this species.
206
ANALYSIS OF CHROMOSOMAL DNA CONTENT IN PACIFIC RED ABALONE Haliotis

rufescens BY FLUORESCENCE IMAGE ANALYSIS
Cristian Gallardo-Escárate*, Josué Álvarez-Borrego, Mario A. Bueno, Miguel Ángel del Río-Portilla
and Elisabeth von Brand-Skopnik
Centro de Investigación Científica y de ducación Superior de Ensenada

Km 107 Carretera Tijuana
Ensenada, Código Postal 22860
Ensenada, B.C. México
gallardo@cicese.mx
The Pacific red abalone Haliotis rufescens (Swainson, 1822) is a marine gastropod inhabiting along the Pacific
coast from Southern Oregon – Northern California to the Baja California Peninsula in Mexico.
Together with banding and FISH techniques, flow cytometry has been used for the analysis of DNA contents.
However application of flow cytometry and chromosomal sorting had been used mainly in plants and mammals.
The implementing of these techniques in molluscs has been delayed by difficulties in obtaining cellular line
culture.
The fluorescence fading and chromosome imaging method were jointly used to analyze chromosomal
DNA contents (haploid set) in Pacific red abalone. The fluorescence intensity was measured in H. rufescens
chromosomes (2n=36) stained with DAPI. The fluorescence of each chromosomal type was recorded using
color digital images of 24 bits. This kind of images allowed quantifies the fluorescence intensity by means of
256 levels of brightness.
Their DNA contents were related with chromosomal sizes (p<0.001) (Figure 1), and the DNA values found
showed a range from 0.1106 ± 0.0045 pg (chromosome # 1) to 0.0890 ± 0.0060 pg (chromosome # 18). The
genome size calculated for H. rufescens by sum of all chromosomal DNA contents was 1.7717 ± 0.005 pg
(Table 1). This study describes an alternative imaging method for analyzing chromosome morphology and
chromosomal DNA contents in molluscan chromosomes.
Figure 1. Correlation between chromosomal DNA Table 1. Individual chromosome DNA content in
content and chromosome area. The numbers inside Haliotis rufescens and its conversion into Mega base
represent the chromosome type. Discontinuous pairs (Mbp).(Dolezel et al. 2003).
plotted line represents calculated standard error.
207
GENOME SIZE ESTIMATION IN TWO POPULATIONS OF THE NORTHERN CHILEAN

SCALLOP Argopecten purpuratus USING FLUORESCENCE IMAGE ANALYSIS
Cristian Gallardo-Escárate*, Josué Álvarez-Borrego, Elisabeth von Brand-Skopnik

and Miguel Ángel del Río-Portilla
Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada

gallardo@cicese.mx
The Northern scallop Argopecten purpuratus (Lamarck, 1819) is a functional hermaphrodite inhabiting sedimentary
substrates in sheltered bays along the Pacific Ocean from Paita, Peru (5° South) to Tongoy, Chile (30° South). Since the
80’s, A. purpuratus has been cultured successfully, and currently represents an important aquaculture product in Chile.
Furthermore, the management reached in hatchery and larvae production has permitted to apply methodologies like ploidy
manipulation to produce triploid organisms. However, the knowledge about the genetic characteristics in populations of A.
purpuratus along the Pacific coast is sparse.
Genome size (the C-value) is known to vary considerably among organisms, but is relatively constant among individuals of
the same species. In order to determine the genome size in the Northern Chilean scallop, two populations were analyzed by
measuring the fluorescence signal in haemocyte nuclei stained with DAPI. The fluorescence intensity was measured during
fluorescence fading period by image analysis (fluorescence fading method).
The inter-individual variation was smaller that 6% for both populations (Table 1). Variance analysis was performed to
detect the effects of organisms and population in the genome size of A. purpuratus. Significant differences were detected
between Arica and Tongoy populations (p=0.0011).
The genome size of Tongoy population was larger statistically compared to the Arica population. Several hypotheses are
discussed about genome size variation.
The differences found in the A. purpuratus may be due to wild and cultivated origin of the populations studied. The
organisms from Tongoy population have been exhaustively farmed in the last three decades. Furthermore, the management
of the larvae production and the seed selection method probably has originated a selection process toward a specific
genotype.
Finally, the genome size reported in our study for A. purpuratus populations was close to A. irradians C-value (1.20 pg)
and within the interval reported for other Pectinid species (Table 2).
Table 1. Mean genome size in two populations of A.

purpuratus, 95% confidence interval and coefficient of
variation (CV).
Table 2. Review of C-value in Pectinid species.

208
KARYOTYPE ANALYSIS AND CHROMOSOMAL LOCALIZATION BY FISH

rDNA, TELOMERIC (TAAGGG)n AND (GATA)n REPEATS IN Haliotis fulgens
(ARCHEOGASTROPODA: HALIOTIDAE)
Cristian Gallardo-Escárate*, Josué Álvarez-Borrego, Miguel Ángel del Río-Portilla, Ismael Cross,
Alejandro Merlo and Laureana Rebordinos
Centro de Investigación Científica y de ducación Superior de Ensenada

gallardo@cicese.mx
The chromosomes of the blue abalone Haliotis fulgens were analyzed by means of DAPI staining, and fluorescence in situ
hybridization with 18S-5.8S-28S rDNA, telomeric (TAAGGG)n and (GATA)n repeats DNA probes. The diploid chromosome
number found was 36. The karyotypic arrangement indicated that the blue abalone has 8M+8SM+2ST.
The physical location of 18S-5.8S-28S rDNA clusters was found at the ends of the long arms of two pairs of submetacentric
chromosomes (4 and 11). Localization of heteromorphisms of FISH-rDNA between homologues and between sister
chromatids, and presence of interstitial hybridization signals was found in metacentric as well as onto submetacentric
chromosomes. The presence of microsatellite (TAAGGG)n and (GATA)n was evidenced after FISH treatment by DNA
probes. The telomeric sequence occurred at the ends of all mitotic chromosomes in abalones, while the (GATA)n repetitive
was found on chromosomal interstitial zone as well as at the ends of some chromosomes, this was manifested after FISH
on interphase nucleus. In addition, this study contributes with new karyological information in haliotids found in California
coast.
Table 1. Total chromosome lengths, relative length and

centromeric index for Haliotis fulgens (2n=36).
Figure 1. Karyotype of Haliotis fulgens

209
PRESENCE OF Nematopsis sp. (APICOMPLEXA) IN THE MAGROVE OYSTER, Crassostrea

rhizophorae (GUILDING, 1828), CULTIVATED IN THE STATE OF PERNAMBUCO
(BRAZIL)
Alfredo Olivera Gàlvez*, Luis Otavio Brito and José Carlos Nascimento de Barros
Laboratory of Sustainable Mariculture

Department of Fishing
Rural Federal University of Pernambuco
Brazil
alfredo_oliv@yahoo.com
Pathological agents are considered a serious problem, because of the association of some species with steep mortality of the
cultivated populations (Villalba et al, 1993). The Apicomplex include several species of parasites that are found in many
marine animals also described for fish and crustacea.
This research aims to diagnose the presence of Genus Nematopsis (Schneider, 1982) in the oysters cultivated in the state
of Pernambuco. The collections of the oysters were made between December/2001 and December/2002 in the systems of
floating cultivation with flashlight in the estuary of the Formoso River, south coast and in the system of static stretcher with
pillow cultivation in Barra de Catuama, north coast in the state of Pernambuco - Brazil, totalizing 135 samples.
The tissues analyzed were: mantle, hepatopancres, gills, gonads and abductor muscle. For the preparation of the slides,
smashing of sections (1-2 mm) of fresh biological material were made, fixed in glutaraldeid 3%. Anova and Tukey test (P
< 0,05) were used in statistical analysis
The protist Nematopsis sp. presented 100% of occurrence in the cultivated oysters in the state of Pernambuco – Brazil, in
the floatable and statistical cultivation systems. The analyzed tissues (Hepatopancres, abductor muscle, gills, gonads and
mantle) in the oysters cultivated in the estuary of the Formoso River did not presented significant differences (P<0,05). In
the estuary of Barra de Catuama, the analyzed tissues presented significant differences (P<0,05) (Table 1).
TABLE 1. Mean and deviation of the tissues studied for the cultivation systems in the estuaries of Formoso
River and Barra de Catuama. Different letters (a, b) in the same row are significantly different (P < 0.05).
210
COMPARISON OF THE LOSS OF DRY MATTER AMONG RATIONS WITH DIFFERENT

TENORS OF VEGETABLE PROTEIN AND COMMERCIAL RATIONS
Alfredo Olivera Gàlvez*, Waleska de Melo Costa, Albino Gonçalves Leal, João Paulo Viana de Lima,
Luis Otávio Brito and Davi A. Sato
Laboratory of Sustainable Mariculture

Department of Fishing
Rural Federal University of Pernambuco
Brazil
alfredo_oliv@yahoo.com
The stability of the diets in water with salinity 30‰ was verified according to the technique used by Akiyama (1981) apud
Olivera (1998) and adapted for this experiment, accomplished in Laboratory of Systems of Produce Aqüicolas / Rural
Federal University of Pernambuco. There were used four rations: A (75% of animal protein and 25% of vegetable protein);
B (50% of animal protein and 50% of vegetable protein); C (25% of animal protein and 75% of vegetable protein) and D
(commercial ration) both with 35% crude protein. Anova and Tukey test (P < 0,05) were used in statistical analysis
The data of stability of the rations in water can be observed in Table 1. The loss of weight of the tested rations varied from
2,22% to 5,37% to 30 minutes of immersion in water, from 4,31 to 7,92% for 60 minutes, from 5,87 to 10,33% for 90
minutes, from 8,0 to 12,7% for 180 minutes and 10,97 to 14,72% for the time of 360 minutes, respectively for the rations
A and C. The ration with 75% of animal protein and 25% of vegetable protein showed smaller matter losses in at 30, 60,
120, 150, 180, 240 and 360 minutes.
TABLE 1. Loss of matter weight of the pellets during the immersion period. Different letters (a, b, c)
in the same row are significantly different (P < 0.05).
211
A FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR THE DOMESTICATION AND REPRODUCTION OF BLUEFIN

TUNA Thunnus thynnus IN CAPTIVITY: THE REPRODOTT PROJECT
Antonio Garcia*, Antonio Belmonte, Elisa Ayora, Hillel Gordin, Christian Fauvel, Antonio Medina,
Christopher Bridges, Robert Vasallo-Agius, Constantinos Mylonas and Gregorio Demetrio
Instituto Español de Oceanografía

Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia
Ctra. de la Azohía s/n
E-30860, Puerto de Mazarrón, Spain
antonio.garcia@mu.ieo.es
Since 2003, a 3-year-long research project supported by the European Commission (EU) is being carried out aimed at
studying the feasibility to achieve reproduction of bluefin tuna (BFT), Thunnus thynnus, in captivity. The project involves
nine partners from seven Mediterranean countries. The overall objective of this project is to improve our understanding of
the reproductive physiology of BFT as the basis to develop a suitable methodology for the control of its reproduction in
captivity, in order to establish a sustainable aquaculture. Specific objectives to attain this goal are as follows: (1) understand
the basic aspects of tuna reproductive biology by studying wild migrating populations, with the aim of assessing hormonal
and gametic status able to monitor captive broodstock; (2) asses the capability of tuna broodstock to mature and spawn in
captivity; (3) acquisition of viable eggs and sperm and study the possibility of performing artificial fertilization; and (4)
develop suitable handling techniques. The project is structured into nine work packages as follows: WP1, Co-ordination and
reporting; WP2, Handling procedures for captive BFT; WP3, Maintenance of tuna broodstock in cages; WP4, Collection of
samples; WP5, Histology and gonad morphometry; WP6, Sex and maturity determination (brain, pituitary and sex steroids
hormones); WP7, Determination of stress in captive and wild BFT; WP8, Hormonal induction of spawning; and WP9,
Gamete characterization and management.
Results during the first two years of the project have been the following: (1) Progresses has been made in developing
handling techniques: anesthesia, safe and effective capturing approaches for sampling live fish, tagging, testing egg
collection devices, and employment of non-intrusive methods for sex and maturity assessment; (2) A broodstock of
over 120 fish ranging in weight from 80 to 120 kg was successfully confined in the experimental floating sea cages; (3)
Around 800 BFT from different locations in the Mediterranean Sea and from the experimental cages were sampled during
the spawning season between April to July. Gonad samples were evaluated histologically and the levels of reproductive
hormones and vitellogenin were successfully measured; (4) The cDNA sequences of BFT GnRHs and GtH� subunits were
identified and we are in the process of developing quantitative RT-PCR assays to measure gene expression. Also, specific
ELISA assays for native GnRH forms have been optimized and validated; (5) Stress factors, such as cortisol, lactate and
catecholamine were measured in order to determine the stress status in wild and captive fish; (6) A GnRHa-delivery system
has been produced, characterized and evaluated for the induction of spawning in captive broodfish; and (7) Changes in
sperm characteristics along the reproductive period has been evaluated, and the morphology of oocytes and eggs during the
periovulatory period were described.
The authors wish to express their gratitude to Dr I. Oray (Turkey) and Dr Y. Zohar (USA) for their collaboration in the
REPRODOTT project (Q5RS-2002-01355).
212
ONGROWING OF SENEGAL SOLE Solea senegalensis (KAUP 1958) FRIES USING TWO
DIFFERENT COMMERCIAL DIETS IN CANTABRIA (NORTHERN SPAIN)
García de la Banda I., Chereguini O., Lobo C., Diez J., Linares F. and Arce R.
I. García de la Banda
Spanish Institute of Oceanography
El Bocal Culture Centre
P.B. 240 Santander, Spain
i.gbanda@st.ieo.es
The Senegal sole Solea senegalensis (Kaup 1958) is a potential culture species in the Southern Europe commonly cultured
in extensive aquacultural production in Spain and Portugal. Research in recent years has been focused on optimizing its
production and promoting its culture in geographical areas different from the species’ s native range. Although rearing
attempts are been promising in Cantabria (Chereguini et al., 2003 a,b) more information is required about ongrowing of
juveniles to contribute a better knowledge of this specie which has not yet reach its optimal level of industrial production.
The aim of this study is to compare the effects of two commercial diets Gemma (Trouw) and Microbaq (Dibaq) having
different total protein 58 and 64% and lipid 17 and 8% composition, respectively on the growth and quality of fries over
nine months.
This study carried out in the Bocal Fish Culture Centre at the Spanish Institute of Oceanography in Santander (Northern
Spain). Fish were distributed in 4m2 tanks, and stocked at a density of 130 fries/m2, covered with an illumination of 50 lux.
Temperature ranges varied from 17.8 ºC to 22ºC. Initial lengths and weights of fry soles were 5.41 ± 0.045 cm and 2.46 ±
0.058 g respectively. Fish were fed automatic feeders that varied from 10 to 3 % of the tank biomass from the beginning to
the end of the experience.
For comparison of growth in terms of length and weight, all fish were measured and weighed monthly (Figure 1 and 2).
Mortality was also recorded. Daily growth rate, growth efficiency, factor condition index and food conversion rate were
also calculated. At the end of this study, body composition (total protein, lipids and carbohydrates, water content, minerals
and fatty acids) was analyzed. Lipid storage was observed after oil-red-O and hematoxylin- eosin dyeing.
213
COBIA Rachycentron canadum AQUACULTURE IN LA REUNION ISLAND, FRANCE:

FIRST RESULTS IN REARING LARVAL COBIA USING PSEUDO-GREEN WATER
TECHNIQUE
Frédéric Gaumet*, Marie Claude Babet, Audrey Le Toullec and Pierre Bosc
Association Réunionnaise de Développement de l’Aquaculture (A.R.D.A.)

Z.I. Les Sables, BP 16
Etang-Salé, 97 427
La Réunion, France
gaumet.arda@wanadoo.fr
Interest in the culture of Cobia Rachycentron canadum has grown substantially all over the sub-tropical belt in the
last ten years, due to its rapid growth and adaptability to intensive rearing. First studies on grow-out performance and
captive broodstock management of cobia was initiated in La Réunion Island in 2002, based on imported fry from Taiwan.
Conditioning broodstock and hormonal induction trials started in 2003, with emphasis on advances in knowledge of cobia
spawning, development, and achieving consistent and reliable production of fry.
Cobia eggs were obtained from hormone induced broodstock held in A.R.D.A. marine station (3 years old female issue
from farmed fingerling). 3,000 two-day post hatch (dph) yolk-sac fry were stocked into one 1 000 L cylindro-conical larval
production tank, resulting in a density of 3 larvae/L. Water exchange between the tank and the recirculating system was
constant at 5%/hour from day 2 ph to day 17 ph, then increased to 10%/hour until weaning. Temperature and salinity was
controlled respectively at 28°C and 34g/L, and photoperiod was fixed at 24h L:0h D. Pseudo-green water technology was
characterised by continuous addition of phytoplancton in the tank during the first 16 days of rearing using an automated
feeding system, resulting in algae concentration into the rearing volume of 100,000 cells/ml. Larvae were fed enriched
L rotifers, Brachionus plicatilis for 3 days beginning on day 3 ph, AF enriched Artemia nauplii from day 5 to 8 ph and
enriched Artemia metanauplii starting day 8 ph through weaning. Starting on day 16 ph, 1.6 cm cobia larvae were co-fed
using INVE proton particules. Weaning started on day 23 ph using 500-800 µm pellet from Le Gouessant, for a duration
of 5 days.
On day 26 ph, 140 larvae were collected from this run and transfered to a 120L fiberglass nursery tank, resulting in an
overall survival of 4,7%. At this age, fry were measuring 5.1 cm with an average weight of 330 mg. Additional data on
water quality monitoring, larval development, and growth are discussed.
Results of this first trial confirm that Cobia fry can be produced using pseudo-green water techniques in a recirculating
loop, i.e. controlled conditions in terms of quantity and quality of zooplankton introduced into the system. Improvements
have to be done in terms of survival and optimization of the feeding schedule. However, strong experimental basis are today
in place in the Indian Ocean to ensure in sustainable development of this new industry.
214
KEY DRIVERS FOR THE FUTURE DEVELOPMENT OF INLAND AQUACULTURE IN

AUSTRALIA
Gavine F., Gooley G., Partridge G. J., Collins A., Hutchinson, W.G., Jenkins, G. I. and Fielder, D. S.
Aquaculture Section
Primary Industries Research Victoria (PIRVic)
Private Bag 20, Alexandra
Victoria 3714, Australia
fiona.gavine@dpi.vic.gov.au
Australia is a large and climatically diverse country with rainfall, or the lack of it, the single most important factor
determining land use and rural production. The relative scarcity of water resources in Australia has led to extensive
programs to regulate water supplies through the construction of water storage reservoirs and irrigation infrastructure,
which has significantly improved agricultural productivity. However, irrigation resources are currently fully or over-
allocated which has significantly increased the value of the resource in many areas and created an imperative to maximise
its productive use.
Inland aquaculture in Australia is a small and geographically specific sector which has developed in a fragmented manner
largely in response to regional climatic conditions and market drivers. The potential for sustainable, high value, industrial
scale production in this sector has never been realised despite ongoing investment and R&D. Since a reliable supply of
good quality water is a key requirement for inland aquaculture an opportunity exists to stimulate future development of this
sector through innovative, higher value and multiple use of irrigation water. Opportunities also exist in the use of inland
saline water resources for aquaculture and the remediation of wastewaters which are both major environmental issues in
Australia.
This paper will deliver a conceptual framework for the future development of inland aquaculture in Australia based
on multiple or conjunctive water use to increase sustainability in agricultural landscapes. The opportunity in terms of
environmental and socio-economic benefits delivered to regional communities will be outlined.
215
DIETARY METHIONINE REQUIREMENT FOR GROWTH OF JUVENILE HUMPBACK

GROUPER Cromileptes altivelis
N. Adiasmara Giri*, K. Suwirya and M. Marzuqi
Research Institute for Mariculture, Gondol

P O. Box 140
Singaraja, Bali, Indonesia 81101
Aquaculture of high-value finfish, such as groupers, is an industry of increasing importance throughout the Asia-Pacific
region, including Indonesia. Humpback grouper Cromileptes altivelis is the most expensive species of grouper. The
availability of a practical diet for grouper is a major constraint to grow-out production. Information on optimum dietary
protein and lipid levels, energy, essential fatty acid and vitamin requirements were used as a basis in developing a compounded
diet for grouper. However, it is no information is available on amino acid requirement for grouper. The objective of the
present study is to find out dietary amino acid methionine requirement for growth of juvenile humpback grouper.
A 49-day feeding trial was conducted in 18 polycarbonate tanks, 100 L volume. Each tank is equipped with flow-through
water system. Twelve hatchery produced juveniles of humpback grouper (5.6 ± 0.7 g BW) were randomly selected and
stocked in each tank. Fish fed experimental diets twice everyday at satiation level. Experimental diets were prepared as dry
pellet with casein and fish meal as an intact protein sources, and the mixture of crystalline amino acids to meet protein level
of 49 %. Experimental diet has the same amino acid composition to the amino acid composition of whole body protein of
humpback grouper, except for methionine content. Basal diet (diet-1) contains 0.86 % methionine that was supplied from
casein and fish meal. Graded level (0.3 %) of crystalline methionine was added to the basal diet to get the final methionine
level in each diet of 0.86, 1.16, 1.46, 1.76, 2.06, and 2.36 %. The experiment was designed according to completely random
design with 6 treatments and 3 replicates for each treatment.
Result of the experiment showed that dietary methionine content influenced final weight, weight gain, specific growth
rate, feed efficiency, protein retention, and body protein content of juvenile humpback grouper (Table 1). Optimum dietary
methionine was calculated using broken line regression analysis. Optimum dietary methionine requirement for growth of
juvenile humpback grouper is 1.18 % (2.41 % of dietary protein) and 1.16 % (2.37 % of dietary protein) based on weight
gain data and feed efficiency, respectively.
Table 1. Final weight (FW), weight gain (WG), feed efficiency (FE), survival (SR), and specific growth
rate (SGR) juvenile humpback grouper fed experimental diet. Means in a column with different letters
were significantly different (P < 0.05)
216
OPTIMISING NUTRIENT AND ENERGY INTAKE BY FISH: USING FACTORIAL

MODELLING TO PREDICT FEED DEMANDS AND COMPOSITION REQUIREMENTS
Brett Glencross
Department of Fisheries – Research Division

Government of Western Australia
PO Box 20
North Beach, WA 6020, Australia
bglencross@fish.wa.gov.au
The specifications for dietary energy and protein are the key nutritional parameters in defining any aquaculture diet.
Traditionally, empirical experiments examining dose-response requirements to either nutritional parameter have been the
standard method used to define these specifications. However, using such an approach often assumes key factors such as
uniformity of requirement across a varying size-range of animals.
The use of factorial modeling techniques can circumvent some of these problems, such as the assumption of constancy
of protein/energy demand. By determining a species specific partial efficiency of energy conversion, the implications of
that efficiency on specific energy utilization by the fish becomes possible to mathematically estimate. Key elements of this
include the recovered energy (RE) accumulation by the fish and also the maintenance energy demands (HEf).
By modeling the prospective growth rate of any particular fish species and as long as the expected composition (energy
and nutrient content) of the fish is known, then it should be possible to predict not only the energy demand to achieve that
growth, but also the protein demand per unit energy intake required by that fish to achieve that growth. This determination
of protein requirement also stems from understanding the nature of dietary protein utilization and the various inefficiencies
associated with that process. Invariably this same process can be further extrapolated to examine the requirement of a whole
range of essential dietary nutrients.
In using this nutritional research approach it becomes possible to clearly demonstrate that the demands for protein, and
indeed perhaps most nutrients, is a highly dynamic one (Table 1). By better catering to these nuances it becomes possible
to further refine the efficiency of production of any fish species.
This approach to nutritional investigations also confers numerous secondary benefits. In the process of defining dietary
energy and protein demands a defined ration structure is also determined, allowing some basis to feed allocation to maximize
production whilst minimizing feed wastage.
Table 1. Changes to digestible protein and lysine demand relative to digestible energy intake with varying
barramundi size as determined using an iterative approach.
217
EFFECT OF CORTISOL ON IN VITRO BASAL AND HCG-STIMULATED OVARIAN

STEROIDOGENESIS BY FOLLICLES FROM STRESSED AND NON-STRESSED
DAMSELFISH Acanthochromis polyacanthus
L. Gonzalez-Reynoso* and N. W. Pankhurst

Townsville QLD, Australia 4811
luis.gonzalezreynoso@jcu.edu.au
Stress produces a reduction in plasma gonadal steroids in teleost fish, however, the mechanism for this inhibition remains
unclear. Administration of exogenous cortisol in intact fish has shown to inhibit ovarian steroidogenesis, however, in vitro
incubation of ovarian follicles with cortisol has failed to consistently produce such inhibition.
The aim of this study was to investigate if previous stress on the intact fish modifies the effects of cortisol on in vitro
ovarian steroidogenesis. To accomplish this, three experiments were performed on female damselfish A. polyacanthus.
Before plasma sampling and ovary extraction, fish were either immediately anaesthetized (experiment 1; non-stressed
fish) or stressed in low water for 1 h (experiment 2) or for 3h (experiment 3). Then, in vitro incubations of isolated ovarian
follicles were conducted in 24-well tissue culture plates at 26°C for 18h. In each well, 7 follicles were incubated in 1 ml of
either L15 alone (control), or L15 containing cortisol at 100 ng.ml-1 (C100), cortisol at 1000 ng.ml-1 (C1000) or the same
treatments in the presence of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) at 100 U.ml-1. After the incubation period, the medium
of each well was assayed for testosterone (T) and estradiol (E2) by radioimmunoassay (RIA). There were 4 replicate wells
for each treatment and the experiment was repeated in 4 fish. Plasma samples were measured for T, E2 and cortisol by RIA.
Results were analyzed by one-way ANOVA.
Plasma cortisol levels in fish from experiment 1 were in the reported range (<14 ng.ml-1) of unstressed damselfish. In
contrast, fish stressed for 1h presented significantly (p<0.05) higher cortisol levels (mean of 36.4 ng.ml-1) characteristic
of stressed damselfish, while, fish stressed for 3h had low levels of cortisol (mean of 5.6 ng.ml-1). In vitro, cortisol did not
produce any consistent inhibition of basal or hCG-stimulated ovarian steroidogenesis in either follicles from non-stressed
fish (experiment 1) or from fish stressed for 1h (experiment 2). However, experiment 3 provides preliminary evidence that
cortisol may have a consistent significant (P<0.05) inhibition of basal ovarian steroidogenesis in previously stressed fish
(Fig.1). This will be verified by further experimentation. If confirmed, these results suggest that during the period between
1 and 3 hours of in vivo stress, a regulatory factor may be expressed or activated which influences folliclular sensitivity to
cortisol.
218
NUTRITIONAL EVALUATION OF SELECTED PLANT PROTEINS AS AN ALTERNATIVE

PROTEIN SOURCE FOR TILAPIA Oreochromis mossambicus FEEDS
A, Gouveia* and S. J. Davies
Departamento de Zoologia e Antropologia

CIIMAR-Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental
Faculdade de Ciências
Universidade do Porto
Praça Gomes Teixeira, 4099-002, Porto, Portugal
agouveia@fc.up.pt
An 8 week investigation was undertaken to evaluate the potential inclusion of selected plant protein source as a substitute
for fish meal protein in practical formulated diets for tilapia fry, Oreochromis mossambicus in a closed re-circulating
holding facility. Six complete diets: one control diet (fish meal-based diet-CON), three selected plant proteins (solvent
extracted soybean meal-SESBM, full fat soybean meal-FFSBM and maize gluten meal-MGM) were substituted in the fish
meal based control diet at a 50% level respectively (SESBM50, FFSBM50 and MGM50) and the remaining diets were
replaced with 75% inclusion level of SESBM and MGM (SESBM75 and MGM75). The crude protein, crude lipid and
energy content of the diets varied between 38-42%, 13-15% and 18-23MJkg-1 respectively.
Results showed that fish fed the fish meal based control diet (CON) had a significantly better growth performance and
feed utilization efficiency and that those fed SESBM50, FFSBM50 and MGM50 and did not shown significant differences
in their growth performances and feed utilization efficiencies. Fish fed on FFSBM50 did not vary significantly from the
control diet in terms of protein utilization (ANNU). Substitution of fish meal with SESBM and MGM at levels of 75% of
the protein gave poorer trends in growth performance and feed utilization efficiency. The MGM75 diet showed the poorest
feed utilization efficiency. It can be concluded that these plant protein sources can replace up to 50% of high quality
fish meal protein in diets for tilapia fry without much reduction in growth performance and feed utilisation efficiency
particularly the soy bean meals (SESBM and FFSBM).
219
DEVELOPMENT OF DESIGN CRITERIA FOR LOW-COST, INLAND GREENHOUSE

PRODUCTION OF MARINE ORNAMENTALS
Micah Alo, Scott Graves* and Craig Watson
jsgraves@ifas.ufl.edu
Marine ornamental aquaculture is rapidly becoming an economically viable enterprise, due in large part to recent advances
in aquaculture technology and growth in the marine aquarium trade. Production relies on seawater systems, and therefore
presents a unique challenge if production is to occur away from coastal areas. This presentation will present an overview of
design criteria and associated economic costs in a simple greenhouse system created at the University of Florida’s Tropical
Aquaculture Laboratory in Ruskin, Florida.
220
DEMONSTRATION AND CONFIRMATION OF ETIOLOGY OF A NEW FACULTATIVE

INTRACELLULAR BACTERIUM CAUSING MASS MORTALITY IN ASIAN SEA BASS
Lates calcarifer
L. Grisez*, J. Ng, A. Bolland, A. Michel, B. Wahjudi and R. Segers
Intervet Norbio Singapore Pte Ltd.

1 Perahu Road
718847 Singapore
info.aquaINS@intervet.com
Although the hatchery production of Asian sea bass is well known, a regular shortage of good quality fingerlings frequently
occurs and local farmers have to depend on imported fingerlings for stocking. A primary cause for this shortage is the
occurrence of a particular disease very early in the production cycle.
Typically, fish of 0.2 to 5 g are involved and the affected stocks present a clear acute outbreak (see figure). The first visible
signs are a sub-group of fish swimming lethargically and separated from the rest of the actively feeding juveniles. These
fish display a blackened appearance and become anorexic. Fish very rapidly develop a largely distended abdomen and
death follows within a few hours. Within days, the stock is reduced to 20 - 30% of its initial size. Internally, the organs
are clumped together in an indistinguishable fatty mass, in association with light hemorrhages in the liver and parts of the
intestine.
Direct staining of impression prints shows the presence of intracellular Gram-negative bacteria with a typical appearance.
Further light and electron microscopy reveal the bacteria to be present in vacuoles in the cytoplasm of affected cells.
The bacterium could be isolated using a very rich isolation medium which in turn allowed the establishment of its preliminary
identity through 16S sequence analysis. The analysis showed that the bacterium probably belongs to a new, previously un-
described Vibrio species.
Through experimental infections, the etiology has been confirmed by fulfilling Koch’s postulates.
Since its initial isolation, its presence in sea bass hatcheries in Indonesia, Singapore and Malaysia has been demonstrated.
Results on disease manifestation, confirmation of the etiology, and identification and PCR-detection of this new bacterium
will be discussed.
221
ANTIVIRAL IMMUNITY INDUCED BY DOUBLE STRANDED RNA IN THE MARINE

SHRIMP Litopenaeus vannamei
Javier Robalino*, Tomas Bartlett, Joan Colglazier, Ann Chen, David McKillen, Eleanor Shepard, Jonas Almeida,
Craig Browdy, Robert Chapman, Paul Gross and Gregory Warr
Marine Genomics Group

Hollings Marine Laboratory
331 Ft. Johnson Road
Charleston, SC 29412 USA
robalij@musc.edu
The immune mechanisms used by invertebrates to fight viral infections remain poorly understood. This lack of information
has had a negative impact on the ability of the aquaculture industry to put in place effective measures to control viral
diseases. Our studies are focused on identifying the molecular bases for recognition and response to viral infections in the
marine shrimp L. vannamei. These studies have identified dsRNA as an inducer of antiviral immunity in shrimp, suggesting
that recognition of dsRNA as a virus-associated molecular pattern is a conserved feature of both vertebrate and invertebrate
immune systems. To gain a better understanding of these dsRNA-induced antiviral responses, we have generated a cDNA
microarray containing approximately 3000 non-redundant expressed sequence tags from L. vannamei. This tool is allowing
the identification of the gene expression signatures that characterize viral infections and the induction of antiviral responses.
This transcriptomic information should provide some bases to construct informed hypotheses regarding the genetics of
antiviral immunity in shrimp.
222
ELEVATED METAL CONCENTRATIONS IN THE WATER COLUMN AND PORE WATER

OF SHRIMP AQUACULTURE PONDS AFFECTED BY ACID SULFATE SOIL
Sarah Groves* and Jesmond Sammut
CSIRO Marine Research

P.O Box 120 Cleveland
Queensland, 4163, Australia
sarah.groves@csiro.au
Aquaculture ponds that are excavated in ASS are affected by high concentrations of metals, acid (metal and H+ ion) and
sulfur. Metals mobilised from pond sediments degrade pond water quality leading to a loss of beneficial algal blooms,
a reduction in pond water pH, poor growth rates and high mortality in shrimp. A transect of five nested piesometers
was installed in two aquaculture ponds (Ponds 7 and 10) in south-east Queensland. Metal concentrations (as total ion
concentrations) were analysed using ICP-MS.
In Pond 7 Al, As, Ni and Zn concentrations were generally higher at the beginning of the grow-out season. Variability
of metal concentration was observed between the water column (0-150cm) and the pore-water (0-100cm). The highest
concentration of As (130µg L-1) and Ni (73µg L-1) were sampled in the pore water sediment (associated with ASS). The
highest concentration of Al (1044µg L-1) and Zn (104µg L-1) were sampled in the water column (approximately 40cm from
the surface of the pond). Highest concentrations of Mn and Fe2+ were 4717µg L-1 and 5100µg L-1 respectively and were
present in the sediment pore water. Mean concentrations were calculated for Mn and Fe2+ for the five piezometers sampled
in Pond 7.
In Pond 10, Ni concentrations (167µg L-1) are the highest at the beginning of the grow-out season. However, As (97µg
L-1), Al (234µg L-1) and Zn (308µg L-1) are the most concentrated during the middle of the cycle. The highest mean
concentrations of these elements are As (63µg L-1), Al (91µg L-1) and Zn (69µg L-1) which were each associated with the
sediment-water interface (Figure 2). Manganese (2236µg L-1) and Fe2+ (7100µg L-1) concentrations in Pond 10 were also
the highest in the sediment pore water. Mean concentrations of Mn and Fe2+ for the five piezometers sampled in Pond 10
were 1631µg L-1 and 3598µg L-1 respectively.
FIGURE 1. Mean concentrations of reduced Fe+ FIGURE 2. Mean concentrations of As, Al, Ni
and Mn in Pond 7. and Zn in Pond 10.
223
LARVAL CULTURE: PRINCIPLES AND METHODS

Ana Carolina de Barros Guerrelhas
SYAQUA BRAZIL
PO Box 04 – Canguaretama
Rio Grande do Norte – Brazil – Zip Code 59190-000
anaguerrelhas@aquatec.com.br
The world wide development of shrimp culture has resulted in a great dispute for price and quality in the international
market. The conscience that this development is quite conditional on the environment quality has demanded an improvement
of the production process. It must be well elaborated, clear, and versatile according to the market needs, controlling all the
inputs, diseases and being able of making the traceability available in an easy and quick way. Nowadays it is necessary
to produce by heaps, efficiency, quality, adequate cost, making available all the information to the client, protecting the
environment and the human health. In the shrimp productive chain, the post-larva has a fundamental role on the final results
at the commercial ponds and its production depends on several factors: reproducer quality, installation design, water and
feed quality, control of environmental parameters, bacterial charge, diseases and infections, criteria when using chemicals
and treatments, and others. There is no receipt for hatchery anymore, but combined experiences which are applied and quite
often must be reviewed and adjusted to attend the producer and market needs. The commercial hatcheries must deal with
a great challenge which is being in the market for a long period while changes must be made quickly to adjust themselves
to the activity direction. This must be made without looses in quality, product cost and still innovating with improved
products. The main purpose of this presentation is to show a commercial hatchery, located in the northeast of Brazil,
acquired experience after working for 16 years in the post-larva market with an exotic shrimp species, L. vannamei.
224
THE PRELIMINARY STUDY OF FISH CULTURE IN THE ABANDONED SAND-MINING

POOL
Bambang Gunadi*, Lukas Dharma, Ikhsan Khasani, Yosmaniar and Lies Setijaningsih
Research Institute for Freshwater Fish Breeding and Aquaculture

Jalan Raya 2 Sukamandi
Subang 41256
Indonesia
bgunadi@telkom.net
One of the main problems in freshwater aquaculture development in Indonesia, especially in Java Island, is unavailability
of wide-enough area in one developing zone. It is important to find an underutilized area that meet the criteria for industrial
scale freshwater aquaculture, i.e. good water supply, wide enough, and in one area or zone. The abandoned mining (sand,
tin, etc.) pools that are distributed along the country might be the potential area for freshwater aquaculture industry. For
example, there are at least 13 water pools with total surface area of 250 ha at the side of 10 km part of Citarum River in
Karawang District (West Java Province). This study was conducted to obtain the preliminary data about the prospect and
potency of fish culture (tilapia, clariid catfish and ‘patin’ catfish) in the abandoned sand-mining pools in Karawang District
(West Java Province).
A mini floating net cage of 1x1x1 m3 size was used for culturing fish, i.e. nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), clariid
catfish (Clarias gariepinus) dan patin catfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus) separately. The tilapia were stocked at a size of 6
g with a density of 400 fish per cage, clariid catfish were stocked at a size of 6 g with a density of 300 fish per cage while
the ‘patin’ catfish were stocked at a size of 1.4 g with a density of 980 fish per cage. A floating commercial feed (30-32%
protein, 3-5% fat) was used at a daily rate of 9% biomass weight at the beginning and reduced gradually to 3% at the final
culture period.
The observed data showed that nile tilapia grew from the individual initial size of 5.92 g to the final size of 247.12 g in
14 weeks, clariid catfish grew from the initial size of 1.39 g to the final size of 73.10 g in 8 weeks, and patin catfish grew
from the initial size of 2.08 g to the final size 299.59 g in 22 weeks. These three species were technically prospective for
aquaculture development in the abandoned mining pool.
225
TIGER SHRIMP Penaeus monodon GROWTH AT DIFFERENT STOCKING DENSITIES IN

HIGH SALINITY BRACKISHWATER POND USING MANGROVE RESERVOIR
Gunarto*, Muslimin and Muharijadi Atmomarsono
Research Institute for Coastal Aquaculture

Jl. M. Dg. Sitakka No. 129 Maros
South Sulawesi, Indonesia 90511
litkanta@upandang.wasantara.net.id
High salinity of the pond water (over 33 ppt) between July and October is one of the problems occurred in western part
of South Sulawesi brackishwater ponds. It is necessary to know if tiger shrimp can grow well in such salinity, since the
optimum salinity range for the growth in tiger shrimp is 15 – 25 ppt. The objective of the research is to know the tiger
shrimp production at different stocking densities cultured in high salinity pond using mangrove reservoir. Twelve pond
compartments of 500 m2 each were arranged randomly for three treatments of shrimp stocking densities i.e. 4 pcs/m2 (A),
6 pcs/m2(B) and 8 pcs./m2 (C). The water recirculation in the ponds is performed in Figure 1.
The water in the pond was maintained at about 80 cm depth and it was exchanged regularly during high tide for about
10 – 15% of total volume. The feed was given two weeks after stocking at 10 % and gradually decrease until 3% of total
biomass/day related to the increasing of shrimp size. Pond water salinity were 33 – 45 ppt, while DO were 5.14 – 6.42 ppm
in ranges. Ammonium tend to decrease in reservoir pond as well as in treatment pond, while total organic matter (TOM)
tend to increase in treatment pond. At the day 42 after stocking, the shrimp infected by WSSV and it was continued until to
the day 91 and there were only four pond compartments were harvested (two pond from treatment A and one pond from
treatment B and C respectively), while shrimp in another pond was died caused by WSSV infection. Shrimp production,
FCR and survival rate were showed in Table 1.
Figure 1. water recirculation systems
Table 1. Production, growth and survival rate of tiger shrimp at different stocking densities.
226
GENETIC IDENTIFICATION FOR TUNA AND RAINBOW RUNNER CAPTURE IN NORTH

BALI WATERS
Gusti Ngurah Permana*, John H. Hutapea, Haryanti, Sari Budi M and Akio Nakazawa
Research Institute for Mariculture Gondol

PO Box 140
Singaraja 81101 Bali
haryanti@indosat.net.id
Gondol Research Institute for Mariculture have been developed of tuna culture in Indonesia. To obtain basic information
on genetic identification of tuna and rainbow runner were developed in this current study. Samples of five species were
collected from territorial water of North Bali. The method used in this study was allozyme electrophoresis. All species were
in Hardy-weinberg equilibrium.
The results showed that buffer of CAPM-6 (citric acid aminoprophylmorpholine) resulted in a sharp and clear banding
pattern. The species could be differentiated in six diagnostic isozyme patterns Idh* (isocitrate dehydrogenase), 6Pgd* (6
phosphogluconate dehydrogenase), Gpi* (glucose phosphate isomerase), Mdh* (malate dehydrogenase), Est* (esterase),
and Sp* (sarcoplasmic protein). Heterozygosities of species were ranged from 0.00 to 0.099. Yellowfin tuna has the highest
heterozigosity compared to the other species. Clustering samples according to pairs revealed that genetic distance of Bullet
tuna (A. rochei) and Eastern little tuna (E. affinis) had small value (0.001). By contrast, the largest value was observed
between yellowfin tuna, T. albacares and rainbow runner, E. bipunnulata (0.007). This value indicated that Bullet
tuna (A. rochei) and Eastern little tuna (E. affinis) closed relation, while among yellowfin tuna, skipjack tuna, and rainbow
runner, were separated phylogenically.
227
PHYLOGENY OF PANGASIIDAE CATFISHES FROM ASIA BASED ON MORPHOLOGICAL

AND MOLECULAR ANALYSES
Rudhy Gustiano*, Laurent Pouyaud and Guy Teugels

Jl. Sempur No. 1
Bogor 16151, Indonesia
gustiano@indo.net.id
Pangasiidae are economically important riverine catfishes generally occurring in freshwater from the Indian subcontinent
to the Indonesian Archipelago. Morphologically, they are recognized by a laterally compressed body, two pairs of barbels,
a short dorsal fin with two spines, a well developed adipose fin, a long anal fin, and a strong pectoral spine. The systematics
of this family is still poorly known. Consequently, the lack of this basic information is a great barrier in understanding the
biology and hence the study of the aquaculture potential of species, the improvement of their seed production and growth
performance.
Objectives of the present study are to clarify phylogeny of this family based on a biometric analysis and molecular evidence
using 12S ribosomal mtDNA on the total of 1070 specimens.
During the study twenty eight species are recognised as valid in Pangasiidae. Four genera are also recognised (Helicophagus
Bleeker, 1858; Pangasianodon Chevey, 1930; Pteropangasius Fowler, 1937; and Pangasius Valenciennes, 1840) instead
of two as reported by previous workers. The phylogenetic analysis demonstrated the recognised genera, and the genetic
relationships among the taxa (Fig. 1). Overall, trees from the different analyses show similar topologies and confirm the
hypothesis derived from geological history, palaeontology, and similar models in other taxa of fishes from the same area.
The oldest genus may already have existed when Asia mainland was still connected to the islands in the southern part about
20 million years ago.
Figure 1. The nearest neighbour dendrogram for 12S rDNA gene within
Pangasiidae. Numbers next to node show percentage group occurrence
found with the 1000 bootstrapped trees.
228
CURRENT STATUS OF AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT IN TIMOR LESTE

Horacio Guterres*, Julio da Cruz and Hilario Logarta
National Directorate of Fisheries and Aquaculture

Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
Fomento Building, Mandarin, Dili
PO Box 408
East Timor
santoshoracio2004@yahoo.com
juliodacruz@yahoo.com
hilario.logarta@undp.org
Timor Leste has been independent for 3 years. In that time, it has developed several forms of aquaculture primarily as a
means of encouraging increased fish consumption and better and richer diets for people living in the interior of the island.
An increasing move towards commercialization of industrial crops in agriculture has been accompanied by an increase in
the interest in aquaculture for commercial gain.
The main species grown today are predominately freshwater species in ponds, raceways and lakes: carp (C. carpio/ H.
molitrix), tilapia (O. mossambicus/ O. nilotica, and milkfish (C. chanos). Seaweed (E. spinosum and E. cottonii/ Kappaphycus
alvarezi sp. is grown near Dili and is consumed locally. People are looking for commercial markets and traders based in
Indonesia (Kupang, Bali) to buy and process the seaweed harvest.
The government operates two hatcheries for the production of carp and tilapia. The fry were originally given away to
farmers. Those that have shown the most interest are now willing to pay for the fry and fingerlings for on-growing in their
ponds and fields.
Reef gleaning is practiced by many households as the tide is receding. Reefs around Dili are subject to intensive gleaning.
There is the potential for the development of reef seeding using trochus (Trochus sp.), giant clam (Tridacna sp. And
Hippopus sp.), and sea weed (Eucheuma sp. and Kappaphycus sp.). There is a move towards allocating property rights to
communities and villagers to protect their investments.
The paper presents the development of aquaculture in Timor Leste since independence, and highlights some of the main
prospects and constraints confronting aquaculture development at this point in time.
229
FUTURE PROSPECTS FOR AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT IN TIMOR LESTE

Acacio Guterres*, Julio da Cruz and Seamus McElroy
National Directorate of Fisheries and Aquaculture

Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
Fomento Building, Mandarin, Dili
PO Box 408
East Timor
aguterres@yahoo.com
juliodacruz@yahoo.com
Timor Leste lies in the arid, equatorial region of eastern Indonesia, just north of Northern Territory, Australia.
Its comparative advantages are: warm, stable tropical climate, two wet seasons per year, clear, clean oceanic water, low
coastal population outside of Dili district, plentiful, cheap land, low labour costs, and preferential tariff access (ACP
country) to the European market.
Two studies are currently underway in Timor Leste, one using a decision support tool for aquaculture site selection based
upon key criteria, and a second looking at the range of species and sites that are available for the production of commercial
quantities of aquaculture products, from freshwater, brackish water and marine sites.
The main candidate species currently being investigated for their potential are: grouper (Epinephelus sp.), snapper
(Lutjanus sp.), mud crab (Scylla serrata), eels (Anguilla sp., pearls (Pinctada sp.), octopus (Octopus sp.), freshwater
crawfish (Macrobrachium sp./ Cherax sp.), carp (C. carpio) and tilapia (O. nilotica). Other species are being investigated
for their potential for improving farmer’s incomes in their wet rice and fish production systems.
One model that is being investigated with franchise operation, whereby an investor from outside Timor Leste provides the
fry or fingerlings for farmers to on-grow and sell to the parent company. The advantage of this approach is that the product
is assured of a market and the grower gets the required financial and technical expertise required to ensure the system is
working properly. The route to success for the culture of high value species I s considered to be developing skills base
with low value species such as milkfish, and then for the successful farmers, graduating to the on-growing of grouper or
snapper.
In the domestic market, there is a need to develop the market potential for freshwater fish such as carp, catfish and other
plant eating species which grow rapidly.
230
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT DIETARY CARBOHYDRATE LEVEL ON THE GROWTH AND

FEED EFFICIENCY YOUNG INDONESIAN GORAMY Osphronemus gouramy Lacepede,
70-80 G/FISH
Ahmad Hadadi*, Ing Mokoginta and Dedi Jusadi
Sukabumi Freshwater Aquaculture Development Center (SFADC)

Jl. Selabintana 17 Sukabumi
West Java - 43114 – Indonesia
bbats@telkom.net
A study on carbohydrates and the relation between this group of nutrients and protein is justified a growing consideration of
minimizing the negative impact of feeds on the environment at the pond level. Carbohydrates are the least expensive form
of dietary energy for man and domestic animals. Although dietary protein can be used as dietary energy source for fish.
Carbohydrates have been shown to be suitable energy source for either carnivorous, omnivorous or herbivorous fish. It has
been widely assumed that these letter species can utilize higher dietary levels of carbohydrates than carnivorous fish.
Knowledge of the optimum levels of other components of the carbohydrates and their relation to the P/E ratio can be useful
in reducing the production cost of food its effect as pollutant. Although dietary carbohydrates are the most economical
source of energy in food, little information about the utilization of carbohydrate by fish. It is important to provide the
appropriate level of carbohydrate in the diet for fish, because if carbohydrates are not provided, other nutrients such as
protein or lipids will be catabolized for energy and to provide metabolic intermediates for the synthesis of other biologically
important compound.
The aim of this research was to asses the effect on increasing dietary carbohydrate levels on growth, feed efficiency, protein
retention and plasma glucose of young Indonesian goramy Osphronemus gouramy Lacepede).
A research about the effect of different dietary carbohydrate level on the growth and feed efficiency young giant goramy,
70-80 g/fish carried out at the Sukabumi Freshwater Aquaculture Development Center Laboratory. The fish were fed with
diets containing isoenergetic and isoprotein diets, but containing different levels of carbohydrate: 21.20, 30.08, 38.57 and
47.50%. The fish fed on the diet three times daily, at satiation, for 60 days.
The results indicated that feed consumption, protein retention, and plasma glucose level were not affected significantly
(P>0.05) by the level of dietary carbohydrate. The body lipid content increase in direct relationship to the dietary level of
carbohydrate. The highest percentage of body lipid was found in fish fed the diets containing: 47.50, followed by 38.57,
30.08, and 21.20% carbohydrate. However, all the result of this study indicate that fish growth and feed efficiency were
similar in all treatment (P>0.05), and that case 70-80 g giant goramy were able to utilize carbohydrate efficiently for
growth and feed efficiency as much as 47.50%.
231
THE SALINITY EFFECT TO THE REPRODUCTION CAPACITY OF THREE GENOTYPE

OF GIANT PRAWN Macrobrachium rosenbergii AND THEIR HYBRIDIZATION
Lies Emmawati Hadie*, Wartono Hadie and Komar Sumantadinata
Research Centre for Fisheries Aquaculture

KS. Tubun VI Street
Jakarta, Indonesia
wartono@starplace.com
Nowadays giant prawn plantations develop in freshwater areas. Even in naturally it has larval stadium that live in brackish
water. The fact explains that the prawn has potential gene to survive with salinity area like dyke. This potential gene called
phenotypic plasticity. It controlled by gene and it should have to exploitation so that can expressed in salinity area. Breeding
program is a successful factor to expressed the gene, the result is productive strain of giant prawn. Even in brackish water
area. Giant prawn breeding program started with important information about reproduction in salinity area. The aim of this
research are evaluate and analyze reproduction capacity of three kind of giant prawn genotype and hybridization in salinity
area.
The research place in brackish water in Pedes province, Karawang. Experimental research using factorial design. First
factor is giant prawn genotype type like GIMacro, Musi, and Barito with hybrid in salinity area. So there are 9 genotype
that used and they are GG,MM, BB, GM, GB, MG, MB, BG, BM. Second factor is three salinity level 0‰, 10 ‰ , and 15
‰ . Mating design by fullsibs. Maintenance of larval prawn is using clear water without plankton method. Prawn breeding
for 5 month in dyke with commercial pullet.The result of this research show that salinity influence significantly with giant
prawn reproduction capacity (P<0.01). Increasing salinity make egg number that production by broodstock decreasing.Egg
capacity from 9 giant prawn genotype show variety of three salinity level. Complete data bring in Table 1.MB genotype
mating with Musi male and Barito female, indicate a big tolerance with 15 ‰ salinity environment. It is proved from total
of number of egg produce by female with average 25,625 grain/broodstock. It has significant difference in statistically with
other genotype (P< 0.01).And so with MG, GB, BG, and BM genotype show a good reproduction capacity in salinity until
10 %o. They are different significantly compare with GG and GM genotype (P < 0.01). The results show that giant prawn
able to reproduction in 0 – 10 ‰ salinity area.
Table 1. Average number eggs of 9 genotype

of prawn in the 15%o level of salinity.
232
PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY PHENOMENA OF THE Macrobrachium rosenbergii IN THE

BRACKISHWATER ENVIRONMENT
Wartono Hadie*, Komar Sumantadinata, Ronny Rachman Noor, Subandriyo, Odang Carman
and Lies Emmawati Hadie

wartono@starplace.com
Giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii is one of cultured species in Indonesia, because of its growth quickly,
big maximum size, costly price, and represent commodity of export. Prawn domestication conducted during the past
decade done in freshwater environment, while this species have the genetic potential to live in brackish water environment.
This genetic potential shown from its life cycle which need brackish water at least in the larval stadium. In Indonesia,
prawn cultured available in brackish water fishpond due to its wider area than its in freshwater. The manageable standard
areas is more than 1000m2 per unit pond. The phenotypic plasticity is limiting factor to succeed cultured this species in
brackish water. Its expression of phenotypic plasticity gene in the brackish water would be able to support prawn culture in
the brackishwater pond and so far national production in Indonesia.
A selection of prawn strain of Musi, Barito, and GiMacro at salinity 0‰, 10 ‰, & 15 ‰ that showing the existence of
phenotypic plasticity to salinity with flexible model or additive plasticity resulted at the second generation. The expression
of plastic gene show with existence of friction of gonad maturity at salinity where excelsior of salinity tardy progressively
its maturity prawn. That way also with body weight which is measured at age 5 months. So, maturity of gonad is not defined
by body weight and also age, but compromise from both of component when exposed at brackish water media which
represent stressor to prawn (Figure 1). Value of heritability of plasticity (hPL
2
) trait of body weight at salinity up to 15‰
varying and the best is strain of Musi compared with Barito and of GIMacro. Growth rate at brackish water environment
till 15‰ show significantly difference (P<0.05) at the three different salinity (Table 1). Existence heritability of plasticity at
brackishwater environment indicate that phenotypic plasticity to the salinity up to 15‰ and have response to selection. The
phenotypic plasticity value is representing variation of phenotype at various salinity levels and show that the Musi strain
is better in all salinity treatment than Barito and GIMacro. The trait of body weight at fife months old of prawn shown that
GIMacro have better average than Musi and Barito. We expected that the phenotypic plasticity would be expressed at fourth
generation so that prawn can grow better at both freshwater and brackishwater environment up to 15‰.
Figure 1. Pattern of plasticity of Table. 1. Survival rate, body weight, heritability of

body weight and the first gonade plasticity, and phenotypic plasticity at the second
maturation of Macrobrachium generation.
rosenbergii in the three different
salinity i.e. 0‰, 10‰, and 15‰.
233
INCREASED REPRODUCTION USING GROWTH HORMONE-LIKE SUBSTANCE

EXTRACTED FROM THE ROTIFER Brachionus plicatilis
Wenresti G. Gallardo*, Atsushi Hagiwara, Kenji Hara and Kiyoshi Soyano
Graduate School of Science and Technology

Nagasaki University, Bunkyo 1-14
Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
wggallardo@yahoo.com
Rotifers are widely used as first food for fish larvae but there are still problems such as culture collapse or slow population
growth resulting in shortage of supply of rotifers for feeding to fish larvae. In our attempt to manipulate the biological
characteristics of rotifers by chemical treatment, we tested several vertebrate and invertebrate hormones and found that
growth hormone (GH) from porcine pituitaries, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and 5-hydroxytrypyamine (5-HT or
serotonin) can enhance rotifer reproduction. To understand the mechanism of GH effect, the presence of endogenous
GH-like substance in the rotifer B. plicatilis was investigated by applying protein fractionation methods. Although there
are evidences showing that rotifer behaviors including mating and reproduction are regulated by chemical signals, little
progress has been made to isolate and characterize these stimuli.
A growth hormone-like substance was extracted from the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis and subsequently purified by gel
filtration and ion exchange chromatography. The GH-like substance had a molecular weight of about 28 kDA and had
cross-reactivity with salmon GH antibody. In vivo biossay showed higher intrinsic rate of increase and net reproduction
rate of B. plicatilis treated with the GH-like substance.
Table 1
Intrinsic rate of natural increase (r) and net reproduction rate (Ro) of rotifers treated with gel filtration
fractions at 50% (50 µl of fractionated protein, lyophilized and dissolved in 100 µl of food suspension).
1
Food suspension only, without rotifer extract.
*Significantly different from the control at P<0.05; otherwise, it is not indicated.
234
OVERVIEW OF NUTRITIONAL STUDIES OF OLIVE FLOUNDER Paralichthys olivaceus IN

KOREA
Kyungmin Han*, Gwangyeol Yoo, Semin Choi, Youngchul Kim, Ju-Chan Kang, Insoo Shin and Sungchul C. Bai
599-1 Daeyoeon 3-dong
Nam-Gu, Busan 608-737, Korea
scbai@mail.pknu.ac.kr
Olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) is one of the most important aquaculture species in Korea, and its production
reached approximately 50,000 mt. Nevertheless, the raw fish based moist pellet diets are still used in the most Olive
flounder farms with the intensive inland tank system. These moist pellet diets can cause many problems in flounder culture
including disease outbreak, water pollution, high production cost and unbalanced nutritional status of fish. Also, the costal
fisheries production of non-food fish, the main ingredients of the moist pellet diets in flounder culture, has been reduced for
the number of years. In order to solve these problems, we need to develop the complete formulated commercial pellet diets
for flounder. We have been conducting a series of nutritional studies and the short- and long-term feeding trials for Olive
flounder. The results have been promising and giving indications that the complete formulated commercial pellet diets for
this species could be developed.
REVIEW OF NUTRITIONAL STUDIES IN JAPANESE EEL Anguilla japonica
Kyungmin Han*, Younseong Heo, Xiaojie Wang, Semin Choi and Sungchul C. Bai
599-1 Daeyoeon 3-dong, Nam-Gu
artemia@mail1.pknu.ac.kr
Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica) is one of the most valuable fresh water aquaculture species in Korea, and its production
reached at 20,000 mt. in 2004, Japanese eel aquaculture has grown to become a widely practiced activity in Korea. Eel nutrition
is one of the most poorly understood and researched areas. In this paper, the characteristics of nutritional requirements of
protein, essential fatty acids, vitamin C and E in glass eel and/or juvenile stage of Japanese eel are reviewed.
Particularly, this paper is made up of the following aspects:

1. Dietary protein and energy ratio
2. Dietary essential fatty acids requirement
3. Dietary vitamin C and E requirement
235
TOWARD DEVELOPMENT OF SUSTAINABLE MARICULTURE IN PEGAMETAN BAY

BALI-INDONESIA
Adi Hanafi*, Bambang Sukresno and Tatam Sutarmat
Research Institute for Mariculture

PO Box 140, Singaraja
Bali, Indonesia 81101
ahanaf@yahoo.com
Pegametan Bay is located in the North West Coast of Bali. The development of mariculture floating net cage (FNC) has
begun in 2001, where a set up of FNC belonged to Research Institute for Mariculture (RIM) had been established following
the success of finfish seed production such as milkfish, tiger grouper and humpback grouper. Within 2 years, there have
been increased in number of farmers and its productions. To promote its sound environmental and sustainable mariculture,
effort has been done in collaboration with the local government in giving license to farmers.
Prior to the development, a survey to characterize, mapping and to estimate carrying capacity has been done for licensing
of each farmers. This license contains farmers identity, area, geographical position of FNC, allowable numbers of FNC and
production based on the carrying capacity.
TABLE 1. License and recommendation
FIGURE 1. Distribution of FNC at Pegametan Bay

236
REPLACEMENT FISH MEAL WITH GOLDEN APPLE SNAIL MEAL IN ARTIFICIAL

FEED FOR SEABASS Lates calcarifer (Bloch)
Mokhamad Hanafi
Regional Center for Mariculture Development Center

(Loka Budidaya Laut Batam)
PO Box 60
Sekupang Batam 29422
hanafi_amd@yahoo.com
This study was undertaken to evaluate the partial or total replacement of fish meal with snail meal in diets on growth
response of sea bass (Lates calcarifer, Bloch). The experiment was conducted in circle fiberglass tank (volume 200 l)
installed in semi outdoor with stocking density of 20 fish per tank. Five isonitrogenous experimental diets were formulated
to contain 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% snail meal (SM). Diets were fed to experimental fish twice daily at the morning and
afternoon with a feeding allowance of 5% body weight per day for 6 weeks.
The results indicated that the protein digestibility (pepsin) of raw material such as fish meal, snail meal, shrimp meal and
wheat gluten were high (80.12 – 88.69%) in the range for digestion of fish. In artificial feeds protein digestibility (pepsin)
was significantly difference (P<0.05) and then tended to decreased by increasing snail meal level in the diets, because the
digestibility of snail meal slightly lower than fish meal. The digestibility by indirect method (Cr2O3) of all treatment diets
did not show significantly difference (P>0.05), because the digestion of feed containing 100% SN vary widely that caused
the results showed no significant different.
In these experiments fish fed diets containing 0% snail meal (SM) showed the best growth rate, feed efficiency and
significantly higher (P<0.05) percentage of weight gain than noted for fish fed any of the experimental diets then followed
and closely by fish fed diet containing 25% SM. The survival rate of fish fed with diets containing 0, 25 and 50% SM did
not show significant difference (100% SR). In the present study indicated that partial replacement of fish meal with snail
meal was might acceptable for sea bass (Lates calcarifer, Bloch), while the level of snail meal less than 25% in formulated
diets.
237
HATCHERY OF SEA CUCUMBER Holothuria scabra
Dwi Handoko*, Agus Hermawan and Sudjiharno
National Seafarming Development Centre

PO Box 74/Tk Teluk Betung,
Bandar Lampung, 35401, Indonesia
handokoputro@yahoo.com.sg
Sea cucumber (Holothuria scabra) is also widely known as Teripang Pasir in Indonesian word becomes one of export
commodities. The high marketing demands and balanced by relative high price has supported people to do intensively.
So far the source of sea cucumber, mostly are from natural exploitation. Although the culture activities have begun to do
in some places as well, sea cucumber culture can not develop quickly yet. Coused by the unavailable seed in sufficient
amount.
Availability of seed production have certain quality and quantity is starting point for successful of sea cucumber culture.
Generally sea Cucumber hatchery activity envelop broodstock management, larva rearing to juvenile and live food culture.
Sea cucumber broodstok has ≥ 400 gram/pieces and reared in coastal pond which is not influenced by fresh water. In coastal
pond, gonad maturity process can be happened the hole year so the spawning of sea cucumber can be done at any time.
Larva rearing can use fiberglass or concrete tank 1.0 – 4.0 m3 in capacity and 0.5 – 1.0 m3 for nursery. For daily feed, the
larva is given Chaetoceross sp, Isochrysis sp, Phaeodactylum sp and Nannochloropsis sp. While in the nursery period is
benthic algae which is dominated by diatome. After 60 days, larva are becoming juvenile and then transferred to nursery
tank. The harvest activities are done after the size reaches up to 7 cm with rearing duration around 3 months.
DECLINE IN FERTILIZATION AND HATCHING RATES OF GREEN CATFISH Mystus

nemurus AFTER OVULATION
Boyun Handoyo*, Dafzel Day, Ceno Harimurti Adi and Solaiman

bbatj@indo.net.id
This study observed the fertilization and hatching rates of green catfish Mystus nemurus eggs that stripped at different time
after ovulation in three females (1.1 – 1.5 kg). Ovulation was induced by ovaprim (20 µg salmon gonadotropin releasing
hormone analogue and 10 mg domperidone per ml) with a single dose of 0.5 ml/kg. Ovulation occurred between 6-8 hours
after the hormone treatment at 27.5o-30.0oC. The fertilization and hatching rates decreased with time after ovulation (AO)
at 27.5o-30.0oC. The mean fertilization rates were 76.0% at 0 hours AO and 9.0% at 4 hours AO. The mean hatching rates
was 65.0% at 0 hour AO; this finally decreased to 0% at 4-5 hours AO.
The results showed that Mystus nemurus eggs should be stripped and fertilized within 2 hours AO in order to achieve good
quality eggs (more than 47% hatching rates on average).
238
DIVERSITY OF PATHOGENIC AGENT IN DIFFERENT STAGES OF Litopenaeus vannamei
Bambang Hanggono, Yani Lestari Nur’aini, Muhammad Murdjani and Gemi Triastutik

PO. Box 5 – Panarukan – Situbondo
bambanghanggono@yahoo.com
Study on diversity of pathogenic agents in different stage of pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei was carried out.
The objective of this study was to detect pathogenic agents in white shrimp as early as possible.
Sample of white shrimp were taken out from several hatcheries around Situbondo Brackishwater Aquaculture Development
Center. Visual observation, microscopic observation and bacterial identification were examined. Post larvae scoring and
rearing water quality were also determined.
This study revealed that there were several parasitic such as Zoothamium sp, Epistylis sp and Vorticella sp. as well as
several bacteria such as Vibrio cambelli, Vibrio vulvinicus, Vibrio charchariae and Vibrio parahaemolyticus exist in white
shrimp. There was no found TSV infection in white shrimp sample.
239
APPLICATION OF CLOVE OIL AS ANESTHETIC FOR SEA BASS Lates calcarifer (Bloch)
Bambang Hanggono*, Nontawith Areechon and Yani Lestari

The use of clove oil, a natural substance from clove plant (Eugenia caryophyllus), as an anesthetic for sea bass (Lates
calcarifer Bloch) was investigated. Toxicity of clove oil and its efficacy as anesthetic in sea bass fry with average weight
and length of 0.45 gm and 3.1 cm respectively were studied. Acute toxicity test indicated the 24-hr LC50 value of clove oil in
sea bass fry as 30 ppm with slope function of 1.079 (1.05 to 1.107). In efficacy test, fish were exposed to 5, 10, 15, 20 and
25 of clove oil for 15 minutes. At 5 ppm, clove oil caused only sedation effect (partial loss of reaction to external stimuli)
while at 20 ppm, fish entered anesthesia stage (failure to respond to external stimuli) within about 3 minutes. Fish recovered
from a 15-min period of exposure in 20 ppm clove oil within less than 10 minutes following removal from the anesthetic
solution. There was neither mortality nor abnormal behavior of fish during 15-min exposure of clove oil as well as during
7 days post recovery from anesthesia.
The potential application of clove oil as an aid in the transport of sea bass fry in plastic bag was also investigated. At 5
ppm, clove oil could reduce activities of the fish without loss of equilibrium (sedation stage) during the 4 hour simulated
transport at 50 fish per 1,000 ml sea water (15 ppt). At 20 ppm, clove oil caused loss of equilibrium in fish resulting in the
anesthesia stage throughout the 4 hour period. However, there was no improvement on survival rate and fish behavior with
the use of clove oil during and after this 4 hour transport. Simulated transport at 50 fish per 500 ml sea water (15 ppt) for 8
hour did show better significant survival rate with additional of 5 and 20 ppm clove oil. In both short and long term transport
study, clove oil did show the benefit by reducing the fish activities judging from the reduction of oxygen consumption,
ammonia and carbon dioxide levels. Addition of appropriate concentration of clove oil in transport water ensured that the
fish would stay calm by reducing fish activity and therefore, prevented any drastic changes of water qualities.
Clove oil is recommended as an effective anesthetic for sea bass fry based on good efficacy at low concentration i.e. 5 ppm
for transport purpose and 20 ppm for completely anesthetized. It is also easily and inexpensively obtained. Additionally,
clove oil is an organic substance which should be safe for the environment and user.
240
MONITORING OF TAURA SYNDROME VIRUS (TSV) IN CULTURED Litopenaeus vannamei

FROM EAST JAVA, INDONESIA
Bambang Hanggono*, Yani Lestari Nur’aini, Muhammad Murdjani, Gemi Triastutik and Didik Budi Nursanto

The prevalence and geographic distribution of Taura syndrome virus (TSV) infection among cultured white shrimp
(Litopenaeus vannamei) in East Java, Indonesia were determined from January to December 2003 and January to September
2004 using a PCR (polymerase chain reaction) protocol. Sample areas were Banyuwangi, Situbondo, Jember, Pasuruan,
Gresik, Lumajang, Blitar and South Malang. There were two methods of sampling namely active surveillance and passive
surveillance.
Of all samples tested in 2003, those from Banyuwangi and Situbondo gave positive results for TSV while samples from the
other areas were negative. However, in the middle of 2004, samples from Jember, Pasuruan, Gresik, Lumajang, Blitar and
South Malang gave positive results for TSV. Since the relevant farmers bought their white shrimp post larvae (PL) from
Situbondo and Banyuwangi, it is likely that the PL were infected with TSV when they were stocked and it is possible that
the source of the virus was broodstock used to produce the PL.
The outbreaks of TSV in cultured white shrimp were prompted by environmental degradation. Thus, improvement in
aquaculture management and implementation of biosecurity measures could help to prevent the occurrence of TSV
outbreaks.
IDENTIFICATION OF DISEASE CAUSING BACTERIA IN HUMPBACK GROUPER

Cromileptes altivelis SEED PRODUCTION
Bambang Hanggono, Gemi Triastutik, Yani Lestari Nur’aini, and Ari Puji Widodo

Humpback grouper (Cromileptes altivelis) is a famous and deluxe food fish and highly preferred by Oriental consumers
especially people in China, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore. Diseases caused by bacterial pathogens have become one
of the major factors that cause losses in humpback grouper (C. altivelis) seed production. Therefore, disease prevention and
control should be done as early as possible.
The purpose of this investigation was to know the species of bacteria that causing high mortality in humpback grouper
hatchery. Observation and identification were completed at Fish Disease and Environment laboratory of Situbondo
Brackishwater Aquaculture Development Center.
Our study found that there were several bacteria exist in humpback grouper seed production such as Vibrio parahaemolyticus,
V. alginolyticus, V. cambelii, V. pelagicus, V. vulnificus and V. harveyi.
241
EFFECT OF LIGHT INTENSITY ON GROWTH AND SURVIVAL RATE OF HUMPBACK

Bambang Hanggono* and Heni Astuti

The study was conducted to know the effect of the light intensity on relative growth in length and survival rates of humpback
grouper larva (Cromileptes altivelis). The study was to indicate the optimum light intensity that could maximize relative
growth in length and survival rate of the grouper larva.
The study used completely randomized design of four treatments with three replicates, as follows: light intensity 0 lux;
300 lux; 600 lux and 1200 lux. The first illumination was given at the late afternoon of second day. The experiment used
40 l capacity tank and stocked with eggs at density of 30 pcs/l. The total length, survival rate, behavior, water quality and
development of larvae were examined.
The result showed that the highest relative growth in length at the day -15 (87.54%) was observed in light intensity 600 lux,
followed by 1200 lux (76.10%), 300 lux (64.89%) and 0 lux (48.86%). The survival rate of light intensity 600 lux at the day
-15 (8.46%) was the highest, followed by 300 lux (6.22%), 1200 lux (4.57%) and 0 lux (3.74%)
The study also pointed out that different of light intensity showed significantly different effects (P<0.01) on the relative
growth in length and survival rate of grouper larvae. The maximum relative growth in length of the humpback grouper till
day-15 was at light intensity 815 lux and maximum survival rate was at light intensity 701 lux.
LIVELIHOOD IMPACTS OF RICE-FIELD BASED SEED PRODUCTION STRATEGIES

IN FARMING HOUSEHOLDS: INITIAL FINDINGS FROM THE NORTHWEST
BANGLADESH
Mohammad Mahfujul Haque*, Benoy K. Barman, Md. Abdul Wahab and David C. Little
Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland
United Kingdom
m.m.haque@stir.ac.uk
Technologies are expected to improve peoples’ livelihoods through increasing their access to available resources and
enhancing production, consumption and income. Ideally technical changes will also stimulate and enhance capacity for
learning among producers. Producing fish seed as part of a process to improve rice- based livelihoods was promoted by
CARE in two consecutive projects over the last decade in Northwest Bangladesh but impacts on household livelihoods had
not been assessed. Stocking of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) eggs and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) broodfish in
irrigated spring ricefields had become established. Rice-fish (RF; n=60) and rice-only (R; n=60) producing households were
sampled randomly for inclusion in a structured questionnaire survey after identification as being poor, medium and better-
off. RF households were significantly larger than R (P<0.05) but overall landholdings were similar (R=0.95ha, RF=1.06ha).
RF households tended to have more of their rice plots located adjacent to their households and pumped shallow ground
water than R households (P<0.05). Poorer households have smaller areas of riceplots (0.10±0.09ha compared to medium-
0.17±0.23ha, and better-off- 0.26±0.42ha/household) and produced less fingerling than medium and better-off households
(poor- 34±30.93, mdeium-71±81.75, and better-off 76±135.80 Kg/household). In addition to direct consumption of large
242
fingerlings and their stocking for further growth in ponds and rice plots, poor, medium and better-off households gained
US$ 23, US$ 46 and US$ 55 from selling of seed respectively. RF farmers stocked fish seed/fingerling from their own
sources, which increased the pond fish production compared to the control households. In spite of no significant difference
(P>0.05) between pond size of RF-0.82±0.09ha and R-0.80±0.09ha, significant difference (P<0.05) was found in terms of
per hectare production and income. Higher pond production (2400Kg/hectare) of RF households than R (1500Kg/hectare)
might be due to the stocking of larger size fingerling into the pond with good survival. Fish consumption was higher in RF
compared to R households (112.64±87.69 compared to 89.52±61.44Kg/household) irrespective of wellbeing status. Rice-
field based fish seed along with pond fish production contributed 11% of the total income of RF households which is nearly
double of the contribution to the R households from pond fish production alone. These findings suggest that adoption of
fish seed production in irrigated ricefields results in a range of benefits to households, ranging from financial to improved
food security. Moreover, poorer households intensified their suitable rice plots compared to others as they benefited through
the livelihood option of fish seed production. Therefore, it could be concluded that rice-field based fish seed production
strategies is leading towards sustainable fish seed and fish production at farmer’s level with various livelihoods impacts,
which could be disseminated across the country and other potential parts of Asia.
PRODUCTION OF CLOSED RECIRCULATING SYSTEM SHRIMP POND: AN ADDED

VALUE ON SHRIMP POND FOR FARMER
Darmawan Adiwidjaya*, Warih Hardanu and Abidin Nur II
Centre for Brackishwater Aquaculture Development

Jalan Pemandian Kartini
PO Box 01 Jepara
Central Java - Indonesia
darmaadi@hotmail.com
A mass mortality in shrimp culture caused by deterioration of environment and disease frequently taken place in all shrimp
farmer. Centre for Brackishwater Aquaculture Development (CBAD) had a solution for it such as closed recirculating
system in shrimp pond with double protection since 1998. But, most farmers had been hard to adopt this new innovation
because they felt this technology is difficult and high cost. The high cost consisted of new investment on redesign pond’s
construction and other operational cost for instance disinfection of carrier on white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). The other
problem is so hard to build a reservoir as one of requirements for closed recirculating system.
Based on many experimentations and studies mentioned that this technique had been gained a chance and solution
for increasing income for farmers. A chance to get another income is from side products for example Chanos chanos,
Orechromis sp, mollusk, etc. That side products were cultured in biofilter pond and in reservoir. Results of this technique
that applied in 2 Hectares in width with stocking density of 10-15 pls per M2 were: production of Penaeus monodon of
1600-2200 KG; Chanos chanos of 700-900 KG; and Oreochromis sp of 350-600 KG. Also, an economically benefit was
Rp. 17,000,000 to Rp. 18,000,000 per crop.
243
A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF TECHNIQUE ON BROODSTOCK PRODUCTION OF

Litopenaeus stylirostris IN POND CULTURE: AN OTHER BENEFICIAL SHRIMP CULTURE
IN POND
Warih Hardanu*, Darmawan A, Dwi Soelistinarto, Triyono and Aris Supramono

Jalan Pemandian Kartini
PO. Box. 01 Jepara
Central Java - Indonesia
hardanu@hotmail.com
Broodstock of shrimp (Litopenaeus stylirostris) have been produced in closed recirculating system pond by modular
technic. Modular technich consists of 100 days and 80 days cultured. The 19.25 g shrimp with 7500 pls in stocking density
have been cultured in1650 m2 for 100 days. Adult of shrimp 48.85 g in weight with 3300 pls in amount transferred to 3300
m2 pond after 100 days cultured. This shrimp culture have been applied closed culture system, feeding with (36-38)%
protein in first culture and (34-36)% protein in second culture. Also, water quality management used recirculation system
with (10-30)% in first cultured and (15-25)% in second cultured.
This technich applied biofilter application such as Tilapia sp, Oreochromis sp and Chanos chanos that were cultured in
biofilter pond. Liming as CaCO3 have been applied for maintaining water quality every 15 days with 10-15 ppm, as well.
Light intensity observed was (25-30) cm and plankton density was (8842-15238) cells/cc in two ponds. Moreover, all water
quality parameter have been in a range of properly cultured for shrimp. As a result, shrimp was reached 72.5 g with 54% in
survival rates, besides that activity gained a benefit was Rp. 8,700,000 for 180 days.
TROPHIC-LEVEL BASED AQUACULTURE APPLICATION FOR MINIMIZING CAGE

CULTURE WASTE IN CIRATA MAN-MADE LAKE IN WEST JAVA INDONESIA
Enang Harris

Dept. of Aquaculture
Bogor Indonesia
enang_harris@yahoo.com
An experimental developing trophic-level based aquaculture was conducted to study the alternative utilization of carp
cage-culture waste for natural food of osteochilus and silver carp. In 2004 there are 40.000 carp cages culture in Cirata man
made-lake which consume about 7,000 ton pelleted feed and produced 3850-4550 ton carp per month.
Since protein and water contents of carp are 18% and 67% respectively, while protein and water contents of pelleted
feed are 25% and 5% respectively so each Kg carp produced will also produced 32,74 – 43,92 gram N as an aquaculture
waste. Due to accumulation this waste entrophication occurred and water quality became worse and worse. Haroesting
phytoplankton by phytoplankton feeder like silver carp and collecting periphyton with a substrate and used it for feed of
periphyton feeds like osteochilus give a multi purpose. First, reducing waste of carp cage culture; second, producing fish
with lower feed cost, and third, increasing the sustainability of carp cage-culture itself. In this experiments, silver carp in
cage can grows from 13 gram up to 1,3 Kg in one year and osteochilus grows from 3 gram up to 100 gram in one month.
Since silver carp contents 19% protein and osteochilus contents 15% of protein, each Kg silver carp and osteochilus
produced will reduce 30,4 gram and 24 gram of N waste respectively. It is also give the opportunity to produce thousand
ton of both fishes monthly.
244
FISH DISEASES ON GROUPER CULTURE IN LAMPUNG

P. Hartono*, Kurniastuty, Julinasari D and Toha Tusihadi
Fish health and Environment Laboratory

National Seafarming Development Center
PO.Box 74/Tk Teluk Betung
Bandar Lampung 35401 Indonesia
philipus_hartono@yahoo.com.sg
Intensive production systems in floating net cages are relatively well developed in Lampung. They are located in Tanjung
Putus, Tegal Island, Puhawang Island, Condong Island and Ringgung. The problem in aquaculture are emerged diseases,
i.e. parasitic, bacterial and viral diseases. Disease is defined as any abnormality in structure or function displayed by living
organism through a specific or non-specific sign. The consequence of disease includes rejection of aquaculture products
and the loss of productivity. Diseases identification are very important in fish aquaculture for diagnosis of the diseases.
This paper has explained about diseases that have infected the grouper culture in Lampung, i.e. parasitic, bacterial and viral
diseases. The result of the observation showed that Parasites are infected grouper include gill and monogenetic trematodes
(i.e. Pseudorhabdosynochus sp., Diplectanum sp., and Haliotrema sp.), protozoans (i.e. Cryptocaryon irritans, Trichodina
sp., Oodinium sp., and Amyloodinium sp.) and crustaceans (i.e. Lepeophteirus sp. and Calanus sp.).
Diseases caused by bacteria may cause heavy mortality in both wild and cultured fish. In Lampung, several gram-negative
and rod shape bacteria have identified infecting internal organs of fish i.e. kidney, spleen and liver. Many of them show
sub-clinic infectious. The pathogenic bacteria that have been identified are Vibrio sp., Aeromonas sp., Pasteurella sp., and
Streptococcus sp.
Viral Nervous Necrosis (VNN) has been detected in grouper, not even in floating net cages but also in the hatcheries. VNN
has been a serious problem on grouper culture. The infection of this virus caused mortality until more than fifty percens,
especially on the larvae stage. Mortality on the larval stage can be reached until one hundred percens.
There are several cases of non-infectious diseases in Lampung, caused by nutritional disorders and adverse environmental
condition. The symtom of nutritional diseases like operculum deformity, lipoid liver diseases and loordosis.
Some medicines have used in grouper aquaqulture i.e. desinfectant, antiseptic, antiparasites and antibiotics. Nevertheless,
the key of successed in aquaculture are a good management in fish health and environment.
QUALITY STANDARD OF Penaeus monodon FRY BASED ON MORPHOLOGY AND

RNA / DNA RATIO ANALYSIS
Haryanti, Sari Budi Moria, Ketut Mahardika and I.G. Ngurah Permana

PO Box 140
Singaraja 81101 Bali Indonesia
haryanti@indosat.net.id
Standard method of fry quality of shrimp was needed to anticipate un successfully of shrimp culture. The main purpose of
this study was to find information of standard method fry quality by using morphologically and molecularly through ratio
RNA/DNA analysis. Sample of P. monodon fry were collected from 2 location of Bali hatcheries, 11 location of East Jawa
hatcheries, 3 location of Central Jawa hatcheries and 6 location of South Sulawesi hatcheries. Each hatchery was sampled
for 25 fries with simillary size respectively from same tank culture. RNA/DNA ratio value was obtained from gene quant
measured. Result of this study shown that morphology performance of shrimp fry correlated with RNA/DNA ratio. RNA/
DNA ratio value of shrimp fry from Bali hatcheries were obtained 0.7121 (P. monodon). Furthermore, fry from East Jawa
hatcheries were show between 0.2823 - 1.2132 (P. monodon). Central Jawa and South Sulawesi hatcheries were obtained
1.1810 – 17478 and 0.1798 – 0.5116 respectively.
245
SOURCES OF LIVELIHOODSAND VULNERABILITY RESULTS FROM SEED MORTALITY

OF THE CARP SEED TRADERS OF BANGLADESH
Mahmud Hasan* and Amrit N Bart

School of Environment, Resources and Development
Post Box 4
Khlong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
mahmud_66@yahoo.com
Carp seed traders in Bangladesh are considered one of the poorest, most vulnerable and least studied sub-population.
Millions of fingerlings transported to various parts of the country using bus tops and/or truck-beds in open hand agitated
method by the traders and encounter mass mortality. They are the key players in driving aquaculture engine by distributing
fish to the farmers. Assessment of sources livelihoods is desirable to identify the point of entry for further improvement.
Household asset status, income profiles, and risks were examined using DFID’s sustainable livelihood approach (SLA)
framework. Tools used to collect data include group discussions (GD), semi-structured and structured household (HH)
survey. Samples (637) were randomly drawn purposefully from 10% of the carp seed traders within 11 districts. Sampled
HH were classified into six land classes.
Of the sample HH surveyed, approximately 92% traders were poor in land holding. Half the traders were landless, further
quarter land less and 16% marginal. Most (92%) owned homestead, 40% owned cultivable land and 18% cultivated land.
Available labor per HH and HH size were 1.5 and 5.2 respectively. Land was found to be the main assets that contributed
about 40% of the total asset value. Literacy rate ranged between 44 to 77%. Only 25% traders had primary, 12% high school
and half the traders no education. Most traders (76%) suffered from fever and cold (64%) directly relating to their trading
activities. Across land classes, half the sampled HH (55%) owned no cattle, most (77%) goats. Most (68%) HH had access
to NGOs followed by local money-lender (22%) and Govt. Bank (17%) as sources of credit. Interestingly, most traders
(70%) had political party affiliation.
Seed trading and labor selling were equally (22%) important as sources of income. Income from carp seed trading to their
livelihoods had highest (52%) return (Table 1).
Table 16. Income (US$)/HH by sources and land class Per capita monthly income = 16.58 US$
Most traders (84%) encountered mass mortality. Each trader lost about 110$ due to seed mortality that is a significant
portion (10%) of HH annual income (Table 2).
Table 2. Risks resulted from carp seed mortality (US$)/HH by sources of risks and land classes
This study identified fish seed trading as the significant component of livelihoods. Risk resulted from seed mortality could
have substantial impact on their living. Information presented here could be used for designing policy guidelines, research
and development to construct way out of poverty.
246
EFFECTS OF AERATION AND ANESTHESIA ON THE SURVIVAL, PHYSIOLOGICAL

STRESS AND BACTERIAL LOADS OF SILVER CARP Hypophthalmicthys molitrix AND
ROHU Labeo rohita DURING TRANSPORT
Mahmud Hasan* and Amrit N Bart
Aquaculture and Aquatic Resources Management (AARM)

Asian Institute of Technology (AIT)
Post Box 4, Khlong Luang
Pathunthani 12120, Thailand
mahmud_66@yahoo.com
Hand agitated open transport has been the only means of fish seed distribution from nursery to farmers’ ponds in Bangladesh.
Violent hand agitation cause physical injury, excitement and hyperactivity, unstable water quality and uncontrolled metabolic
wastes. All these phenomena may cause fish to be stressed and lead to high mortality; thereby limit aquaculture production.
As a result, reduction of stress and maintenance of stable water quality is desirable. Anesthesias have been widely used in
aquaculture industry. Therefore, a 23 factorial design was used to evaluate the effects of aeration and anesthesia (quinaldine
and benzocaine with aeration) for 1, 3 and 6 h at 400g/L loading density. Experimental fish silver carp (10.39±0.95cm) and
rohu (10.52±1.58cm) were obtained from commercially produced earthen pond. Air pump aerated experimental systems
with continuous air diffusion by air stone.
TRANCE (4% quinaldine) at 250 and 100 µL/L with aeration for rohu and silver carp resulted in 100.0% survival.
Benzocaine at 3.0 and 1.5ppm for rohu and silver carp with aeration on the other hand, had 97% survival. In contrast,
aeration alone had significantly lower survival than aeration and anesthesia.
Fish anesthetized by quinaldine had significantly higher plasma chloride level than aeration and aeration benzocaine
for rohu and silver carp and elicited initial elevation of plasma cortisol. Plasma cortisol elevated significantly higher in
fish applied with aeration than aeration quinaldine and aeration benzocaine. Benzocaine on the other hand, had plasma
cortisol similar to pond fish (Fig 1 and 2). Multiple regressions showed that plasma chloride (adjusted R2 = 0.617) for
rohu and plasma cortisol and water temperature and DO (adjusted R2 =0.725) were additional sources of fish mortality to
experimental factors.
Benzocaine lost its inducing capacity after 3 h exposure. Both anesthetics reduced bacterial proliferation significantly
lower than aeration and were higher than that of pond fish (Table 1).No post exposure mortality was observed for any of the
transport methods assessed 24 h after treatment. This study indicates that the use of anesthesia has positive effect on health
and reduction of mortality of carp fish seed during transport in Bangladesh.
247
EFFECTS OF LOADING DENSITY AND TRANSPORT TIME ON THE SURVIVAL, HEALTH

AND GROWTH OF SILVER CARP Hypophthalmicthys molitrix
Mahmud Hasan and Amrit N. Bart
Aquaculture and Aquatic Resources Management (AARM)

Post Box 4, Khlong Luang
Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
mahmud_66@yahoo.com
Hand agitated transport of live fish seed from market and/or farm gate to farmers’ ponds has been the only means of seed
distribution in Bangladesh. Traders load fish seed as much as they can into an aluminum vessel and distribute covering
some significance distances. During transport they encounter immediate and delayed mortality.
A simulated truck transport experiment of silver carp (Hypophthalmicthys molitrix) by hand agitation using 3x4 factorial
design was used to evaluate the effects of loading density (200, 300 and 400g/L) and transport time (1, 3, 6 and 9 h) on the
mortality (immediate and delayed), physiological stress, bacterial loads and growth. The experimental fish (8.94±1.16cm)
was obtained from commercially produced earthen ponds and conditioned for 2 days. Well water used as transport medium,
and was changed (1/3) at 1.5 h interval. Delayed mortality and growth (SGR) of transported fish was compared with non-
transported fish. Dead fish was counted to determine mortality rate at the time of fish sampling for blood collection. Blood
from 10 fish was pooled from pond fish and at 1, 3, 6 and 9 h to measure plasma cortisol and chloride levels as stress
responses. Bacterial loads (CFU/g) of pond and transported fish were also counted.
Multivariate analysis showed significance differences for immediate mortality (%) between density and hours (Table 1&2).
However, delayed mortality was insignificant between densities but significant between hours and significantly higher than
control (Table 1&2).
Plasma cortisol differed significantly between hours and was insignificant between densities. However, cortisol was
significantly higher in transported than pond fish. Plasma chloride had similar trends (Table 1 & 2). SGR and bacterial
loads between pond and transported fish were insignificant (Table 1 & 2).
The findings of the current study reveal that both immediate and delayed mortality cause significant loss, thus limit
aquaculture production and increase vulnerability of the traders and farmers as well.
248
DEVELOPMENT AND USE OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY IN PURSUIT OF COST-

EFFECTIVE ENHANCEMENT OF THE NEW SOUTH WALES BLACKLIP ABALONE,
(Haliotis rubra) FISHERY
Mike Heasman
NSW DPI/Fisheries
Private Bag 1
Nelson Bay NSW 2315 Australia
michael.heasman@fisheries.nsw.gov.au
A bio-economics model developed to help enhance the depleted NSW abalone fishery showed that 6 to 9 month old button
size (7-15 mm) juveniles as the most likely cost-effective age/size seed. However, the model also showed that conventional
production methods are too costly. To address this problem, a suite of new hatchery and nursery rearing technologies were
developed. These included year-round controlled breeding of broodstock and greatly intensified nursery rearing. Key
strategies were use of very high larval densities to seed conventional plastic diatom plates in conjunction with precocious
harvesting and weaning of post-larvae (PLs) at 1-2 mm. This new technology enabled production of at least 4 batches per
year and overall yields to be increased from 30-80 up to 2000-4000/plate /year.
The 1-2 mm PLs are subsequently reared at very high density to button size in a 2 stage raceway system. This technology
enabled almost a million “buttons” juveniles to be produced over a 15 month period in our very small (300 m2) experimental
hatchery. This technology will enable an estimated 85% reduction in production costs from a current rate of AUD0.02/
mm down to AUD0.003/mm Although the bio-economics model predicts that this technology will greatly facilitate cost
effective enhancement, survival of released hatchery seed was much lower than expected. The probable cause of this was
traced to the practice of seeding the “buttons” in clusters of 500-1200 that were loaded into predator protective release
devices deployed by divers. A review of published research on the juvenile ecology of Haliotis rubra revealed that natural
crustose coralline algae habitats can only support 1+year old surface-grazing juveniles at densities of only 1- 3 /m2.
In response a much smaller predator protective release capsule that accommodates only 10-20 “buttons” was developed to
enable low density dispersed seeding. These capsules can be broadcast over entire juvenile habitats of abalone depleted
reefs during daylight hours from surface craft under a much wider range of sea and weather conditions than before. Another
important design attribute of the capsules is that they pack together to form complete level platforms. This, together with
the use of flow-through seawater and intensive light from above, entices the “buttons” to seek refuge within the dark hollow
interior of capsules via a 12 mm diameter entrance hole on the upper surface. Having self-loaded into the capsules, the
“buttons” can then be maintained in good health for several days of storage awaiting favourable sea conditions or road
transportation to sites up to several hundred kilometers from the hatchery. Two alternative, environmentally friendly forms
of the capsule have been developed. One is manufactured from a specially developed biodegradable resin and the other
from standard 16 mm square section aluminum tubing that will completely corrode in seawater within a year.
249
STUDY OF DIETARY EFFECTS ON THE GROWTH OF CULTURAL

GREAT STURGEON LARVA Huso huso
M. Hedayatifard* and M. Yousefian
Fisheries Science and Technology Depertment

Agriculture Faculty
Azad University, Iran
Ghaemshahr
PO Box: 163
persiafish@yahoo.com
According to the importance of Sturgeon Fishes in fisheries industries, nowadays, the culture of them in pond fisheries is
done. Sturgeon fishes have high importance and great food value both because of valuable Caviar product and light (white)
meat.
In present research, the primary culture of Beluga ∗ is done by two different kinds of dietaries, so that the water of Teijin
River (in Mazandaran Province) in estuary (with salinity 7 to 8 promiles) for the growth of Beluga larves in ponds is
used.
The larves was divided into two groups; and the first group, only by Gammarous of Caspian Sea and the second group by
a food compound of kilka and dry food of trout were fed.
After primary culture, during one month, the second group of Beluga larves showed a better weight and lengthwise growth
in comparison with the first group. So that the lengthwise growth of them was 1.09 cm and their weight were 1.14 gr more
than the Beluga larves of the first group. The results were significant at a level of 95 %. So the dietary of second group
(the compound food) was suggested as a suitable primary food Beluga larves.
In this survey, there was a comparison with other researches.

250
THE SURVEYING OF BIOLOGICAL SPECIALTIES OF LONGTAIL TUNA Thunnus

tonggol
M. Hedayati fard
Asist. Prof. of Islamic Azad

University of Qaemshahr
Tuna fishes (Scomberidea) are of the most valuable industrial aquatics of the world’s water. The fame of different types of
can made with them is so great that even effects on the canned products of the other nutrition.
In Oman Sea and to some extent Persian Gulf 5 important species of this valuable family are living and immigrating.
Among them, longtail tuna, has most amount of fish catching in Iran. Biological specialties and apparent characteristics of
this fish have been under survey of many of fisheries science and industries experts. So that, because of differences with
the other species of Scombridae family in different parts of the world, in apparent, chromatology, systematic specialties,
biological and ecological have been considered.
In this research, after fishing some kinds of longtail tuna from Oman Sea and Hormoz strain, it’s biological parameters have
been tested so that it’s diet is carnivorous and usually eats the fishes, crustacean and mollusca. This fish ,is on the average,
75 to 80 cm. tall that at the age of 5 to 6 years , reaches the maximum amount .The long tail tuna , is full grown at the age
of 2 and it’s sexual ratio is 1:1, and it’s spawning is done in August to October annually. It’s local fishing in Iranian water
are Drift Gill Net and other local fishing equipments, and also there are industrial ways such as Purse Sine.
Fishing region of longtail tuna, is almost in all fishing areas of southern coasts of Iran specially in Oman sea , from Hormoz
strain to Chabahar and Pozm gulfs .Long tail tuna fishing is done during all the year but in warm months of the year has
more increase.
According to these specialties and in comparison with the researches in other world fishing areas of longtail tuna, strengthens
this theory that this fish in southern waters of Iran is the individual among it’s species.
ISOLATION AND HOST RANGE ANALYSIS OF Vibrio harveyi LYTIC PHAGES
Ekasari Hendra*, Fitri Fegatella and Antonius Suwanto

Luminescent vibriosis caused by Vibrio harveyi is one of the main bacterial diseases of penaeid shrimp. Vibriosis can result
in high mortality and cause dramatic financial losses to the marine aquaculture industry. Shrimp are affected by vibriosis
at all life stages including larvae, postlarvae, juveniles, subadults and adults. Control of luminous vibrios by antibiotics is
limited to a few products approved for aquaculture but should be avoided whenever possible to reduce the risk of developing
bacterial resistance. Because of these constraints, there is renewed interest in the possibility of using bacteriophage therapy.
This has advantages over antibiotic treatment in terms of self-replication and self-limitation. In addition, bacteriophages are
considered to be environmentally friendly and non-toxic.
The aim of the study was to isolate V. harveyi-specific bacteriophages from the Indonesian marine tropical environment and
to select those with high virulence. Bacteriophages were isolated by a double agar layer technique following enrichment of
seawater or solid samples and continued purification through 4 stages. Pure lines of bacteriophages were subjected to host
range analysis against a total of 29 marine Vibrio isolates. Results from isolation and host range analysis will be presented
and the potential for bacteriophage therapy to control the growth and pathogenecity of V. harveyi will be discussed.
251
GOLDEN PERCH-DOES THE POTENTIAL MEET THE REALITY? GROWTH AND

FEEDING OF GOLDEN PERCH Macquaria ambigua IN POND AQUACULTURE
Brett W. Herbert* and Peter A. Graham

Townsville 4811
Australia
brett.herbert@dpi.qld.gov.au
Golden perch (Macquaria ambigua) is an Australian species of freshwater Percichthyid, which is realising its high
aquaculture potential. As legislative requirements and environmental modifications reduce the wild caught supply of golden
perch, aquaculture can take up the market niche for this fine flavoured fish. Golden perch in the wild grow up to 800g in
two years and are opportunistic carnivores. Prior to this study no information was available on growth rates, size frequency
distributions or feeding behaviour of golden perch in aquaculture conditions. The development of a successful weaning
method permitted grow out trials of golden perch in ponds, using commercially available tropical fish diets.
Golden perch were grown in nursery phase in two densities over a four-month period. Monthly sampling recorded length,
weight, and gut contents of a sample of fish from each of three replicates of two density treatments (HD 95 300 fish/ha or
LD 32 800 fish/ha).
The mean weight at the end of the trial was the same for both densities at 40g. However, the size frequency distributions
were significantly different (p<0.001) between treatments. A larger proportion of fish in LD were heavier than in HD.
The smallest class (5-10g) averaged 8% of the LD treatments, whereas in HD it was 46.67%. The next size class, 10-
20g, comprised 44% of the fish in LD, and in the HD 15.34%. At the other end of the scale, the largest fish (>70g) in LD
averaged 165.175g (12%) and HD averaged 179.35 (18%).
The proportion of fish eating pellets decreased over time, as the fish not eating pellets reverted back to natural foods,
predominantly benthic insects. Growth of golden perch eating pellets was significantly better than those feeding exclusively
on natural foods (p>0.001). There was no significant density related difference in growth rate of fish that were eating the
same foods.
High survival rates, the wide disparity in sizes of fish, and the absence of fish in gut contents, indicates that golden perch
are not cannibalistic at this life stage. The natural foods that golden perch eat indicates a benthic foraging habit, which in
turn indicates feeding sinking pellets to maximise contact with, and hence retention on, pellet food. The results of this work
suggest that an initial nursery phase at high density will increase retention of golden perch on pellet food. A three to four
month, high density nursery phase is suggested, to increase the proportion of fish retained on pellet food. At the end of
this period, grading of fish into those that perform under aquaculture conditions and those that do not will select for faster
growing, pellet feeding fish. This will have substantial impacts on future grow out.
252
PRELIMINARY STUDY ON SEED PRODUCTION OF SILVER POMPANO Trachinotus blochii

(Lacepede) IN REGIONAL CENTER FOR MARICULTURE DEVELOPMENT BATAM
Tinggal Hermawan* and Hanafi.M and Syamsul Akbar)
Regional Center for Mariculture Development Batam

PO Box 60
SKP Batam, Indonesia
tinggal_hermawan@yahoo.com
Silver Pompano (Trachinotus blochii, Lacepede) is a one of high price fish, especially in Hongkong, Singapore, China
and Taiwan. The production of Silver Pompano still depends on the wild. However, it’s necessary to produce seed from
hatchery because, this fish have a rapid growth and high value, so it has a good prospect in marine culture.
Broodstock acquired by means of introduction from Taiwan. Domestication and development of broodstock in a floating
net cage. Food for broodstock is trash fish, cutlefish and it should be good quality and enriched with a commercial food
supplement that’s containing essential vitamin (E & C) and fatty acids. Broodstock are ready to spawning, when the
minimum body weight for male is 2.5 kg and female 1.5 kg. The larvae rearing tanks size are 12 m3. The stocking density
of eggs is about 10 – 20 eggs/liter. Three kinds of feed items which used for larvae rearing are rotifers (Brachionus sp),
artemia (Artemia salina) and artificial diets. Density of rotifers is 10 ind/ml and it must be existed in larval rearing tank
until day of 30. Artemia supplied in day 15. Feeding of artificial diets must be start as soon as possible (feeding in day 20).
The water exchange is about 10-30% of tanks after day 12 until day 30. After day 30 water exchange must up to 100%.
The juveniles harvested after day 30 and should be graded into same size groups to optimize grow. Nursery tank sizes are
3 m3 and equipped with aeration system and water supply for at hours. Juveniles produced must be well accustomed to
feed on artificial diets. The feeding period is three times a day. There are in the morning, day light and afternoon. A dose
for feed is adlibitum.
The spawning starts one week after old moon. The fecundities of one broadstock around 500.000-700.000 eggs. After
two months of culture the survival rate is 10 %. Growth of seed is 0.125 cm/day. Harvest can be done after size of seed is
7-8 cm or after 60 day cultured. For marine fish, this growth is very rapid when compared with Sea Bass or Grouper. To
reach size 7-8 cm, Sea Bass and Grouper need three months cultured.
253
THE BREEDING AND MASS SEED PRODUCTION OF SAND SEA BASS Psammopercha
weigenensis IN REGIONAL CENTER FOR MARICULTURE DEVELOPMENT BATAM
Tinggal Hermawan* Akbar Syamsul and Hanafi M.
Regional Center for Mariculture Development Batam

PO Box 60
tinggal_hermawan@yahoo.com
Sand Sea Bass is a local specific species which has a high price, especially in live. In Singapore, the price of live Sand Sea
Bass is around S$ 15/kg. Batam is supplier Sand Bass to Singapore, but every year the export production was declined. It
is caused by the effect of fish capture was stronger so the stock in wild was rapidly decrease.
Broodstock can be acquired by means of collecting or purchasing wild fish. Food for broodstock is trash fish, cuttlefish
and it has to be fresh and enriched with a commercial food supplement containing essential vitamin (E & C) and fatty
acids. Broodstocks are ready to spawning when the body weight for male 100 gram and female 200 gram minimum.
The stocking density of eggs are about 20 – 30 eggs/liter. Three kinds of feed that’s used for larvae rearing are rotifers
(Brachionus sp), artemia (Artemia salina) and artificial diets. Density of rotifers is 10 ind/ml and that’s t be existed in larval
rearing tank until day of 30. Artemia are supplied in day 17 until larva can be fed by artificial diet in day 25. Feeding of
artificial diets must be start as soon as possible. The water exchange is about 10-20% of tanks after day 12 until day 30.
In the day 30-45 water exchange must be up to 40%. The juveniles harvested after day 45 and should be graded into same
size groups to prevent cannibalism. Nursery tanks are equipped with aeration system and water supplied. This system
applied for preserve water quality media in a good condition and may help to control diseases. Juveniles produced must be
well accustomed to fed on artificial diets or trash fish. Juvenile’s feeds are a combination trash fish and artificial diets. The
feeding period is three times a day. There are in the morning, day light and afternoon. The doses for feed is adlibitum.
The result juvenile from 200,000 eggs and after culture in three month is 220,000 seed with average size 7.4 cm (Survival
rate is 11%). The production seeds on size 7 – 8 cm will takes three months. Sand Sea Bass larvae grow lower than Sea
Bass larvae, because Sand Sea Bass is a small fish class.
254
GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORNAMENTAL FISHES, AMONG BEAUTY AND

CONTROVERSY
Fauzan Hidayat
Department of Fisheries Product Technology

Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science
fauzan_hidayat_cc@yahoo.com
Science has brought us to the era where the genetic transfer technology becoming everyday practice. Transferal of genes
from one species to another has been developed in various uses. The construction of GMO’s (Genetically Modified
Organisms) has become a welcomed tool in medical production (various medicines, antibiotics, human spare parts, etc.),
and it finds increasingly more uses in agriculture and food production for example, to construct a transgenic plant that has
superior traits like the disease resistant plants and faster growing plants. The same technology also developed in cultured
animals to make their growth more faster and producing more meat.
At First, the development of genes transfer technology in aquaculture is to enhance aquaculture production. In the further
study, this technology has developed more sophisticated (to identify genes for desired traits, developed targeted of gene
transfer technique etc.). Nowadays, this technology has also been developed to construct the new genetically modified
ornamental fishes to make a beautiful aquarium’s ornaments. That is zebra fish (Danio rerio) and Medakas (Oryzias latipes)
the first two fluorescent transgenic fishes to keep in the aquarium. The zebra fish is being sold to the world market under
license from National University of Singapore (NUS). This transgenic species is having no advantages in survival and
reproduction compared with the wild species.
However, this practice is still surrounded by controversy from many parties. The reasons why the opponents deny the GMO
products are the environmental risk. The environmental concerns have a strong argument that the modified organism can
spread and cross fertilized with the wild population. Frequently, genetic engineering involves increasing a species ability to
live under harsh and unfavorable life conditions, under parameters outside of the normal acceptance range of the species, by
inducing alien temperature or moisture tolerance, or resistance towards otherwise natural enemies. All such factors clearly
increase the risk of a GMO becoming invasive. The other barrier to develop this modified organism is religious and ethical
aspects. This is the matter of “man playing God” that can damage the religious values. Another opponents said that we
should avoid it until 100% sure that there is no risk involved with genetic engineering.
The technology to make this modified organism could be accepted, has been evolved. One of the technology to prevent
the environmental problems that may be caused by this practice is induction sterility in specimens by triploidisation, so
the specimen having three copies of chromosomes whereas the normal species having only two copies of chromosomes.
Meanwhile, the research is now being developed since there is still a controversy in using this technology. So, it still
become a question, is the genetically modified ornamental fishes should be banned or it is prospective to develop?
255
SALMON AQUACULTURE CERTIFICATION INITIATIVE DRIVEN BY EUROPEAN FOOD

RETAIL REQUIREMENTS FOR FOOD SAFETY AND TRACEABILITY
Aldin Hilbrands
Global Food Technical Sales Manager – SGS Group

Geneva, Switzerland
aldin.hilbrands@sgs.com
Salmon is fast becoming the fish of choice for millions of consumers and this is made possible by the utilization of the
latest science and technology and the implementation of innovative farming and processing techniques to supply salmon of
consistent quality, nutritional value and assured safety.
Recently however selective analysis and reporting of the results of a study into dioxin and PCB levels in salmon has had a
negative impact on the salmon farming sector. Swift response from the EC and the UK Food Standards Agencies and the
US FDA were published, each contradicting these findings and comprehensively supporting farmed salmon as a sustainable
source of oil rich, nutritional and safe food which provides benefits when consumed on a regular basis. These attacks on the
salmon farming sector will continue and in spite of farmed salmon being supplied within internationally recognized safety
limits and emotive topics such as chemical contaminants, feed supplements, freshness, nutritional values, salmon toxin
concentrations and environmental and social issues will continue to be used to portray salmon farming unfavourably.
The EurepGAP project has outlined a means of industry-retail led development and implementation of a comprehensive
quality management system for use by the salmon farming sector. For suppliers this means a “one system, one audit”
approach that creates a baseline minimum standard related to food safety, nutrition, salmon quality and, to a lesser extent,
environment and social issues accepted by European food retail (EUREP) members.
EurepGAP is an initiative of agricultural producers and their retailer customers belonging to the Euro-Retailer Produce
Working Group (EUREP). The mission is to develop widely accepted standards and procedures for the global certification
of Good Agriculture (or better Aquaculture) Practice (GAP). Consultation with producer- and industry representatives,
NGO’s and governments has produced a robust and challenging but nonetheless achievable protocol which farmers around
the world can use to demonstrate compliance with Good Agricultural Practices. Producer organizations are encouraged to
demonstrate compliance through certification of their operation against sector-based EurepGAP standards by accredited
independent certification bodies such as SGS. EurepGAP members include retailers, producers/farmers and associate
members from the input and service side of agriculture.
EurepGAP launched the new EurepGAP Integrated Aquaculture Assurance (IAA) Standard in October 19th 2004 for the
retail and food service market. This new standard provides Aquaculture Farms and retailers with a set of criteria for Good
Aquaculture Practices. The new standard follows the format of other EurepGAP codes, covering the critical areas from
record keeping, chemicals/medicines management, worker health and safety and to a lesser extent environmental and social
issues. The new standard enables Aquaculture Farms to ensure that their product meets the demands of the retail and food
service market. To retailers this means that besides fresh fruits and vegetables, cereal and livestock farming, coffee, farmed
fish is the next food product available according to EurepGAP standards. The standard covers all production stages up to
slaughter.
The EurepGAP Aquaculture Assurance Standard was developed for over 2,5 years in cooperation with major food retailer
Ahold and its prime European supplier of farmed salmon in Fjord Seafood Pieters jointly with technical and auditing
experience input from SGS throughout the entire project while other major salmon producer organizations, such as Stolt
Sea Farm, Nutreco, Panfish and Scottish Quality Salmon, joined later.
The code is freely available on the www.eurep.org website and has been formally presented by the industry and retail
representatives at the Global EurepGAP Conference held on 9 and 10 November 2004 in Amsterdam.
256
THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF PROPOSED EFFLUENT TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR

PRODUCTION OF TROUT Oncorhynchus mykiss IN FLOW-THROUGH SYSTEMS
Jeffrey M. Hinshaw*, Carole R. Engle, Steeve Pomerleau, Gary Fornshell, Debra Sloan and Skip Thompson
North Carolina State University
455 Research Drive
Fletcher, NC 28732 USA
jeff_hinshaw@ncsu.edu
The United States Environmental Protection Agency has considered several treatment options for flow-through systems in
its Effluent Limitation Guidelines rulemaking effort on aquaculture. However, the economic effects of treating effluents
can impose high costs on aquaculture businesses, depending upon the treatment option selected. Survey data from trout
farmers in North Carolina and Idaho were used to develop enterprise budgets, a spreadsheet-based risk analysis, and
mathematical programming models of medium-sized trout farms in North Carolina (68,182 kg/yr) and Idaho (90,909
kg/yr) and large trout farms in Idaho (1,136,364 kg/yr). These analyses were used to examine the effect of imposing five
different effluent treatment options on the net returns of farms raising trout in raceways. Budget analyses showed that
the trout farm scenarios considered were generally profitable, although the medium-sized farms exhibited low levels of
profitability. All five proposed effluent treatment options resulted in negative net returns for the medium-sized farms in
both North Carolina and Idaho. The large farm scenario showed positive net returns after adding costs associated with
the effluent treatment options considered, but the risk of generating positive net returns decreased from 82-84% to 10-
11%. Thus, financial risk increased considerably when treatment options were imposed. The mixed-integer mathematical
programming model demonstrated sensitivities to the level of credit reserves both for operating and investment capital.
The effluent treatment options imposed on the models were not economically feasible at the levels of capital available on
most trout farms. Subsequent runs of the model used investment capital requirements of treatment options at 50% of the
original estimates. The models showed that imposing effluent treatment options forced farms to substitute production units
for treatment facilities. This results from a combination of: 1) the additional capital requirements of the treatment options;
2) limited availability of credit reserves; and 3) competing uses for land in trout farming areas that put upward pressure on
land prices. Many of the proposed treatment options included substantial investment capital requirements that increased
annual fixed costs. Limited availability of investment capital prevented the farm expansion that would be needed to spread
the increased fixed costs; hence, the models were forced to remove units from production to meet treatment constraints.
Net returns decreased because farms were forced to operate at inefficient levels.
NORWEGIAN EXPERIENCES IN EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS OF AQUATIC ANIMAL

DISEASES
Brit Hjeltnes*, Tore Håstein and Roar Gudding
National Veterinary Institute

Oslo, Norway
brit.hjeltnes@vetinst.no
tore.hastein@vetinst.no
roar.gudding@vetinst.no
Over the last decades emerging and serious diseases have had a large impact on feral- and farmed aquatic animal populations
world wide and thus had a significant impact on the economy at local, regional and national level. Appropriate legislation
is needed in order to manage disease emergencies that are a core responsibility of governmental authorities. Important
tools in that respect are regulations on notification, diagnosis, epidemiology restrictions on trade as well as fallowing and
disinfection. A good infrastructure with an effective organisation as regards personnel resources as well as competent
diagnostic laboratories, are key elements in order to succeed. Emergency preparedness also includes disease prevention and
control through implementation of factors such as movement control, sanitary slaughter and zoning. Effective emergency
management is therefore crucial in order to reduce the economical, social and environmental impacts of serious diseases
in aquaculture, and many countries, including Norway, have initiated emergency programmes for the control and/or
eradication of devastating diseases. The key elements in the Norwegian emergency preparedness are described based on
257
POLYCULTURE OF RAINBOW TROUT Oncorhynchus mykiss AND RED ALGAE Chondrus

crispus IN THE INNER DANISH WATERS
Susan Holdt*, Flemming Moehlenberg and Karl Iver D. Madsen
DHI-Water and Environment

Agern alle 5
2970 Hoersholm
Denmak
suh@dhi.dk
The Danish aquaculture production has been stagnating and left behind the increasing world production for the last 15 years
due to the stringent Danish legislation. This legislation was lifted after the Danish marine farming committee published
a report that recommended an active development of marine environmentally efficient fish farming in Denmark. The
committee recommends among other things that research with polyculture (seaweed or mussels) should be carried out to
document the bioremediation of nutrient waste.
DHI-Water & Environment has as research and consulting company taken the challenge to produce the native red algae
Chondrus crispus near fish farms in the temperate Danish inner waters. The nutrient released from the Oncorhynchus mykiss
production will be converted into a valuable product, carrageenan, and furthermore the fish production can be increased.
During summer 2004 three pilot growths experiments with C. crispus were conducted near the fish farms Musholm Lax A/
S and Snaptun Fisk Export A/S in the Great Belt and northern Little Belt respectively. Small plants (n= 7-10) of C. crispus
collected at Koster Fjord (eastern Skagerak) were attached on ropes at intervals of 0.2m at 0-2m depth. Ropes with plants
were deployed downstream (50-500m) the fish farms and ropes with plants upstream served as control. The duration of
the experiments at Musholm were 30 days (Aug, exp 1) and 28 days (Sept, exp 2) and at Snaptun 43 days (Aug-Oct). Few
plants either fell of the rope or had a negative growth rate and were not taken into account. In the Snaptun experiment the
specific growth rate (SGR) of the control plants was larger than the plants 200m downstream the cages, but there was no
difference in SGR between the downstream distances and further not when compared to the control in the two Musholm
experiments (Figure 1). The lack of expected increased SGR of the impacted downstream plants, and even decreased SGR
compared to control is most likely due to the light limitation of the impacted plants, due to increased growth of epiphytes
on these plants (data not shown). There is no overall difference between the SGR in regard to the different time and site of
experiments. The results indicate that grow out of C. crispus is possible near O. mykiss cages in the temperate inner Danish
waters, but further investigations is needed and the handling process should be reduced by the use of ropes with settled
spores, to scale up the production.
Figure 1: Specific growth rates (% d-1) of Chondrus crispus

plants on ropes placed upstream (control) and downstream
from fish cages at the Danish Great and Little Belt. Vertical
bars represent standard deviation.
258
A NEW ERA for DANISH Marine FISH FARMing?

Susan Holdt*, Flemming Moehlenberg and Karl Iver D. Madsen
DHI-Water & Environment

Agern alle 5
2970 Hoersholm
Denmak
suh@dhi.dk
The world’s fish production has been rapidly increasing, but the Danish marine fish production has been left behind for the
last 15years. This has been due to environmental concern, but now economical healthy development for Danish marine fish
farming with low environmental impact are encouraged (Havbrugsudvalget, 2003a). This review will discuss the reasons
for the stagnation and the new promising future for Danish fish farming.
The Danish marine fish farms were in 1987 subject to the Danish Water environment plan regulations that imposed a limit
on the loss of nutrients to the environment. This lead to the request of a total stop of new, and expansion of the already
existing marine fish productions in 1996. The request lasted for five years, but lead to a stagnation resulting that Denmark
has not been able to exploit the growth potential manifested on the global scale (Havbrugsudvalget, 2003a)(Figure 1). The
Ministry of Energy and Environment realised that the environmental efficient food production had been neglected, and in
spring 2003 the Danish marine farming committee published a report that recommended an active development of marine
fish farming in Denmark. The background for the recommendation was the recognition of the fact, that during the past 20
years the specific nitrogen and phosphorous release had been reduced markedly by 60% and 70% respectively to 38kg N
and 4kg P per ton of fish produced. Musholm Lax A/S (in the Great Belt of Denmark) with a production of more than 2
500 tons of rainbow trout is the first concrete result of these new developments. Several more fish farms are in the pipeline
in the open waters. The stagnation has caused large economic losses in the terms of unexploited fish production but the
efficient decoupling of production and environmental impact is likely to continue in future and hopefully, the success in
Danish marine fish farming has only been delayed.
DHI-Water and Environment aims at developing even more environmentally efficient fish production methods, and we have
recently initiated research involving polycultures in the Danish waters. In this research seaweed and mussels will act as
biofilters, and the nutrient waste from the fish production will be converted into a valuable product.
Figure 1: World aquaculture production in million

tonnes year-1 (–)(FAO) and on secondary value axis
the Danish marine fish production in thousand tonnes
year-1 (■)(Havbrugsudvalget, 2003b) and world
marine fish production in million tonnes year-1
(●)(FAO).
259
INTERNATIONAL CERTIFICATION STANDARD FOR THE MARICULTURE AND AQUACULTURE OF

MARINE ORNAMENTALS
Paul Holthus*, Peter Scott and Sylvia Spalding
Marine Aquarium Council

923 Nu’uanu Avenue
Honolulu, HI 96817 USA
info@aquariumcouncil.org
Independent, objective criteria and an international verification system are needed to ensure that the culturing of marine
ornamentals is responsible and sustainable. The Marine Aquarium Councils (MAC) Mariculture and Aquaculture
Management (MAM) Standard now provides the means to verify that marine aquarium organism culturing is undertaken
according to internationally accepted environmental and socioeconomic best practices.
MAC Standards are performance standards for the international trade in marine aquarium organisms prepared under the
direction of the MAC Standards and Certification Advisory Committee (SCAC). They are subject to a broad and inclusive
stakeholder review and consultation both within and outside the marine aquarium sector. Three international MAC
Standards for the marine aquarium trade have been developed and are already in use in at least 8 countries for third-party
certification of: 1) Ecosystem and Fishery Management; 2) Collection, Fishing and Holding; and 3) Handling, Husbandry
and Transport.
The new MAC MAM Standard covers the range of activities of marine aquarium organism culturing in both in source and
market countries and from low-tech in situ activities to high-tech land-based facilities, including:
• The placement of sea cages, cultured live rock, coral propagation, grow-out ponds and culturing facilities;
• The general culturing activities from broodstock/post-larvae receipt through to grow-out to market size.
• The packaging and transport of cultured marine aquarium organisms.
The MAC Secretariat, a small Experts Group, the MAC Board of Directors and an approximately 60-member international,
multi-stakeholder Standards Advisory Group (SAG) prepared the MAM Standard through several rounds of review and
revision.
260
CLOSED CYCLE CULTIVATION OF THE INDIGENOUS SEA URCHIN Tripneustes gratilla:

LARVAL DEVELOPMENT, THE EFFECT OF DIET AND TEMPERATURE DURING THE
ONGROWING PHASE
Deon A. Horstman*, Madubula F. Swanepoel and Cecilia Viljoen
Marine and Coastal Management

Private Bag x2
Roggebaai, 8012 South Africa
horstman@deat.gov.za
The sea urchin Tripneustes gratilla, which occurs along the East Coast of South Africa, exhibits excellent potential as an
aquaculture species. It has a fast growth rate, reaching an average diameter of 57mm seven months after settlement. The
present study is focussing on establishing protocols for the production of the sea urchin larvae and juveniles.
The entire life cycle was closed successfully during July 2004 using facilities at the Research Aquarium of Marine and
Coastal Management. The larvae were raised to pre-metamorphosis in 1000l tanks under constant temperature (23 °C) and
low light intensity. Mild aeration was used and two weekly water changes were done. A mixture of Isochrysis galbana and
Chaetoceros mulleri (10 – 100,0000 cells/ml) was supplied as food.. Algal cultures were grown in 20l quantities in bacteria
free sea water with nutrient supplements.
The embryo’s reached the gastrula stage at 24 h and the prism stage at 40 h after fertilization. The larvae reached the
feeding pluteus stage after 3 days. Three day old larvae have red pigment cells at the ends of the arms and scattered over the
body. The vestibule appeared at about 23 days, the tube feet and pedicellaria appeared subsequently, and the plutei became
competent for metamorphosis at about 30 days. The larvae were settled on polycarbonate plates coated with diatoms.
The ongrowing experiment was conducted with the juvenile sea urchins, using a flow through and recirculating system
respectively, at the research aquarium (temperature 22 °C ) and on an abalone farm (temperature 16 - 20 °C). The sea
urchins were held in individual containers and fed four different diets ie. Ulva lactuca, Ecklonia maxima (kelp), Cracillaria
gracilis and a mixture of the three algal species.
The sea urchins kept at the research aquarium grew at a significant rate, reaching an average size of 57mm after seven
months post settlement. The sea urchins kept at the abalone farm at a lower temperature only averaged 35mm in diameter
after the same period. The different diets made no significant difference to the size. The average increase in weight during
the same period was significantly more at the research aquarium (74gm viz 35gm). Kelp and the mixed diet gave the best
results.
261
FISH CONSUMPTION IN BANGLADESH: A STUDY ON PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION

ON THE BASIS OF LOCATION, GENDER AND WEALTH CLASS
Mostafa A. R. Hossain*, Nahid S. Lucky and Md. M. U. Haque
Department of Fisheries Biology and Genetics

marhossain@yahoo.com
At present national average fish consumption is about 37 g per capita per day in Bangladesh. However, this statistics about
average consumption has been drawn in a very simplified way from dividing the total fish production by total population
of Bangladesh (1.89 million ton divided by 140 million equal to 37 g day-1 capita-1). The gender, wealth-class, age group,
profession and locality have been altogether ignored in the process. This study was designed to find out the fact of gender,
age, season and wealth-class wise fish consumption in three areas of Bangladesh. Three villages from Netrokona district,
three slums from Mymensingh district and three slums for Dhaka city were surveyed for this study. For analysis of fish
consumption pattern, a number of surveys involving participatory, qualitative and quantitative elements with people and
households covering different level of socioeconomic status from survey areas were conducted. Total survey period was six
months. Other than fish consumption pattern, some basic socioeconomic data were also collected so these can be compared
in relation to varying fish consumption pattern among surveyed households.
The people were involved in diversified profession from farmer to rikshwa puller, from day labour to carpenter and from
domestic help to petty businessmen. Monthly income also varied a lot from merely Tk. 500 to 5-8,000 or even more.
Most of the people ate three rice meals a day, however, some people mainly in slums ate bread during breakfast. The per
capita per day fish consumption was 34, 24 and 28 g for the surveyed households in Netrokona, Mymensingh and Dhaka,
respectively. There was significant difference among three surveyed areas where the villagers in Netrokona ate more fish
than other two areas and slum dweller in Dhaka ate slightly more fish than the people live in the slum of Mymensingh.
However, fish consumptions in all three areas are lower than the national average of 37 g. The main consumed species were
Thai pangus, Silver carp, small prawn and SIS. The diversity of consumed fishes was more in case of villagers than the slum
dwellers. Within households, the head of the households always ate more fish followed by the boy children and the female
in the households always received lot less fish than others. Slum dwellers always ate low quality, cheap SIS and lots of dried
fish. Villagers in Netrokona ate lots of fermented and semi-fermented fish (Chapa Shutki) along with fresh fishes.
262
LIVELIHOOD STATUS OF FISHERMEN COMMUNITY OF MEGHNA DHONAGODA

IRRIGATION PROJECT AT MATLAB, CHANDPUR, BANGLADESH: A COMPARISON
FROM INSIDE AND OUTSIDE EMBANKMENT
M. Motaher Hossain*, M. Shafi and M. Niamul Naser
University of Dhaka
motaher03@yahoo.com
A comparative study of livelihood status of fishermen community of Meghna Dhonagoda Irrigation Project was conducted
for a year (2003-2004) at inside and outside of the project area. Ten fishing villages from both side were selected randomly
and minimum 30 households considered from each village and villages having less than the number considered all. In total
135 households head from inside and 134 households head from outside of the embankment were studied. Fishermen of
age group of 41-50 years were dominant from both sides. Comparing religion, Hindu fishermen were dominant over other
religion in both side. The rate of migration of fishermen was similar in both side (inside 42%; outside 44%). The fishermen
from outside the embankment migrated due to destruction of their house by the river erosion, whereas the insider migrate
further inside due to unavailability of fish and access to open water fishing from inside the embankment. Illiterate fishermen
were dominant in both sides and that was inside (66%) and outside (64%). Due to the construction of embankment, 21%
inside-fishermen changed their original profession to others like fish trader (12%), fish farmer (3%), small trader (5%)
and jobs (1%) whereas only 8% of household head lived outside the embankment changed their profession to fish traders
(3%) and small traders (5%) only. About 64% of inside-fishermen fishing in rivers outside the embankment and the rest
(36%) fishing in public ponds situated inside the embankment with a 10-15% share as harvesting cost. Although road
communication and other infrastructure developed inside the embankment but it showed no significant help to fishermen
at all. Nevertheless, loan facilities and health service access for fishermen of inside is little higher than that of outside
fishermen. In general, inside-fishermen getting loan from NGO, Bank and Private entrepreneurs, whereas less number of
outsider getting the facilities. About 58% of inside fishermen received treatment from village doctor whereas 45% of outside
fishermen had the same. In both cases treatments from the quacks (kabirazi) was followed by village doctor. Considering
electricity facilities, sanitary facilities and drinking water access, the fishermen from inside had less access than outside.
About 44% fishermen from inside the embankment had fishing gears and crafts whereas almost double (80%)of outside
fishermen possess the facilities. The study revealed that after construction of embankment the inside- fishermen were
becoming poorer compare to the fishermen of outside.
263
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE DECAPSULATION TECHNIQUE OF Artemia parthenogenotica

CYSTS FROM URMIA LAKE REGION
Hosseini Najde Geramy E.* and Agh N.
Artemia and Aquatic Animals Research Center

Urmia University
Urmia, Iran
geramy99@yahoo.com
As a result of its beneficial effects on the use of brine shrimp nauplii and decapsulated cysts in aquaculture hatcheries, the
decapsulation of Artemia cyst is practiced more and more. Chemical decapsulation of Artemia cysts using hypochlorite is a
widely applied technique in fish and crustacean hatcheries. Removing the chorion by means of a strong oxidant is believed
to have beneficial effect on hatching and provide a complete disinfection of the cyst material. Furthermore it improves the
separation of empty and non-hatched cysts from the Artemia nauplii after hatching.
Standard decapsulation procedure as described by Sorgeloos et al. (1977) is giving very good results for most of the
commercial Artemia strains. Some Artemia strains sensible to this decapsulation procedure and require a modified technique.
With respect to structural (chorion thickness,) and genetical differences of Artemia cysts improvement of standard procedure
of decapsulation for bisexual and parthenogenetica cysts of Urmia Lake seems to be necessary.
In this research with altering the percentage of active hypochlorite in decapsulation solution as well as effective time, the
optimum concentration and time for decapsulation of parthenogenetica cysts of Urmia Lake was measured. The treatments
were 0.25%, 0.375% and 0.5% active hypochlorite with periods of 2, 3, 4 and 5 minutes. Variance analysis of data indicate
that those have significantly differences and 0.5% concentration with period of 2 minute and 0.25% with 3 minute have
high hatching percentage.
Table 1- Result of DUNCAN test of effect active hypochlorite percentage and effective time on the
parthenogenetica Artemia cysts
264
THE EFFECTS OF YEAST DERIVATIVES (BIO-MOSS®) ON GROWTH OF GILTHEAD

SEA BREAM Sparus aurata
Belgin Hossu *, Semih Salnur and Nejdet Gultepe
Ege University Faculty of Fisheries

Izmir, Turkey
belginhossu@yahoo.com
belgin@sufak.ege.edu.tr
Research accumulated in recent years has shown that yeast is a versatile & alternative raw material with different applications.
It is proven that the use of products derived from yeast (direct usage of active or inactive yeast or different products obtained
by the application of novel technologies) has several positive effects on animal production, with the most significant effect
on economical production. The objective of this project is to determine the effects of Bio-Mos R on the growth of gilthead
sea bream (Sparus aurata) in commercial size production. Bio-metric values of fish will be registered every two weeks and
will be evaluated at the end of the study for growth. (Weight, Growth performance, biometric measurement, FCR). Material
of the project is given below(Table1-3). Trial period is programmed for 3 months between September-December 2004.
Results will be given in presentation.
Fish :
Table1.Composition of Experimental Feed Gilthead Sea Bream ( Sparus aurata)
Stock density:20000 fish/net-cage,
Average weight 4kg/m3
Table3. Avarage fish weights in study
Net-cage:
* Replacement of Bio-Mos with wheat meal %02 (2
9 Octogonal net-cages with 760 m3 volume
kg/ton Bio-Mos)
will be use.
** Replacement of Bio-Mos with wheat meal %04 (4
kg/ton Bio-Mos)
Acknowledgments: Project is supported
by the Alltech,Inc. (Project number 04-
Table2.Estimated Nutritional Value
E-883), experimental conditions & all
materials are provided by Kılıc Marine
Culture Company, Turkey.
265
MARINE CAGE CULTURE OF COBIA IN TAIWAN

Chen-Yu Hsu*, Ching-Chun Chen and I Chiu Liao
Taiwan Offshore Aquaculture Association

4F, 410-2-20, Ming-Tsu East Road
Taipei, Taiwan
acomfood@ms1.hinet.net
Marine cage culture was introduced to Taiwan in the 1970s. It started to grow into a modern industry since 1993 when the
exclusive fishery zone was assigned by the government for marine cage culture. However, its development was not smooth
and easy due to lack of appropriate culture species, until the success of breeding technique for cobia in 1993. Since then,
the industry developed efficiently and fast. In 2003, there were 23 cage farms using <100 acre sea surface area producing
14 major fish species. Marine cage culture in Taiwan ranked 17 in the world in 2001, with US$19.3 million of production
value. The major cultured species is cobia with US$16 million landing value and 3,224MT production value.
There are several unfavorable factors affecting the development of the industry. First, the frequent typhoons experienced
in Taiwan every year, which caused serious damage among cage farmers. Fortunately, after several years of R&D efforts,
this situation has improved through the use of submergible cages in Pingtung area and of weatherproof soft structure cages
in Penghu area. Second are the diseases which caused serious problems in marine cage culture. Fish lice (Benedenia
sp.) and pastuerellosis are the two major disease problems that caused significant loss among cultured stocks. Under the
joint efforts of fishery research institutes and several universities of Taiwan, disease problems are somehow controllable at
present. The industry will expect to decrease stock mortality due to diseases in the near future.
Consumer acceptance and good market share is one of the key success factors for cobia farming industry in Taiwan.
Initially, cobia cage farmers targeted the Japanese sashimi market. However, due to non-stability of local supply and
depressed economic situation of Japan in the past years, the cobia industry was not sustained to grow. From 2002, cobia
farmers started to aim at local sashimi market. After great marketing effort, local market was successfully created which
provided farmers with good profit and sustained the industry. At present, the biggest challenge for Taiwan marine cage
farming industry is the improvement of marine cage farming related laws for better regulation and protection of the industry.
It is necessary to enable the industry to be more competitive in a larger scale. The government is putting efforts to make
a breakthrough by creating “Southern Marine Industry Park” as the center of marine cage farming of cobia in Taiwan.
In recent years, Taiwan received offers from different countries for possible cooperation on cobia industry development
including: hatchery; cage design; grow-out operation; and marketing. Taiwan in return is open to share its success for the
development of a more sustainable, modern and ecology-based marine cage farming technology.
266
STUDY ON THE USE OF RUBBER OILCAKE AS AN ALTERNATIVE PROTEIN SOURCE

FOR HYBRID Clarias CATFISH
Le Thanh Hung
Faculty of Fisheries
Nong Lam University
HCM City, Vietnam
lthungts@hcm.vnn.vn
Rubber oilcake (ROC) is a by-product of rubber oil extraction. Its crude protein content can reach to 30-32% when shell of
rubber seed is removed. Moreover, it is in deficiency of some essential amino acids such as lysine, methionine, and contains
cyanhydric acid (HCN) that is toxic to animal.
In the study, six iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric rations of 25% crude proteins and 16 KJ/g crude energy were formulated,
containing 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% rubber oilcake as a substitution of fishmeal. After 8 weeks of feeding six
rations to hybrid Clarias, the 10% inclusion of ROC into rations does not affect growth rate and feed utilization when
compared to the control. Higher inclusion of ROC into the rations results in depressing fish growth and feed utilization but
does not have any influence on survival rates, even at 50% inclusion rate.
In the second trial, 0.5% lysine, 0.5% methionine and 0.5% dicalci-phosphate (DCP) were added to iso-nitrogenous and
iso-caloric rations that contain 20%, 25%, 30%, 35% and 40% rubber oilcake. After 8 weeks of feeding, the trial shows that
the lysine, methionine and DCP inclusion into rubber oilcake based rations considerably ameliorate growth rate and feed
utilization when compared to non inclusion ration.
Note: NT0, NT10, NT20, NT30, NT40, NT50 treatment contains 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% rubber oilcake.
267
DEVELOPMENT OF NAPOLAEON WRASSE Cheilinus undulatus LARVAE
Jhon Harianto Hutapea and Bejo Slamet

PO Box 140
Singaraja, Bali
Indonesia
gondola_dkp@singaraja.wasantara.net.id
Study on early life history of napoleon wrasse Cheilinus undulatus is very limited eventhough its population in the nature
is very low. The life of fish is very long and the maturation age reachs after 5 to 7 years old. Indonesia as an archipelago
country, with high fisheries potential interested to develop breeding of napoleon in order natural stock sustainable. Gondol
Research Institute for Mariculture was initiated napoleon propagation in 1994 and it was succeded in spawning and in early
larvae stage in 1998. In 2001 larvae rearing was success and we observed larvae development (Figure 1). Boiled chicken
yolk suspension was applied as initial feeding of larvae then rotifer, Artemia nauplii, Mesopodopsis sp. and minced fish was
applied for further develop of larval. Larvae development was very slow and juvenile reached 35 days after hatched with
total length of 1.1 cm. Survival rate from eggs to juveniles was 0.37 %. The fish grew to 3 cm in three months and after one
year only reached 6 cm.
Figure 1. Egg prior to hatch out and D-3 larvae napoleon wrasse 40x.
Figure 2. Juvenile of napoleon wrasse (Tl 6 cm, 1 year old).

268
FISH DISTRIBUTION AND ITS RELATION TO CORAL AREAS OF PULAU KARAH, OFF
THE COAST OF TERENGGANU, MALAYSIA
Sakri Ibrahim and Zuliatini Mohd Joni
Faculty of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences

College University of Science and Technology Malaysia (KUSTEM)
Mengabang Telipot
21030 Kuala Terengganu
Malaysia
sakri@kustem.edu.my
Coral areas are known to be important fish breeding grounds. Fish survey using Biosonics DT6000 echo sounder was
conducted in waters around Pulau Karah, an island off the coast of Terengganu (Lat. 05° 36.01´ N, Long. 103° 03.89´ E)
, between March to April 2004 to study the distribution of fish and its relation to the coral area of the island. Prior to the
surveys, twelve transect lines were set around the island. Following these transect lines, data logging was started 15 m from
the island to a distance of approximately 1 nautical mile away from the island. The surveys were conducted 3 times a day:
morning (0800 to 1000 hours), noon (1200 to 1400 hours) and afternoon (1600 to 1800 hours) on a research vessel UNI III.
Analysis of data using Visual Analyzer programme showed the highest fish signals were detected at Transect 8, followed
by Transect 6 and Transect 7 (transects 8, 6 and 7 are adjacent to the coral area) and the lowest signals were detected at
Transect 3 and Transect 4. Result of the study showed that there exist significant relationship between fish distribution and
the coral area.
EARLY LARVAL DEVELOPMENT OF GOLDLINED SEABREAM Rhabdosargus sarba
Fahad S. Ibrahim*, Krishen J. Rana, Stephen J. Goddard and Issa S. Al Amri
Department of Marine Science and Fisheries

College of Agriculture and Marine Sciences
Sultan Qaboos Univeristy
P.O. Box 34, Al-Khod 123
Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
fahad@squ.edu.om
Histological and ultrastructural changes of the R. sarba larva in early life history were investigated. At hatching, the
digestive system was histologically undifferentiated. Furthermore, the digestive tract was a straight tube attached to the
dorsal end of the yolk-sac and was not connected to both mouth and anus. The layer of gut epithelium at some regions of
the luminal surface was straight and microvilli were not present. These straight borders were not observed at one day after
hatching (DAH) onwards as microvilli increased in number on luminal surface and became more regular. At two DAH the
digestive system was well differentiated and the separation of mid and hindgut by the intestino-rectal valve became more
advanced. At zero DAH the eye was spherical and the retina had a zonation with undifferentiated cells. The eye also lacked
differentiated photoreceptors. The retinal photoreceptors increased in length and in number as the yolk-sac was absorbed.
By two DAH the eye was fully pigmented, suggesting that the larval vision system is functional. The larvae had a pure
cone retina at the onset of the exogenous feeding. Morphological and functional differentiation of the digestive tract and
the eye of the larvae preceded the completion of the yolk and oil globule absorption. Observation of food particles and the
absorption of the yolk-sac all took place as the vision became fully functional.
269
SPAWNING PERFORMANCE AND EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT OF RED EMPEROR

SNAPPER Lutjanus sebae
Philip Teguh Imanto*, Regina Melianawati and Made Suastika

Gerokgak, Buleleng Singaraja 81155
PO Box 140
Singaraja 81101
gondola_dkp@singaraja.wasantara.net.id
Snapper was the ones of economical marine fishes who have opportunity to be candidate for mariculture species.
Observation on spawning and embryonic development of red emperor snapper L.sebae was done to get initial information
on reproduction performance of this species. Twenty pairs of mature fish was stock in floating net cage facilities fed with
moist pellets. The result showed that red emperor snapper has ability to spawn along the year under new moon and full
moon period, and totally spawn was 59 times. Mating process take one hour fifth-ten minute before they spawn at 2:20 AM,
average egg diameter was 963 µm and oil globule was 127 µm with fertilization rate was 90% and hatching rate 75% after
twenty two hour fifth-ten minute of incubation at 27-28oC sea water temperature. Divisions of cell (1) take two hours thirty
minutes, Blastula stage (2) for one hour, Gastrula stage (3) take around seven hours, Neurulla stage (4) need one hour thirty
minute, Head and optic lobe formation (5) just below thirty minute, body and organ development including tail and kuppfer
vesicle (6) need four hours and thirty minute, that body movement and pulse of the heart (7) was known at seventeen
hours forty-five minute after spawning, at nineteen hour thirty minute tail was pointed and free from yolk (8), breaking of
eggshell (9) was start at twenty-one hour thirty minute and start hatching (10) at twenty-two hour after spawning.
Gastrula and Body–organ development stage was suggested the most critical period in embryonic development. Red emperor
snapper was highly potential species for mariculture base on the ability to produce egg along the year and available every
two weeks, that performance cannot found on others species until now. From egg and oil globule analyses, egg diameter
relatively higher in full moon period than new moon period, and eggs produce during April-October has ratio of oil globule
to the egg been higher than 0.20%. In term for larvae rearing that was suggested to use egg produce during April-October
at full moon period.
270
SINK OR SWIM? RESEARCHERS IN FARMER’S PONDS: PRACTICAL SOLUTIONS

Anton J. Immink*, David C. Little and James F. Muir
Aquaculture and Fish Genetics Research Programme (AFGRP)

(UK Department for International Development)
Stirling. FK9 4LA. UK
afgrp@stir.ac.uk
The future of effective linkages between scientists and fish farmers lies with shared roles and understandings. We cannot
increase production without it. DFID-funded research across Asia has developed and tested practical methods that enable
farmers to become key researchers in projects and scientists to gain a deeper insight into the farmers’ desires. This provides
farmers with increased income from sustainable solutions and researchers with strong positive results for their joint
efforts.
The research process has brought together food production practice with technical research and social science. By providing
tools that draw on social science ideas in a format that technical researchers can use and that can be effectively discussed
with farmers, AFGRP has developed a set of practical tools that enable effective research to bring about sustainable
improvements in the livelihoods of the poor.
Outputs from these tools provide both quantitative and qualitative data. The former can be used for rigorous statistical
analysis to provide ‘evidence’ that more technical critics are looking for and the latter provides a rich context to demonstrate
change, both in individual cases and for wider social groupings.
Practical issues include understanding the different risks and opportunities of different social groupings. The main focus
the research has been to ensure that new technologies and approaches are most effective for the poorest and will not be
appropriated by the better off and to find appropriate solutions for both women and men according to needs that they
themselves have identified.
Using background data (secondary information) site selection has broadly been based on participatory criteria. Initial
interaction at the village level has stated broad development aims without identifying specific issues or topics. Once an
initial understanding of the social structure of the village has been gained through discussion with elders and shop keepers,
groups are brought together on the basis of wellbeing and gender. The results of discussion are fed-back to the groups that
have contributed to ensure a correct understanding has been made before progressing to discussions on potential areas for
research.
Every methodology has its critics and this one is questioned from both the social science and technical perspectives, but it
has now proved useful in several projects and crucially provides a working model for technical scientists to move towards
a fuller understanding of the benefits of a social science approach.
271
MANAGEMENT OF AUSTRALIAN FRESHWATER COD Maccullochella spp. BROODSTOCK

FOR AQUACULTURE AND CONSERVATION PROGRAMS
B.A. Ingram*, S.J. Rowland, J. Lade and M.L. Rourke
Department of Primary Industries

Private Bag 20
Alexandra, Victoria, Australia 3714
brett.ingram@dpi.vic.gov.au
Australian freshwater cod, Maccullochella spp. (Family Percichthyidae) have significant conservation, cultural, commercial
and recreational value. The genus comprises four endemic species/sub-species, which are currently bred in captivity at
either government or private hatcheries (see table). Breeding techniques were originally developed using wild-caught
broodstock reared in earthen ponds. All species are single-batch, group-synchronous spawners. Pond-reared fingerlings
(1g), are released into the wild to re-establish and enhance populations for conservation and recreational purposes. Two
species, Murray cod and eastern freshwater cod, are grown-out commercially for human consumption.
Projects and initiatives are now being established to improve the management of cod breeding programs with emphasis on
better management of genetics for conservation and recreational stockings, and for improved performance and production
in the aquaculture grow-out industry. A Hatchery Quality Assurance Program has been established in the state of NSW.
This program provides guidelines for the management of genetics, diseases and fingerling production at hatcheries.
A major research program has commenced on Murray cod to improve profitability and sustainability of production, and
to conserve/enhance biodiversity of wild stocks using advanced genetic and reproduction technologies. Marker-assisted
selection for favourable traits, controlled breeding (hormone therapy and out-of-season spawning) and chromosome
manipulation (ploidy, hybridisation etc) will be used to enable year-round production of elite, quality-assured strains
for aquaculture. The genetic diversity of wild Murray cod will be described and genetic tools will be used to produce
genetically diverse ‘wild strain’ fingerlings for stocking into the wild for conservation and recreational purposes.
To date, family lines have been established for marker assisted selection, and “domesticated” broodstock held in controlled-
environment conditions have been induced to spawn. A microsatellite library has been developed and 36 markers have
been optimised for Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) screening. A trait index will be developed to identify favourable traits
for aquaculture purposes. DNA extracted from historic (archived fish scales) and contemporary wild Murray cod will be
used to describe temporal and geographic variation in genetic diversity.
272
OPTIMIZATION ON GROWTH OF GIANT GOURAMY Osphronemous gouramy FRY GIVEN

FEED WITH DIFFERENT DOSES OF PROBIOTIC
Irsyaphiani Insan*, Kusdiarti and Bambang Irawan
Depok Research Station for Freshwater Ornamental Fish Culture

Jl. Perikanan, Pancoran Mas Kota Depok
16436, Jawa Barat, Indonesia
vennywahyudi@yahoo.com
Efforts to decrease mortality and to increase growth are implemented to obtain increased production of giant gouramy
(Osphronemous gouramy). Among others are the optimization of environtmental condition, the use of qualified seeds and
qualified feeds (Neltje, 1993). The application of probiotics Bacillus spp is known for its ability to increase survival and
growth of shrimp larvae. Information of the addition of probiotics on feed and their doses is still very much limited. This
research aimed to obtain the application dose of probiotic Bacillus spp. on the feed of giant goramy fry to support their
growth.
Conducted in Depok Research Station for Freshwater Ornamental Fish Culture, the research used 24 plastic basins of 20
l of water volume each. As treatments were different doses of Bacillus spp probiotic in the feed namely : 0 % (treatment
A); 0.10 % (treatment B); 0.15 % (treatment C); 0.20 % (treatment D); 0.25 % (treatment E) dan 0.30 % (treatment F), each
replicated four times. Density used was 10 fries/basin. Feed was given three times daily at 7 %/body weight/day. Rearing
period was 60 days with samplings done at every 10 days to monitor the fry growth and water quality.
Research result showed that there was a significant growth (P<0.05) of the fries given feed with probiotic Bacillus spp
compared to those without probiotic. However, the increase of probiotic doses from 0.10 %; 0.15 %; 0.20 %; 0.25 % to 0.30
% did not significantly affect the fry growth. (Table 1).
Table 1. Growth of giant guramy fries given different doses of probiotic Bacilus spp. during 60-day rearing period.
Note : numbers at the same column followed by different superscripts are significanly different (P < 0.05).
273
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM OF GROUPER SEEDS

Suko Ismi* and Eri Setiadi

P.O. Box. 140
Singaraja 81101, Bali- Indonesia
sukoismi@yahoo.com
The established grouper seed production technology at Gondol Research Institute for Maricultur is very useful to be
acquainted with the present status of grouper seed production to support to maping out a strategy to develop mariculture
industry in Indonesia. Eggs, seeds and fingerlings transportation applying a simple technique has been widely implemented
with a minimum risk. There are two ways of transporting fish namely closed and open system. Closed transportation system
is keeping fish in plastic bag with pure oxygen supply and than put into a styrofoam box. This method used for airborne
or land transportation. Open transportation system by truck is keeping fish in a tank with aeration, for land transportation.
The other open transportation system is sea transportation where the ship is completed by a tank with circulating sea water.
Fish density during transportation has to be adjusted to size, time and distance. Mortality during transportation is usually
less than 3%.
USE OF IMMUNOSTIMULANT TO ENHANCE IMMUNITY IN VIBRIO FREE FRY OF

FRESHWATER GIANT PRAWN Macrobrachium rossenbergii
Kamiso H.N, Triyanto, Alim Isnansetyo and Eko Setyobudi
Dept. of Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture

Gadjah Mada University
Yogyakarta, Indonesia
isnansetyo@yahoo.com
Freshwater giant prawn (M. rossenbergii) is one of important economical fresh water fisheries commodities in Indonesia.
The increasing of freshwater giant prawn culture area increase the demand of fry. However, the supply is not sufficient as
high mortality rate of fry in hatchery due to poor water quality and diseases. One of the main diseases is Vibriosis caused
by many Vibrio bacteria. We have already succeeded to produce Vibrio free fry of freshwater giant prawn. In this research
we evaluate the effectiveness of immunostimulant to enhance the immunity of Vibrio free fry against pathogenic Vibrio sp.,
and the growth rate of fry.
Producing the SPF fry was conducted by cleaning of broodstock from Vibrio using immersion in 80 ppm Oxytetracyclin
for 4 days. Broodstocks which have been bathed in antibiotic and their larvae were keep in Vibrio free water. SPF fry which
were produced from this system were fed artificial food enriched with immunostimulant (0, 5,10, 15 and 20 ml/kg food)
for 7 days. Two weeks later, the SPF fry and non SPF fry without immunostimulant were challenged with Vibrio harveyii
at 6,6 x 103 CFU/ml for 30 minutes.
The results indicated that the immunity and survival rate of SPF fry feeding with immunostimulant was higher (48,5%) than
control (15,7%). In generaL, freshwater giant prawn fry which were fed artificial food supplemented with immunostimulant
took shorter time to be juvenile (21-28 days) than the control (more than 40-45 days). However, in the challenge test against
V. harveyii showed that there was no significantly difference between SPF fry and the control.
274
STUDY ON ECO-BIOLOGICAL FACTORS IN DISTURBED MOUNTAINOUS RAINFOREST

RIVER PUSU MALAYSIA
Jalal, K.C.A.*, M. Z. Alam, Rozihan, M., Naim, M.A., Hafiz, M.J. and Hilmi, M.H.
Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science

International Islamic University Malaysia
Jalan Gombak, 53100 KL
Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
dhaka89@hotmail.com
The study was carried out at Sg. (river) Pusu on some aspects of physico-chemical and biological resources from Jan 2003
to December 2003. The aim of the study was to determine the existing eco-biological status of this mountainous river which
passes through the campus of the International Islamic University Malaysia. The indiscriminate logging and development
activities near the upstream have degraded the water quality of river along the campus area of the International Islamic
University Malaysia (IIUM). The turbidity was highest 5.29 NTU during monsoon months and for the rest of the period
no considerable variation was observed. The increase in turbidity and minimum transparency were observed on monsoon
months. The possible reasons of increasing trends of these ecological parameters are due to colloidal and other organic
and inorganic substances which came down with surface runoff from the development site. The turbidity has shown no
positive-significant correlation with any measured water quality parameters. While the water transparency was significantly
correlated (p<0.05) with pH and DO at the downstream areas.
The findings revealed that the lack of environmental inputs in the physical development could expedite substantial negative
impact on aquatic environment which includes physico-chemical parameters and fish as well. As such it was observed that
lot of fish (mostly tilapia) was died 3-4 times a year since 2002 to 2003.
This paper portrays some eco-biological factors of this disturbed mountainous river and suggests some remedial measures
in order to sustain pristine natural habitats and biodiversity.
Figure 1. Physico-chemical Parameters of Sungai

Pusu at IIUM Campus.
275
LARGE-SCALE TECHNOLOGY DISSEMINATION THROUGH NON GOVERNMENT

ORGANIZATIONS: WORLDFISH’S EXPERIENCES IN BANGLADESH
Johannes Janssen*, Md Reazul Karim and Naseem Aleem
WorldFish Center Bangladesh & South Asia Office

Road 8, Block F, House 22B, Banani
j.janssen@cgiar.org
The WorldFish Center has been working in partnership with Non Government Organizations (NGOs) since 1987 in
Bangladesh. Over the years the number of partnerships between the Center and NGOs has grown rapidly. Currently the
Center is working with NGOs under the Development of Sustainable Aquaculture Project (DSAP), a five-year project
sponsored by USAID. The main thrust of the project is to disseminate in a large-scale low-cost technologies appropriate for
small-scale farmers developed and tested on-farm by previous projects. The dissemination of technologies is participatory
(bottom up), to ensures active participation and empowerment of cooperating farmers.
The objective of the project is to increase fish production and income as well as improve livelihoods of the small-scale
households through aquaculture demonstrations implemented by NGOs. Since inception, the project has collaborated with
48 partner NGOs, trained 444 extension staff and supported 68,337 aquaculture demonstrations. The demonstration farmers
are organized in 4,316 groups. In 2004, the project collaborates with 33 NGOs, trained 258 extension staff, supported
50,794 demonstrations of the group members (including secondary adopters), covering 6,800 ha and production is expected
to be 17,000 mt. The farmers’ production is increased by 3-4 times (average in 2002 2.7 mt ha-1) and financial return by
4-5 times. Women participation is successfully increased using the Whole Family Approach (WFA) in 2004 from previous
individual and couple approaches. The adoption ratio of the improved aquaculture technologies by interested neighbors is
around 1:4.
The project provides technical training, guidance and assistance through the training of trainers (ToT) approach and
financial support to the partner NGOs. Besides a sustained production by cooperative farmers the project also aims at
sustaining the NGOs aquaculture extension program by the end of the project. Financial sustainability is achieved through
Income Generating Activities (IGA) that focused on income from service charge for provided extension services and from
aquaculture activities (fingerling and table fish production). The results of local NGOs to achieve sustainability of their
aquaculture extension programs and the lessons learnt from this innovative approach are described.
276
THE LIMITED USE OF FORMAL SKILLS RECOGNITION PROGRAMS IS HAMPERING

DEVELOPMENT OF INDUSTRY TRAINING PLANS AND UNDERUTILISING THIS
IMPORTANT TRAINING NEEDS ANALYSIS TOOL
Mathew L. Jeffrey*, Ian Pickett and Daniel P. Casement
Rural Solutions SA
Department of Primary Industries and Resources South Australia
Level 14, 25 Grenfell Street
Adelaide, SA 5000
jeffrey.mathew@saugov.sa.gov.au
In Australia, the competencies required to perform specific roles in industry are published in Industry Training Packages
registered by the Australian National Training Authority. The Aquaculture stream of the Seafood Industry Training Package
has been developed and endorsed by the industry sectors and is the basis of formal Vocational Education and Training
accreditation.
Recognition of current competencies (RCC) or skills analysis, is a tool which uses the Training packages to assess the
accumulated knowledge and experience of people who have informally acquired those skills in a practical environment,
most often their workplace. As well as providing formal recognition of an individuals competencies within an accreditation
award, RCC also facilitates learning needs analysis, which, if undertaken on an industry wide basis, can assist in the
development of a comprehensive and relevant training plan to ensure that the industry has the skills base for its development
and sustainability (Figure 1).
Individual and industry based training is seen with varying levels of importance by stakeholders. Some see it as a crucial part
of ongoing business and professional development, whilst others relate training to a forced activity brought on by changes
in legislation or other regulations. Industry representative organisations are similar in their belief, with some advocating
the benefits of training to their members and others ignoring it all together. This antipathy by some organisations, limits the
development of industry/sector wide strategic planning documents such as training plans.
To be effective, training plans should be developed by a majority of industry to facilitate ownership and increase participation.
One method of engaging industry in such a process, which has the added benefit of providing formal skill recognition at
the same time, is RCC.
FIGURE 1. How the RCC process can facilitate training needs analysis and development of a
training plan.
277
THE BIOLOGY OF THE SEED SUPPLY FOR THE NEW ZEALAND GREENSHELL
MUSSEL INDUSTRY
Andrew G Jeffs,* Andrea Alfaro, Guy Carton and Garth Foote
National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research

P.O. Box 109-695
Auckland
New Zealand
a.jeffs@niwa.co.nz
Greenshell mussel production in New Zealand has grown rapidly to a NZ$260 million industry in 2003. The industry is
almost entirely reliant on wild caught seed mussels from two main sources; larvae settling on seed catching ropes and the
harvest of drift seaweed with attached seed mussels. Commercial scale hatchery production of Greenshell mussels has only
begun in the last few years and only supplies a tiny proportion of the industry’s seed requirements. This study examines the
unusual biology of the early stages of the Greenshell mussel and reports on the latest results of research aiming to improve
the efficient use of seed mussels.
INNOVATION IN THE NEW ZEALAND AQUACULTURE INDUSTRY

Andrew G Jeffs* and Basil Sharp
National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research

P.O. Box 109-695
Auckland
New Zealand
a.jeffs@niwa.co.nz
Aquaculture production in New Zealand has grown rapidly in line with global increases in the sector. The aquaculture
industry is now one of the fastest growing rural industries in New Zealand. Much of this economic growth has been due
to innovation activity. This study investigated the growth of the aquaculture industry in New Zealand, the innovations that
have contributed to this growth, and identified some of the features of the industry’s innovative behaviour. Finally, the
findings of the study lead to some recommendations for improving the focus of innovative activity of this industry in the
future.
278
A PARTICIPATORYAPPROACH TO INTEGRATE SOUND SCIENCE INTO DEVELOPMENT

OF A NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION
Gary L. Jensen* and John Colt
U.S. Department of Agriculture

Cooperative State Research, Education and Extension Service
Washington, DC 20250-2220
gjensen@csrees.usda.gov
Anytime a regulatory agency decides to develop new regulations directed at environmental management and practices of
aquaculture facilities, one primary challenge is what will be the process to make a final decision. The outcome of a regulatory
decision can vary from extremely precautionary and restrictive to lax and ineffective. All food production systems, including
aquaculture, create an environmental footprint and some degree of actual and potential impact. Governments and societies
play significant roles in determining what is acceptable and together develop policies to safeguard the environment within
acceptable limits. The goal is to expand food production systems with strategies that are environmentally responsible and
sustainable.
In the United States, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency released a final rule in June 2004 that creates nationally
applied effluent discharge standards for concentrated aquatic animal production facilities currently under diverse
regulatory permit requirements. Besides the significance of being the first national effluent limitations guidelines and
standards for aquaculture facilities, an interagency participatory process was created that emphasized sound science to
accurately characterize the diversity of aquaculture systems, practices, environments, sizes, geographical locations, and
more. This policy-making process resulted in a public debate on the need to regulate nutrients, aquatic animal pathogens,
antibiotics, pesticides, total suspended solids, human pathogens, non-native species under the new national aquaculture
effluent limitations guidelines. The initial scope of the regulation included facilities of all types and sizes whether private-
commercial, governmental, or university research and demonstration.
The paper presents an overview of a federal government interagency process that coordinated a national network of
expertise on a variety of topics under consideration in the regulation. The approach serves as a model to gain added
value from public investments in research when formulating controversial public policies and the role of sound science to
mitigate divergent viewpoints and ideologies associated with environmental issues. Engagement in a participatory public
policy process may not guarantee any specific outcomes and the role of science requires deliberate and thoughtful planning
to prevent being marginalized in the process. In most cases, political management ultimately makes any final decision.
However, the scientific community can be actively involved to contribute science-based knowledge and credibility in the
decision-making process. Scientific organizations can also play significant roles by participating within often self-imposed
boundaries that may preclude public policy and lobbying activities.
279
FEED MODELING TO JUVENILE RED SEA BREAM Pagrus major REARING IN FLOATING
NET PEN
Seung-Cheol Ji*, Kenji Takii, Hideharu Ooi, Seigo Kitamura and Kazuharu Kurifuji
Fisheries Laboratory, Kinki University, Uragami

Nachikatsuura, Wakayama 649-5145, Japan
ns_ji@nara.kindai.ac.jp
In aquaculture, reliable and practical feed modeling to several fishes is necessary for planning economical production
strategy through a relatively long span. It is also required for the establishment of advanced rearing techniques for
sustainable aquaculture. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of feeding rate manipulations on
growth, fatness, feed efficiency etc. in red sea bream Pagrus major stocked to floating net pen using commercially available
artificial extruded diets.
Each 50 juvenile bream, having a mean body weight of 18.3 g, was introduced into each of 7 floating net pens (2×2×2.5
m in deep) settled in the Uragami Bay near the Shionomisaki Horn. An extruded commercial diet (Marubeni-Nisshin Feed
Ltd.; CP 50%, CL 10% and CA 16%) was given until apparent satiety (S) and at various feeding restrictions of 0.95S,
0.9S, 0.85S, 0.8S, 0.7S and 0.6S, twice a day (9:30 and 15:30), 6 days a week for 50 days. Water temperature and DO
were 25-28°C and 6.5-8.5 mg / L respectively. Survival rate of S group (94%) was lower than that of other groups (100%).
Daily feeding rates of S, 0.95S, 0.9S, 0.85S, 0.8S, 0.7S and 0.6S groups through the feeding trial were 2.73%, 2.65%,
2.57%, 2.44%, 2.38%, 2.25% and 2.08% of their body weight, respectively. Specific growth rates (SGR) were 3.57%,
3.53%, 3.46%, 3.41%, 3.36%, 3.17% and 2.99% in the order cited above. Feed conversion efficiency (FCE) in S, 0.95S,
0.9S, 0.85S, 0.8S, 0.7S and 0.6S groups were 87.0%, 89.2%, 90.7%, 94.7%, 96.0%, 97.5% and 101.0%, respectively.
Fatness, viscera-somatic index, hematocrit value and hemoglobin concentration at the termination of the study showed no
significant differences among the groups. High economical production index of ca. 323 and 328, simply multiplied SGR by
FCE in each group, were obtained in 0.85S and 0.8S groups. This result suggests that the feeding rate of either 80 or 85%
of satiation would be better to get higher economical production index.
BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SCUTICOCILIATE WITH A POLYMORPHIC

LIFE CYCLE OF CILIATE AND CYST ISOLATED FROM CULTURED FLOUNDER
Chang-Nam Jin*, Hyun-Sil Kang, Yong-Uk Jung, Geun-Tae Park, Jehee Lee and Moon-Soo Heo
Faculty of Marine Sciences

Jeju, 690-756
Republic of Korea
jincn11@yahoo.co.kr
Seedling production process of flounder Paralichthys olivaceus; an economically important fish species of food industry
in Asia Pacific region is being remarkably damaged annually by scuticociliatosis. We isolated a new type of Scuticociliate
from flounder metamorphosed to both ciliated and cyst phases by environmental conditions and survived relatively for
a long span. The average size of ciliate was 41.8 μm in length, 21.0 μm in width and that of cyst was 17.0 μm and 13.5
μm, respectively. Nutritional condition was determined as a major parameter of metamorphosing between ciliate and cyst
stages. The ciliate was transformed into cyst stage on the condition of food shortage, while the cyst was remetamorphosed
into ciliate stage showing active growth and reproduction.
The ciliate was multiplied at the maximal density of 2.9×105 ml-1 cells in vitro cultivation using MS BHI medium and
bacterial food sources at 15 temperature. The ciliate could be proliferated at the range of 2.5 to 30 temperature, pH 6 to 9,
and 1 to 55 ppt salinity. Especially it could be survived over one week at 0 temperature showing high resistance against the
unfavorable environmental condition.
The chemotherapeutants (formalin and hydrogen peroxide) were effective against the ciliate during in vitro trials, but the
effect of therapeutants were different in proportion depending upon the density and bathing time of chemical compounds.
280
NITRIFICATION AND OTHER WATER PURIFICATION EFFEICIENCIES OF IBK SYSTEM

BIOFILTER IN A SEMI-RECIRCULATION RAINBOW TROUT FARM
Jae-Yoon Jo*, Muslim and In-Bae Kim
Department of Fisheries Biology

jyjo@pknu.ac.kr
In an intensive rainbow trout farm with partial water recirculating system, water purification efficiencies of the biofilter
of IBK (Intensive Bioproduction Korean) system were studied. The experiment was conducted at Chungri Rainbow Trout
Farm, Sangju, Korea from August to October 2004. There are 9 biofilter chambers in the farm and each chamber size is
4.0 x 3.1 x 1.7 m (D). Inside the chamber, 1600 corrugated plastic plates, each occupying 63cm x 127cm x 1 cm (H), are
installed as the filter media. Specific surface area of the filter media is 237.8 m2/m3 and surface area per filter chamber is
3068 m2. Two vertical axial-flow pumps lift the water into the inlet channel of 9 biofilter chambers at the rate of 500 m3/h.
Water samples were collected at 3 sites of inlet channel (before biofilter) and 3 sites of outlet channel (after biofilter) and
were collected every 3-hour intervals for 24 hours each month.
The average concentrations of TAN decreased from 1.5 mg/L to 1.27 mg/L and their efficiencies were between 13.77%
and 19.79%. The decreased rate of TAN concentration through biofilter was 2.76 kg/day, being about 100 mg/m2/day.
The average concentrations of NO2-N were little changed through the biofilter. The average concentrations of NO3-N and
PO4-P were increased after the biofilter. Average concentrations of COD were decreased in the biofilter at the efficiency
of 13.08%. The average concentrations of SS in the samples of August, September and October were decreased from
0.66, 1.08 and 1.39 mg/L to 0.26, 0.68 and 0.90 mg/L, respectively. Their efficiencies were 61.2%, 37.1% and 35.0%,
respectively. Average SS removal rate of the biofilter, was 222.2 g/filter chamber/ day in dry weight. The concentrations of
SS and COD from August to October were directly related with the amount of feeding during the period.
According to these results, the biofilter of the IBK system was effective for the capture of COD and SS in partial recirculating
rainbow trout farm.
Table 1. Changes of water quality parameters before and

after IBK biofilter in a partial recirculating rainbow trout
farm (mg/L).
281
COMPARISONS OF A CIRCULAR AND CONICAL-BOTTOM SEDIMENTATION TANK

AND A BIOFILTER OF IBK SYSTEM ON THE EFFICIENCIES OF SOLID WASTES
REMOVAL FROM EFFLUENT WATER OF A SEMI-RECIRCULATING RAINBOW TROUT
FARM
Jae-Yoon Jo*, Muslim, In-Bae Kim and Kuen-Hack Suh
Department of Fisheries Biology

jyjo@pknu.ac.kr
Various methods of solid wastes removal systems have been adopted to remove solid wastes from fish farm effluent. The
efficiencies of a circular and conical-bottom sedimentation tank (CCBS tank) and the biofilter of IBK system (IBK biofilter)
for the removal of suspended and settleable solids from the effluent water of a partial recirculating rainbow trout farm were
compared. The removal efficiencies of other water quality parameters, such as TAN and COD were also compared. The
CCBS tank and IBK biofilter were connected in series and the effluent water from the farm was pumped into CCBS tank
and overflowing water from CCBS tank was again pumped into the IBK biofilter. The amounts of suspended (SS) and
settleable solids from inlet and outlet water of them were measured along with the TAN and COD.
The amounts of TAN were not much decreased in CCBS tank and the removal efficiencies of TAN in IBK biofilter were
higher than in CCBS tank. The concentration of COD was reduced more efficiently in the CCBS than in IBK biofilter.
The efficiencies of the former were ranged from 11.3% to 17.4% while those in the latter were from 8.1% to 15.5%. The
removal efficiencies of SS in the CCBS tank in August and September were ranged 26.9% and 20%, respectively while
those of IBK biofilter were 49.1% and 25.8%, respectively. However, the SS of CCBS tank in October was increased. This
seems to be caused by the breakdown of higher concentration of settleable solids into the SS in October.
Average concentration of settleable solid was reduced from 0.85 mg/L to 0.21 mg/L in August, from 0.76 mg/L to 0.17
mg/L in September and 6.35 mg/L to 1.18 mg/L in October. Thus the removal efficiencies of settleable solids in the CCBS
tank were ranged from 75.6% to 81.3%. The removal efficiencies of settlebale solids in IBK biofilter were ranged from
78.7% to 84.1% the settleable solid removal efficiencies were similar both in the CCBS tank and IBK biofilter. According
to above results, the circular and conical bottom sedimentation tank was effective for removing total solid wastes from the
effluent water of a semi-recirculating rainbow trout farm.
Table 1. Comparisons of water quality parameters between conical bottom

circular tank and IBK biofilter.
282
RESEARCH ON DEVELOPING TECHNIQUE OF CORAL CULTURE THROUGH

TRANSPLANTATION METHOD
Ofri Johan*, Bambang Priono, I Nyoman Radiarta, Joni Haryadi, Adang Saputra, Idil Ardi, Irsyaphiani Insan
and Hatim Albasri
Research Center Institute for Aquaculture

Agency for Marine and Fisheries Research
Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries
Jl. K.S Tubun Petamburan VI Jakarta Pusat 10260 - Indonesia
ofrijohan@telkom.net
This research was conduted in three locations, two sites in resort area (Geretek and Pemutaran village, Bali), and one site in
marine protected area in Pramuka Island, Kepulauan Seribu, Indonesia. This research was looking for better method; more
efficient and economic compared to the existing methods in rehabilitating degraded corals reef habitat in Indonesia.
The purposes of this research were to get data and information of corals species which were successfully transplanted
with parameters measured were growth rate, survival rate and environmental factors; to get data and information about the
changing of habitat condition indicated by coral fishes abundant and others biota in coral culture location.
The coral was tied to substrate and placed on damaged coral site. The corals used in this research were Seriatopora hystrix,
Montipora digitata, Porites nigrescens, Pocillopora damicornis, Acropora humilis and Acropora sp. Monitoring was
conducted every two month to record coral growth, survival rate and environmental parameters.
The research results showed that coral culture in Pramuka island was more successful with survival rate 89% than in
Geretek and Pemutaran site with survival rates 86.11% and 65%. Percentage of live coral coverage in Pramuka island was
higher (39%) than in Geretek (16%) and Pemutaran (14%).
This method is recommended for rehabilitation of damaged coral area because it is more effective, efficient, economic and
easy to be adopted by local community.
283
HAEMATOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF YELLOWFIN TUNA Thunnus albacares
Fris Johnny, Jhon Harianto Hutapea and Des Roza
Research Institute for Mariculture

Gondol, Bali, Indonesia
PO Box 140
Singaraja 81101, Bali, Indonesia
Seed production of yellowfin tuna, Thunnus albacares has been started in hatchery at Research Institute for Mariculture,
Gondol, Bali, Indonesia and the study of haematology of yellowfin tuna as basic immune system was conducted at Pathology
Laboratory. The samples were taken from yellowfin tuna with body weight of 1.6 – 2.9 kg and fork length of 41.4 – 53
cm. The main purpose of this experiment was now morphology and characteristic of each type of blood cell, percentage
of packed cells volume (PCV) or haematocryte, haemoglobin (Hb), total erythrocytes, total leucocytes, and differential
leucocytes.
The results showed that morphology of blood cell types as were erythrocytes and leucocytes (monocyte, lymphocyte,
neuthrophyl, and thrombocyte). The characteristics of haematological showed average value of : packed cells volume
(PCV) were 58.1%, haemoglobin (Hb) were 16.4 g/100 ml. Total erythrocyte were 3,393,000 cells/mm3, and total leucocyte
were 359,700 cells/mm3 (Table 1). The percentage of differential leucocytes were monocyte 1.9%, lymphocyte 68.2%,
neuthrophyl 18.5%, and thrombocyte 11.4% (Table 2).
Table 1. Haematoligical characteristics of yellowfin

tuna, T. albacares.
Table 2. Differential of leucocytes of yellowfin

tuna, T. albacares.
284
FUTURE GLOBAL SEAFOOD DEMAND AND THE OPPORTUNITY FOR SUSTAINABLY

PRODUCED AND CERTIFIED AQUACULTURE PRODUCTS
Howard M. Johnson
H.M. Johnson & Associates

PO Box 688
Jacksonville, OR 97530
howard@hmj.com
By the year 2020, increases in world population and growth in per capita seafood consumption will require an additional
20 million tons round weight (FAO estimate) to 32 million tons (International Food Policy Research Institute estimate) of
edible seafood. Since capture fisheries are not expected to make significant contributions to this increased demand, it will
fall to aquaculture to fill the gap.
While developing countries are forecast to provide 79 percent of all food fish production by 2020 (IFPRI), major markets
will be in Europe and the United States. Sustainably produced and certified aquaculture products will be a significant
component of this increased seafood demand.
285
PARTURITION-ASSOCIATED BEHAVIOUR OF ADULT SWORDTAIL, Xiphophorus helleri
Clifford L. W. Jones* and Horst Kaiser
Department of Ichthyology and Fisheries Science

Rhodes University
P. O. Box 94
Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
c.jones@ru.ac.za
Adult swordtail (Xiphophorus helleri) cannibalise juveniles, both in the wild and under captive conditions. Since this
species is farmed commercially for the ornamental fish trade, a description of swordtail behaviour during parturition was
made to better understand cannibalism in this fish. The parturition period of five females, each in the presence of a male and
three other females that did not give birth during the observation period, was recorded on videotape.
All parturition events occurred in the dark. When they occurred close to the bottom of the tank the artificial refuge present
in this area was not used as shelter, whereas at the top of the tank females gave birth more often while hiding in or staying
close to the artificial refuge. Thus, although females are cannibalistic, their behaviour might be geared towards increasing
the chance of survival of new-born young. Most adults were found at the bottom of the water column during parturition and
during the first 500 minutes after the first attack was observed. After this they were distributed randomly in the water column.
The movement of adults away from the tank bottom coincided with a decrease in the rate of cannibalism, an increase in
the rate of feeding on material other than live juveniles, and the onset of light conditions. Adults attacked juveniles most
frequently during the first 200 minutes after the first attack was observed, and during this time, secondary attackers (i.e.,
adults that attacked a juvenile that was being attacked by another adult) were observed frequently. No secondary attackers
were observed after 200 minutes. The reduced attack rate may have been due the movement of adults away from the
bottom of the tank or, alternatively, the result of operant conditioning or habituation since only 27.5% of attacks resulted in
cannibalism. All adults, i.e., the birth-giving female, females that did not give birth during the observation, and males, were
equally cannibalistic. Application and relevance of these data to commercial production of swordtails will be discussed.
DEVELOPMENT OF A LOW-PROTEIN, WATER STABLE KELP DIET FOR ABALONE

Haliostis midae CULTURE
Clifford L. W. Jones* and Peter J. Britz

Rhodes University
P. O. Box 94
Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
c.jones@ru.ac.za
Land based abalone (Haliotis midae) culture is the fastest growing aquaculture sector in South Africa, based on the
country’s south coast. While the growth of small H. midae (i.e. <50 mm shell length) fed a high protein (34%) commercial
diet (Abfeed®) is superior to those fed kelp (Ecklonia maxima), farmers have found that larger animals >50 mm grow faster
on a kelp diet or combination of kelp and Abfeed®. This, together with culture-environment pollution problems associated
with high protein diets, has led to many farmers to rely heavily on fresh kelp as a feed source for larger animals. The limited
kelp reserves along this coast line are coming under increasing pressure and it is clear that improved formulated diets are
required for abalone grow-out if the industry is to grow. The aim of this research was to develop a low protein formulated
diet that maintains H. midae growth that produces growth rates equal or better than kelp. In our formulations kelp and/or
soyaflour replaced fishmeal as protein sources in a dry pellet that remained water-stable for more than 24 hours. The
diets protein and lipid content was 26% and 5.5% respectively. Water stability of the diets was very good with an average
leaching rate of solids of 6.7% and 16.5% after 3 hours and 36 hours, respectively. In the growth trials it was shown that up
to 50% kelp on a wet weight basis can be included in the diet without a reduction in growth rate. Similarly, it was shown
that soyaflour could be included as a protein source up to 50%, but not more. The similarity in abalone growth when fed
the low protein diet (i.e. 26%) to those fed high protein Abfeed® (i.e. 34%) suggest that large abalone (i.e. >50 mm) grow
acceptably on low protein diets. These laboratory results were largely confirmed when part of the experiment was up-scaled
and tested on two commercial abalone farms. The low (26%) protein kelp pellet produced on-farm growth among large
abalone that was comparable to the growth of abalone fed high (34%) protein Abfeed® and fresh kelp (ANOVA; p<0.05).
286
EFFECT OF TANK SIZE ON THE BEHAVIOUR OF Betta splendens
Clifford L. W. Jones

Rhodes University
P. O. Box 94
Grahamstown, 6140
South Africa
c.jones@ru.ac.za
Ornamental fish hobbyists commonly keep male Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens) in small containers. In South
Africa they are sold as a corporate gift in a tank of 1.4 L and in other parts of the world it is common to find them in
containers the size of a wine glass. Animal-right activists provide anthropomorphic arguments that appose this activity;
however, short of anecdotal literature that is often accompanied by emotive opinion, no scientific literature was available
on the effect of tank size on the behaviour of these fish. The purpose of this preliminary study was to determine if tank
size influences the behaviour of isolated adult males and to determine if they utilise the full volume of their living space in
various size tanks.
The volume of the tank utilised by fish kept in either a large (12990 ml) medium (6090 ml) or small (1470 ml) container
was estimated by dividing the tanks into equal size coordinate grids and counting the number of cells used by each fish for
a period of 48 minutes. To ensure that the theoretical cells formed by the grid were similar in volume among treatments,
small, medium and large tanks were divided into 6, 24 and 48 cells, respectively. In a second experiment, their behaviour
in the same tanks was described and time spent performing these behaviours was recorded. All observations were repeated
in triplicate using different fish. To ensure the only difference between treatments was tank volume, water depth was
maintained at 100 mm and volume to water-surface ratio remained 1:10 for all treatments.
The result that they utilise the entire volume (ca. 94%) of the small tanks, suggests that a tank larger than 1.4 L is probably
required. Since they only used an average of 60% of the medium tank (i.e. 3.5 L) and 44% of the large tank (i.e. 6 L), a tank
larger than 6 L is probably not necessary provided water quality is maintained. There was no interaction between the factors
tank-size and level-of-activity (multi-factor ANOVA: F(4,18) = 1.95; p=0.15). The total time spent inactive was similar for
all tank sizes, and averaged 189.9±29.2 s per 7-minute observation (ANOVA: F(2, 6)=0.62; p=0.57). Similarly, there were
no significant difference in time spent at a medium and high level of actively between fish held in small and large tanks
(ANOVA; p>0.05), so it was concluded that tank size does not effect the behaviours observed here.
Since primary and secondary stress responses can be indicated by changes in behaviour, these findings do not provide
evidence supporting arguments that these fish become stressed in the small tanks tested here. Further studies should
investigate effect of tank size on tertiary stress responses measured by changes in health, reproduction and survival.
287
NATURAL VARIANCE IN SEX RATIO IN THREE STRAINS OF MOZAMBIQUE TILAPIA

Oreochromis mossambicus IN SOUTHERN AFRICA
Martine S. Jordaan* and Danie Brink
Division of Aquaculture
South Africa
martine@sun.ac.za
Tilapia is presumed to have a well-defined genetic mechanism of sex determination, but sex ratios are not compatible with
a monofactorial sex determination model. A theory of autosomal gene influence, as well as temperature sex determination
(TSD) has been proposed in order to explain large variations in sex ratios. This study identified three different strains
representing the geographical distribution of O. mossambicus in Southern Africa. The animals were collected from natural
sources in South Africa and Malawi. Progeny groups were produced from randomly selected parents and maintained at
constant temperature during the labile period of sex differentiation. Variation in sex ratios between different families of
the same strain as well as between different strains was calculated. Although there was no difference in sex ratio between
strains, a significant intra-group variation existed. This study showed that there were both male and female-biased sex ratios.
The data generally conform to a monofactorial sex determination model. However, the male-biased sex ratio observed in
one strain strain can possibly be ascribed to TSD, as this strain of O. mossambicus originated from an area with different
annual temperature patterns. The authors currently investigating whether TSD could have an adaptive advantage.
THE BRAZILIAN SHRIMP INDUSTRY

Werner Jost
akiyamadm@cbn.net.id
The first farms were built in the seventies. In the eighties, was started a governmental program to create a shrimp
industry, which was not successful because of the use of domestic species. In the beginning of the nineties was introduced
P. Vannamae through a hatchery and that point on, productivity and production volumes started to rise. From 1999 on, Brazil
became competitive on the world market. It will be discussed the actual situation of the shrimp industry, its technological
level , its variety of production forms and the challenges which it faces regarding diseases, antidumping measures and price
declines on the world markets.
288
LABOR MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES IN SEASONAL SHRIMP HATCHERY

OPERATIONS
Francisco J. Martínez-Cordero* and Lorenzo Juárez
Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo (CIAD), A.C.

Unidad Mazatlán. Aquaculture Economics Laboratory.
Sábalo Cerritos, s/n, Estero del Yugo A.P. 711
Mazatlán, Sinaloa México. C.P. 82010
cordero@victoria.ciad.mx
Cold temperatures limit the operation of shrimp farms in Northwestern Mexico to 8-9 months per year. Since farms in this
region represent almost 95% of the industry in the country, commercial shrimp hatcheries accordingly produce and sell
postlarvae only during a short 3 – 4 month stocking season, with the remaining 8 - 9 months carrying out activities such
as maintenance, training, planning of operations and analysis of results. It seems clear therefore that during the downtime
period labor and salaries should be cut down, but operations during the productive months might be carried out with
different combinations of labor contracts, with different results. In 2004 the hatcheries faced low postlarval selling prices
for a fourth consecutive year and considering that labor and salaries represent one of the main operation costs, workforce
management becomes a critical issue for managers seeking for efficiency in operation.
This paper discusses annual labor management strategies in seasonal shrimp hatchery operations. Labor and salaries costs
resulting from a contracting scheme with a majority of temporary labor are evaluated. This contracting scheme is only one
of possible ways to increase cost efficiency in the firm, which assures maintaining or increasing annual production and
at the same time reduces operation costs. Productivity and its relation to labor management is also debated. With such a
dynamic and uncertain environment as the one faced by the shrimp farming industry nowadays, it is considered that cost
efficiency through labor contracting should be evaluated on a firm-by-firm basis.
289
HATCHING OF FRESHWATER CRAYFISH Cherax sp.
Fatahillah Maulana Jufrie
Tekhnology of Management Aquaculture Study Program

Marine and Fisheries Science Faculty
Dramaga Indonesia 16680
fatahillahmj@yahoo.com
Freshwater Crayfish (Cherax Sp.) its original habitat is lake, river area and marsh which many there are haven. Freshwater
Crayfish represent one of the gender of set of relatives of Parastacidae which start to be developed for the conducting of.
Freshwater Crayfish besides owning interesting physical buttonhole to be made by decorative prawn, crayfish also can be
used for the prawn of expensive consumption.
Mains of Crayfish conducting to can be obtained from natural habitat or select result of conducting. Selection of mains
result of conducting cover adapted for by gender selection is age, footage, high total and maturity level of gonad.
Election of mains candidate done since crayfish old age 2-3 months, with total length of mean 4-6 cm. Sign of primary
sex of freshwater crayfish is difference of certain form which located in foot handle walke and size measure of claws.
Meanwhile, marking of sekunder which can be seen visually is brightness colour of its body.
Mains which have been selected to be to be disjointed with other crayfish in aquarium highly water 10-15 cm, density 10
tail / m2 for to heavy mains of mean 15 gr and 5 tail / m2 for to heavy mains of mean 20 gr. Looked after separate pursuant
to gender and age. Generally will sex mature 6-7 months, with total length more than 20 cm.
Dissolve oxygen more than 3 ppm, pH 6-8, temperature irrigate 240C. Place of fairish 40x30x30 cm equiped by and aerator
of PVC ½ inchi as a means of inclusion and expenditure of water.
Food given by protein rate to 40% and carbohydrate 10-15% given by adlibitum counted 3% from body weight with
feeding frequency twice a day.
Place of which is used by fairish aquarium 0.5x1x0.5 m can be entered by 1 setting mains which consist of 3 tail of crayfish
masculine and 5 female tail. Place of have been provided with and hideaway of aerator.
Before happened the marriage, couple of mains which have the couple to mating by the claws. Hereinafter the female
mains will bring back its body and the males mains will immediately marry by including poke sperma (spermatophora) into
thelicum which is located in between feet walke female crayfish. Freshwater crayfish tend to do nocturnal marriage.
Female mains will lay eggs after 10-15 day since masculine mains marrying it. Egg released by the female mains will
patch alongside its stomach (broad chamber). Mains which have laid eggs to be carried over by the place of other with its
hideaway.
Released the egg is mains of crayfish will hatch after 1 months. Seed will unhitch after 4-5 day since hatching. New seed
hatch to be let with aerator in aquarium, thickky dispersion 20-30 tail/m2 and deepness 25 cm. Given by fresh prawn food
cutting of fresh prawn, fall to pieces palette of commercial prawn, worm of fresh sutra, congelation daphnia. frequency of
Gift twice a days. To take care of quality irrigate done commutation irrigate. every day.
290
FMIRI MICROALGAE BASED SHRIMP AND ARTEMIA INTEGRATED RECIRCULATING

PRODUCTION SYSTEM
Chen Jun*, Ni Qi* and Jaw-Kai Wang
Institute of Fishery Machinery & Instrument Research Institute

chenjun@fmiri.com
Large scale intensive aquaculture in the world has moved rapidly forward since the 1970’s. The development of marine
shrimp industry is a world wide phenomenon. While marching forward, the industry was plagued by diseases. National
fortunes were affected. Large scale environmental damages were done. Chinese aquaculture, especially the shrimp industry,
went through rapid expansions in the last decade. A good harvest of shrimp in China has come to mean depressed world
price.
Shrimp aquaculture has suffered greatly from disease: Ecuador in 1992 and in 2000, Taiwan from 1988 to 1989, Thailand
in 1993 and China in 1995 and in 2001. The Ecuadorian export value of shrimp in 1998 was US$875 million. The next
year, White Spot Syndrome Virus showed up in the second half of the year and reduced the value to US$605 million, and
in the year 2000, the export value was less than $300 million
In an aquaculture production facility the carrying capacity is ultimately limited by the accumulation of toxic metabolites,
such as NH3 and CO2. To increase carrying capacity, specific waste treatment processes must be added to remove the
limiting metabolites.
In microalgae based aquaculture production system the basic treatment process of the pond is algal photosynthesis.
Successful pond culture practices continue to be tied to management of the algae component of the system. High rate algal
production systems can be operated at sustained levels of 6-12 gm C/in /day. The algal cell population is maintained at
a young cell (preferably at the log-log growth stages), through direct harvesting of the algal biomass by artemia or other
aquatic animals.
The Institute of Fishery Machinery & Instrument Research Institute (FMIRI), Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences
has begun a program to implement a modified version of the University of Hawaii’s Integrated Shrimp/Diatom/Artemia
system.
The research and development program is divided into three phases, (1) the design, construction, and operation of a
laboratory system in FMIRI Laboratory in Shanghai, (2) the design, construction and operation of a pilot system in southern
China, and (3) field testing of commercial systems.
We will report on the phase one work, including numerical examples of the design, the completed laboratory units, and
some preliminary operational data.
291
SUPPLEMENTATION OF METHIONINE AND TRYPTOPHAN IN THE HIGH SOYBEAN

MEAL DIETS OF JUVENILE BAUNG Mystus nemurus
Dedi Jusadi*, Bachrian Pebriyadi, Ing Mokoginta and M Agus Suprayudi
Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor, Indonesia
dedijusadi@yahoo.com
Baung Mystus nemurus is one of the most popular fresh water fish in Sumatra and Kalimantan Provinces in Indonesia. In
order to reduce the utilization of fish meal (FM) in the diet, a triplicate experiment was conducted: (a) to determine the
dietary FM level that could be replaced by soybean meal (SBM) as an alternative protein source in the diet of juvenile baung
Mystus nemurus, (b) to improve soybean meal quality in the diet by supplementation of methionine and tryptophan.
There were five experimental diets used in this experiment, namely diet A contained 100% protein from FM; B, 25%
protein from SBM and 75% protein from FM; C, 50% protein from SBM and 50% protein from FM; D, 50% protein from
SBM and 50% protein from FM + 0.5% methionine + 0.1% tryptophan; E, 75% protein from SBM and 50% protein from
FM + 0.5% methionine + 0.3% tryptophan. Twenty fish with an individual body weight of 7.5 g were stocked in aquaria
for 60 days. During feeding trial, fish were fed on experimental diets three times daily, at satiation.
Results showed that fish fed diet B produced higher protein retention, daily growth rate and feed efficiency compare to diet
A. Supplementation of methionine and tryptophan to the 50% and 75% SBM diets markedly improved protein retention,
daily growth rate and feed efficiency. It was concluded that SBM can replace 25% protein from FM in the diet of baung
juvenile without impairement of the growth performance. By supplementation of 0.5% methionine and 0.3% tryptophan,
75% FM can be replaced by SBM.
TABLE 1. Formulation of experimental diets fed

to baung (g/100g diet).
TABLE 2. Final weight (FW), daily growth rate

(DGR), feed consumption (FC), feed efficiency
(FE) and liver somatic index (LSI) of baung
fed five experimental diets. Means in a column
with different letters were significantly different
(P<0.05).
292
NUTRIENT FLOW IN WHOLE FARM HOUSEHOLDS: A CASE STUDY IN A VILLAGE OF

MUKTAGACH UPAZILA UNDER MYMENSINGH DISTRICT, BANGLADESH
Md. Shamsul Kabir*, Md. Abdul Wahab, Manjurul Karim, Marc C. J. Verdegem and David C. Little

skabirj@yahoo.com
A study in a village in Muktagacha Upazila under Mymensingh District was carried out during June 2003 to May 2004
to know the nutrient flows in different enterprises or components of farm households under rich and poor categories. For
the study 2 farms from rich and 2 farms from poor category were selected. The entrprises monitored were Fish, Livestock,
Poultry, Vegetable and Crop. The study revealed that the degree of integration varied depnding on the variaton in farm
enterprises and bioresource and nutrient flows among the components. The Crop enterprise in rich category and the same in
poor category were highly different in size and consequently the difference in input-output status was big too. The Crop was
the prime component in all 3 farms except in one poor farm (farm 3) where the Fish was the prime component. However,
in all cases, fishponds integrated with other components of farms played a pivotal role in nutrient recycling. Fish input and
output in Kg N were 1.3 and 8.19 in farm 1, 2.86 and 2.48 in farm 2, 21.64 and 16.29 in farm 3 and 0.39 and 1.55 in farm
4, respectively. Livestock input and output in Kg N were 0.82 and 3.33 in farm 1, 41.91 and 40.68 in farm 2 and 14.04 and
18.20 in farm 4, respectively. Poultry input and output in Kg N were 8.17 and 2.52 in farm 1, 0.67 and 0.45 in farm 2 and
2.57 and 0.97 in farm 4, respectively. Vegetable input and output in Kg N were 0.03 and 6.73 in farm 1, 0.08 and 1.67 in
farm 2, 0.002 and 0.28 in farm 3 and 0.001 and 0.36 in farm 4, respectively. Crop (seedling) input and output in Kg N were
2.79 and 1.26 in farm 1, 5.90 and 1.07 in farm 2, 0.51 and 0.26 in farm 3 and 0.06 and 0.01 in farm 4, respectively. Crop
(rice) input and output in Kg N were 113.41 and 131.58 in farm 1, 67.33 and 70.82 in farm 2, 27.78 and 28.78 in farm 3
and 8.33 and 9.90 in farm 4, respectively.
Though the level of integration was slightly higher in rich category farms than that in poor category farms, there was room
for intensification of integration in both categories of farms.
IMPLEMENTATION OF MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR NILE TILAPIA CULTURE

ORIENTED TO ISO 14001
Tutik Kadarini, Sudarto, P. Yuliati, Kusdiarti, A. Widiati and Triheru
To anticipate national development program which is pursuant to continue development needs an environmental existence.
Beside that the presence of global market era needs exporting product license based on environment (ISO 14001). Nile tilapia
is representing an export product is newly emboldened. The aim of the study to know how far the level of environmental
system management is applied to nile tilapia culture. One of environmental change caused by nile tilapia culture is feed
which castaway in territorial water.
Research Methodology is assess storey level of applying of management system of nile tilapia culture based on questionaire
given to respondent of pursuant which have been prepared. Respondent are company and farmer exporting nile tilapia.
Supporting data is water quality and the plankton productivity. Statistical descriptive analysis is a method to resolve actual
and intensive today’s problems. Data obtained are compiled, recapitulated and explained (Winarno, 1985)
The result indicate that exporting company of nile tilapia in Klaten (Central Java) and Medan (North Sumatra) are in the
phase of applying system of environmental management but it does formulated yet (average mean value = 3,6). Farmer of
Subang of phase wish to apply with average value 2,44 , while farmer of Yogyakarta not yet executed active toward this.
According to Kuhre W. Lee (1996) applying of environmental management system generally step by step activity because
needing big enough fund.
293
COMPARATIVE GONAD DEVELOPMENT, GROWTH AND BODY COMPOSITION OF

GRASS CARP AND FEMALE GRASS CARP × MALE BIGHEAD CARP HYBRID
Kalbassi* M.R., Ebrahimzadeh S.M., Nazari R.M. and Behrozi Sh
Tarbiat Modarres University
46414-356 Noor, Iran
Kalbassi_m@modares.ac.ir
Grass carp and female grass carp × male bighead carp hybrids were reared under polyculture condition in combination
with silver carp, bighead carp and common carp during 4 months (Jul-Nov). Physicochemical parameters of pond water
as well as considered growth, gonad development and carcass proximate analysis were compared between grass carp and
hybrid fishes.
Final results showed that condition factor of hybrid and grass carp had decreasing rate (means 1.07 and 1.32, respectively).
Percentages of final weight gain were obtained 37.8 in hybrid and 37.7 in grass carp (no significant differences).specific growth
rate in both species were 0.25 %; daily growth rate found 3.44 g. and 0.44 g. in grass carp and hybrid, respectively.
Histological study of gonad development in both species showed that, the ovaries of grass carp had a normal growth and
consist of primary oocyte, but hybrid ovary growth were remained in oogonia primary stage. In male grass carp, testis have
a proliferated spermatogonia stage in contrast with primary spermatocyte stage in hybrid testis.
Proximate analysis of carcass of both species showed no significant differences on protein, ash, lipid and moisture content
of meat (p>0.05).
CURRENT STATUS OF GENETICS IN AQUACULTURE IN IRAN

MohammadReza Kalbassi* and Saeed Keyvanshokooh
46414-356 Noor, Iran
kalbassi_m@modares.ac.ir
Regarding the vital role of genetics in aquaculture and fisheries management, the application of genetic techniques should
be considered as one of the major tools towards the development of aquaculture industry of Iran.
This paper discusses the status of genetics in aquaculture in Iran. This is with reference to documentation of genetic studies.
Also discussed are some of the problems confronting wider application of genetics in aquaculture. This paper reviews the
background, the role of research organizations and the future prospects of genetic studies in Iran.
294
METHOD FOR PRODUCTION OF VIBRIO FREE FRESHWATER GIANT PRAWN FRY

Macrobrachium rossenbergii
Kamiso H.N, Triyanto, Alim Isnansetyo and Eko Setyobudi
Dept. of Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture

Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Freshwater giant prawn (M. rossenbergii) is one of important economical fresh water fisheries commodities in Indonesia.
The increasing of freshwater giant prawn culture area increase the demand of fry. However, the supply is not sufficient as
high mortality rate of fry in hatchery due to poor water quality and diseases. One of the main diseases is Vibriosis caused
by many Vibrio bacteria.
This research was aimed to find a method to produce Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) of freshwater giant prawn fry from
Vibrio. It was conducted by water treatment and cleaning of broodstock from Vibrio. Water was treated by filtration,
precipitation, disinfectant and ultraviolet light. The Vibrio free water was used for rearing broodstocks which have been
bathed in antibiotic. The broodstock was fed natural food and artificial food enriched with vitamin C. Fry was also reared
in Vibrio free water.
The result showed that there were seven Vibrio species in untreated culture medium and prawn i.e : Vibrio parahaemolitycus,
V. harveyii, V. algosus, V. alginolyticus, V. anguillarum, V. hollisae and V. cincinnatiensis. In treated water medium prawn
were clean from Vibrio indicated that the treatment was effective. Immersion of prawn in 80 ppm oxytetracyclin for 4 days
was able to decrease bacteria in gill, hepatopancreas, and muscle. The result also indicated that the survival rate of SPF fry
is higher (28,6 %) than that of control (9,96 %).
THE IMPACT OF STOCKING OF HATCHERY REARED FISH THAILAND
Wongpathom Kamonrat* and Roger W. Doyle
Inland Fisheries Resources Research and Development Institute

Bangkok 10900 Thailand
wongpatk@fisheries.go.th
Rehabilitation of river fisheries often incorporates restocking using hatchery reared fish. In Thailand, the Department of
Fisheries has been engaged in a restocking programme of natural waters for decades. The genetic structure of natural
populations of the Thai silver barb (Barbonymus gonionotus) in Chao Phraya and Meklong rivers as well as the government
hatchery stocks were studied using microsatellite DNA markers. The results show that although natural populations
experience high levels of gene flow, significant genetic differentiation exist between populations (average genetic distance
of 0.265; θ = 0.0053). Multidimensional scaling analysis revealed genetic discreteness of populations between watersheds
in Thailand. However, the results also show that restocking of hatchery fish have strongly affected the genetic composition
of natural populations of Thai silver barb in major rivers; it was estimated that more than 70% of samples from natural
populations were of hatchery origins. Furthermore, a recent study of a mass restocking program in the lower Mun River,
Northeast Thailand, to mitigate impacts of the Pak Mun dam, also indicate an immediate threat to the genetic structure
of the natural populations if the hatchery fish interbreed with the native ones. In order to preserve the naturally existing
genetic resources, it is recommended that (1) specific stocks for restocking should be established from a collection of
natural populations within a watershed and (2) stock transfer must not be practiced between hatcheries located in different
watersheds.
295
ANALYSIS OF ABALONE Haliotis discus discus cDNA LIBRARY USING THE EXPRESSED
SEQUENCE TAG
Hyun-Sil Kang*, Helani Munasinghe and Jehee Lee

Jeju, Republic of Korea
hyunsil0818@hotmail.com
ESTs are short sequences corresponding to mRNAs, which are generated by single-pass sequencing of randomly
selected cDNA clones. It can be helpful understanding the mRNA expression profile for a specific tissue and organ under
developmental stages or stimulation of physiological conditions and environments. Abalone is considered as one of the
important aquaculture species and a good source of protein supply in all over the world.
In present study, we generated 1170 sequences derived from whole tissue of young disk abalone (Haliotis discus discus)
cDNA library. After removing the vector and ambiguous sequences, a total of 1096 clones were successfully obtained for
further analysis. These sequences were assembled into 150 contigs and 607 singletons using TIGR Assembler. The contigs
were comprised of a total of 489 ESTs which contained at least 2 ESTs per contig, whereas 607 singletons were not similar
to any sequence in database. The 757 transcripts were compared against public database by BLAST-X and BLAST-N
programs. As a result, 281 had significant similarity to known genes and 143 to other ESTs. Remaining 333 sequences did
not match with any known sequence in database. Thus they were considered as unknown or novel genes.
Clones matched with known genes were categorized into 14 groups according to their function and distribution. The
largest groups of genes, which were unknown and enzymes showed 34.4% and 19.1%, respectively. Genes for structural/
cytoskeleton and ribosomal proteins were the second largest groups, whereas blood coagulation and cell/organism defense
contributed to the smallest groups in this library. These results could be a good source of information for future genetic
studies in abalone.
MORPHOLOGY AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERISTIC OF CILIATE ISOLATED FROM

CULTURED PUFFERFISH Takifugu rubripes
Hyun-Sil Kang*, Young-Mi Park, Yong-Don Lee and Jehee Lee

Jeju, Republic of Korea
hyunsil0818@hotmail.com
The small subunit rRNA (ss rRNA) sequences can be used widely in identification of the phylogenetic relationship and
resolving the uncharacterized ciliates within subclass or genus.
We isolated different types of ciliate from cultured pufferfish (Takifugu rubripes) infected with scuticociliates. This
ciliate has distinguish morphological property compared to the other types of scuticociliates which infect pufferfish. To
characterize this strain, we isolated genomic DNA and then amplified ss rRNA sequences by PCR reaction. The amplified
PCR product was cloned into a vector, and subjected to nucleotide analysis. The length of 18S rRNA is 1746 bp which was
compared with the public database sequences using the BLAST program. As a result, this ciliate showed high similarity to
Asteridian steini, which belongs to the hypotrichous genera. This ciliate was reported for the first time in cultured pufferfish
in Korea.
We also investigated the morphological characteristics based on the silver carbonate impregnation and SEM analysis.
296
ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF AN ACTIN PROMOTER FROM THE PUFFER

FISH Takifugu rubripes
Kyoung-Im Kang*, Hyun-Sil Kang, Ho-Jin Park, Young-Don Lee and Jehee Lee

Jeju, 690-756
Republic of Korea
ruddla65581@hotmail.com
The pufferfish (Takifugu rubripes), a highly priced and economically important fish in Korea has been shown to be a
good model species to use in comparative genome studies, since its genomic database was the first to be published among
fish species. At 400Mb, it is the smallest known vertebrate genome. Actin promoter is one of the eukaryotic regulatory
sequences most widely used in the construction of expression vectors for gene transfer. They play an important key role
in maintaining cytoskeletal structure, cell motility, cell division, intracellular movements and contractile processes. Also,
they not only strongly regulate the actin gene at transcriptional level, but also show tissue and developmental specificity
in their expression.
As a part of transgenic animal production to contain a autogenic expression vector, we isolated a genomic sequence that is 5’
flanking region and partial of beta-actin gene from the pufferfish. There is a high sequence homology between the pufferfish
actin gene and actins from the other fishes. To examine the transcriptional activity of 5’ flanking region, including the first
intron and exon, we constructed an expression vector containing green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a reporter gene. The
construct was directly transferred into the one-cell stage of zebrafish embryos using microinjection method. The foreign
gene expression in whole tissue of zebrafish was observed by fluorescent microscope. These observations suggest that the
5’ proximal promoter of beta-actin can be useful for autogenic pufferfish transgenesis.
297
SAFE AND NUTRITIOUS AQUACULTURE PRODUCE: BENEFITS AND RISKS OF FISH

CONSUMPTION
Vasileios Karalazos J. Gordon Bell, Douglas Tocher, Jim Henderson and David C. Little
Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK
vasileio./karalazos.@stir.ac.uk
At present, almost one third of total finfish for human consumption is supplied by aquaculture and this amounts to 24 million
tonnes from a total fish harvest of 71 million tonnes. The n-3 series highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA), eicosapentaenoic
(20:5n-3; EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3; DHA), that occur almost uniquely in fish, are essential for normal
cellular structure and function, as is the n-6 series HUFA, arachidonic acid (20:4n-6; ARA). ARA is the major precursor
for a group of compounds known as eicosanoids, that includes the prostaglandins, thromboxanes and leukotrienes, which,
while being essential for normal physiological function, can result in increased incidence of inflammatory and auto-immune
disorders, when present in excess. ARA is a synthesised, in animals, from linoleic acid (18:2n-6) which is abundant in
most vegetable oils and excessive dietary 18:2n-6 is a feature of most populations in the developed world who generally
consume higher than recommended values of 18:2n-6. Currently, the International Society for the Study of Fatty Acids and
Lipids (ISSFAL; www.issfal.org), recommends that 18:2n-6 should represent 2% of dietary energy in healthy adults while
linolenic acid (18:3n-3) should provide 0.7% of dietary energy and the minimum intake of EPA + DHA should be 500
mg/day to provide good cardiovascular health. This value can be easily achieved by eating 200g of salmon, cultured using
diets containing based predominantly on fish oil and fish meal, every week. The choice of farmed fish available globally,
both now and in the future, provides the consumer with numerous ways to meet recommended intakes and achieve maximal
health benefits. Two issues challenge the future dietary importance of farmed fish. Firstly the increased intensification of
fish culture, and the resultant pressures to utilise alternative oils in the complete feeds required, may lead to deterioration in
quality of fish from a human dietary perspective. Secondly the problem of contaminants associated with fish oils. Currently
the UK Food Standards Agency (www.food.gov.uk) recommends a maximum intake of oily fish of four portions per
week for adults but only two portions per week for pregnant women and young children. This cautionary advice reflects
the significant levels of undesirable contaminants, especially persistent organic pollutants, such as dioxins and PCBs, in
farmed fish due to the presence of these pollutants in fish oils and meals used widely in aquafeeds. However, unlike produce
from capture fisheries, aquaculture has the ability to develop alternative feeds, based on essentially contaminant-free raw
materials that can deliver a product that is safe and yet retains the health promoting properties of fish consumption. Clearly,
the benefits of safe fish production have major consequences for the health of future generations.
298
EFFECTS OF DIETARY FAT AND PROTEIN LEVEL AND RAPESEED OIL ON GROWTH
AND FATTY ACID METABOLISM IN ATLANTIC SALMON Salmo salar L. REARED AT
LOW WATER TEMPERATURES
Vasileios Karalazos*, J. Gordon Bell and Eldar Åsgard Bendiksen
Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK
vasileios.karalazos@stir.ac.uk
Lipid nutrition and fatty acid metabolism may be of importance when rearing fish at low water temperatures. A 12 week
feeding trial was conducted in a factorial design to elucidate the interactive effects of dietary fat and protein contents and
oil source on growth, fatty acid composition, lipid class composition of liver and muscle, and liver ß-oxidation activity in
Atlantic salmon at 4.2 oC. Triplicate groups of Atlantic salmon (initial weight 1168g) were fed one of six isoenergetic diets
formulated to provide either 390 g kg-1 protein and 320 g kg-1 fat (high protein (HP) diets) or 340 g kg-1 protein and 360
g kg-1 fat (low protein (LP) diets). Crude rapeseed oil comprised 0, 30 or 60% of the added oil within each dietary fat and
protein level. At the end of the trial the overall growth and FCR were very good for all treatments (final weight = 1753 g,
FCR = 0.85), However the different oil blends had significant effects on SGR and TGC3. The fish fed the 60% RO diets had
the highest SGR and TGC3, whilst the fish fed the 100% FO diets had the lowest. The same pattern, which could be due
to higher digestibility of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated FA in the diets containing rapeseed oil, was noted both in
the high and low protein groups, although only in the high protein group was the effect statistically significant. The liver
and muscle fatty acid compositions were highly affected by the dietary fatty acid composition due to the graded inclusion
of rapeseed oil resulting in increased proportions of 18:1n-9 and 18:2n-6 and decreased proportions of the n-3 highly
unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA), 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3. Two-way ANOVA showed a significant effect of dietary protein
and fat level on muscle 16:1n-7 and on liver 18:0, 18:3n-3 and 18:4n-3 contents. No significant differences were observed
in muscle lipid classes. TAG was the most abundant lipid class in muscle (75.5 – 78.9% of total lipids). Neutral lipids
comprised more than 85% of the total lipid in all groups, while polar lipids were only 15%. The total �-oxidation activity in
liver was significantly higher in the LP groups compared to the HP groups, which could be due to protein sparing as lipids
were apparently used to a higher extent as energy sources in the fish fed the LP diet. The results of this study suggest that
more sustainable, lower protein diets with high rapeseed oil inclusion can be used in Atlantic salmon culture at low water
temperatures with no negative effects on growth and feed conversion, and no major detrimental effects on lipid and fatty
acid metabolism.
299
STATUS OF FRESHWATER PRAWN CULTURE IN BANGLADESH

Mahmudul Karim
Bangladesh Shrimp Foundation

House 47, Road 23, Block-B
karim@shrimpfoundation.org
dmkarim@bdcom.com
Farming of freshwater shrimp or prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii, locally known as Galda, has emerged as a significant
economic activity in Bangladesh since late 1980’s. From less than 1,000 ha in 1991, its farming spread over an estimated
35,000 - 40,000 ha by end 2003. This is the second most important exportable shrimp after the marine black tiger. Galda’s
contribution is nearly 25% in the total shrimp farming area of 160,000 ha and 15% in total shrimp export earning of
US$ 362 million in 2003-2004. Shrimp alone accounts for 66% in the total export earning from all agro-based primary
commodities including fin fish, raw jute, tea, vegetables, etc. Current Galda production rate is about 400 Kg per ha. Its
further expansion potential both horizontally and vertically is high because of a number of technical and socio-economic
advantages; these include its compatibility with agriculture, non-interference with mangrove, ability to grow in salinity up
to 8 ppt, non-susceptibility to the prevailing white spot virus disease as common with the marine shrimp, existence of large
suitable areas all over the country and farmers’ eagerness to use this high priced crustacean as a tool to increase income
from their limited lands.
The principal Galda culture districts are in the southwestern part. More than 80% of the farms measure less an acre. Most
of the farms are located in the low-lying beel areas earlier producing, if anything at all, just one crop of low-yielding
paddy. These lands now find a very good economic use through the production of one crop of high priced prawn together
with food fish alternating with or sometime in association with paddy. Prawn farming has greatly contributed to farmers’
income enhancement from their lands and thus helped reduce rural poverty. Its further expansion is being favoured by the
Government and donor countries.
Immediate improvement needs are: (i) creation of good water supply and drainage net work under local level Master Plans
and production of early and late season (February – November) PL to extend farming from the existing July - November
to February-November, (ii) availability of cheap but effective feed, (iii) nursery network ensuring better survivals of PLs
to market sizes and a linkage between hatcheries and grow-out farms, (iv) all male culture techniques, (vi) more organized
integrated farming and (vii) rigorous conservation of wild Galda stocks ensuring adequate supply of wild brood prawn for
hatcheries. Preparation of extension materials to educate all stakeholders on food safety, environment preservation and
social issues is also urgently needed.
300
RAISING AN EARLY PRAWN Macrobrachium rosenbergii CROP WITH OVER-WINTERED

JUVENILES TO INCREASE FARM INCOME AND REDUCE RURAL POVERTY IN
BANGLADESH
Mahmudul Karim

House 47, Road 23, Block – B
Constant diminishing of agricultural lands, increasing family sizes, new needs of the added population, escalating cost of
living, etc all urgently require enhanced income from the limited farm lands to meet the farmers’ minimum requirements
of life. Of late, many farmers profitably grow high priced and exportable freshwater prawn locally known as Galda,
Macrobrachium rosenbergii in association with finfish, but alternating with paddy in low-lying mono-crop lands; these
lands previously remained unproductive and fallow under deep monsoon water during the second half of the year. Income
from such farms could be further increased if it were possible to raise an early crop of Galda in the first half of the year also.
This is however difficult because Galda fry are unavailable and difficult to produce during the first 3 – 4 months of the year.
Currently, Galda earns about US $60 million or 15 percent of the total export from the shrimp and prawn in Bangladesh.
With the World Fish Centre support, the author experimentally demonstrated the technical and economic feasibility of
raising an early crop of the prawn during the first half of the year. He successfully over-wintered the previous year’s late
season prawn juveniles and used them for farming. The experiments were conducted in farmers’ ponds at two places
situated between 24 and 25o N latitude from 29 October 2000 to 19 May 2001. The pond water temperatures during
December – February ranged between 16 C and 22 C; the temperature gradually rose up to 32 C in May. The extrapolated
production was over 1600 Kg/ha in better stocked ponds, as against the national average of around 300 Kg. The gross
profits were Tk 376,200 – 339,664 (US$ 6,400 – 5,800) /hectare as against only about US$ 370 from paddy suggesting
high economic feasibility and relative advantage of Galda farming. Fish production of about 1,000 Kg / Ha and the income
from it were additional benefits.
Many local farmers are already showing keen interest in adopting the technology. Effective extension of the early farming
technology may create good demands for over-wintered juveniles, thereby greatly triggering hatchery, nursery and farm
operation periods and their productivity and profitability. The technology may thus accelerate various types of prawn-based
industries and businesses, all leading poverty reduction in rural areas.
Table: Summary of stocking and extrapolated production and gross profit per hectare
301
STATUS OF MARINE SHRIMP FARMING IN BANGLADESH

Mahmudul Karim

House 47, Road 23
Block-B, Banani, Dhaka, Bangladesh
With its annual contribution of US$ 350-360 million, the marine shrimp and freshwater prawn rank second only to garments
in earning foreign exchange. Shrimp and prawn exports together represent 5 – 7 % in the national total export earning,
but 65 – 70% in the export resulted from all agricultural primary commodities including fisheries, raw jute, tea and
vegetables. Nearly 95% of about 35,000 MT of the processed shrimp and prawn annually exported is of farm
origin; out of this, marine shrimp’s share is 85 per cent.
Marine shrimp farming technology used in Bangladesh is very traditional with no use of artificial feed, antibiotics or other
chemicals. Farming is mostly done in association with naturally occurring brackish water fish and other shrimp species
and in rotation with paddy or salt depending on the farm location. There are nearly 55,000 farms averaging at 3 hectares,
although individual ponds as big as 50 hectares or even bigger exist. Shrimp production rate, 200 – 250 Kg/ha/yr., is
possibly the lowest in the world, but the shrimp so produced is all natural. Black tiger shrimp Penaeus momodon is the
only marine species that is cultured; P. indicus, Metapenaeus monoceros and M. dobsonii and finfish mullet, tilapia, etc
that gain access to the pond as intruder species contribute to farms’ income and the rural population’s nutrition. Currently,
marine shrimp farms cover about 180,000 ha area in seven of the coastal districts: Satkhira, Khulna, Bagerhat, Cox’s Bazar,
Chittagong, Barguna and Bhola. Nearly 600,000 people are engaged directly in the shrimp-based industry.
There exist more than 45 marine shrimp hatcheries, mostly along the high saline southeastern cost of Cox’s Bazar. Except a
few closed type hatcheries located in the low saline southwestern zone, all are open type. In 2004, the hatcheries produced
nearly 5 billion post-larvae. Banned for the last 3 years, collection of the wild fry to the detriment of biodiversity still
continues, although in a much reduced scale than before. Brood-stock or PL screening by PCR machine has just started on
a very limited scale.
The leaders of various stakeholder groups of the shrimp industry have recently formed an umbrella organization, Bangladesh
Shrimp Development Alliance (BSDA) to ensure better understanding and coordination along the entire chain of the
industry. This will help in ensuring traceability, food safety, environmental and social acceptability of the shrimp produced,
processed and exported. The exporters have proposed a target production of 225,000 MT and an export earning of US$ 1.5
billion by 2008.
302
ADOPTING FACTORS, EXISTING PATTERNS AND POTENTIALS OF INTEGRATED

AGRICULTURE-AQUACULTURE SYSTEMS IN RURAL AND PERI-URBAN AREAS OF
BANGLADESH
Manjurul Karim*, David C. Little, Md. Abdul Wahab, Md. Shamsul Kabir and Marc C.J Verdegem
Stirling FK9, 4LA, Scotland
manjurul.karim@stir.ac.uk
The benefits of integrated aquaculture are widely recognized. Adopting factors of this promising endeavour is unclear
and the extent of contribution of pond based agriculture on livelihoods is critical to the design of development policies.
This study was carried out with 205 farming households in three rural and three peri urban areas of Mymensingh district,
Bangladesh from December 2002 to January 2003 to mapping out overall pond-dike systems, developing a broader
understanding of livelihood status and characterizing the livelihood status of the farming households. Information on all
aspect of livelihoods, farming systems and adopting factors were collected from three different farming system groups’ viz.
pond-dike active integrated, pond-dike passive integrated and non-pond farming households.
Literacy level varied significantly (p<.05) among systems and between wellbeing categories, whereas it was not affected by
sites. Land size varies significantly between sites, wellbeing and among system groups, which seems one of the important
limiting factors. Passive integrated farmers’ have an average land size (0.996 ±1.04 hectare) which is higher than passive
(0.956±.84 hectare) and non-pond (0.63±.604) farming households’ respectively. Active integrated households’ fish and
vegetable production are 33% and 84% higher than passive groups, which is significantly different (p<.05). Significant
difference was observed between sites and wellbeing categories for consumption and sell percentage of fish. Average
percentages of sell and consumption of vegetable amount are also significantly different among the three farming groups.
The association between farming groups and pond input use was significant (Pearson Chi-square value -.009). Water, a
crucial limiting factor for vegetable cultivation, which is significantly associated with groups (Pearson Chi-square value
-.001). Average income of active and passive and non-pond groups are Tk. 47,272, 45,049 and 23,815 respectively from
farming components, which referred active groups’ higher dependency on this enterprise than other income sources. Active
groups have more access to information and money to both formal and non-formal institutes than other groups. Pesticide is
being used by substantial percentage (42%) of vegetable growers and around 76% fish growers depend for fish seed on the
Patiliwala (fish seed traders), which are identified as key researchable issues. It was revealed that there are several factors,
for instance, age, education, land size, water sources, marketing access, access to information are crucial for the adopters.
However, It was concluded that considerable potential exists for further integration and development of pond-dike systems,
which would ultimately contribute towards an improved livelihoods of both better off and worse off people provided that
combined effort of all stakeholders are strengthened.
303
PLACE OF CARP CULTURE IN BANGLADESH

Mahmudul Karim

House 47, Road 23, Block-B
In Bangladesh, the open water capture fisheries, once so prolific, began to deteriorate since 1965 when massive flood
control embankment projects started throughout the country and many natural fisheries started dwindling. The situation
necessitated emphasis aquaculture development. Introduction of carp’s artificial spawning techniques during 1970’s greatly
triggered aquaculture initiatives. Currently, aquaculture covers about 457,000 ha area of which carp farms occupy 297,000
ha and shrimp farms 160,000 ha. Carp farms are mostly in the form of perennial ponds; other culture systems include ox-
bow lakes, borrow-pits and canals associated with flood control, drainage and irrigation projects, road-side ditches and
pens in seasonal floodplains. Carp is also cultured in rotation or in association with paddy and shrimp. The role of carp
culture is very significant in rural employment of men and women, poverty reduction and elevating nutritional status of the
population.
Culture of local carp with selected exotic carp is the general practice. Total aquaculture production increased from 117,025
MT in 1983/84 to 856,956 MT in 2002-2003. By 2000/2001, it surpassed the inland open water capture fisheries that
previously used to be No.1 source of fish. Currently, the outputs of carp ponds and ox-bow lakes together account for
88.2% of the total aquaculture production and over 37.8% of the country’s total fish production of 1,998,197 MT. In carp
ponds, fish production per hectare averages at 2.6 MT of which carp’s contribution is 85%, the rest 15% is made up of
miscellaneous species. Total carp production in all types of aquaculture systems is possibly in the range 658,000MT.
Until 1990, wild spawn were the major source of fish fry for aquaculture purpose and hatcheries’ contribution was small;
later, the situation reversed. In 2003, total spawn production recorded at 302,727 Kg of which all but 1,044 Kg was of
hatchery origin.
Important issues needing solutions are: inbreeding leading to low quality fry with the resultant poor fish growth, difficulty
in getting wild brood stocks, total dependence on monsoon for water supply, heavy mortality at the nursery level, lack of
a commercial system for multi-species fingerling production close to the farming areas, epizootic ulcerative syndrome
disease, over-flooding of ponds, easy loans and direct marketing.
304
CAN Galaxias maculatus BE THE NEXT AQUACULTURE SPECIES IN AUSTRALIA?
Phillip D. Kerr*, Paul L. Jones, Scott Gray and Sena S. De Silva
Deakin University
PO Box 423, Warrnambool
Victoria, 3280, Australia
pdk@deakin.edu.au
Galaxias maculatus, (Salmoniformes, Galaxiidae, Jenyns 1847) is described as one of the worlds’ most widespread
freshwater fish. Predominantly of a Southern circumpolar distribution, its natural range extends across two continents
from Australia, New Zealand, Patagonia, South America, to the Chatham and Falkland Islands. The transparent juveniles
(whitebait) are considered a culinary delight to indigenous Maori people of New Zealand, and in South America are
often used as a substitute to the limited availability of eel elvers. Current prices of US $50-56/kg can be obtained in both
New Zealand and South America with demand greatly exceeding supply. G. maculatus has many desirable attributes to
aquaculture; a schooling species, powerful osmoregulator, tolerable of poor water quality, grows quickly to market size and
is highly priced.
Research conducted at Deakin University has focussed on understanding aspects of the reproductive biology of a landlocked
population of G. maculatus located in a volcanic crater on the Southwest plains of Victoria, Australia. Aspects investigated to
date include; minimum size of maturation, habitat preference, length of spawning period, environmental cues for spawning,
substrate preference, artificial fertilisation techniques, methods of mass culture, stocking density relationships and larval
development.
Results obtained indicate spawning extends over a 9-10 month period, with peak spawning occurring during late winter
(Figure 1) in shallow rocky sites of the lake. No spawning has been recorded in sandy or vegetated areas, contrary to
published data for diadromous populations where animals prefer to spawn on vegetation. Mature males congregate under
rocks in spawning areas, while females travel in groups and wait for the correct combination of water temperature, wind
patterns and water levels to initiate ovulation and spawning activity.
Spawning intensity within the rocky sites has been found to be highly dependant on water depth (Figure 2), (47.3% at
0-5cm, 33.5% at 6-10cm, 19.2% at 11-15cm and 0% in water >15cm deep) and substrate type with most spawning (69%)
occurring on structures (artificial and natural) where fish can conceal the eggs, presumably from predators.
The extended spawning season, the short culture period and the reproductive plasticity of this landlocked population
may confer high status of broodstock for commercial culture. Further research on captive spawning methods and culture
techniques of G. maculatus are being conducted to assist the industry.
Figure 1: Spawning Seasonality.
Figure 2: Spawning intensity versus water depth.

305
EFFECTS OF XENOBIOTICS (ANTIBIOTICS AND PESTICIDES) ON TIGER SHRIMP

Penaeus monodon CONTAMINATION, PHYSIOLOGY AND HEALTH
Patrick Kestemont*, Frédéric Silvestre, Huynh Thi Tu, Caroline Douny, Nguyen Thanh Phuong
and Guy Maghuin-Rogister
Unit of Research in Organismic Biology

The University of Namur
B-5000 Namur, Belgium
patrick.kestemont@fundp.ac.be
The fisheries and aquaculture sector has become one of the three leading exporting sectors in Vietnam. Marine shrimp
farming is the most important activity in aquaculture. Tiger shrimps (Penaeus monodon) represent 70-80% of produced
shrimps. The expansion of shrimp culture led to the outbreak of diseases and increased use of chemicals (pesticides) and
drugs (antimicrobials) in Vietnam affecting or threatening export acceptability of products. A research project, funded in
2004 within a bilateral cooperation programme between Belgium and Vietnam, aims to :
- identify the major pesticides and antibiotics used in the Mekong Delta in relation to the shrimp production in different
culture systems;
- develop and validate procedures to analyse the residues of chemicals and drugs in shrimps and environmental
samples;
- study the effects of chemicals and drugs on the physiology and health of wild and cultivated shrimps and develop
biochemical and physiological biomarkers of exposure to selected xenobiotics;
- set-up a quality control procedure in order to certify the quality of Vietnamese shrimps in agreement with international
regulation.
This communication presents some preliminary data about the project progress. Penaeus monodon post-larvae were shipped
from Vietnam hatcheries to Belgium where they were acclimated in recirculating system and on grown up to 5-6 g body
weight. In a first set of experiments, contamination by antibiotics (nitrofuranes) were conducted in order to determine
the biochemical (mainly detoxification and oxidative stress enzymes activity, as well as stress proteins expression) and
physiological responses (respiration, osmoregulation) of tiger shrimps. The techniques to evaluate a set of enzymes and
biomarkers of oxidative stress were developed on hepatopancreas and hemolymph. They concern : GSH/GSSG, lipid
peroxidation, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and reductase, glutathion S-transferase, superoxide dismutase, glucose
6-phosphate dehydrogenase and thioredoxin reductase activities.Analytical methods, based on liquid chromatography
coupled to multiple mass spectrometry (LC-MSn), have been developed and partly validated, according to ISO 17025, to
determine chloramphenicol, nitrofurans and fluoroquinolones residues in shrimps.
306
NOTES
307
NOTES
308
PRELIMINARY: THE EFFECT OF VITAMIN C ON FRESHWATER PRAWN Macrobrachium

rosenbergii LARVAE
Ikhsan Khasani*, R.R.S.P.S. Dewi and W. Pamungkas

Jalan Raya 2 Sukamandi, Subang
Indonesia 41256
ikhsankhasani@yahoo.com
Freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) is the potential commodity in aquaculture production in Indonesia. By
time, this commodity has been developing both extensification and intensivication. Increasing of seed demand is direct
consequence. Unfortunately, there are still any problems in culture of freshwater prawn, i.e. quality and seed stocking
of seeds. To increase the production of seeds (juvenile), we can improve by manipulating environmental, nutrition, and
genetic. In this experiment, we try to increase production of post larvae (juvenile) by adding of vitamin C in medium of
larvae rearing.
This experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of vitamin C on development and survival rate of freshwater
prawn larvae. The dosages of vitamin C were 0.0, and 0.75 mg/l. Each treatment was applied in three replicates and
arranged in a complete randomized design. Vitamin C was given to medium of larvae rearing every three days. Larvae
were maintained in six conical fibreglasses of 50 l volume that installed in a fibretank (2 x 0.8 x 0.8 m) filled with water
which used as temperature buffer. Each conical fibre was stocked with 6500 larvae (nauplius). Artemia nauplii were given
to D-3 larvae and egg custard as artificial food for D-9. Larvae rearing were done for 25 days in temperature constant by
automatically heater (29–31oC).
Statistical analysis showed that metamorphosis speed of larvae was significantly affected by adding of vit C (P>0.05)
(Figure 1), but survival rate was not (P<0.05) (Figure 2). Adding of vitamin C gave positive effect for freshwater prawn
larvae.
Fig 1. Total of freshwater prawn Post larvae

at H-25.
Fig 2. Survival rate of freshwater prawn

larvae at H-25.
309
THE EFFECT OF VITAMIN C ON GONADAL MATURATION OF FRESHWATER PRAWN

Macrobrachium rosenbergii
Wahyu Pamungkas*, I. Khasani and R.R.S.P.S. Dewi

Jalan Raya 2 Sukamandi
Subang, Indonesia 41256
Freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) is the potential commodity in aquaculture production in Indonesia.
Unfortunately, there are still any problems in culture of freshwater prawn, i.e. seed stocking and poor quality of broodstock.
To increase the quality of broodstock, we can improve by manipulating environmental, nutrition, hormone, and genetic. In
this experiment, we try to improve the quality of broodstock by manipulating nutrition with adding of vitamin C.
This experiment was conducted to obtain the best dosage of vitamin C that can induce gonadal maturation of freshwater
prawn. The dosages of vitamin C are 0.00, 0.05, 0.10, and 0.15 % of body weight, every treatment were replicated four
times. Broodstocks were maintained in mini floating net cage (1x2x1m) that placed in earthen pond. Freshwater prawns
were fed three times a day with feeding rate 5%. The size of male is 50 – 80 g and female is 25-40 g. The observation was
done every two weeks for two months, to observe gonado somatic index and hepatosomatic index.
The results showed that the value of GSI for each treatment (0.00, 0.05, 0.10, and 0.15) is 0.3, 0.4, 0.9, and 2.2 %. So, it
can be concluded that vitamin C with dosage 0.15 % of body weight gave the best result (P>0.05) to accelerate gonadal
maturation of freshwater prawn.
Fig 1. Gonadosomatic index of freshwater prawn in

different dosage of vitamin.
310
PREDICTION AND VALIDATION PROCESSES OF COMPUTERIZED VISUAL

ASSESSMENT IN AN ARTIFICIAL INTEGRATED AGRICULTURE AND AQUACULTURE
SYSTEM
H. Khoda Bakhsh*, Alimon, A.R., Christianus, A., Wan Adnan, W.A. and Rashid Shariff
Department of Agro-Technology
43400 Serdang, Selangor
hamid110@hotmail.com
Aquaculture activities and technology development may cause various effects on different compartment in sustainable
integrated culture systems. Effective management and monitoring available sources of water and land, quality, potential
impact of polyculture on aquatic and terrestrial ecosystem is possible through developing a quantitative technique and the
application of computer systems as expert compliance auditing tools (IAAS). Most evaluation studies involve collection of
many data and reports, followed by the use of established methods and models to predict and validation of some significant
physico-chemical, biological and environmental factors. Yield and prediction of nutrient impact made in the IAAS program
would be tested with the real data collected in the natural polyculture system. However with regard to the facility and
unavailability similar of integrated production system to conduct the study the IAAS program were evaluated through
artificial experiment. Beside the nutrient concentration the available data of M. rosenbergii yields, survival and plant
production were compared to the predicted result by IAAS expert program. Results represent higher variation of survival,
prawn and plant yields in abnormal culture system (Table 1). Moreover the evaluation processes demonstrated succeed
performance of IAAS expert program in prediction results of optimized integrated culture system (with low variation). In
aquaculture, the success estimation of production depends largely on the state of physical and chemical parameters which
define optimal culture conditions.
Table 1: Comparison of the selected variables in the natural and IAAS expert program.
311
STANDARD THAI PCR ASSAY DETECTS WHITE SPOT SYNDROME VIRUS (WSSV)
FROM 9 SUB-GROUPS THAT DIFFER IN DNA MULTIPLE REPEAT LENGTH
Wansika Kiatpathomchai*, Attaporn Taweetungtragoon, Chainarong Wongteerasupaya and Vichai Boonsaeng
National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC)

National Science and Technology Development Agency
sctwf@mahidol.ac.th
A Thai PCR detection method (WSSV-232) yielding a 232 bp amplicon has been used for detection of white spot syndrome
virus (WSSV) since 1996. It targets ORF 91 in the full sequence of the only Thai WSSV isolate at GenBank (AF369029).
At the beginning of 2002, some Thai shrimp farmers complained that ponds stocked with WSSV-232 PCR negative PL later
suffered WSSV disease outbreaks. Although these outbreaks may have resulted from horizontal transmission of WSSV
after stocking, it was also possible that they resulted from false positive PCR test results due to genetic changes at the PCR-
assay target after the first appearance of WSSV in Thailand in 1995. Indeed, recent results have revealed at least 12 WSSV
variants in Thailand that can be distinguished based on differences in DNA multiple repeat lengths in ORF 94 (GenBank
AF369029). To test for variation in the WSSV-232 target sequence in ORF 91, 20 DNA extracts derived from 9 of the
WSSV DNA multiple repeat groups were subjected to PCR amplification and sequencing using primers that generated a
403 bp amplicon covering the target for the WSSV-232 assay. Analysis revealed that the 232 bp target sequence in ORF 91
was unchanged and that the original WSSV-232 detection system was still valid.
312
INTEGRATED AQUACULTURE IN THE NORTH EAST REGION OF PHU THO PROVINCE,

VIETNAM
Md. Ghulam Kibria*, Chiara Veronica Carli, M.C. Nandeesha, Runia Mowla and Laura Gualdi
VAC Training Consultant

UCODEP - VIETNAM
66 D To Ngoc Van
Tay Ho, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam
kibriamg@yahoo.com
uplandsaqua@hotmail.com
The project “Integrated Community-Based Development Strategy” aims at poverty alleviation in the province (PhuTho)
by diversifying rural development through viable sustainable integrated agricultultural activities, increment of building
capacity of the project staff, for increasing the household food security, reduce malnutrition of disadvantaged ethnic
minority and women as well as improving their quality of life, empowerment of women community in their families as
well as in the society, giving high priority to gender education & women’s involvement in all activities of the project. The
overall objective of this project is the reduction of poverty and the enhancement of the living conditions of the rural ethnic
community in the poorest 9 communes of 2 pilot districts of Tam Nong and Thanh Thuy, Phu Tho Province. This project
has been initiated by UCODEP (An Italian International NGO) in June 2003 and will be continued until May 2007. One of
the specific objectives of this project is to increase quantity and improve quality of local high-valued agricultural products
both for private consumption as well as to enhance income generation of social livelihood. The improvement of agricultural
production is being done through strengthening of traditional production systems, in particular the Home-garden, Fishpond
and Livestock System (VAC). A total of 30 selected Demonstration Farmers (participation of Male 90% and Female 10%)
have been delivered 5 days intensive participatory VAC techniques training at Son Thuy commune of Thanh Thuy district
from 21-26 June 2004. The purpose of this training was to orient them in participatory VAC techniques and TDS (Trickle
Down system) approaches. The aim was to strengthen the capacity and self-confidence of the Demonstration Farmers (DFs)
to disseminate this technology with other Fellow Farmers (FFs) organizing training for the sustainable VAC farming system
development at the Hamlet level of the project area.
313
NGOs ROLE TO POVERTY ALLEVIATION IN VIETNAM THROUGH AQUACULTURE

Md. Ghulam Kibria*, Hoang Ai Ly, M.C. Nandeesha, Runia Mowla, Chiara Veronica Carli and Laura Gualdi
VAC Training Consultant

UCODEP - VIETNAM
66 D To Ngoc Van
Tay Ho, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam
kibriamg@yahoo.com
uplandsaqua@hotmail.co
International NGOs have been providing support to Vietnam for many decades. During the mid to late 1980s, Vietnam began
to broaden its international relations. At the end of 1986, the Communist Party of Vietnam initiated a policy of “Doi Moi”
or “Renovation.” This change coincided with the collapse of the former socialist countries of the Soviet Union and Eastern
Europe; as a result, these countries substantially reduced their support for Vietnam’s development. This change created
new possibilities for INGOs wishing to support Vietnam and many renewed efforts to have representatives in the country.
By 1988, the effects of “Doi Moi” had begun, including increased interest from foreign investors. In 1989, The People’s
Aid Co-ordinating Committee (PACCOM) of the Vietnam Union of Friendship Organizations (VUFO) was established
to “work as a focal agency for international non-governmental organizations”. PACCOM’s main functions are to: work
as a bridge between INGOs and Vietnamese partners and localities; facilitate INGO activities and assist local partners in
their relations with INGOs; gather and share information concerning INGO activities in Vietnam; and recommend to the
Government proper policies for INGOs in Vietnam. Throughout the 1990s, the number of INGOs working with Vietnam
steadily increased. Today, close to 500 INGOs have relations with Vietnam, 350 of which are currently “active” with
partners and programs. The other nearly 150 “non-active” INGOs have at some point provided assistance or relief. An
estimated 157 of the 350 have offices or “work-stations” in Vietnam. They are mostly working in the six selected areas
like Integrated Rural Development (with an emphasis on community based integrated aquaculture locally known as VAC
at isolated/remote communities and upland areas, coastal aquaculture), Urban Community Development, Nutrition, HIV/
AIDS, Inclusive Primary Education, Micro Finance and Enterprise. This study has revealed that a total of 15 INGOs are
playing vital roles to poverty alleviation through aquaculture activities at different provinces of Vietnam.
314
EFFECT OF WATER TEMPERATURE, STOCKING DENSITY AND FEEDING FREQUENCY

ON THE GROWTH OF TIGER PUFFER
Kotaro Kikuchi *, Nakahiro Iwata, Toyoki Kawabata and Toshiharu Yanagawa
Environmental Science Research Laboratory

Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry
1646 Abiko, Abiko
Chiba 270-1194, Japan
kikuchi@criepi.denken.or.jp
Tiger puffer is one of the most valuable cultured marine finfish species in Japan, having the market price of more than
3000 yen/kg. Five thousands tons of tiger puffers have been produced with net-cages at the coast of southern Japan.
However, the productivity of cage aquaculture is extremely low because of outbreaks of pathogenic diseases, and there are
growing concerns about producing this fish with closed recirculating aquaculture systems that can prevent disease easily by
controlling culture environment. In this paper, effects of water temperature, stocking density and feeding frequency on the
growth of tiger puffer were examined to develop effective closed aquaculture system for tiger puffer.
Fish of 4, 50, 100, and 500 g body weight were reared with commercial pellet diet at 15 to 30 C for 8 weeks. The weight
gain of 4 and 50 g size fish increased with increasing water temperature up to 25 C and decreased drastically at 30C. The
optimum temperature for the growth of larger size fish seemed to decrease to 20 C.
Effect of stocking density on the growth of tiger puffer was examined with fish of 8, 12 and 100 g initial body weight. Fish
were reared with commercial pellet diet for 8 or 12 weeks at 20 C. Fish were introduced to net cages floating in the culture
tank and stocking density was determined based on the weight of fish and volume of the net cage.
Fish of 8 g body weight grew to 35 to 36 g for 8 weeks rearing period regardless of the stocking density of 8, 15 and 31
kg/m3 at the end of rearing. Similar trends were shown in the 12 g size fish, growing to 72 to 78 g for 8 weeks with the
socking density of 32, 60 and 115 kg/m3 at the end.
On the other hand, the growth of 100 g size fish seemed to be affected by the stocking density, although proper stoking
density was not clarified yet.
Fish of 4, 14, and 180 g initial body weight were fed commercial pellet diet once, 3 times and 5 times a day to apparent
satiation each by hand for 8 or 12 weeks at 20 C. Daily feeding frequency did not affect on the weight gain of 14 and 180 g
size fish. However, the growth of 4 g size fish fed 3 and 5 times was significantly higher than that of fish fed once daily.
315
A REVIEW OF THE OPTUMUM DIETARY PROTEIN LEVELS AND PROTEIN TO ENERGY

RATIOS IN OL OLIVE FLOUNDER Paralichthys olivaceus
Kang-Woong Kim*, Yong-Jin Kang, Kyong-Min Kim, Se-Min Choi, Xiaojie Wang, Jae-Yoon Jo,
Jeong-Yeol Lee and Sungchul C. Bai
Aquafeed Research Center

East Sea Fisheries Research Institute, NFRDI
Pohang 791-892, Republic of Korea
kwkim@momaf.go.kr
The olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus is one of the most commercially important fish species in Korea. In order to
formulate better diets for cultured olive flounder we evaluated the optimum dietary protein requirements for larval and
juvenile olive flounder, and the optimum dietary protein to energy ratio for juvenile olive flounder. Results of four separate
experiments suggested that the optimum dietary protein requirements were 60% in larvae, 46.4 – 51.2% in 4.1g juveniles,
and 40 – 44% in 13.3g juvenile olive flounder. The optimum dietary protein to energy ratio based on weight gain, feed
efficiency, specific growth rate and protein retention efficiency was 27.5 mg protein/kJ with 45% crude protein in 8.1 g
juvenile olive flounder.
SEX DIFFERENTIATION OF THE OBLONG ROCKFISH Sebastes oblongus

Seong-Jong Yoon*, Hyung-Gue Hwang, Nam-Kook Cho, Sang-Min Leem, Cheul-Min An and Jae -Won Kim
South Sea Regional Fishries Institute

NFRDI, 556-823, Korea
sj7750@hanmail.net
The oblong rockfish, Sebastes oblongus shows more resistance against low water temperature than other valuable fish
species cultured in Korea. It has been estimated the most valuable fish species among the Family Scorpaenidae because of
their high recapture ratio after release. Also its viviparous reproductive biology, it is possible to produce seeds by obtaining
only pregnant females in the reproductive season. However, the characteristics of reproductive biology, including sex
differentiation, in this species are little known. This study presents the morphology and histology characteristics of sex
differentiation.
Newborn Larvae and juveniles of the oblong rockfish obtained from Yeosu hatchery, NFRDI, Korea. Gonads were
dissected and fixed with Bouin’s solution for 24h, dehydrated, embedded in paraffin, section, and then stained with Mayer’s
hematoxyline-eosin for light microscopic observation. It was investigated that the appearance of primordial germ cell,
formation of primitive gonad and sex differentiation of the oblong rockfish by means of histological methods.
The primordial germ cells were buried under fibrous mesenchymal tissue between gut and mesonephric duct of pre-larva
with 3.0 total length(TL) at 2 days after parturition. In Juvenile of 18.3 TL at 55 days after parturition, the gonad composed
of a large number of gonial cell and formed of cavity along the lateral side of the gonad, differentiated to the ovary.
At this time, the gonad formed seminiferous tubules by somatic cells, differentiated to the testis. The smallest oblong
rockfish that possessed primary oocytes in the early perinucleolus stage was about 33.1 TL at 112 days. Spermatogonia
remained quiescent until most fish were over 33.1 � TL at 112 days. The oblong rockfish differentiated directly into male or
female witout an intermediate female phase at early indifferentiated stage. Therefore, The oblong rockfish belongs to the
differentiated type of gonochoristic teleosts.
316
DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF A CORAL Acabaria formosa IN SOUTH

KOREA
Jeong Ha Kim*, Yong Woo Choi, Young Wook Ko, Yuna Kim, Jun Im Song and Kwang-Sik Choi
Department of Biological Science

Sungkyunkwan University
Suwon, South Korea
jhkimbio@skku.ac.kr
Jeju Island in South Korea has a subtropical marine environment, 15 – 25oC of annual water temperature, and has well-
developed communities of soft coral species. A gorgonian coral Acabaria formosa is one of the dominant groups among
97 coral species in Jeju and appears in depth of 5 - 20m. Its upper range of distribution overlaps with a local kelp Ecklonia
cava. This is the first report on demographic study of Korean soft coral species. Recruitment, mortality and growth rate
were investigated using a nondestructive sampling method of tagging individual corals. A potential effect of a kelp E.
cava on A. formosa recruitment was also examined. Relatively more recruitment occurred in October (13.4 individuals/
0.25m2/2 months) than any other month (the average of 2.4 individuals). With a two-month interval, A. formosa had an
average mortality rate of 24.7%, with a max of 62.0% in October and a minimum of 4.5% in December. The size class 1
(< 4 cm) had a significantly higher mortality than the larger size classes. The growth rate did not show a distinct peak of
seasonal pattern. During a high growing season, A formosa grew 0.72 cm/2 months in average, but a few individuals grew
up to 2 cm/2 months. The recruitment of A. formosa had a negative correlation with the canopy cover of E. cava. The
demographic events of the local population of A. formosa seemed closely related to strong summer typoons, which also
caused a massive mortality of E. cava.
INTERACTION BETWEEN DIETARY LEVELS OF ß-1,3 GLUCAN AND VITAMIN C ON

GROWTH AND RESISTANCE OF JUVENILE FLOUNDER Paralichthys olivaceus
Youngchul Kim, Gun-Jun Park, Xiaojie Wang, Kang-Woong Kim, Yong-Jin Kang and Sungchul C. Bai
Department of Aquaculture/Feeds and Foods Nutrition Research Center

599-1 Daeyoeon-3-dong, Nam-gu
aquaculture@empal.com
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation levels of ß-1,3 glucan and vitamin C on
growth, hematology and immune response in juvenile olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus fed the white fish meal based
diets for 8 weeks.
Nine diets were formulated to contain three levels of vitamin C in the form of L-ascorbyl-2-monophosphate-Ca(AMP) (0,
300 and 3000mg/kg) with three levels of ß-1,3 glucan (0, 0.05% (everyday), 0.1% (bi-weekly) kg-1 diet) at each vitamin C
levels. Fishmeal and soybean meal were used as the dietary protein sources in this study. The experimental diets contained
50% CP and 10.4% lipid.
Prior to the start of the feeding trial, fish were fed the commercial diet for 1 week to adjust to the experimental conditions.
The feeding trial was conducted in a flow-through system with 60-l aquaria receiving filtered seawater at a rate of 1.2 l/min.
Supplemental aeration was provided to maintain dissolved oxygen near saturation. Fish averaging 5.22 ± 0.08 g (mean ±
SD) were randomly distributed to each aquarium as groups of 25 fish and fed the experimental diets in triplicate at a rate of
4 to 6% of wet body weight per day for 8 weeks.
Weight gain, feed efficiency, and protein efficiency ratio will be measured at the end of the feeding trial. After the feeding
trial, the challenge test will be conducted. The effects of dietary supplementation levels of ß-1,3 glucan and vitamin C on
growth and immune response in flounder will be discussed later.
317
INFLUENCE OF LIPID LEVELS AND SUPPLEMENTAL LECITHIN IN DIET ON

GROWTH AND BODY COMPOSITON OF JUVENILE FLOUNDER Paralichthys olivaceus
IN SUBOPTIMAL WATER TEMPERATURES
Kyoung-Duck Kim*, Kyong-Min Kim, Yong Jin Kang and Sang-Min Lee

National Fisheries Research & Development Institute
Banga-Ri, Cheongha–myun
Pohang, Gyeongbuk 791–923, South Korea
kdkim@momaf.go.kr
This study was conducted to investigate the influence of lipid level and supplemental soy lecithin in diet on growth and
feed utilization of juvenile flounder reared in two suboptimal water temperatures: 12 and 17�. Three isonitrogenous (CP
50%) diets containing 1 or 7% squid liver oil, and 7% mixture of squid liver oil and soy lecithin (5:2) were formulated to
obtain 7 and 14% of crude lipid. Triplicate groups of fish (6.3 ± 0.2 g) were hand-fed to apparent satiation twice a day for
60 days at 12 and 17. Weight gain, daily feed intake, feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio were significantly higher
for fish reared at the higher water temperature. Within each water temperature, daily feed intake was significantly decreased
with the increase of dietary lipid level, but weight gain was not significantly different among dietary groups. At 12, feed
efficiency and protein efficiency ratio were significantly higher for fish fed the 14% lipid diets than the 7% lipid diet, while
at 17 feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio were significantly higher for fish fed the 14% lipid diet without soy lecithin
than the other diets. Crude lipid content of fish fed the 14% lipid diet without soy lecithin at 17 was significantly higher than
that of other groups, but the contents of moisture, crude protein and ash were not affected by diet composition at both water
temperatures. Fatty acid composition of the polar lipid of liver in fish was affected by water temperature. The results of this
study indicated that the increase of dietary lipid level from 7 to 14% has beneficial effect on feed efficiency, but that 2% soy
lecithin had no significant effect on growth or feed efficiency of juvenile flounder in suboptimal water temperatures.
318
THE DIFFERENCE IN THE TAURINE BIOSYNTHESIS ABILITY BOTH JUVENILE

JAPANESE FLOUNDER AND JUVENILE COMMON CARP
Shin-Kwon Kim*, Toshio Takeuchi, Takanobu Goto, Masahito Yokoyama, Hirofumi Furuita and Yuko Murata
Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology

Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology
Minato, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
ksk4116jp@yahoo.co.jp
Taurine is considered to be as one of the conditionally essential amino acids in the development of mammals, because
taurine insufficiency results in impaired fat absorption, bile acid secretion, retinal function, brain development and hepatic
function. Although fish generally contains high levels of taurine, there has been little information of the role of taurine in
fish. This study was conducted to investigate the taurine biosynthesis ability of juvenile Japanese flounder compared with
common carp.
Three different taurine level diets were prepared by the supplementation of taurine to basal composition. (T-0, 0.5 and 1.5%
in Japanese flounder; T-0, 1, 3% in common carp) The fish meal washed with 70% ethanol to remove taurine was used
as a sole protein source. Feeding experiments were carried out at 20� by using different size of fish (BW: 0.3g and 3.7g in
Japanese flounder; BW: 4.9g in common carp). Fish were fed the experimental diets for 4 weeks. At the end of experiments,
fish were analyzed the amino acids compositions. The retention rates of taurine were calculated from taurine contents in
final and initial whole body and taurine intake from diets respectively.
The final average body weight and feed efficiency of juvenile Japanese flounder fed the T-1.5% was significantly higher
than those of fish fed on the T-0%. On the other hand, no significant different was observed in common carp fed taurine
supplemented and no-supplemented diet. The retention rate of taurine was negative in the case of T-0% feeding on juvenile
Japanese flounder. On the other hand, the retention rate of taurine was about 280% in the case of T-0% feeding on juvenile
common carp. These findings suggest that the taurine is essential for growth of only juvenile Japanese flounder not juvenile
common carp.
PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CHITINASE IN CUTTLEFISH Sepia

esculenta
Le Duyen Huynh, Jae-Young Je and Se-Kwon Kim*
Department of Chemistry,
Pukyong National University,
sknkim@pknu.ac.kr
Based on the natural abilities to consume chitin-containing preys, marine organisms were used as a potential source for
collecting of the chitinolytic enzymes, especially chitinase. In the present study, chitinase was isolated from the stomachs of
a Cuttlefish species-Sepia esculenta. Enzyme activity was determined with 0.5% colloidal chitin as substrate by the Schales’
procedure. The crude extract with the 0.045 U/mg specific activity was purified using ammonium sulfate precipitation,
Superdex 200 10/300 GL and Mono S TM 5/50 GL column chromatography. The purified enzyme was determined some
characteristics as effects of pH, temperatures, and metal ions. Studies of the substrate specificity, kinetic (Vmax, Km ) and
N-terminal amino acid sequence analysis of the enzyme were also carried out.
319
DISPOSAL OF SHRIMP SLUDGE AS A SOIL AMMENDMENT FOR TOMATOES

Chad King*, Kevin Fitzsimmons, Dennis McIntosh and Craig Collins
University of Arizona
Environmental Research Lab
Tucson, Arizona 85706 USA
cking33@hotmail.com
We investigated land application of shrimp sludge as a method for disposal and reuse of a farm waste product from an
inland, low salinity shrimp farm in Gila Bend, Arizona. Due to the salinity levels in the sludge, we hypothesized that as
shrimp sludge application rates increased, tomato production would decrease. Tomatoes were used since they produce a
measurable crop relatively quickly.
Shrimp sludge was collected from the bottom of a moderately stocked shrimp pond (approximately 50 shrimp/m2) a week
after harvest. We blended the sludge and potting soil, at four treatment percentages (0%, 5%, 10% and 20% by volume,
or 0g, 402 g, 805 g, and 1,610 g of sludge per plant). A Roma tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum, cultivar Roma VFN)
seedling was planted in each pot, with seven plants per treatment. Plants grew and were harvested for five months.
Amending tomatoes grown in pots with shrimp sludge at rates of 10% and 20% of soil volume (805 g and 1,610 g of sludge/
plant) produced higher yields than 0% and 5% shrimp sludge (0 g and 402 g of sludge/plant). Increased application of the
saline shrimp sludge did not reduce production. While total macronutrient additions from the sludge was minimal across
all treatments, the combination of the three measured nutrients, and unmeasured beneficial micronutrients, may have all
contributed to the increases in production. Shrimp sludge doesn’t supply all of the nutrients required for tomato production,
but it can provide a supplement to fertilizer or other amendments. Sludge from a relatively low salinity, inland shrimp farm
does not appear to have salinity levels that would be detrimental to tomatoes.
320
TOWARDS A SELECTIVE BREEDING PROGRAM FOR SILVER – OR GOLD-LIP PEARL

OYSTERS Pinctada maxima IN INDONESIA
Jens Knauer*, Dean Jerry, Joseph J.U. Taylor and Brad Evans
Atlas Pacific Limited/PT Cendana Indopearls

Jalan Sekar Jepun V/21
Gatot Subroto Timur, Denpasar
Bali, Indonesia
jens@atlaspacific.com.au
Atlas Pacific Limited and James Cook University recently embarked on a collaborative research project aimed at establishing
a selective breeding program for the silver- or gold-lip pearl oyster, Pinctada maxima in Indonesia. The initial phase of
the project, estimated to last 4 years, will focus on developing the molecular tools and acquiring the fundamental genetic
information essential to instigation of a future selective breeding program for this species. Specific objectives of the current
project will be to determine the contribution additive genetic variation has on the expression of pearl growth and quality
traits, whether genotype by environment interactions may significantly influence final pearl quality when oysters are farmed
at different locations and to develop a DNA marker suite to enable retention of pedigree information during selective
breeding. The scope of the project will be outlined and an overview of the milestones achieved thus far presented.
PRODUCING SILVER- OR GOLD-LIP PEARL OYSTERS Pinctada maxima IN A

COMMERCIAL HATCHERY: MASS SPAWNINGS VERSUS FAMILY LINES
Jens Knauer*, Joseph J.U. Taylor, Brad Evans and Dean Jerry

Gatot Subroto Timur, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia
jens@atlaspacific.com.au
Traditionally, in commercial hatcheries silver- or gold-lip pearl oysters, Pinctada maxima, are produced in mass spawnings
involving a large number of broodstock. This method is very simple but does not have a measure of control over mating
pairs. In contrast to these mass spawnings, it is also possible to generate family lines using a single mating pair. Data on the
efficiency and success of both methods are presented, and the implications for commercial farms in terms of broodstock
and hatchery management are discussed.
321
PROGRESS WITH GENETIC IMPROVEMENT OF Penaeus monodon AND P. merguiensis IN

AUSTRALIA
Wayne Knibb*, Michael Burke, Michael Macbeth, Abigail Elizur, Philip Brady, Jason Bartlett, Kate Wilson,
Matt Kenway, Matt Salmon, Neil Young, Jeff Cowley and Nigel Preston
Bribie Island Aquaculture Research Centre

144 North Street, Woorim
PO Box 2066
Bribie Island Queensland 4507
Australia
wayne.knibb@dpi.qld.gov.au
A consortium of Australian research agencies (AIMS, CSIRO, DPIF) in cooperation with the Australian Prawn Farmers
Association have completed growth and survival selection for Penaeus monodon (2 generations). The following will be
discussed:
Heritabilities for growth and survival
Selection response and estimated breeding values. Possible explanations for loss of viral titer in multi-generations
domesticated lines.
Level of variability of mt DNA haplotypes, and their efficiency to manage pedigrees.
Feasibility of heterologous DNA microarrays to identify perfect markers.
Comparisons will be made with a parallel selection program for P. merguiensis (3 generations of selection completed).
322
THE WAY OF UTILIZING FISHERY TRAINING COURSE IMPORTANCE OF NETWORK

AND COOPERATION AMONG FISHERY DEVELOPMENT
Mayumi Kobayashi, Hiroyuki Kawasaki and Hiroaki Yonesaka
IC Net limited
FSK Bldg 3rd Floor, 4-1, Shintoshin, Chuou-ku,
Saitama City, Saitama Pref., Japan
kobayashi.mayumi@icnet.co.jp
In this report, we will firstly provide brief information about JICA training courses. Secondly we will figure out our
problems and constraints, and finally present what we should do for effective fishery trainings for developing countries.
JICA, one of the biggest funding agencies, had annually provided 600 training courses. One is called the group training
course and the other is called the country focused course. During the course, participants can learn both academic and
practical programs which are based on Japan’s experience. At the end of the course they are highly required to make a study
report. Under JICA, IC Net manages fishery training courses such as “Development for Artisarnal Fishery” and “Fishery
community Development”. Recently, the number of JICA training courses tends to be reduced because of cost and benefit
problems.
First problem is that we play the limited role for the participants. We concentrated too much onto showing experience
of Japan’s fishery, we failed to develop the continuous network among us. In other word, we didn’t have the monitoring
system by which we follow up activities of past participants. Therefore, although they had successfully completed the
training program, we couldn’t provide long term assistance for those who had been back to his/her country. Second
problem is the lack of cooperation with other development assistance. Under the name of international organizations, there
is a lot of technical assistance into fishery development. However, our training course may not link with such activities
even if both are in same sector.
Surely, the case which participants already have ideas easily makes a visible result. One participant last year had the
rough idea, so during the course he had developed a concrete idea. From such experience, what we have to do is to create
the mid/long term supporting system for each participant. For this, it is necessary to set up the strong network between
participants and us. In addition, it is important to provide a series training system, in which each participant can step up
from an intermediate stage to advanced stage.
323
GENETIC DIVERSITY AND IMPACTS OF MICROSATELLITE HOMOPLASY IN EIGHT

SPECIES OF GROUPERS
Worawut Koedprang*, Uthairat Na-Nakorn, Masamichi Nakajima and Nobuhiko Taniguchi
Faculty of Science and Fisheries Technology
Rajamangala Institute of Technology
Trang 92150, Thailand
worawut2000@hotmail.com
Genetic diversity among eight species of the genus Epinephelus; E. bleekeri, E. coioides, E. malabaricus, E. ongus, E.
akaara, E. maculatus, E. merra and E. fuscoguttatus was studied with sufficient sample sizes using 6 microsatellite loci,
Em-01, Em-03, Em-07, Em-08, Em-10 and CA-07. The results showed that all primer sets were capable to amplified DNA
of eight species of Epinephelus included in this study. Genetic variation within species was relatively low. The mean
number of alleles per locus ranged from 2.83 in E. ongus to 6.83 in E. fuscoguttatus. Whereas, the mean effective numbers
of alleles was slightly lower and ranged from 1.63 in E. ongus to 3.64 in E. merra. The average Ho of eight species ranged
from 0.326 (E. ongus) to 0.583 (E. merra) while He was between 0.360 (E. coioides) to 0.621 (E. merra).
Overall Fst was 0.4403 (P<0.008-after Bonferroni correction). Private alleles were identified in all species, except for E.
ongus. The pairwise Fst between species ranged from 0.238 to 0.578 (P<0.008-after Bonferroni correction). The genetic
distance (Nei, 1978) between species indicated large distance ranged from 0.433 to 2.710. The unrooted neighbor-joining
tree generated from the genetic distance showed that the eight grouper species divided into two main groups. The first group
comprised E. fuscoguttatus and E. akaara. The second group comprised of two subgroups; E. coioides - E. malabaricus and
E. merra - E. maculatus - E. bleekeri- E. ongus. Homoplasy was observed at Em-03*157 where a transition from T to C at
119th bp was observed in E. bleekeri and E. maculatus and hence changed genetic relationship between groups.
Fig1 A dendrogram before homoplasy was Fig2 A dendrogram after homoplasy was taken
taken into account. into account.
324
LIFE CYCLE OF CAPSALID MONOGENEA Neobenedenia sp. IN HUMPBACK GROUPER

Cromilepte altivelis
Isti Koeshahryani
Research Center for Aquaculture, Indonesia

Jl. KS Tubun Petamburan VI
Jakarta 10260
isti_KS@Telkom.net. or crifidir@indosat.net.id
The most major disease in Humback Grouper is parasitic infection, mainly Benedenian sp. The present study aims to
establish an alternative treatment for control of benedeniid infection by understanding and observing their live cycle to
decide the best timing for treatment application by dipping in fresh water.
Living eggs parasites were collected from infected fish by trapping with cotton then was placed into the rearing water for
24 hrs. The cotton contained eggs was washed by fresh water to avoid protozoan contamination, then placed into petri
dish containing sterile seawater and put small amount of streptomycin. Afterward, incubated at room temperature and
observed until the egg become eye stage. Two fish that free parasite was separately put in 100 L filled with 30 L seawater
and equipped with aeration then added cotton containing eggs eye-stage of benedeniid. Daily observation of benedeniid
was done by scraping with cover slip at body surface and monitored under microscope
The eggs become eye-stages took between 3-4 days at 25° C. In a new host, newly hatched becomes “oncomiracidia” at the
following day, this stage parasite freely swimming with cilia in water to find the new host and best time too harbor parasites.
Cilia disappeared at day-2 and start to attach the host by attachment organ located in anterior. The benedeniid begin to
carry the eggs 8-10 days after hatching. The results suggest that the best time for benedeniid control by using fresh water
treatment is twice at 7 days interval. For more detail for the development of benedeniid are illustrated by fotos.
TABLE 1. The size of hatched Benedeniid egg “Oncomiracidia”

325
DISEASES AND VACCINATION STRATEGIES IN ASIAN SEA BASS Lates calcarifer
C. Komar*, L. Grisez, A. Michel, L. Labrie, E. Ho, B. Wahjudi and Z. Tan
Intervet Norbio Singapore Pte Ltd.

1 Peharu Road
Singapore 718847
Asian sea bass is a traditionally farmed species in South East Asia. With the prospect of a more global market, intensive
farming techniques are being developed to improve production of this species. Supply of fingerlings is now available
throughout the year. However, mortality due to infectious diseases is still a limiting factor for the expansion of this industry.
Over the past 4 years, we have identified several major diseases (bacterial, viral and parasitic) involved in serious mortality
outbreaks occurring under farm conditions within the S. E. Asian region (Figure 1).
During the hatchery and nursery phases, two major viral diseases are identified. Viral nervous necrosis (Nodavirus) is
encountered in fry as young as 10 days old causing mortality up to 100%. From 25 days of age onwards, a new bacterial
species responsible for acute mortality associated with severe clumping of internal organs, abdominal distension and
muscular atrophy has been diagnosed. Subsequently, an iridovirus infection (previously never described in this species)
responsible for an acute hemorrhagic syndrome has been identified in fingerlings as small as 1 g. Associated mortality can
reach 90%. In addition, Tenacibaculum maritimum can induce severe skin lesions in fish after handling and/or stocking.
Mortality can reach 30% in fish from 1 to 100 g.
During the first month of cage farming, Asian sea bass are most susceptible to monogenean parasites such as Neobenedenia
spp.
Streptococcus iniae is a major cause of fish mortality during the grow-out phase, right up to market size. Associated
cumulative mortality can vary from 30 to 80% and the acuteness of the onset makes antibiotic treatment ineffective.
Vaccination is an important preventive strategy for the control of infectious diseases. A Streptococcus vaccine has been
developed and data will be presented.
Figure 1: Major diseases affecting Asian sea bass during the farming cycle.
326
EFFECTS OF DIETARY HEAT-KILLED LACTOBACILLUS PLANTANUM (LPB) ON

IMMUNOLOGICAL IMPROVEMENT OF AMBERJACK Seriola dumerili
Shunsuke Koshio*, Michiko Tsukahara, Sinichi Teshima, Manabu Ishikawa and Yoshihiro Yamamoto
Kagoshima University
4-50-20, Shimoarata
Kagoshima 890-0056 Japan
koshio@fish.kagoshima-u.ac.jp
Powdered heat-killed lactic acid bacterium, Lactobacillus plantanum (LPB) were supplemented to the dry diet and fed to
amber jack for one or two weeks to examine the improvement of immunological responses. The test diet containing 100
ppm LPB was provided to the fish at the level of 0.2 mg LPB / kg / day. The following parameters were determined after
one or two weeks feeding: Bactericidal activity in serum and skin mucus, Lysozyme activity, Total protein concentration in
serum, Albumin/Globulin ratio (A/G ratio), and Cortisol value.
Comparing the control group, the treatment group showed slightly higher bactericidal activity in mucus and total protein
concentration in serum after 1 week feeding. A/G ratio of serum was significantly lower in the treatment group than the
control one after 1 or 2 weeds feeding. Moreover, the lysozyme activity in serum of the treatment group after 1 or 2 weeks
feeding showed significantly higher values than the those of the control group. The lysozyme acitivity in skin mucus, on
the other hand, was significantly higher in the treatment group than that of control group after only 1 week feeding. The
cortisol concentration in serum was not significantly different between two groups. This study indicated that dietary LPB
enhanced the immune responses of amber jack, resulting in the improvement of fish health.
327
PROTECTION OF CULTURED Cyprinus carpio AGAINST A LETHAL VIRAL DISEASE BY

AN ATTENUATED VIRUS VACCINE
Moshe Kotler, Ariel Ronen, Marina Hutoran and Ayana Perelberg
Department of Pathology
The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School
Jerusalem 91120, Israel
mkotler@cc.huji.ac.il
Massive mortality of koi and common carp - Cyprinus carpio species – has been observed since 1998 in many countries
worldwide, resulting in severe economic losses. This lethal disease is highly contagious and extremely virulent, but morbidity
and mortality are restricted to Koi and Common carp populations. The cause of the disease is an as yet unclassified large
DNA virus, designated carp nephritis gill necrosis virus (CNGV), koi herpes virus (KHV), KHLV or CyV3 virus. The virus
propagates and induces severe cytopathic effects in fresh Koi fin cell cultures (KFC). When inoculated into naïve Koi and
Common carp, virus harvested from KFC cultures induced the same disease with 75-95% mortality within 21 days. PCR
confirmed that CNGV is the etiologic agent for the lethal disease currently affecting farmed carp. Electron microscopy
revealed viral cores of 100-110 nm with icosahedron morphology, resembling the herpes virus. Electron micrographs of
CNGV sections, together with sensitivity to ether and Triton x100, suggest that CNGV is an enveloped virus. However,
the viral genome is a double-stranded DNA molecule of 270-290Kbp, larger than that of known Herpesviridae members.
CNGV DNA has only short regions (16-45bp) of homology to known DNA viruses, including Poxviridae, Herpesviridae,
and other large dsDNA viruses.
Previously we demonstrated that the wild type CNGV lost its pathogenecity following serial transfer in cell culture, and
that clones isolated from the attenuated population can be used as a prophylactic vaccine. Here we describe the basic
conditions required for proper fish immunization so that a protection protocol may be devised. We demonstrated that carps
are very sensitive to the pathogenic and the attenuated viruses, and short immersion of fish in water containing the viruses
is sufficient for infection. The infection of fish with the pathogenic and the attenuated viruses is temperature restricted; fish
held at the non-permissive temperature, immediately following infection, were not affected by the pathogenic virus, and
were not rendered resistant to the disease. Thus, propagation of the virus in the fingerlings is a prerequisite for immunization.
In order to increase the number of random mutations in the genome of the attenuated virus and thus reduce the possibility
of the attenuated virus reverting to pathogenic, we irradiated it and selected additional clones appropriate for vaccination.
The results of our study suggest that a safe and efficient prophylactic vaccine can be developed by selecting an appropriate
attenuated virus.
328
HIGH-THROUGHPUT DETECTION METHODS FOR SHRIMP VIRAL DISEASE

Min-Chun Ku*, Chen Su, Ping-Hua Teng, Ping-Feng Sung and Su-Ching Shieh
Farming IntelliGene Technology Corporation

No.2-1, 7th Road
Taichung Industrial Park
Taichung 407 Taiwan
dahang@ms9.hinet.net
Over the last few years we saw aquaculture fast expanding in meeting the increasing global demand for fisheries products.
Under such circumstances the issue of disease prevention and assessment of food safety is of concern to all importing and
producing countries. As a result of that many national and international organisations have legislated quarantine policies
to enable objective assessment of potential hazards to prevent the spread of disease. To succeed, we argue an efficient and
accurate viral diagnostic tool is very important for the industry. In this study, we present two high-throughput diagnostic
methods for shrimp viral disease, namely Bio-Chip system and quantitative Real-time PCR.
With Bio-Chip system, we use conventional PCR to amplify viral specific fragments and to interpret results with the probe
pre-dotted matrix. The probes include the viral specific sequences, PCR control and hybridization control. In one single
reaction, at least three kinds of viruses can be detected simultaneously. Some procedures involved in this system such as
DNA/RNA extraction, hybridization and post-hybridization wash, are all made automatic. Apart from that, the data can be
easily analysed with the reader of a built-in scanner. The maximum number of examined samples to date is 96 samples in
a batch.
With Real-Time PCR system, SYBR® Green I dye is replaced by TagMan® probe, which means that any non-specific
signal can be eliminated and the system can tolerate higher concentration of sample loading. In addition to the viral specific
probe, a shrimp genome specific probe is also included in the Real-Time PCR reaction. That means we can quantitate both
viral and shrimp genomic nucleic acids by a single reaction and differentiate the infectious level with the built-in internal
control. In a 96-well plate format, 12 samples and 8 kinds of viruses can be diagnosed at the most.
By employing such systems, several O.I.E listed shrimp viruses, such as WSSV, IHHNV, TSV and YHV/GAV can be
simultaneously detected in the same sample under a fixed reaction condition. Because of the large processing capability
both systems possess, they are recognised as the high-throughput detection methods, the most efficient diagnostic tools for
today’s industry.
329
AQUACULTURE PRACTICES IN CHINA – REVIEW

Min Kuanhong
Freshwater Fisheries Research Center

Wuxi 214081, China
minkh@ffrc.cn
China has a long history of inland aquaculture with a high production from various approaches. It has created a unique
and effective mode in farming practices that lead to the top level in world scale. In the recent decades, the fish production
was steadily increased at the rate of 17-5% each year, till 2003, the total fish production was 47 million tons, the yield
of aquaculture alone was accounted for 64.3%. This is only the country that aquaculture has over a half of the total fish
production. According to the experience of the Chinese aquaculture, major factors that bring fish production into a high
level are the available large water areas and the wide varieties of aquatic species.
“Low external input with high output” approach has been practiced for ages and produced a unique mode for income
generation, living standard improvement. In China integrated fish farming has been practiced as a typical approach of low
external input, it has not only provided protein-rich food for general consumption, but also a large quantity of commodity
products. Aquaculture activities in China were highly summarized with practical experience from farmers’ level and again
turn to the farmers with theoretical guidance. In the light of the farmers experience the eight-word aquaculture principles
can exactly describe the operation details and procedures in pond farming practices: (1) water; (2) seeds; (3) feeds; (4)
density; (5) polyculture; (6) rotation; (7) prevention and (8) management.
Major aquaculture practices in China include: pond aquaculture; aquaculture in inland open-water (extensive culture of
fish in lake and reservoir, and cage and pen culture); paddy field culture (intercropping, when fish and rice farming are
concurrently cultured, fish-rice in rotation, when fish and rice are separated in farming, and fish-rice intermittence, when
fish is stocked only for a short period when paddy field is rich in natural food organisms); aquaculture in flow-through
system. However, more efforts are expected in the development of intensive farming system in the coming decades as to
satisfy the needs of the general consumption.
The Chinese government has paid a strong emphasis to the development of aquaculture to enrich people’s daily life.
Accordingly research and education efforts were placed in a higher priority. Extension services also play an important part
in aquaculture promotion.
Conservation of aquaculture environment is the main issue in future aquaculture development in China. There have been
significant efforts to decrease the use of various chemicals and drugs against fish diseases and to increase the application of
natural substances such as Chinese herbs as pro-biotics and immunostimulants.
330
INVESTIGATION OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURAL

COMMUNITIES IN RELATION TO DEVELOPMENT OF CULTURE-BASED FISHERIES
IN NON-PERENNIAL RESERVOIRS OF SRI LANKA
Mohottala G. Kularatne*, Upali S. Amarasinghe, Sena S. De Silva, U. Asanka and D. Jayasinghe
Department of Economics
Kelaniya 11600
Sri Lanka
kule_econ@kln.ac.lk
Participation of community groups is one of the main requirements for the success of culture-based fisheries (CBF) in
non-perennial reservoirs of Sri Lanka. Homogeneity of the group-characteristics facilitates to arrive at collective decisions
in rural communities and as such, can be considered as positive feature for development of CBF. In this paper, an attempt
is made to identify the important social and economics characteristics affecting the group decisions for the development
and management of CBF in non-perennial reservoirs of Sri Lanka. Forty-seven randomly selected farmer communities
of non-perennial reservoirs in five administrative districts in Sri Lanka were interviewed to collect twenty-six social and
economic characteristics under five sub-categorizes viz. group size, level of education, quality of office bearers, group and
community characteristics.
Non-metric multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis of socioeconomic characteristics indicate that the 47 communities
can be broadly categorized into two groups and that group size, participation rate in fisheries activities and participation
rate in regular meetings are the major characteristics responsible socioeconomic heterogeneity in the two clusters (Table
1). Principal component analysis (PCA) of data has shown that first two principal components explain 76.8% of cumulative
variance of data. The first principal component was positively loaded due to group size and average age of the community
and negatively loaded due to participatory group characteristics. It has also been found that the average income derived
from CBF was appreciably high in communities with small group size and high participatory level in group activities (Table
1).
Contingent valuation methods were used to investigate active involvement of communities in culture-based fisheries, which
indicated that involvement of communities and small group size and high participatory group characteristics would be
preferred for the development of CBF in non-perennial reservoirs of Sri Lanka. This analysis indicates that socioeconomic
characteristics of rural communities can be meaningfully used for selecting non-perennial reservoirs suitable for development
of CBF.
Table 1. Socioeconomic characteristics of two

communities
331
POLICY ISSUES FOR MARKETING ASIAN SHRIMP

Y S Arun Kumar*, Y Basavaraju, C. Vasudevappa and D Seenappa, Denis Bailly, Pascal Raux, Fabienne Kervarec
and G.Y. Keshavappa
University of Agricultural Sciences

Bangalore - 560 065, India
cvasu@vsnl.net
A research project involving different institutions from far major shrimp producing countries in Asia was under taken with
funding support from European commission to study the policy initiatives for sustainable shrimp farming in Asia. Six
major issues including backward and forward market linkages in the shrimp industry were identified for the study. The
present paper deals with the key issues concerned to international shrimp trade in four Asian countries –India, Bangladesh,
Thailand and Vietnam.
Shrimp is an important foreign exchange earner for many Asian countries like India, Thailand, Bangladesh and Vietnam.
Shrimp being a food product produced mainly for quality sensitive elite international consumers is subjected to stringent
quality standards which are highly dynamic changing both spatially and temporally. The market issues can be classified
broadly in to three major issues 1) Quality issues/certification/labelling 2) Pro active marketing strategies and 3) Issues
related to negotiations along the market chain.
Dissemination of market information has been rather inadequate in majority of the Asian countries covered under the
study due to illiterate producers. India depends heavily on MPEDA (Marine Product Export Development Authority) an
organization burdened with too many responsibilities. The Department of Fisheries in Bangladesh has taken new initiatives
after a setback for its producers in EU market. Thailand seems to be better organized in dissemination of issues while
much needs to be done in Vietnam. Similarly Thailand having started commercial shrimp production much earlier to other
countries has developed protocols Code of Conduct and traceability of the product, while Bangladesh has started seal of
quality recently. India has the process of certification by EIA (Export Inspection Agency). Each country has developed
protocols for BMP (Better management Practices) and the compliance seems to be good more because of the setbacks
like disease outbreak due to indiscreet expansion. However all the countries need to evolve a mechanism for tracing/
dissemination of information related to BMP.
The producing countries have little negotiation power in the international market and are price takers price takers than
price makers. They need to promote their own brands with aggressive marketing strategies. Product diversification and
development of domestic markets are the immediate to reduce the risk in the international market. The producing countries
have felt the need for forum (may be on the line of OPEC) to protect the interest of their vulnerable producers. Bangladesh
has already formed Bangladesh shrimp Development Alliance involving all the stakeholders to have better negotiation
power in the international market. The paper discusses in detail the above issues including the present status and expectation
of the stakeholders in the countries involved in the project.
332
NOTES
333
INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION OF JAPAN INAQUACULTURE FIELD - PERSPECTIVES

OF INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION OF FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT, WITH SPECIAL
REFERENCE BETWEEN JAPAN AND ASIAN COUNTRIES
Hisashi Kurokura*, Hroshi Fushimi, Shuichi Satoh
ssatoh@s.kaiyodai.ac.jp
We cannot grieve the same sadness of people who lost their beloved families. However, we can be good friends for them.
It is true that we can not do everything, though we have to do every possible effort. The damages by the tsunami are
exceptionally huge and we need long period and efforts for the recovery and reconstruction of coastal fisheries society.
However we have only limited man power and budget for the recovery and reconstruction. We have to select what we
have to do and what we can do. We have to implement them most effectively. We have to use every possible wisdom and
experiences for the formulation of our strategies.
In present workshop, many experiences in the international cooperation for fisheries development will be reported and
we will share understanding of what we have done. We also discuss what we have to do and what we can do in present
situation. We did not fix the details of time table of our workshop to allow the presentation of reports and suggestions from
every field where the rebuilding of coastal society is immediate importance.
334
GROWTH OF CATFISH ”PATIN JAMBAL” Pangasius djambal REARED IN DIFFERENT

TEMPERATURES
Kusdiarti*, Irsyaphiani Insan and Rochyatie Fitriah
Depok Research Station for Freshwater Ornamental Fish Culture

Jl. Perikanan, Pancoran Mas Kota Depok 16436
Jawa Barat, Indonesia
vennywahyudi@yahoo.com
Catfish ”patin jambal” P. djambal is one of the high preferred consumption species especially in Sumatera and
Kalimantan islands. Therefore this fish is very potential to culture which requires availability of sufficient amount
of good quality seeds. Water media temperature is one of the important factors to support catfish growth during their
rearing. This study aimed to obtain the best temperature to support growth and survival of catfish ”patin jambal” fry.
The study was conducted in Depok Research Station for Freshwater Ornamental Fish Culture from May to June 2003,
using six large containers with 50 cm diameter In each of the container, five small basins were placed for fry rearing with
a density of 10 fry/basin. Different water media temperatures as treatments were : 27.0 - 27.9 °C (treatment A); 28.0 -
28.9 °C (treatment B); 29.0 - 29.9 °C (treatment C); 30.0 - 30.9 °C (treatment D); 31.0 - 31.9 °C (treatment E) dan room
temperture as control (treatment F). The temperature of each container was maintained by using weater heater. Initial
weight and length of the catfish fries were ± 80 mg and ± 109 mm, respectively. Parameters to monitor were growth of
weight, length and the fry survival.
The research showed that different temperatures did not significantly affect (P>0.05) the fry weight. However, there were
significant effects (P<0.05) showed on the growth of length where the best temperature was 30.0 – 30.9 °C (treatment D),
while it was 29.0 – 29.9 °C (treatment C) for survival (Table 1.).
Table 1. Growth of weight, length and survival of catfish ”patin jambal” fry during 2-month rearing.
Note : numbers in the same row followed by different superscripts are significantly different (P <
0.05).
335
FLUXES OF ORGANIC MATTER FROM A SALMON FARM, TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL

VARIATIONS, UGGDALSFJORD, NORWAY
Tina Kutti*, Pia Kupka Hansen, Arne Ervik and Tore Høisæter
Institute for Marine Research

Postboks 1870 Nordnes
N-5817 Bergen
tina.kutti@imr.no
In the 1980ties most of the Norwegian salmon farms were located in calm water, at moderate depths and large problems
were caused by accumulation of organic matter under the cages. Today fish farms are mainly located in deep water with
good water exchange. The organic waste from the farms can thus be dispersed over long distances, causing moderate
enrichment over larger areas. Focus of the research has therefore shifted from a local to a regional scale with aims to
determine dispersal distances and how moderate loading of organic matter affects the production and function of benthic
fjord ecosystems.
Spatial and temporal variations in the dispersal of organic matter from one typical modern Norwegian fish farm was
monitored during the production cycle of salmon. Sedimentation rates were measured by sediment traps every three months
at six stations on the bottom and in the pelagial along a transect stretching from the fish farm and outwards. TPM, POM, C,
N, P, chlorophyll a and phaeopigments of the collected matter were analysed.
When the fish farm was empty (March 03) sedimentation rates of organic matter were similar at all six stations. At the
early stage of salmon production (2003) and at peak production (June 2004) higher and very variable sedimentation rates
of organic matter (POM, N, C and P) were measured at the stations close to the fish farm (<500m) (fig.1). Further out in
the fjord (500-3000 m) sedimentation rates of POM, N, C and P were lower and constant through out the production cycle,
except from a peak in June 03. During the production cycle there were no differences in sedimentation rates of chlorophyll
a and phaeopigments close to the fish farm compared to further out in the transect. Although higher sedimentation rates of
POM, C and N were observed at the stations close to the fish farm (<500m) the content of these substances was not higher
in bottom sediment at the same stations. Most organic matter settling to the seafloor seems to be either consumed by benthic
fauna or transported away by resuspension. P, however, is conservative and is found in higher concentrations in the bottom
sediment close to the fish farm (<500m). The results of the study indicate that the dispersal of organic matter from the farm
is limited to a small area around the farm even though the farm is situated at great water depth (250m), giving potential for
greater dispersal.
Fig.1. Vertical flux of POM (g/m2/day)

measured in Uggdalsfjord during a salmon
production cycle.
336
Tenacibaculum maritimum AN UNDERESTIMATED FISH PATHOGEN IN ASIAN MARINE

FISH CULTURE
L. Labrie*, L. Grisez, C. Komar and Z. Tan
Intervet Norbio Singapore Pte Ltd

1 Peharu Road
Singapore 718847
Skin lesions contribute substantially to economic losses in marine fish culture. Farmers are aware that inappropriate fish
handling, parasite infestation, inadequate water conditions and bacterial infections can lead to skin lesions. Nevertheless,
a complete diagnosis in order to find the cause is rarely conducted due to the lack of appropriate on-farm knowledge and
facilities.
When bacterial isolation is performed, Vibrio spp. are often isolated from fish displaying skin lesions, and tail and fin
rot. However, in many cases, the presence of these various fast-growing and swarming Vibrio spp. are only indicative of
secondary infections.
Over the last few years, we have performed an in-depth investigation on skin lesions occurring in cultured marine fish from
Malaysia, Singapore, China and Indonesia (see table) and found Tenacibaculum maritimum (formerly called Flexibacter
maritimus) to be consistently involved. All isolates were retrieved from fish exhibiting skin lesions associated with varying
degrees of mortality.
The importance of T. maritimum is still largely underestimated since the isolation procedure and medium, as well as the
timing of sampling, are critical factors for successful isolation. The (too) high nutrient content and the lack of essential ions
in general isolation media do not allow the recovery of the pathogen. Samples taken too long after initial infection will be
readily overgrown by secondary invaders even if a selective medium is used.
The role of T. maritimum as a primary pathogen has been established. A 1-hour immersion of fish in concentrations as low
as 104 CFU/ml were able to induce skin lesions in 40% of the fish. Skin ulcers could easily be visualised through the use
of a Fluorescein-based technique.
Distribution, associated pathology and isolation of T. maritimum in Asian mariculture will be discussed.
337
PEARL CULTURE FARMING IN FRENCH POLYNESIA: ORGANISATION AND

REGLEMENTATION
Sandra Langy*, Angélique Fougerouse, Cédrik Lo, Mainui Tanetoa and Anne-Sandrine Talfer
PO Box 9047
Motu Uta, 98715 Tahiti, Polynésie Française
sandra.langy@perli.gov.pf
To face the dramatic crisis that occurs at the end of 90’s in pearl culture activity, the Tahitian government run a global
program of management. Yet, the pearl activity was partially organised, a more drastic control of the activity had to be
done.
Twenty years ago, professionals were already organised in cooperatives in order to help small farmers to produce oysters
and pearls, to put them up for sale, to be eligible for bank funds… At this time, professionals already knew that a structural
organisation is the tool for better struggle. Today, professional representatives organisations substitute cooperatives. Another
professional organisation was created to promote Tahitian black pearl around the world. Auctions are held few times a year
by one producers organisation, as well as those planned by some individual big farmers.
Since 2001, because of the crisis that revealed the vulnerability of pearl activity, Tahitian government built up control
procedures to rationalise the activity. First, producers were identified, marine concessions were listed and a global overview
of lagoon areas oysters’ residence rates was done from 2002 to 2003. Therefore, it was possible to establish a map of pearl
and oyster production activity. The objectives were, and still are to control pearl quality and limit production to overcome
the dramatic decrease of pearl price in the international market place. Second, the actors were well defined: producers,
wholesalers, jewellers, traders and stockists. Each producers, wholesalers or jewellers were required for more expertise
by professional licenses delivering upon restrictive conditions. Final, strict control measures were done to guaranty good
quality for export pearls.
According to this aim, since 2001, Tahitian government set up a public office devoted to pearl activity. This administration
office is in charge of controlling the professionals, helping them to obtain their professional licenses, guarantying the strict
rules application. It promotes also the exported pearl quality control.
To a result, nearly three years after these radical measures managed by Tahitian government, one can say that the pearl
price is getting stable. The Tahitian pearl market is still very vulnerable so far, it appears that the efforts must be continued.
Tahiti is now the only country where so strict measures are applied for quality export pearls and this point is world-roundly
acclaimed.
338
NOTES
339
EVIDENCE LINKING THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF SHRIMP POST-

LARVAE
Daniel O’C. Lee
CAMS
Marine Science Laboratories
Menai Bridge, Gwynedd
LL59 5AB, UK
d.lee@bangor.ac.uk
It is widely accepted that the quality of shrimp post-larvae (PL) has a critical bearing on subsequent performance in nursery
and on-growing ponds but hard evidence to prove this basic assertion is difficult to find. The problem is compounded, in the
first instance, by a lack of agreement on how best to measure PL quality. In spite of the difficulties involved, this account
manages to provide evidence of the practical value of measuring PL quality. It employs an unusual method of comparing
data from two different countries over a 15-year time span.
The basic methods for assessing PL quality in a commercial setting are briefly reviewed. Most people agree that there is
no single reliable method so the usual approach is to use a combination of stress tests, gross inspection and microscopic
examination. A quality index can then be employed to amalgamate the resulting information and aid consistent interpretation.
The use of one particular quality index, based on ten quality measures, is described. Data are also presented to illustrate
how some widely used measures of PL quality have a significant drawback. They have a strong positive correlation with PL
size and as such they provide little information other than indicating that big PLs are high quality PLs.
DNA SEQUENCE ANALYSIS OF KOI HERPES VIRUSES

Pei-Yu Lee*, Chen Su, Chu-Liang Chen and Chin-Yu Hsu
Institute of Medical Biotechnology

Chung-Tai Institute of Health Sciences and Technology
Taichung 406, Taiwan.
pylee@chtai.ctc.edu.tw
Outbreaks of koi herpes virus (KHV) infection have been reported to lead to major economic losses in the common carp
(Cyprinus carpio L.) and its ornamental variety, koi (fancy carp), industry worldwide. So far, only limited DNA sequences of
the KHV genome have been available in the public databanks. The available PCR detection systems (Genbank AB127966;
AJ535112) were used to screen and collect KHV-infected samples from different areas. In order to further characterize
KHV, a genome walking methodology was adopted to pick up the DNA sequences flanking the KHV PCR amplicon
sequence (Genbank AB127966).
A 1545-bp DNA fragment was amplified, cloned, and subjected to DNA sequence determination. The sequence acquired was
subsequently submitted to the Genbank (AY858588). Comparative analysis of several KHV-infected samples from Taiwan
and Indonesia revealed 100% identity at the DNA sequence level within this fragment, suggesting that the etiological causes
of the KHV outbreaks in these locations are derived from the same origin only recently. The DNA sequence is predicted to
encode a hypothetical protein of 438 amino acid residues. The amino acid sequence of the predicted polypeptide showed
42% similarity to that of the hypothetical gene 37 protein of Ictalurid herpesvirus 1 (channel catfish virus), implying its
phylogenic position within the proposed fish herpesviruses branch.
In addition, based on the sequence obtained, a nested PCR assay for KHV was developed to improve and complement the
available PCR assays for KHV diagnosis and detection.
340
PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF SOFT-SHELLED TURTLE Trionyx sinensis BY

VIBRATION STRESS
Jeong Yeol Lee* and Jun Wook Hur
School of Marine Life Science

Kunsan National University
Gunsan 573-701, Korea
yjeong@kunsan.ac.kr
The soft-shelled turtle, Trionyx sinensis CROTHER is considered to be a nutritious food for human consumption and
commercially important aquaculture species due to high demand in Asia including Korea, China and Japan. In recent years,
the farming of this species has developed rapidly in South Korea, especially in the south part of South Korea. Cultured
soft-shelled turtle are reared under conditions that are rarely optimal, particularly in intensive culture systems where water
quality may be poor, nutrition inadequate, and the fish crowded. In addition, common aquaculture procedures such as
handling, confinement, transport, vibration, noise, and disease treatments usually cause a variable degree of trauma to soft-
shelled turtle.
In the present study, differential effects of vibration and noise on hydromineral and metabolic responses were found. The
blood-physiological responses such as cortisol, glucose, lactic acid, AST, ALT of the blood to vibration were investigated
in the soft-shelled turtle.
The soft-shelled turtles were obtained from a commercial soft-shelled turtle farm, Kimje, Korea. The average carapace
and body weight of experimental soft-shelled turtles was 16.8 cm, 0.7 kg. The period of vibration added for 28 days
with 2 hours intervals (08:00-18:00). Vibration level was 62.2±13.1 dB(V) by vibrator. Blood samples and analysis were
investigated from control and experimental tanks at 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days.
As a result of soft-shelled turtles getting repetitive stress from vibration, the hematological responses were a rise significantly
in their plasma level of cortisol, glucose, lactic acid, AST, ALT, ions and osmolality against to control firstly, and the
second phenomenon showed a fatal effect on their growth, survival and tissue (kidney, gonad and liver).
341
GLOBALISATION, CONSUMER POWER AND IMPROVING STANDARDS IN THE

Daniel O’C. Lee*
CAMS
Marine Science Laboratories
Menai Bridge, Gwynedd
LL59 5AB, UK
d.lee@bangor.ac.uk
Environmentalists have become very active in alerting consumers to the negative environmental impacts of the aquaculture
industry. In essence this is a positive development because consumers need to make informed choices about what they buy.
But some green pressure groups advocate boycotts of aquaculture products in a very indiscriminate manner – promising
to inflict economic damage without providing incentives for responsible producers to improve their environmental record.
On top of this, certain groups are ideologically opposed to economic development and give a wholly negative view of
aquaculture to promote their anti-globalisation agendas. A much more balanced and pragmatic approach is needed. The
way forward is for consumers and major buyers to be able to identify and select eco-friendly aquaculture products and
thereby send positive market signals to responsible producers. Rather than boycotts, the requirement is for market-driven,
eco-labelling schemes based on internationally recognised standards verified by independent 3rd party certifiers. And
importantly in this regard, globalisation can play a very constructive role in accelerating the worldwide spread of best
management practices.
Green activists oppose globalisation because they fear it will encourage a ‘race to the bottom’, with poorly regulated
industries competing furiously on price and disregarding the environment. Economists on the other hand reassure us that,
in the longer-term, poor countries will improve their environmental records as, through economic development (enhanced
by globalisation), their citizens become wealthier and come to enjoy, like rich westerners, the luxury of taking a longer term
outlook on their life and surroundings. In the meantime, rather than just waiting for this gradual economic tide to deliver a
greener planet, there is an immediate need to promote consumer power and to drive up social and environmental standards
in the aquaculture industry.
This presentation will discuss the conditions needed for shrimp buyers and consumers to have a strong positive influence on
aquaculture standards. It will also describe the activities of one group of independent certifiers, the Aquaculture Certification
Council, and provide an outline of the Best Aquaculture Practices program. The example of UK supermarkets will be used
to show how purchasing power has been applied to reinforce social and environmental standards in shrimp farms in Central
America. Large corporations, such as multi-national supermarkets and seafood buyers, often incur the wrath of green
pressure groups but in reality, with reputations and brand names to protect, they are very responsive to consumer concern
about social and environmental issues and are well positioned to drive up global standards.
342
EVALUATION OF DIETARY ESSENTIALITY OF TEN VITAMINS FOR JUVENILE BLACK

ROCKFISH Sebastes schlegeli
HaeYoung Moon Lee* and Kee Chae Cho

National Fisheries Research and Development Institute
Pohang 791-923, Republic of Korea
hylee315@momaf.go.kr
Effects of the deletion of individual vitamins (biotin, choline, inositol, vitamin E, vitamin B2, vitamin B6, vitamin K3,
benzoic acid, folate and pantothenic acid) and all the ten vitamins from semi-purified diets on black rockfish (Sebastes
schlegeli) growth and survival were examined in an 11-week feeding trial. Weight gain ranged from 231 (all ten vitamins-
free vitamin premix) to 381% (biotin-free vitamin premix). The best growth (381%) was observed on black rockfish fed
the biotin-deficient diet; a control diet with supplementation of vitamins mentioned above and vitamin A, B1, B12, C, D,
and niacin produced similar growth (368%) to fish fed the biotin-deficient diet. Black rockfish growth was not affected by
feeding the vitamin B6 (350%), E (328%), biotin (381%), choline (336%), inositol (331%)-deficient diets. Significantly
lower growth occurred in fish fed diets deficient in vitamin B2 (306%), K3 (272%), benzoic acid (291%), folate (299%),
pantothenic acid (223%) and all ten vitamins deficient diet (232%). At the end of the 11th week, survival ranged from 20 (all
ten vitamins-free vitamin premix) to 100% (inositol, vitamin K3, benzoic acid, folate-free vitamin premix). Black rockfish
fed a diet without all the ten vitamins had significantly the lowest survival in 11-week feeding trial. Survival of black
rockfish fed diets deficient in vitamin B6 and pantothenic acid were significantly lower than that of shrimp fed the vitamin
K3, benzoic acid, folate and inositol. Upon termination of the 11-week growth trial, significant differences in tissue indices
and body composition of black rockfish including muscle ratio, hepatosomatic index, intraperitoneal fat, intestinosimatic
index, muscle protein and ash, as well as whole-body protein and lipid were induced by the various diets. Based on the
information provided by this study, vitamin B2, K3, benzoic acid, folate and pantothenic acid are indispensable nutrients in
black rockfish diets; on the other hand, supplementation of biotin is not necessary in black rockfish diet.
343
DIETARY REQUIREMENT OF MYOINOSITOL IN JUVENILE OLIVE FLOUNDER

Bong-Joo Lee, Kyeong-Jun Lee, Sang-Min Lee and Young-Don Lee
Faculty of Applied Marine Science

Jeju 690-756
South Korea
kjlee@cheju.ac.kr
Inositol is classified as a vitamin-like nutrient for most animals. However, it has not been clearly demonstrated whether the
vitamin should be supplemented in diets for fishes because of its de novo synthesis. This study was conducted to examine
the essentiality and requirement of myoinositol in diets for olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus because no information is
available in the species.
Six casein-gelatin based semipurified diets were formulated to contain five different levels of myoinositol (0, 0+antibiotic,
200, 400, 800, and 1600 mg/kg designated as M0, M0+, M200, M400, M800, and M1600, respectively). Juvenile olive
flounder (initial body weight 10.0±0.1g) were randomly distributed into eighteen 35 L tanks (12 fish/tank) and fed with the
experimental diets (3 replicates per diet). The fish were fed twice at a 4 ~ 2.5% of body weight per day. After 8 weeks of
feeding, the mean body weight of fish fed diets containing high levels of myoinositol (M800 & M1600) were significantly
higher than that of fish fed M0 diet (P < 0.05). Feed conversion ratio was also significantly higher in fish fed diets with
high myoinositol levels compared to the fish fed the control diet. Feed intake has a tendency to be increased in fish fed diets
sufficient in myoinositol.
The findings in this study indicate that olive flounder juveniles require myoinositol in diets for normal growth and feed
utilization. Myoinositol concentration in tissues and blood plasma will be further determined along with more growth
performances after long-term feeding study.
344
SELECTION OF SUBSTRATES FOR SETTLEMENT AND GROWTH OF THE PURPLE

CLAM Saxidomus purpuratus IN LABORATORY CULTURE
Chang-Hoon Lee*, Gi-Myung Han, Yong-Suk Choi and Jin-Woo Choi
South Sea Institute, KORDI

391 Jangmok-ri, Jangmok-myon
Geoje 656-830, Republic of Korea
leech@kordi.re.kr
The purple clam (Saxidomus purpuratus) is a local species inhabiting relatively restricted areas around Korea, Japan, and
China. S. purpuratus is found from intertidal to ca. 40 m depth of subtidal areas. In Korea, this species is one of the most
important shellfish resources with high prices. Recently, the commercial yield from the traditional exploitation of natural
fisheries by divers has been declining due to over-harvesting; much attention has been concentrated to the aquaculture of
this species. Thanks to the cooperative efforts by the Korea Ocean Research & Development Institute (KORDI) and Taean
Marine Hatchery of the National Fisheries Research & Development Institute (NFRDI), some of physical and biological
conditions for artificial fertilization, embryonic development, and larval growth were appropriately established. However,
the rearing conditions for post-settled spats have not been well understood yet. Here, we set the purpose of this study to
determine the optimal substrates for settlement and growth of spats of S. purpuratus.
Experiments were conducted for 4 months (2 months for settlement and 2 months for growth) with 3 different types of
sediments (muddy, mixed, and sandy sediments) as substrates for settlement and growth of S. purpuratus. The number of
settled spats in muddy sediments was more than 2 times higher than those in mixed or sandy sediments. But, the average size
of settled spats in muddy sediments was smaller than those in mixed or sandy sediments. After 2 months of growth period,
shell length increased more than 10 times (ca. 0.8 to 10.8 mm). Shell length was highest in mixed sediments, followed by
muddy sediments; lowest in sandy sediments. But, the differences were not statistically significant. Growth rate decreased
as shell length increased. When shell length was less than 2 mm, growth rate in mixed sediments was significantly higher
than that in sandy sediments. When shell length was more than 2 mm, there was no significant difference in growth rate
among different substrates. Sediment type affected only when the spats were relatively small. From these results, we can
conclude that muddy sediments is best for settlement of larvae, while mixed sediments is more suitable for spat growth.
EFFECT OF FEEDING FREQUENCY WITH DIFFERENT FEED TYPES ON GROWTH

AND BODY COMPOSITION OF FLOUNDER Paralichthys olivaceus
Sang-Min Lee
Faculty of Marine Bioscience and Technology

Kangnung National University
Gangneung 210-702, South Korea
smlee@kangnung.ac.kr
A 7-week feeding experiment was conducted to determine the proper feeding frequency at different feed types for growth
and body composition of the juvenile flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Three replicate groups of fish average weighing 11.1
g were fed to satiety by the moist pellet (MP), sinking dry pellet (DP) and floating extruded pellet (EP) at different feeding
frequencies (three meals a day, two meals a day, one meal a day or one meal every 2 days). At the end of the feeding trial,
gastric evacuation rate of the fish was monitored after feeding. Survival of fish was not affected by either feed type or
feeding frequency. Weight gain, feed efficiency, protein efficiency ratio, and daily feed intake of the fish were affected by
feed type and feeding frequency. Weight gain and daily feed intake of fish increased with increasing feeding frequency at
each feed type. The highest weight gain of fish fed the EP diet three times daily was not significantly different from that of
fish fed the DP diet three times daily. Feed intake of fish fed the MP and DP diets showed a higher tendency than that of fish
fed the EP diet at each feeding frequency. Feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio of the fish tended to decrease with
increasing feeding frequency at each feed type, and were higher at EP diet than at MP diet. Proximate compositions of fish
were not affected by feed type whereas they were significantly affected by various feeding frequency. As feeding frequency
increased, moisture content increased and lipid content increased. It is concluded that three meals a day is effective for
improving growth performance of juvenile flounder grown from about 10 g to 60 g.
345
EFFECTS OF DIETARY COMPOSITION AND FEEDING FREQUENCY ON GROWTH AND

BODY COMPOSITION OF JUVENILE ROCKFISH Sebastes schlegeli
Joo-Young Seo*, Guen-Up Kim and Sang-Min Lee

A 8-week feeding experiment was conducted to determine the optimum feeding frequency with different dietary
compositions on growth, feed utilization and body composition of juvenile rockfish. Three replicate groups of the fish
(average weight of 4.1 g) were fed the experimental diets containing high carbohydrate (HC), high lipid (HL) and high
protein (HP) at different feeding frequencies (two meals a day, one meal a day or one meal every two days). At the end of
the feeding trial, gastric evacuation rate of the fish was monitored after feeding. Weight gain of the fish fed HC, HL and HP
diets were affected by feeding frequencies (p<0.05), but not by dietary composition. Weight gain of the fish fed two meals
and one meal a day was higher than that of fish fed one meal every two days. Daily feed intake of fish was significantly
affected by both dietary composition and feeding frequency (p<0.05). Daily feed intake of fish fed the HC diet was higher
than that of the fish fed the HL and HP diets at the same feeding frequency. Feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio were
affected by both dietary composition and feeding frequency and decreased with increasing feeding frequency. Whole body
lipid content of fish fed the HL diet was higher than that of fish fed the HL and HP diets at the same feeding frequency.
Proximate composition of muscle was not influenced by both dietary composition and feeding frequency. Gastric contents
of the fish fed HC, HL and HP diets with the different feeding frequencies increased after feeding, then gradually decreased
and reached the pre-feeding level within 24 h. These results indicate that one meal a day is more effective than two meals
a day or one meal every two days regardless of dietary composition and high lipid diets have more beneficial effects
compared to high carbohydrate diets for improving growth performance and feed utilization of juvenile rockfish weighing
between 4 g and 21 g.
346
EFFECT OF SOME TREMATA CLOSURE ON OXYGEN CONSUMPTION RHYTHM OF

EZO ABALONE Haliotis discus hannai
Jung Ah Lee*, Jong Wook Kim, Min Suk Kim and Wan Soo Kim
Marine Living Resources Research Division

Korea Ocean Research & Development Institute
Ansan P.O. Box 29
Seoul 425-600, Republic of Korea
leeja@kordi.re.kr
Ezo abalone Haliotis discus hannai was tested to see if its oxygen consumption rhythm is affected by closure of some of its
tremata, often called respiratory pores. The two tremata out of four open tremata, second and third tremata from anterior
of head of abalone, were artificially blocked after 5 days from the start of the experiment. The oxygen consumption rates
(OCRs) were continuously measured in BOD incubators at 10, 20, 25� of water temperatures under the dark experimental
condition using an automatic intermittent-flow respirometer (AIFR) during the 10-day experimental period, i.e., 5 days
before and 5 days after the closure of the tremata.
The results showed that there was no significant difference in the average OCR of the experimental animal before and
after the closure of some tremata. And, it seemed that respiration activity was not affected by closure of some tremata.
Oxygen consumption rhythms of these experimental animals were measured in all experimental water temperature regimes
representing 11.6 ~ 13.4 h and 24.0 ~ 24.1 h cycles before the tremata closure and mainly 22.1 ~ 24.2 h cycle after the
tremata closure. These were similar to a control set up at 20. Thus, the closure of some tremata seemed not to affect the
oxygen consumption rhythms of these animals. Especially, the abalone in the experimental regime of 25 already showed
a dominating 23.6 h cycle even one day before the tremata closure (Figs. 1 and 2), which indicated that the possibility of
changes in oxygen consumption rhythm by the tremata closure is very thin. The changes in oxygen consumption rhythm
with the time shown in all experimental regimes seemed to be the result of changes in animals from bimodal rhythm to
unimodal rhythm induced by the constant environmental conditions as indicated by Kim et al. (2003). Considering the
diverse functions of tremata of abalone, a long-term investigation is needed to be carried out on the effect of closure of the
tremata on these animals.
Figure 1. Time series of the oxygen consumption

rate of Haliotis discus hannai before (A: 120.0
h) and after some tremata closure (B: 117.9 h)
at 25.
Figure 2. Maximum Entropy Spectral Analysis (MESA) for the data of Haliotis discus
hannai presented in Figs. 1 before (A) and after some tremata closure (B). Time periods (h)
corresponding to the dominant peaks in the MESA plots are given in the parentheses.
347
SEX RATIO OF Pinctada maxima CULTURED AT TWO SITES AND DEPTHS IN WEST
PAPUA, INDONESIA
Anne Michelle Lee*, Paul Southgate and Joseph Taylor
Department of Marine Biology and Aquaculture

Townsville QLD 4811, Australia
anne.lee@jcu.edu.au
The quantitative aspect of sex in cultured P. maxima in West Papua was examined. Two age (1.5 and 2.5 years) and size
(Large and Small) classes of P. maxima oysters were subjected to a weakening process for 4 weeks to ensure all oysters
were in a similarly inactive stage, before being placed in panel nets on a longline at 5m and 15m below the surface at two
sites. For seven month, at monthly intervals, sex of oysters was recorded based on the superficial appearance of gonads
when examined macroscopically. Temperature, salinity, pH, chlorophyll a, b, c levels, particulate organic matter (POM),
and suspended particulate matter (SPM) were monitored at each of the experimental sites and depth during the sampling.
Of the 2876 oysters sampled, 1679 were indeterminate (58.3%), 1183 were males (41.1%) and only 14 were females
(< 1%). χ2 analysis indicated ratio of males to females differed significantly from 1: 1 (χ2 = 1141.7, d.f = 1, p < 0.05).
Multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) established that the number of indeterminate, male and female oysters
differed significantly over time (F(1,79) = 5.371, p < 0.05. MANCOVA also showed that age and size had an effect on the sex
ratio of oysters (Age: F(1,79) = 7.77, p < 0.05; Size: F(1,79) = 32.52, p < 0.05), with older and larger oysters more likely to be
male or female than indeterminate (Fig. 1). There was no significant difference in sex ratio between the culture sites (F(1,79)
= 2.14, p > 0.05) or culture depth (F(1,79) = 2.43, p > 0.05).
There was an inverse correlation between the number of indeterminate oysters and pH (r2 = -0.209, p < 0.05), temperature
(r2 = -0.261, p < 0.05) and rainfall (r2 = -0.261, p < 0.05) over the sampling period. A positive correlation was also observed
between the number of male oysters and pH (r2= 0.204, p < 0.05), temperature (r2= 0.261, p < 0.05) and rainfall (r2= 0.217,
p < 0.05). No correlation was found between female oyster numbers and environmental parameters.
Most of the females observed in this experiment (65%) were oysters with shell lengths 140 mm with no females observed
in oysters < 100 mm. Males were observed in oysters with shell lengths 80 to >170 mm, with the majority (67%) occurring
between 130 to 160 mm shell length. Indeterminate oysters were observed over the whole size range.
Fig. 1: Sex ratio over sampling period and in four categories

ofoysters from two sites and depths.
348
EFFECTS OF DIETARY CARBOHYDRATE KIND AND �-STARCH LEVEL ON GROWTH

AND BODY COMPOSITION OF JUVENILE FLOUNDER Paralichthys olivaceus
Sang-Min Lee

A 7-week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary carbohydrate kind and α-starch level on growth
and body composition of juvenile flounder. Triplicate groups of fish (average weight, 1.5 g) were fed the experimental diets
containing 15-25% α-potato starch, 15% β-corn starch and 15% dextrin. Survival was not affected by dietary carbohydrate
kind and β-starch level. The best weight gain was obtained from fish fed the diets containing 15% dextrin. Weight gain of fish
fed the diet containing 20% α-potato starch was significantly higher than that of fish fed the diets containing 15% and 25%
α-potato starch levels. Feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio (PER) of fish fed the diets containing 15% β-corn starch
were significantly lower than those of other groups. PER tended to increase with increasing α-potato starch. Daily feed
intake of fish fed the diet containing 15% α-corn starch was significantly higher than that of other groups. Hepatosomatic
index, condition factor and proximate composition of whole body were not affected by dietary carbohydrate. These results
indicate that juvenile flounder are able to efficiently utilize dextrin compare to α-and β-starch in diets and that α-potato
starch could be incorporated up to 20% in the diet for optimum growth of juvenile flounder.
349
COMMERCIAL FEEDS FOR JUVENILE Farfantepenaeus paulensis: EFFECTS ON

GROWTH, INGESTION AND DIGESTIBILITY
Sandra Motikawa and Daniel Lemos*
Marine Aquaculture Laboratory

Instituto Oceanográfico
University of São Paulo
São Paulo, SP 05508-900 Brazil
dellemos@usp.br
The pink shrimp Farfantepenaeus paulensis is a high-valued species and potential alternative to Litopenaeus vannamei
rearing in subtropical Brazil. Though hatchery production is well established growout in ponds have shown poor growth
rates above 4-6 g. These results could be attributed to nutritional deficiency of feeds to fulfill requirements of this species.
In the present study, three commercial feeds (A, B, C - 35% crude protein) manufactured in Brazil were tested for juvenile
F. paulensis (5.5 ± 0.4 g live weight) at 23 ± 2 °C and 35 ‰. Shrimp were individually maintained (20 ind/treatment) for 57
days. Feed effects on growth, ingestion and feces release were experimentally recorded over 30 days. Apparent dry matter
and protein digestibility were determined by the gravimetric method. Each other day feed lefts were recovered 2h after
offered and feces collected after 9h. Samples were dried and weighted, and total nitrogen was determined. Higher biomass
increase and ingestion were observed in shrimp fed feed C. Lower growth in individuals fed B seemed to be compensated
by increased dry matter digestibility that was inversely related to ingestion for the remaining feeds. Preliminary protein
digestibility data showed better protein use of feeds A and B that coincided with higher efficiency in feed utilization for
growth (biomass increase /feed consumed). Results indicate different feeding behavior related to different feed brands that
should be considered in terms of cost-effectiveness.
Biomass increase, ingestion (% of biomass ingested), apparent dry matter digestibility (ADMD) and apparent protein
digestibility (APD, preliminary) of juvenile Farfantepenaeus paulensis fed different commercial feeds for 30 days. Results
expressed as mean (s.d.). Different superscripts denote significant differences (P < 0.05).
350
OPTIMAL HARVESTING STRATEGIES FOR A MULTI-POND AND MULTI-CYCLE

SHRIMP OPERATION: A PRACTICAL NETWORK MODEL
Run Yu and PingSun Leung
Department of Economics
University of Hawaii at Manoa
3050 Maile Way, Gilmore 111
run@hawaii.edu; psleung@hawaii.edu
In this paper, we introduce a network formulation of the optimal scheduling model for a multi-cycle and multi-pond shrimp
operation grounded on the original optimal harvesting theory for a single production unit. The optimal schedule comprises
the harvesting and restocking time that maximizes total profit throughout the planning horizon, bounded by the underlying
biological and economic conditions. The model takes into account the information such as harvest size distribution,
seasonality of price, temperature and weight-dependent growth, and labor force and market demand constraints. We
applied the model to an existing shrimp operation in Hawaii with 40 one-acre ponds and generated the optimal schedule for
a year that maximizes overall production (Figure 1). The model schedule is found to be able to increase total production
by 5% when compared to the schedule generated using a trial-and-error procedure currently practiced by this operation.
Further insights for this multi-cycle and multi-pond scheduling problem were also generated through several alternate
simulations. It is found that labor force and market demand constraints are the key factors in scheduling multi-cycle and
multi-pond shrimp operations.
FIGURE 1. Optimal harvesting and restocking schedule.

351
NOTES
352
THE DEVELOPMENT STUDY ON AUTOMATIC INDOOR RECIRCULATING SHRIMP

CULTURE SYSTEM IN TAIWAN
Chen Shinne and Liang Rong-Yuan*
Agricultural Engineering Research Center

Engineering Division
No. 196-1, Chung Yuan Rd.
Chungli 320, Taiwan
Republic of China
ryliang@aerc.org.tw
Indoor recirculation technology reduces water requirements and discharge from the culture system, minimizing
environmental impacts, and offering a high degree of biosecurity. Indoor systems production requires very high production
rates per unit area to be profitable.
There already exists now a break out technique in shrimp culture enterprise in Taiwan, which is the automatic control
of indoor shrimp culture system with circulation water. That is the shrimp culture water body after having been infected
through filtration, it will be circulatively used, so it can not only stabilize the water quality and control the virus to go off,
but also it can save the electricity and the manpower.
This automatic indoor recirculating shrimp culture systems already meets the requirement of three-phase shrimp culture and
mass production, which is equivalent to 10 kg m3 production of Litopenaeus vannamei respectively. The culture conditions
in the two year for three-phase system, four good productions for Litopenaeus vannamei of 1,400kg (3×70m2×0.65m),
1,422kg (3×70m2×0.65m), 1,575kg (3×70m2×0.65m) and 1,638kg (3×70m2×0.65m) above 10kg/m3 were harvested in
7 Sep. 2001, 3 Nov. 2001, 3 Oct.2002 and 12 Nov 2002. This indicates that the automatic recirculating shrimp culturing
system has a remarkable effect on increasing the growth rate and survival rate of shrimp.
Now, we have developed two culture models, one is three-phase all indoor system; the other one includes a two-phase
system for indoor nursery of healthy shrimp and an outdoor grow-out system. This system cultured in the future as follows:
1. Two-phase production system is suitable for some area where 60days continual stable weather condition have. 2. Three-
phase production system is suitable for all weather condition, but in cold area it needs temperature control system and will
increase the production cost.
This automatic super intensive recirculating shrimp culture system was also already smoothly assisted of the establishment
of the economics factory for the three-phase production system in Hwalien city, which production amount is 60,000 kg/year.
This system includes three-phase culture tank, automatic feeder unit, automatic oxygenation unit (including oxygen cone
and emergency oxygenation), automatic water quality monitoring and controlling system and automatic water supply and
drain system, and separate circulating water treatment system (including microstrainer drum filter, biofilter, and Quantum
electrochemistry machine etc. ).
In the present research proposal, it is scheduled to go through compact and tough considerations, to organize the team
by inviting experts from National Taiwan Ocean University, Agriculture Engineering Center and “Formosa High-Tech
Aquaculture Ltd.”, and to integrate the know-how of aquaculture biology, water quality management, systematic engineering,
353
PRELIMINARY STUDY ON TAIL-CUTTING AS MARKING METHOD FOR GRASS PRAWN

Penaeus monodon SUB-ADULTS
I Chiu Liao*, Eduardo M. Leaño, Jiin-Ju Guo and Kuan-Fu Liu
2 Pei-Ning Road, Keelung 202, Taiwan
icliao@mail.ntou.edu.tw
A total of 180 grass prawn, Penaeus monodon, sub-adults (mean weight = 9.92 g) were used in this marking experiment.
They are divided in three equal groups: control (with uncut uropods); HL-group (half of the left lateral ramus cut); and,
WR-group (whole right lateral and mesial rami cut). The uropods of HL- and WR-groups were cut with scissors and
dipped in 5 ppm furazolidone solution after cutting. The prawns from each group were equally divided into three replicate
tanks (1.8-ton fiberglass tanks) wherein they were individually stocked in submerged small screen compartments. The
tanks were supplied with flow-through seawater (30±1 ppt) and water temperature was maintained at 27±1oC. The prawns
were fed commercial pelleted diets at 10% body weight, twice (10 a.m. and 10 p.m.) daily during the four-month culture.
Regeneration of uropods was observed every week during the first month of culture, and every month thereafter. Mortality
rate and molting frequency were also recorded.
There was no significant difference molting frequency and molting interval among the three groups throughout the culture
period. Incomplete regeneration of uropods was observed after one month of culture in both cutting methods. Complete
regeneration was evident in some of the prawn samples after two months of culture in both cutting groups. Among
HL-group, abnormalities observed were mostly hollow type. Narrow and convex types were also observed which are
distinguishable from the control (uncut uropods). In WR, regenerated uropods were mostly of normal type, shorter in size
(compared to the uncut uropods) and with less pigmentation. These characteristics of regenerated uropods were retained
even after molting.
In summary, the malformations produced in HL-group and the difference in pigmentation and size in WR-group among
regenerated uropods after cutting can be used as long-lasting biological tag among sub-adult grass prawn. These tags can
be easily distinguished from prawns with uncut uropods (control) even after several molting cycles.
354
THREONINE REQUIREMENT OF Oreochromis niloticus DEPENDING ON DIETARY

THREONINE EFFICIENY AND PROTEIN DEPOSITION
Frank Liebert and Kay Benkendorff
Institute for Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition

Kellnerweg 6
37077 Göttingen, Germany
flieber@gwdg.de
Investigations of the amino acid requirement in fish species are mainly based on dose response trials and graded
supplementation of the limiting amino acid (LAA) under study. Unfortunately, the breakpoint due to broken line or nonlinear
approximation is more or less dependent on the amino acid composition of the basic diet used. In our investigations
the “dilution technique” based on the concentration of the LAA in mixed diets or defined combinations of single feed
proteins (Benkendorff et al., 2003) within an exponential N-utilisation model for growing animals is preferred (Liebert and
Mohamed, 2003; Thong and Liebert, 2004). The model describes the body N-retention (NR) depending on N-intake (NI)
and dietary protein quality (b) as follows: y=NRmaxT (1-e-b•NI)
where NR=daily N-deposition + N-maintenance requirement (=daily N-retention)*
NI=daily N-intake*
b=slope of the N-utilisation curve depending on protein quality
NRmaxT=maximum of theoretical capacity for daily N-retention*
e=basic number of natural logarithm (ln)
Based on this function the requirement for the LAA is calculated due to the following equation (Benkendorff et al., 2003;
Thong and Liebert, 2004):
xLAA=[ln NRmaxT – ln(NRmaxT – NR)] : 16bc-1
xLAA= daily intake of the LAA (=requirement)*
c=dietary concentration of the LAA (g/16gN) *) data in mg/BWkg 0.67
Totally six threonine limiting mixed diets based on wheat, wheat gluten, fish meal, soybean meal, soybean protein
concentrate, heat treated soybean flakes or rape seed meal were applied in growth studies over 56d with male Nile-Tilapia
(12.6g mean body weight) and four repetitions (25 fish per tank) in a closed recirculating system. Protein deposition was
determined by body composition in representative animals and the resulting variation of threonine efficiency (bc-1Thr) in
the diets was used for calculation of Thr-requirement depen-ding on protein deposition (Table). Results will be discussed
related to recommendations.
355
OPTIMAL LYSINE : THREONINE RATIO OF Oreochromis niloticus DEPENDING ON THE

AMINO ACID EFFICIENY IN THE FEED
Frank Liebert and Kay Benkendorff

Kellnerweg 6
flieber@gwdg.de
Conclusive data related to the optimal ratio between lysine and threonine in tilapia diets are very limited. Santiago and
Lovell (1988) concluded from dose response studies with semisynthetic diets and broken line analysis of the experimental
data Lys:Thr=1:0.73 as optimal. Fagbenro (2000) reported 1:0.64 as optimal for the same ratio.
The aim of our study was to make a re-evaluation of the optimal lys:thr ratio in Nile tilapia based on growth studies with
lysine resp. threonine limiting diets. Experimental data with lysine limiting diets from Benkendorff et al. (2003) and with
threonine limiting diets from Liebert and Benkendorff (2004) were applied for model calculation within our exponential
N-utilization model which can be described as follows:
NR=NRmaxT (1-e-b•NI)
where NR=daily N-deposition + N-maintenance requirement (=daily N-retention)*
NI=daily N-intake*
b=slope of the N-utilisation curve depending on protein quality
NRmaxT=maximum of theoretical capacity for daily N-retention*
e=basic number of natural logarithm (ln)
The amino acid requirement is calculated by the equation (Thong and Liebert, 2004a,b):
xLAA=[ln NRmaxT – ln(NRmaxT – NR)] : 16bc-1
xLAA= daily intake of the LAA (=requirement)*
c=dietary concentration of the LAA (g/16gN) *) data in mg/BWkg 0.67
NRmaxT as well as N-maintenance requirement was due to Liebert and Mohamed (2003).
The results indicate that the optimal Lys:Thr ratio for tilapia between 10 and 100g BW could be lower than expected from
earlier studies. However, the efficiency of the amino acid under study is an important factor for the recommended amino
acid ratio. The range of lysine and threonine efficiency in the diets used was not sufficient for final conclusions. Amino acid
efficiency has to be taken into account for requirement estimation.
356
CONCEPT FOR ESTIMATING THE N-MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENT OF TILAPIA

GENOTYPES BASED ON N-RISE EXPERIMENTS
Frank Liebert and Angela Sünder

Kellnerweg 6
flieber@gwdg.de
The maintenance requirement is part of the total amino acid requirement in growing animals and also in fish. Furthermore,
the N-maintenance requirement (NMR) was an important metabolic parameter for estimation of the maximum N-retention
capacity (NRmaxT) of tilapia within the nonlinear N-utilization model (LIEBERT and MOHAMED 2003). Basically, the
NMR was defined as the daily N-balance or N-deposition due to N-free feeding as multiplied with (-1). However, N-free
diets are far from physiological conditions and the number of animals for such studies is usually very limited. Another
possibility for the determination of the NMR is the estimation based on data of N-rise experiments (THONG and LIEBERT
2004) The relation between N-intake and total N-excretion can be described by quadratic functions, frequently with high
correlation (r2 > 0.95), whereby the intersection with the y-axis represents the NMR. The advantage of this method is that
a large number of experimental data can be used within the regressive extrapolation. Total N-excretion is calculated as
difference between N-intake and N-deposition in the body.
Results from N-rise experiments (LIEBERT and MOHAMED 2003) with different genotypes of tilapia were statistical
analysed within the SPSS-program (Windows, vers.11.5.1) and daily NMR was estimated by different functions. In case
of the quadratic function a high correlation was observed (r2 > 0.95). An example for the results with all male Oreochromis
niloticus between 10 and 100g BW is demonstrated in Figure 1.
Similar statistical analysis with red tilapia (O.Mossambicus × O.Hornorum) and hybrids between both genotypes resulted
in NMR=54 (r2=0.97) and NMR=19 (r2=0.99) mgN/BWkg0.67/day, respectively.
357
ANNUAL GAMETOGENESIS OF THREE OYSTERS, Parahyotissa inermis, Dendostrea

crenulifera AND Ostrea circumpicta FROM MUNSEOM, JEJU, KOREA
Na-Lae Lim*, Do-Hyung Kang, Se-Jae Kim, Young-Don Lee, Kookkyung Lee and Kwang-Sik Choi
School of Applied Marine Science

skchoi@cheju.ac.kr
Gametogenesis of three oysters, Parahyotissa inermis (family Gryphaeidae), Dendostrea crenulifera and Ostrea circumpicta
(family Ostreidae) were studied from samples collected from September 2003 to September 2004 around Munseom Island,
Jeju, Korea. Annual gametogenesis of the oysters was examined using histology and the reproductive patterns were
categorized into five stages: undifferentiated, early/late development, mature stage, spawning and spent. Gameatogenesis
of P. inermis initiated in May and the ripe female observed from July to October. Spawning oysters observed from August
to November with a spawning peak in September. Gameatogenesis of D. crenulifera commenced from February to July.
Ripe female D. crenulifera was observed from June to October. The spawning began from August to November, with a
peak in August. Gameatogenesis of O. circumpicta, a breeding oyster, initiated from September to April and ripe females
were observed from April to July. Our data showed that the three oysters have different annual gametogenic cycle and the
cyclic changes could be associated with environmental parameters such as water temperature and phytoplankton blooming
at the study site.
EMERGING TRENDS AND CHALLENGES TO THE GLOBAL ORNAMENTAL AQUATIC

INDUSTRY
Lian Chuan Lim
Kingston Aquaculture Services

19, Palm Drive
Singapore 456503
333@kingstonitl.com
Over the last decade, we see a number of emerging trends in the global ornamental fish trade and industry: fish traffic of
the trade moving north from the southern hemisphere to the northern atmosphere, import markets moving away from the
traditional markets such as USA and Japan to Europe and export trade shifting from the more developed countries to the
developing countries. China is set to become the top ornamental fish producer in the world and Guangzhou to become the
centre of aquarium accessories industry. The ornamental fish trade and industry is faced with two major challenges: firstly
to excite hobbyists with new fish species and variety, and secondly to provide them with good quality fish.
In recent years, the application of technology has helped the industry innovate and achieve good progress to meet these
challenges, such as production of genetically-modified fish, advancement in the breeding of tropical marine species, and
improvement in fish quality after air transport. The industry is gradually transformed from the traditional breeding, farming
and exporting of ornamental fish into a technology-driven, knowledge-based industry. A new challenge to the industry will
be the prevention of new epidemics such as Koi herpes virus (KHV) in the global market, as disease outbreak may result in
reduced international trade of live organisms.
358
NOTES
359
NOTES
360
WATER, NOT NUTRIENTS – THE MAJOR FOCUS OF POND-BASED AQUACULTURE

INTEGRATION WITHIN SMALLHOLDER FARMS IN ASIA
David Little, Manjurul Karim, Md. Abdul Wahab, Marc Verdegem, Dang Lieu Nhan, Le Thanh Duong,
Danai Turongruang and Chitra Arjunkit
Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling

Stirling, Scotland, FK9 4LA
d.c.little@stir.ac.uk
Excavated earthen ponds in tropical rain-fed farming systems are typically characterised, and promoted, as culture systems
for fish around which whole-farm nutrient flows can be more efficiently utilised. Research sites where ponds were common
features of smallholder farms in Northeast Thailand, the Mekong Delta, Vietnam and central Bangladesh were identified
and participatory research undertaken at the community-level. The research focus was to understand the current role of
ponds within farming, and broader livelihood, systems and opportunities for enhancing benefits; sub-sites were located in
areas with high and low access to urban areas. At the rain-fed sites, where seasonal water scarcity was an issue (Thailand,
Bangladesh), the importance of the pond as an on-farm source of irrigation water was paramount, whereas this was not the
case in Vietnam where ponds and associated ditches were more related to a source of landfill and temporary supply and
drainage of water respectively.
In Thailand, ponds were generally not originally constructed with a view to optimising fish culture but rather to support
associated dry season horticulture. In recent years their value for, and importance attached to aquaculture, had increased,
but still fell far below potential. The importance of using pond water for seasonal cash crops, especially chilli, had become
the major strategy among farmers and increasing the focus on, and benefits from, fish culture were not perceived as being
complementary with this. In Bangladesh, ponds were also multipurpose but our analysis also showed interesting dynamic
and potential for greater benefits from both the fish and crop production occurring in the immediate vicinity. In both
these sites linkages between nutrients within ponds and surrounding aquaculture were weak and increasing inputs through
intensified, even seasonal fish culture was identified as a strategy to enhance system productivity and benefits. The cost of
nutrients for horticulture was identified by farmers as a major problem. Improved mechanisms of reusing nutrients trapped
in more intensively managed fishponds are therefore important.
The fish production systems in Vietnam are resource intensive compared to the sites in Bangladesh and Thailand and higher
levels of water exchange leads to local pollution. Low prices for most cultured herbivorous fish species has led farmers
to prioritise improved systems for indigenous, usually carnivorous fish species, as a researchable issue. The concept of
physically integrating water effluents reuse through adjacent extensive areas of ditch-dike orchard where a forage fish
could be produced to support higher densities of high value carnivorous fish was identified as a potential opportunity. In
common with Bangladesh a significant proportion of farmers raising fish in Vietnam have commercial expectations and
river catfish (Pangasius hypothalamus) has been intensified significantly in contrast to carp polycultures but this approach
is not an option for resource-poorer farmers. The three sites therefore demonstrate a range of situations under which pond-
based diversification has occurred, but that overall nutrient efficiency remains poor under both rain-fed and perennially
irrigated situations. Approaches that allow complementary intensification of fish and crop production in both contexts have
potential.
361
PEARL CULTURE FARMING IN FRENCH POLYNESIA: ACTIVITIES OVERVIEW AND

DEVELOPMENT
Cédrik Lo*, Sandra Langy, Angélique Fougerouse, Mainui Tanetoa, Mereani Bellais and Anne-Sandrine Talfer
PO Box 9047
Motu Uta, 98715 Tahiti, Polynésie Française
cedrik.lo@perli.gov.pf
Pearl farming was initiated in French Polynesia since 1960’s with some very distinctive passionate pioneers and the
technology of Japanese specialists. The first Pinctada margaritifera grafted to obtain the Tahitian cultured pearls were
cultivated at Hikueru and Bora Bora in 1963.
Since these experiments and because of quantities of pearl oysters from the natural stock, the pearl production increase
was exponential. From hundred kilograms in the 80’s, it reached a maximum of 11 tons in 2000. Today, the production
stabilized around 10 tons of pearls annually. Pearl farming is the second economic incomes following tourisms with a value
of 15 billions Francs CFP (150 millions US $).
Thus, it was an extraordinary economic and social tool, encouraging islanders to return to their remote islands with 7000
jobs offered. Pearl farming is established in 30 atolls and islands of Tuamotu and Gambier archipelagoes and some volcanic
islands of the Société archipelago. The majority of the pearl production (80%) is the fact of 68 big pearl farms (more than
30 ha) over the thousand listed. Tahitian black pearl has reached the level of deluxe product and since 1983 was the leader
in export products.
However, since 2001, international economic background associated to a mass production with lower quality has led to
a crisis situation. Large and small farms had to face and overcome the dramatic loss of profitability. Pearl production
value fell by 30.7% from 2002 to 2003 (10 US $/g) but an embellish was noticed in 2004 with prices per grams reaching
20 US $.
362
EXPLORING THE POTENTIAL FOR IMPROVEMENT OF GROWTH RATE IN

AQUACULTURE OFTHETROPICALABALONE Haliotis asinina USING MICROSATELLITES
AND MICROARRAYS
Tim Lucas*, Michael McBeth, Wayne Knibb and Bernard Degnan
School of Integrative Biology

The University Of Queensland
Brisbane, Qld., Australia, 4072
tlucas@zen.uq.edu.au
The tropical abalone Haliotis asinina is distributed throughout the Indo-Pacific region where it is cultured and harvested
commercially in many places. The fast maturation rate and predictable, regular spawning during 6 months of the year make
H. asinina an ideal animal for aquaculture research. As a first step in a selective breeding program, eighty-six families
have been produced in a single cohort of half-sibling crosses. These abalone have been used to 1) determine heritability of
growth rate and 2) identify genes associated with growth and maturation using a microarray analysis. Heritability estimates
will be used to gauge the feasibility of a selective breeding program for H. asinina, whilst marker genes associated with
high growth rates may be used to identify broodstock with desired commercial traits and be used in other commercially
cultured abalone.
363
INTAKE OF NATURAL FOOD AND SUPPLEMENTAL FEED IN MILKFISH Chanos

chanos (FORSSKÅL) IN COMMERCIALLY MANAGED PONDS IN PANAY ISLAND,
PHILIPPINES
Christian Lückstädt*, Ulfert Focken and Relicardo Coloso
University of Hohenheim
Institute for Animal Production in the Tropics and Subtropics, Aquaculture Systems and Animal Nutrition
Fruwirthstr. 12
70599 Stuttgart, Germany
inst480@uni-hohenheim.de
The milkfish (Chanos chanos Forsskål) is the most important cultured fish species in the Philippines. In terms of quantity,
it makes up over 60% of the total aquaculture production (excluding seaweeds) of the country. In 2000, more than 204,000
t milkfish were produced here, nearly 89% of this in brackishwater ponds. A significant part of this production is achieved
semi-intensively in commercial fish farms of 1 to 30 ha total pond area. An aquaculture system is defined as semi-intensive
if the growth of natural food from the pond is enhanced by fertilization and/or supplemental feed is given. In aquaculture,
the quantification of the actual feed intake, especially in the semi-intensive production systems, becomes increasingly
important in order to make optimal use of a given feed. These feeds are expensive and, in the case of the fish meal are a
limited resource. Researchers from the Philippines suggest daily rates of supplemental feeding of up to 4% BME (body
mass equivalent) in semi-intensive milkfish grow-out. However, investigations on the intake of supplemental feed and
natural food by milkfish in small experimental ponds suggested that only a part of the supplemental feed was immediately
ingested by the fish.
This study evaluated the feed intake of the milkfish (Chanos chanos Forsskål) in commercial brackishwater ponds under
different management regimes because such data were not available in the literature. Feed intake and growth were compared
between a rather intensive culture system in a fish farm of 1 ha pond size and a semi-intensive one, with a total pond area
of 30 ha. The feed intake and daily ration of fish were estimated using a mathematical model from Elliott & Persson, used
mainly for filter feeders and grazers showing a distinct diel feeding periodicity.
Pond monitoring was conducted on Panay Island (Visayas), Philippines. Fish size and gut content of milkfish in the two
milkfish farms were monitored on 3 occasions (Oct. 1996, Mar. 1998, Jun. 1998). A total of 132 milkfish were sampled
on both stations during initial and final monitoring (avg. final weight in the intensively managed farm: 334±82 g; semi-
intensive farm: 233±88 g). The data indicate a daily ration of 0.71% BME in the intensive farm, corresponding to a direct
consumption of only 9% of the supplemental feed. This led to a wastage of fish feed and a lower specific growth rate than
in the semi-intensive system where fish were not supplemented and relied only on natural food through fertilization of the
pond (specific growth rate SGR: 1.0 for the intensive system vs. SGR: 2.1 for the semi-intensive system).
These results recommend a heavy reduction and optimization, or even abandonment of the use of supplemental feed for
milkfish culture, since comparable growth rates can be achieved without any pelleted diets. The reduction in supplemental
feeding can reduce the economic costs of milkfish production and may save feed resources for additional animal production.
Finally, the complex interactions taking place in milkfish pond farming demand further investigations into alternative
culture strategies which should take into account the low intake of supplemental feed observed in these systems.
364
THE EFFECTS OF FREQUENCY OF THE VIBRIO VACCINATION AND VITAMIN C ON

THE SURVIVAL RATE OF TIGER PRAWN Penaeus monodon Fabricius CHALLENGED
WITH WHITE SPOT SYNDROME VIRUS (WSSV)
Mun Imah Madeali* and Endang Susianingsih
Research Institute for Coastal Aquaculture (RICA)

Jl. Makmur Dg. Sitakka Maros 129
90512 South Sulawesi, Indonesia
litkanta@indosat.net.id
The aim of the research was to obtain the optimal frequency of the vibrio vaccination and dosage of vitamine C in
preventing WSSV infection and their effect on the survival rate of the tiger prawn postlarvae.
The vaccine used vibrio vaccine, while the vitamine C used was the commersial vitamine C (as found in polyphosphate).
The frequency of vaccine and the dose of vitamine C were given every 4 days by using the immersion method prior
to vaccination. The tiger prawn postlarvae were challenged with WSSV and observed for 7 days.Research was set by
completely randomized design in factorial pattern where factor A = Vaccine (A1 = 0, A2 = 2, A3 = 4 and A4 = 6), and
factor B = vitamin C dosage (B1 = 0 ppm, B2 = 0,05 ppm, B3 = 0,10 ppm, and B4 = 0,15 ppm) and each combination was
three replicates. In order to find out the effect of the treatments, the data obtained in the research were analysed by using
statistical of two-way anova at 5 % and 1 % significance levels and Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT test).
The result of the analysis showed that the frequency of vaccination and the dosage of vitamine C had a significant effect
(P<0.01) on the survival rates of tiger prawns postlarvae, though there was no significant interaction (P>0.05) between
them. The result of the regression analysis revealed that vaccination frequency indicated positive effect on the survival
rate of the tiger prawns postlarvae. The water quality during the research was in the normal condition for the tiger prawns
postlarvae.
Figure 1. The effect of Figure 2. The relation between

vaccine frequency on dosage of Vitamine C and survival
the survival rate of Tiger rate of tiger prawn postlarvae after
Prawns of Vitamine C and challenged with WSSV on the 7th
survival after challenged days observation.
with WSSV on the 7th days
observation.
365
ESTIMATION OF VOLATILE COMPOUNDS IN WILD AND FARMED Labeo rohita

Shahid Mahboob and Muhammad Ijaz Hussain
Department of Zoology G C University

Faisalabad, Pakistan
rsmahboob@yahoo.com
The volatile compounds of farmed and wild Labe rohita fish of two different weight categories were determined. The
farmed raised Labeo rohita of two different categories designated FW1 (1001-1200 g) and FW2 (501-700g) were procured
from the Fish Seed Hatchery, Faisalabad. Concurrently, wild Labeo rohita of two different categories designated WW1
(1001-1200 g) and WW2 (501-700g) were captured with the help of gill nets from the Trimu Head, which is 95 Km away
from Faisalabad. The volatile compounds were isolated by using Likens-Nickerson concurrent extraction method and
analyzed through Gas chromatography (GC). In the farmed and wild L. rohita of the weight group FW1 and WW1 14 and 7
volatile compounds were extracted, respectively. In wild L. rohita only 6 compounds were estimated. In farmed and wild L.
rohita of weight category FW2 and WW2 14 and 13 volatile compounds were detected, respectively. The statistical analysis
on variance for retention time and concentration of volatile compounds showed non significant differences (P> 0.05). The
correlation coefficient between retention time and concentration remained significant (P < 0.05).
INTRODUCTION:
The aromas are formed by the volatile compounds (VOCs) and semi-volatile compounds (SVOCs), which are present in
trace amount. Aroma is considered more important than taste in determining flavor. Aroma volatiles are related to odor
of fish. Volatiles compounds,which contribute to the characteristic odor of fish are small molecules, usually less than 1
kDa121 (Hognadottir, 1998).
RESULTS:
The chromatogram of the farmed L. rohita of the weight category FW1 revealed 14 peaks. From the chromatogram, it is
cleared that 14 compounds were present. Seven compounds out of these 14 have been identified as 3-methyl-1-butanol
for peak 1, 3-hexene-1-ol for peak 2, heptanal for peak 4, 3- octanol for peak 7, decanal for peak 10, 2-undecanone for
peak 11. The other seven compounds could not be identified due to multiple reasons (Fig 1). The chromatogram of volatile
compounds obtained from flesh of wild L. rohita of the weight category WW1 on chromatogram indicates that only six
compounds were present. Out of six compounds three were identified as heptanal for peak 1, 1-octen-3-ol for peak. 3,
2-nonanone for peak.4, other 3 was unknown (Fig 2). The chromatogram for the volatile compounds of the flesh of the
framed L. rohita of the weight group FW2 showed that 14 volatile compounds were present (Fig 3). Out of 14 compounds,
3-hexene-1-ol for peak 2, heptanal for peak 3, 3- octanol for peak 7, 2-undecanone for peak 11 and decanal for peak 14
were identified.
366
IDENTIFICATION AND MEASUREMENT OF PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN FLESH FROM

FARMED AND WILD Cirrhina mrigala
Shahid Mahboob*, Ghazala, Muhammad Hassan and Amna Jamil
GC University
Faisalabad, Pakistan
rhmahboob@yahoo.com
mahboobs@fsdcomsats.net.pk
Farmed and wild samples of two weight categories designated as W1 (501-900g) and W2 (901-1300g) of Cirrhina mrigala
were collected from a Commercial Fish Farm from river Chenab at Trimu Head Jhang respectively. Fish flesh, clean up
was done by GPC and 11 pesticides analysis carried out through reverse phase HPLC technique. Endosulfan α, p, p’-DDT,
methamidophos, carbofuran, diazinon, parathion methyl, dimethoate, malathion, chlorpyriphos, cypermethrin, carbosulfan
and isoproturon were detected in farmed fish. All of these pesticide residues except for methomidophos were also identified
in the flesh of the wild fish. The level of all pesticide residues was lower than maximum residue limit but carbofuran
exceeded the MRL (0.1 ppm) in farmed (0.11 ppm) and wild fish (0.21 ppm). Total concentration of pesticide esidues was
found to be highest in farmed (0.06 ppm) as compared to wild fish (0.05 ppm).
INTRODUCTION
Environmental contamination is recognized as a world wide problem. Part of this problem is caused by the application
of pesticides that are used in agriculture, horticulture and forestry as conservative against pest infestation. Some of the
pesticides and their terminal products are carcinogenic, mutagenic, tumerogenic and teratogenic. The use of pesticides
through out the world is increasing and will continue to increase as the race between food production and population
continues. Injudicious use of pesticides in agriculture can lead to health hazards to hundred percent via polluting both
ecosystems like water, soil, food gain etc.
Results
Many pesticides in the present study showed that both wild and farmed Cirrhina mrigala were contaminated with endosulfan
α, p, p’-DDT, methamidophos, carbofuran, diazinon, parathion methyl, dimethoate, malathion, chlorpyriphos,
cypermethrin, carbosulfan and isoproturan. Concentration of endosulfan in farmed fish was recorded as 0.02±0.001 and
0.01±ppm and W1 and W2, whereas in wild, the highest concentration was 0.009±0.001ppm under W1.
367
INTEGRATED CULTURE OF Artemia SALINA-SALT POND PRODUCTION AND FISH IN

JEPARA-INDONESIA
Akhmad Fairus Mai Soni, Dwi Joko Sulistiono, Adi Susanto, Syahrul Latief and Eri Sutanti
Center for Brackishwater Aquaqulture Development

Jepara, Central Java, Indonesia
Jl. Pemandian kartini, po.box 1 jepara
fairus_soni@yahoo.com
Salt work production become importance in Jepara since shrimp diseases outbreaks all shrimp production. Salt work
become important for farmer income daily. More than 90 percent from total areal shrimp culture production was converted
to salt pond.
Integrated culture Artemia-Salt-fish was done in Surodadi Village, Jepara-Central Java, Indonesia. 30 percent (or 3.000 m2)
from salt pond production (1,0 Hectare) was used for Artemia culture, and the rest (7.000 m2) for Reservoir, evaporation,
and crystalization pond respectively. The activity was start since dry season (July). The reservoir used for Milkfsh (Chanos
chanos sp) with 2.000 juvenile; Green mussel (Mythilus sp) with hanging methods was stocked 100 kg seed; and Grouper
with stocking density 300 juvenile (E. fuscoguttatus) cultured in cage with 4x6 m2. Instar I Artemia was stocked 200
N/liter. During culture period, salinity was maintained at 120-140 ppt, and during culture periods Artemia was feed with
by product fish oil (coconut palm cake) with dose 10 g/m3/day. The all production from this culture was: (1) 70 kgs wet
cyst; (2) 70 ton salt; (3) 300 kg milkfish; (4) 300 kg mussel; and (5) 300 kg grouper respectively. Integrated culture was
significant different for farmers income compared salt productions.
368
THE STATUS AND IMPACT OF GENETICS RESEARCH IN TILAPIA AQUACULTURE

Graham C. Mair
School of Biological Sciences,

Flinders University, GPO Box 2100
Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
graham.mair@flinders.edu.au
With its ease of maintenance and breeding and its short generation time, combined with its ever growing global importance
as an aquaculture species and seafood commodity, tilapia has become a major focus of finfish genetics research over the
past 15 years. This presentation will provide an updated status report on the progress of various areas of genetics related
research including domestication, hybridization, sex control, selective breeding, transgenesis and the application of genetic
markers, and discuss the current and future impact of this research upon tilapia aquaculture.
Whilst early research focused on hybridization, the greatest advances have clearly been made in selective breeding with a
number of breeding programmes, using a variety of selection approaches, reporting very significant gains in growth rate
and production. These gains have been targeted at growth rate performance in extensive and semi-intensive production
systems (having been funded for the most part by development agencies) and it is in these systems where the gains have
been demonstrated. It is not yet clear whether the improved strains will show similar production gains in intensive systems
where other traits such as food conversion and fillet yield have relatively greater importance. Hybridisation and sex control
breeding programmes have also found or retained a place in a number of production systems or geographic locations
but are not widespread. Whilst tilapia, transgenic for growth hormone genes, have been produced and growth rate gains
demonstrated, funding for this area of research has been affected by negative implications of, and consumer resistance to,
the application of GMOs in agriculture. The prospects for their adoption in commercial aquaculture look distant at best.
Research effort in recent years has focused on the applications of genetic markers and there have been significant gene
mapping efforts using a range of markers systems. Microsatellite DNA markers are being now being used for pedigree
determination to enhance commercial selective breeding programmes and there are on-going efforts to identify and
ultimately apply quantitative trait loci for a number of commercially important traits.
Efforts to disseminate improved varieties of tilapia have met with variable success. Selectively improved lines have been
widely adopted in a number of locations and successfully disseminated through structured programmes but there are also
examples where introductions of improved strains have had limited impact. There is an ever increasing, if somewhat ad hoc,
international traffic of tilapia ‘strains’, improved or otherwise, and there is perhaps a need for some form of international
‘strain registry’ that might assist aquaculturists to navigate through the multiple sources of information in identifying new
germplasm appropriate to their systems.
369
THE USE OF POLYCHAETES AS AN INGREDIENT IN AQUAFEED DIETS

Tony Smith, John Snalam and Colin Mair
Dragon Research Ltd.

Port Talbot
Wales SA12 7PT Great Britain
colinmair@btinternet.com
The aquacultural industry is very old, pond fish having been a staple source of protein in many countries for hundreds of
years. The last twenty years have seen dramatic growth in aquaculture with high technology and intensive rearing methods
being applied. In one species alone, the Atlantic Salmon, over a 2 million tonnes per year are farmed. The relatively recent
introduction of these intensive farming techniques has created a range of challenges, such as water pollution, disease and
the effects of fishing for wild species to supply the fish farmers with protein and oil. It is in this latter area that there has
been up to now no ready solution, with the supply and demand rapidly approaching the cross-over point where the seas
cannot supply all the fish needed by the aquacultural industry. There is also the as yet unresolved issue of pollutants such
as dioxins being concentrated in sea fish and then being fed to farmed species.
In the wild, marine fish occupy a position high in the food chain, with phytoplankton high on the menu, but bottom
dwelling species such as polychaetes are also a significant element in the marine food chain. These species are important
bio-converters, eating almost anything including algae, seaweeds and any organic detritus they can get hold of. These
essentially estuarine creatures also have very interesting composition from an aquacultural nutritional point of view, with a
balanced lipid, protein and pigment content being present in, for the most part, an easily utilised bio-available form.
Farming technology for polychaetes has now reached the stage of development where it is theoretically possible to grow
enough polychaetes to replace the feed fish used by the aquacultural industry. The use of a combination of cultured algae
and selective control of other ingredients used to feed the polychaetes creates new possibilities for targeted nutrition using
polychaetes as vehicles to deliver required performance into feeds. Tests already done have shown very encouraging results
with starter feeds and maturation feeds for various fish species and shrimp, the polychaete-based feeds being exceptionally
palatable and of superior performance generally in terms of growth rates, mortality, colour development for exotic species
and maturation. The availability of newly available processing technology combined with polychaetes presents exciting
possibilities for the future of aquaculture.
370
IDENTIFICATION OF DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED GENES IN EYESTALK DURING

OVARIAN MATURATION IN THE SHRIMP Metapenaeus ensis
W. Y. Mak* and K. H. Chu
Department of Biology and Molecular Biotechnology Programme

The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Hong Kong, China
makwaiyan_phoenix@yahoo.com
The development of broodstock maturation technology in shrimp aquaculture depends on in-depth knowledge on the
physiology of ovarian development in shrimp. The X-organ sinus gland complex, at the eyestalk of shrimp secretes
neurohormones controlling many important physiological processes, including reproduction. To investigate the physiological
changes in the complex during ovarian maturation, we carried out a study to identify differentially expressed genes in the
eyestalk throughout the process of ovarian development.
In our research, RNA arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction (RAP-PCR) was used for generating cDNA probes
representing genes expressed in the eyestalk during three different stages of ovarian maturation in the shrimp Metapenaeus
ensis. Two sets of probes were generated for screening 600 clones from an eyestalk cDNA library using dot blot
hybridization. Hitherto, 37 fragments which showed differential expression were sequenced. Five of these fragments
showed high similarity to known gene products. The five putative differentially expressed genes are rhodopsin, farnesoic
acid O-methyltransferase, hemocyanin, cytochrome oxidase subunit I and cytochrome oxidase subunit II. The differentially
expressed pattern of the putative genes will be further characterized by Northern hybridization using RNA from all five
stages of ovarian maturation.
The findings in this research will lead to better understanding of the molecular control during shrimp ovarian maturation
necessary for development of broodstock technology.
371
MARICULTURE OF JAMAICAN RED HYBRID TILAPIA

Loy Malcolm and Russell Dunbar Steele
Mona Institute of Applied Sciences

University of the West Indies (UWI, Mona)
4 Belmopan Close, Kingston 7, Jamaica W.I.
mias@uwimona.edu.jm
As Jamaica’s marine fisheries continue to decline and freshwater resources become more limited and expensive, Tilapia
mariculture becomes an increasingly attractive alternative. The overall objective of this study was to improve and refine
the handling and treatment procedures used in the marine cage culture of tilapia as well as to evaluate and compare
the economical costs of such a project. The research involved acclimation and grow-out in seawater, of Red Hybrid
Tilapia fingerlings. Grow-out was done in both cages (nylon meshed enclosures suspended from floating rafts) and tanks
(polyethylene containers) 4 m3 in volume, stocked at 100 fish/m3. Fish were fed 3 times daily at 3% their body weight for
the first three weeks and then twice daily.
Every three weeks, fish were treated and sampled by measuring standard lengths and weights (Tables 1 & 2). From these
results, in both cages and tanks, new feed weights were calculated and at the end (1) average daily weight gain, (2) survival,
(3) feed conversion and (4) total production were determined. To rid the fish of the parasite N. melleni, we tested several
treatments, the most effective of which was used to treat the fish in later cage culture experiments.
Growth in sea water cages was comparable to freshwater results, and in the case of tank culture, the rate of growth was
better.
An economic analysis was done, examining the project data as well as a number of hypothetical scenarios in order to
compare the economic feasibility of tank and cage culture (Table 3) in terms of set up and operational costs.
The results from this experiment will provide a system of sustainably culturing Red Hybrid.
Table 1: Comparative growth curves (weight g) among

replicate tanks.
Table 2: Comparative growth curves (weight g)

among replicate cages.
Table 3: Comparing the economic costs of tank

and cage culture. culture
372
IMPROVING INSTITUTIONAL LINKAGES AND INDUSTRY GOVERNANCE FOR

PROMOTION OF SUSTAINABLE SHRIMP AQUACULTURE IN ASIA
Dwijen Mallick* and Dr. Atiq Rahman
Research Fellow
Bangladesh Centre for Advanced Studies (BCAS)
Dhaka, Bangladesh
dwijen.mallick@bcas.net
The shrimp sector has multiplicity of institutions, actors and stakeholders in shrimp growing Asian countries, but the
relations and interactions amongst the stakeholders and actors are not always adequately affirmative for the growth of
the sector. The stakeholders (shrimp farmers, traders, processors and exporters, the relevant government agencies etc.)
very often don’t cooperate to each other due to conflict of interests and lack of understanding of each other perspectives
and stakes. These create barriers towards the sustainable development of the sector by addressing the bio-technological,
productivity, quality, marketing, economic, social and environmental issues. In many cases, the lack of understanding and
cooperation among the institutions and stakeholders put serious and real challenges for policymaking and implementation
of good policy and programmes.
One of the policy issues papers, under the PORESSFA project, tries to examine the existing institutional arrangement and
relationships among the stakeholders in selected shrimp growing countries in Asia. The paper is based on both primary
information (consultations with the farmers, traders and policy makers) and secondary literature on the issues. The paper
defines industry governance as enhancement of accountability, responsibility and playing of due role by the stakeholders and
the actors and it finds that there has been progressive shift in policy and programmes in each country to enhance productivity,
improve quality and standards, promotion of market as well as to address the environmental problems in relation to shrimp
farming. But the countries like Bangladesh, Vietnam and India require better implementation of policy and programmes
and improvement of institutional as well as stakeholders relations at different levels. The paper emphasizes that greater
attention is required on corporate social responsibility to addressing poverty, livelihoods, equity and gender, labour rights,
welfare issues in the sector. Effective collective action can help to change the conventional vertical relationships amongst
institutions and stakeholders (i.e., formal government institutions at national, regional and local and farmers at grassroots,
traders, exporters etc.) to a more horizontal interactions and collaborations with mutual responsibility.
373
USE OF AUTONOMOUS BOATS FOR MEASUREMENT, ANALYSIS AND CONTROL OF

DISSOLVED OXYGEN AND TEMPERATURE IN WATER BODIES
Mandhani Navneet*, Mudgundi Amol, Randy R. Price and Steven G. Hall
Biological and Agricultural Engineering

Louisiana State University AgCenter
Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA
nmandh1@lsu.edu
Temperature and dissolved oxygen are two of the most critical environmental parameters in aquatic environments. Dissolved
oxygen plays a vital role for the survival and growth of fish species in water bodies. Variation of dissolved oxygen across
these water bodies has a direct relationship with temperature. Temperature influences biochemical dynamics and almost
all physiological functions. Real time measurement and control of these parameters is critical to fish survival and health.
Fixed systems are limited in both time and space, whereas autonomous robotic boats can traverse water bodies testing and
potentially influencing water quality. For this study, such an autonomous boat was equipped with three dissolved oxygen
sensors and thermocouples at the surface and three vertical positions. A Campbell Scientific datalogger acted as a central
storage device. It also had a GPS unit attached to the microcontroller to guide the path taken by the boat. Data collected for
various paths taken by the autonomous boat (horizontal, vertical and random), is used to analyze the variation of dissolved
oxygen and temperature with depth across the water bodies. Both spatial and temporal variations can be detected and
current work is focusing on using this data to manage or control water quality. The three dimensional graphs obtained show
a considerable reduction in concentration of dissolved oxygen with depth, as well as changes with location and time. This
information and potential further automated systems should assist managers in improving aquatic system management.
Figure 1 displays the variation of Dissolved Oxygen at depths of 1 ft., 2 ft. and 3 ft. with respect to time. It is observed that
the Dissolved Oxygen increases with increase in sunlight. Some amount of variation is also observed with depth. To get
a bigger picture of exact variation of Dissolved Oxygen at a particular depth we map the data in three dimensions using
SURFER plots version 8. Figure 2 shows the variation of Dissolved Oxygen at a depth of 3 ft. with respect to spatial co-
ordinates over the entire water body. The peaks show high concentration of Dissolved Oxygen that is observed due to the
presence of stumps. A better variation of Dissolved Oxygen over the entire water body with the values can be observed in a
contour plot. This would help the fish farmers to know the concentration of Dissolved Oxygen in various parts of the water
body. If more than one aerator is installed in the water body this could also be used to switch on an aerator only in the area
that has very low concentration of DO.
Figure 1. Dissolved oxygen varied from less than 5 to more than 13 ppm during
the duration of certain tests. Variation in DO may be linked to algae respiration,
flows and respiration of other aquatic species, and may be useful in managing aquatic
ecosystems.
374
THE STATE OF GROUPER AQUACULTURE IN SOUTH EUROPE

Giovanna Marino
ICRAM
Via Casalotti 300
00166, Rome Italy
g.marino@icram.org
Epinephelinae groupers are globally one of the most commercially important marine fish, commanding high prices at
market and being heavily targeted in fisheries. Of the seven species of the genus Epinephelus found in Mediterranean
waters, the dusky grouper Epinephelus marginatus is the most commercially and recreationally important and is considered
a potential candidate for commercial aquaculture, restocking and coastal zone management programs.
Attempts to reproduce the dusky grouper in captivity started in the Mediterranean in 1995 on the initiative of research
groups in Italy, Greece and Croatia. However, the rate of progress has been quite slow and hatchery methodologies have
been not still standardized. This presentation briefly reports the recent advances made in the key areas of broodstock
formation, induced sex reversal, hormone induced spawning and larviculture.
Dusky grouper exhibits several reproductive disorders in captivity, as many females fail to complete vitellogenesis and
do not spawn spontaneously. Spawning induction methods based on a single administration of synthetic analogues of
gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRHa) incorporated in microspheres were developed in 2001 and resulted the best
methods in inducing multiple ovulations of good quality eggs (Marino et al. 2003).
Attempts to raise the newly hatched larvae throughout the larval rearing period remained unsuccessful for long time.
Low egg quality, scarce endogenous reserves and lack of large quantities of suitable sized live food for first feeding, are
mentioned as prior causes.During the summer of 2001, 2002 and 2004, ICRAM in collaboration with Maricoltura di
Rosignano Solvay (MRS, the INVE Technologies Center, Italy) succeeded in producing a large quantity of dusky grouper
juveniles in tanks (Marino et al. 2002). Application of a low-density rearing (3larvae/l) in 6,000 l cylindroconical tanks
using the green water technique yielded the best results (survival rate: 12% at day 80).
The economic feasibility of intensive culture of dusky grouper for commercial farming has not yet been thoroughly evaluated
and few data are available on its zootechnical performance in captivity. Dusky grouper is recognised as a medium growth
capacity species under the natural thermal regime of the Mediterranean area (18-20°C), even if growth rate seems highly
promising under tropical ambient conditions. Recirculation systems at constant temperature (22-24°C) could represent a
suitable rearing system for grouper aquaculture in Mediterranean area.
Marino G.; Panini E.; Longobardi A.; Mandich A.; Finoia M. G.; Zohar Y.; Mylonas C.C. (2003). Induction of ovulation
in captive-reared dusky grouper, Epinephelus marginatus with a sustained release GnRHa implant. Aquaculture, 219: 841-
858.
Marino G., Longobardi A. Lenzi F. De Wolf T. (2002) . First pilot-scale larviculture of the Mediterranean dusky grouper
Epinephelus marginatus. World Aquaculture Society, Beijing China, 23-27 April 2002, pag. 480.
375
GNOTOBIOTIC Artemia AS A TOOL TO TEST IMMUNOSTIMULANTS’EFFICIENCY IN

THE PROTECTION AGAINST PATHOGENIC BACTERIA
Antonio Marques*, Jean Dhont, Patrick Sorgeloos and Peter Bossier
Laboratory of Aquaculture and Artemia Reference Center

Ghent University
Rozier 44
9000 Ghent, Belgium
antonio.marques@ugent.be
Marine aquaculture has become more intensive over the last 15 years. The stress induced to target species in such intensive
systems predisposes the animals to become more receptive to microbial infections, especially in the larval stages. The use
of antibiotics to control diseases is undesirable and, at least in Europe, is being phased out, due to risks of contamination of
the environment and the final product and due to the spread of drug resistant pathogens. Nowadays, the use of preventive
approaches such as vaccines, immunostimulants and probiotics are becoming increasingly important in aquaculture. These
new methods are developed to reduce stress, mortalities, to maintain the health of cultured organisms and to stimultate
the non-specific defense mechanism in order to prevent eventually losses from diseases. The application of vaccines,
especially on older fish with a specific immune system, has been extremely efficient, but immunostimulants and probiotics
in larviculture have not been applied so successfully yet. In fact, rigorous analysis of reported results reveals that in several
cases the validity of some conclusions with respect to the benefit of immunostimulation is limited. Therefore, there is an
urgent need for unequivocal evidences of the beneficial effects of immunostimulants in reducing invertebrate susceptibility
to disease or infection using standardized trials under controlled rearing conditions.
To cope with infectious diseases, the defense system in invertebrates (especially in crustaceans) depends mainly on a non-
specific (innate) immune response. The immune response can be triggered by immunostimulants, like ß-glucans and LPS,
presumably rendering the animal more resistant to diseases. The baker’s yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an excellent
source of �-glucans and chitin, present mainly in the yeast cell wall where they are the major compounds, together with
mannoproteins. A suitable method to deliver immunostimulants to larvae of target organisms is the bioencapsulation
technique, where these compounds are incorporated in live prey organisms, such as Artemia.
To test the effective protection of immunostimulants against different pathogens, brine shrimp Artemia is a suitable model
organism since this small crustacean can be cultured in standardized axenic conditions (starting with disinfected cysts) and
fed on a wide variety of feed sources, such as baker’s yeast (non-selective particle filter feeder). The standardized test was
run for 6 days starting with axenic Instar II nauplii. Artemia was fed daily with an autoclaved probiotic bacterium (±383µg
AFDW; which allows for 35% survival when unchallenged) and inoculated with different amounts of two axenic yeast
strains provided also daily: the wild type (±16 and ±1.6µg AFDW) and its mnn9 null mutant (±19 and ±1.9µg AFDW). The
mnn9 yeast strain has a null mutation for the MNN9 gene involved in yeast cell wall synthesis, suppressing mannose chain
extension in cell wall-bound mannoproteins, resulting phenotypically in higher amounts of glucans and chitin in the cell
wall. At day 3, Artemia were challenged with known live pathogens: Vibrio campbellii (±18µg AFDW) or V. proteolyticus
(±11µg AFDW). Several control treatments were performed. Survival was determined daily and the individual length was
registered at day 6.
The results obtained were reproducible and demonstrate that Artemia inoculated with wild type yeast (having low amounts
of �-glucans and chitin in the cell wall) couldn’t survive when challenged with both pathogens, while nauplii to which mnn9
yeast (having high amounts of ß-glucans and chitin in the cell wall) was supplied, could resist to the detrimental effects of
both pathogens. The resistance was dependent on the amount of yeast added.
376
SUSTAINABLE AQUACULTURE OF THE MEXICAN SILVERSIDE Chirostoma estor estor,

Jordan 1879: BIOTECHNICAL DEVELOPMENTS
Carlos A Martinez Palacios*, Ma Gisela Rios Duran, E Mayra Toledo Cuevas and Lindsay G Ross
Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo

San Juanito Itzicuaro s/n Col.
San Juanito Itzicuaro C.P.58330
Morelia, Michoacán, México
palacios@zeus.umich.mx
The Atherinid silversides of the altiplano lakes of Mexico have been the basis of important artesanal fisheries since pre-
Hispanic times. Although once very abundant, many species are now under considerable pressure from environmental
change and from over-fishing and can be considered to be endangered. This paper summarises the considerable advances
which have been made in the last 4 years in our understanding of the principal species from Lake Patzcuaro, Michoacan,
Mexico, Chirostoma estor estor.
For the first time, the reproductive cycle has been closed in captivity and systems for managing broodstock through to
maturity are described.
With other species of the flock, C. estor estor has a relatively recent estuarine ancestry and consequently performs well
in brackish waters up to 15‰. While the species now occurs exclusively freshwater, both egg and larval survival can be
greatly enhanced in culture by manipulating salinity. The species grows and survives well between 20 and 28°C, and has
an optimum temperature for survival and growth of 25°C.
The species has been shown to be zooplanktivorous throughout its life cycle and the specially adapted branchial filter
apparatus which maximizes feeding efficiency is described. Assisted by this information, highly successful intensive
hatchery systems have been developed using live food. The animals also adapt well to artificial feeds and performance
on artificial diets of all stages is being actively investigated in parallel with work on the gut structures and digestive
biochemistry. Laboratory reared progeny have now been successfully grown in semi-intensive systems.
The technical development of a complete sustainable aquaculture technology, based on organic principles, for this and
related species of the flock is described.
377
NOTES
378
ECONOMICS OF THE COPEPOD Tisbe monozota MASS PRODUCTION AT PILOT SCALE,

AND ITS USE IN PLACE OF Artemia sp. IN SHRIMP HATCHERIES
Francisco J. Martínez-Cordero*, Eloy Yen-Ortega and Ana C. Puello-Cruz

Unidad Mazatlán. Aquaculture Economics Laboratory
The successful production of larvae of aquatic organisms of commercial importance like shrimp depends on a varied,
reliable, and massive live food production. Copepods have been successfully used as feed in larviculture since they have
important characteristics that make them excellent candidates as live food. Since year 2000, a continuous culture batch
of the copepod Tisbe monozota has been maintained under controlled conditions in CIAD-Mazatlán, and trials have been
carried out in order to develop techniques to improve and enhance the survival rate of important Mexican fish and shrimp
larvae species using T. monozota as live food. Latest trials have evaluated the copepod’s mass production in big outdoor
containers, testing different substrates and stocking densities. The results of these trials are used in this paper as the baseline
production model for the evaluation of the mass production at pilot scale of T. monozota, and the feasibility of using this
copepod in place of Artemia sp. in commercial shrimp hatcheries. A sensitivity analysis is also carried out to analyze the
impact of different strategies of copepod stock management and variations in biological parameters.
The results show that the use of Tisbe monozota in place of Artemia sp. in commercial shrimp hatcheries is financially
feasible. Annual feeding costs for a typical 20 m3 shrimp postlarval tank are reduced almost 50% with the substitution, if
the hatchery builds a ceparium to maintain a stock of copepods, rather than purchasing copepods each production cycle.
Therefore, if the copepod stock management strategy is to construct a ceparium, annual operation costs savings offset the
extra labor and investment required to build and operate a ceparium. For a 20 m3 shrimp postlarval tank, annual feeding
cost per 1000 PL is reduced from US$ 15.44 using Artemia to $ 7.77. The sensitivity analysis (Table 1) shows that further
improvements in fecundity rate and copepod stocking density in the mass culture tanks would improve the results even
more. Although further pilot-scale tests are needed and underway, current results indicate that the substitution of Artemia
sp for Tisbe monozota could be in the near future a solution to cut down annual operation costs in shrimp hatcheries, as a
strategy to increase efficiency in operations.
Table 1. Baseline and sensitivity analysis, feeding costs using Artemia sp and Tisbe monozota
379
A PRODUCTION FUNCTION ANALYSIS OF SEMI-INTENSIVE CULTURE OF WHITE

SHRIMP Litopenaeus vannamei IN SONORA STATE, MEXICO
Francisco J. Martínez-Cordero* and M. Martín Mariscal Lagarda

Unidad Mazatlán. Aquaculture Economics Laboratory
The semi-intensive culture of white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) was analyzed using a production function. Yield and
the independent variables feed (kg/ha), seed (pl/ha), water exchange (m3/ha), fertilizer (kg/ha) and lime stone (kg/ha) were
evaluated using a Cobb-Douglas functional form. Data collected included 64 ponds (8 hectares average pond size), located
in shrimp farming parks in the State of Sonora, Mexico, for the period 2001-2003.
Results of the study are shown in Table 1. Factor elasticity or partial elasticity of production revealed that all variables are
inelastic and the production activity takes place in the second stage of production where MPP<APP, and the returns to scale
are inelastic too. On the other hand, feed, seed and fertilizer had the highest marginal factor productivity, which indicates
that are the inputs with the greatest potential to increase yield. The marginal rate of technical substitutions among inputs,
subject to prices and input costs, reflected that there are no substitution opportunities between feed, seed, water exchange
and lime stone, but a substitution is possible between feed and fertilizer, as expected by theory.
In general terms the results indicated that it is possible to intensify production in terms of input use. However, this may
cause economic losses resulting from water quality deterioration and disease problems. In addition, a more intensive use
of feed without taking care of the quality of the farm water outflow, is a potential source of environmental impact and is a
farm practice not recommended.
Table 1. Cobb-Douglas production function parameters and calculated values for factor elasticity,
returns to scale, marginal physical product (MPP) and marginal value of product (MVP).
380
THE NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF TROPICAL MICROALGAE FOR BLACKLIP PEARL

OYSTER Pinctada margaritifera LARVAE
Erika Martínez-Fernández*, Héctor Acosta-Salmón and Paul C. Southgate
Pearl Oyster Research Group

Australia
erika.martinezFernandez@jcu.edu.au
Over recent years the pearling industry has seen growing interest in hatchery production of pearl oysters. Hatchery methods
for pearl oyster larvae are generally based on those developed for temperate bivalves and until recently have included
the use of temperate species of microalgae as larval food. Larvae of tropical species of pearl oysters (e.g. Pinctada
margaritifera, P. maxima and P. mazatlanica) are generally reared at water temperatures between 27 and 30°C. During the
last few years there have been major developments in the culture and availability of tropical microalgae as food for tropical
bivalve species. This study investigated the nutritional value, for P. margaritifera larvae, of seven small (<10 µm) tropical
microalgae species: Isochrysis sp. (T-ISO, CS-177), Pavlova salina (CS-49), Pavlova sp. (CS-50), Chaetoceros muelleri
(CS-176), Chaetoceros sp. (CS-256), Micromonas pusilla (CS-170) and an unidentified Prasinophyta (CS-126) (Codes are
CSIRO catalogue codes). Monospecific, binary and ternary algal diets were assessed for their nutritional value for early
(D-stage veliger) and late (umbo stage veliger) stage larvae. Unfed control treatments were run for all experiments.
Significant differences (P<0.05) were observed in overall survival of P. margaritifera D-stage larvae fed monoalgal diets
after 10 days of culture. Lowest survival was recorded for larvae fed the diatom CS-256, while survival was highest for
larvae fed the flagellate Pavlova sp. (CS-50). Overall survival of umbo stage larvae did not show significant differences
(P<0.05) for all treatments including the unfed control after 8 days of culture.
Growth of D-stage veliger larvae fed monoalgal diets showed significant differences (P<0.05). Best growth was obtained by
larvae fed the brown flagellates Pavlova salina and Pavlova sp. (CS-50), followed closely by Isochrysis sp. (T-ISO). Poorest
growth was obtained for larvae fed the diatom CS-256 and the Prasynophyta CS-126. Growth of umbo stage larvae was
significantly (P<0.05) higher for larvae fed the brown flagellates Pavlova sp. (CS-50) and Pavlova salina, followed closely
by the diatom Chaetoceros muelleri. Poorest growth was obtained for larvae fed the diatom CS-256, and the Prasynophyta
CS-126.
Results of the binary and ternary microalgae diet combinations and overall conclusions will be discussed.
381
GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF SURUBIM Pseudoplatystoma sp. SUBMITTED TO A LONG

TERM FEEDING TRIAL WITH DIETS CONTAINING THREE LIPID SOURCES: THE
FIRST NINETY DAYS
Maximiliano D’. Noffs, Ricardo C. Martino*, Luiz C. Trugo, Elizabeth C. Urbinati, João Batista K. Fernandes,
Leonardo S. Takahashi
Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro

Laboratório de Bioquímica Nutricional e de Alimentos
Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química (CT)
Bl. A, Lab. 528, Ilha do Fundão
CEP: 21 944-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
rmartino.rlk@terra.com.br
Due to the scarcity and the high cost of fish oil, there is an urgent need for the replacement of this lipid source in aquafeeds.
Fish nutrition research has shown that tropical freshwater fish species do not have a specific requirement for fish oil and
their fatty acid requirement can be met by the use of plant lipid sources. However, the replacement of fish oil in the diet
of these fish must be evaluated in terms of growth performance, carcass fatty acids composition and histological effects in
fish tissues, among other parameters. The present study gives results for the first ninety days of feeding freshwater catfish
surubim, Pseudoplatystoma sp. with experimental diets containing different lipid sources
Four isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets (Table 1) formulated with

47% of crude protein and 19% of crude lipid respectively, were
used to investigate the effect of three lipid sources on growth
performance of the surubim, Pseudoplatystoma sp.
Juveniles (mean weight 28.0 ± 2.2g) were assigned randomly

to 84-L net cages placed in twelve 3000-L fiberglass tanks (1
cage per tank), equipped with a flow through fresh water system.
Seventeen fish were placed in each cage. Each diet treatment had
3 replicates (n=3). The water temperature was kept at 25.4 ± 1.3 C
by an electric heater. Fish were fed (n=3) twice a day, to apparent
satiation, for 90-d. After this period, fish of each treatment were
individually weighed. Growth parameters and survival rate
are shown in Table 2. No statistical (P>0.05) differences were
observed for growth and survival.
Although many indigenous Brazilian fish species, such as the

surubim are being successfully raised in fish ponds, the nutritional
requirements of these fish species are not well understood. The
results obtained in the present study may contribute to a broader
knowledge of these requirements, and therefore help to increase
of the productivity of this species.
382
THE PATTERNS OF LIPID AND ESSENTIAL FATTY ACID CHANGE IN EARLY

DEVELOPMENT OF TIGER GROUPER Epinephelus fuscoguttatus LARVAE
Muhammad Marzuqi, Ketut Suwirya and Nyoman Adiasmara Giri

P. O. Box 140
Singaraja Bali 81101 Indonesia
gondol dkp @singaraja.wasantara.net.id
Developments of early stage of larvae depend on energy content of the body. One of energy source in early stage of larvae
is lipid. Lipid in eggs and early development larvae stage of tiger grouper (Epinephelus fucoguttatus) is used for energy and
maintained membrane of body cells. Therefore class lipid for energy decreases and class lipid for maintained membrane
increases. Lipid quality in larvae depends on the content of essential fatty acid. Lipid from larvae stage neurula, 0, 1, 3,
4, 7, 12, 15, 17 and 20 days after hatch out were observed on non polar, polar lipid, and essential fatty acid. The result of
experiment showed that proportion of non polar lipid from neurula phase to three days larvae (D3) decreased from 87.76%
to 43.62% and polar lipid increase from 12.24% to 56.36% (Table 1). This result showed, that non polar lipid is used for
energy and polar lipid for maintained membrane of body cell. Essential fatty acid, such as EPA and DHA also decreased in
non polar and polar lipid (Fig.1). Decreasing essential fatty acid is higher in non polar lipid than in polar lipid.
Table 1. Proportion of polar and non polar lipid of body larvae of tiger grouper, (Epinephelus fucoguttatus)
in early stage (%).
Fig. 1. EPA and DHA in nonpolar lipid of early larvae stage.

383
DIRECT FED MICROBIALS IN GROW OUT PONDS. INDUSTRIAL SCALE RESULTS

J. Paul Massam*
Epicore BioNetworks, Inc.

4 Lina Lane
Eastampton, NJ 08060 USA
epicore@magpage.com
Field research has shown that the benefits of use of direct fed microbials (DFMs) in shrimp ponds can be obtained, in a
very cost-effective manner, by applying the probiotic directly to the grow-out feed. There is no research to indicate that
any DFM will directly prevent viral mediated mortality. However, research indicates that DFMs stimulate the immune
response.
With respect to mode of action in shrimp, research is not so well developed as to reliably state a mode of action. Whether
a direct effect on the shrimp gut occurs, or whether application to feed simply concentrates the probiotic in the area of the
shrimp’s habitat is uncertain. Whatever the mode of action, the results speak for themselves.
In a 2003/2004 trial in Ecuador, three semi-intensive ponds were run for one cycle. Two levels of a commercially available
probiotic were added to feed throughout the grow-out cycle with the following results:
In another 2003/2004 trial, four treatment and four control, semi-intensive (6-8/m2) ponds were run for one cycle, during
an outbreak of white spot virus. Using the DFM, productivity increased by 57%, average weight by 9% and survival by
75%.
384
SOUTHERN REGIONAL AQUACULTURE CENTER (SRAC) PUBLICATIONS PROJECT:

INTERDISIPLANARY, MULTI-STATE, AND AN INTERNET SOURCE FOR AQUACULTURE
INFORMATION
Michael P. Masser
Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences

Texas A&M University
College Station, TX 77843-2258 USA
m-masser@tamu.edu
The Southern Regional Aquaculture Center (SRAC) is one of five regional centers for aquaculture research and extension
funding in the U.S. Regional Aquaculture Centers were established by the U.S. Congress in the 1980 Farm Bill but SRAC
was not organized until funding was available in 1987. The thirteen states and two territories included in the Southern
Region are Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Puerto
Rico, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, U.S. Virgin Islands and Virginia.
One of the first SRAC projects undertaken was the Publications, Videos, and Computer Software (PVCS). The PVCS
project has been ongoing since its inception in 1988. Annual funding for the project has varied from $50,000 to $85,000.
Annually between 10 and 15 publications and/or videos are produced through the project. To date the SRAC – PVCS
Project has completed 164 Fact Sheets, 9 Species Profiles, and 20 videos. All SRAC publications are available on the web
site at http://www.msstate.edu/dept/srac/ or available on a searchable CD (updated every 3 years).
The significance of the PVCS Project is its interdisciplinary and multi-state nature. Authors are selected for their expertise
and national prominence in the particular subject area needing a publication. The regional PVCS Steering Committee
selects subjects and authors for each project year. Over 120 authors from across the Southern Region, including University,
Federal, State, and private institutions, have contributed to SRAC publications. Publications include culture techniques for
over 20 species, general culture methods and systems, water quality, consumer information, aquatic vegetation management,
and more. Each publication is peer reviewed by a minimum of 6 scientists from across the entire U.S., qualifying them as
“Peer Review” publications – the same as Journal publications for promotion and tenure. This is a “win-win” situation for
everyone, as the publications are broadly applicable for the Southern Region (and the world), written by the cutting edge
expert in the particular subject matter area, and at no cost to each institution. In fact, authors receive non-salary funds for
writing SRAC publications.
385
BEHAVIORAL CHARACTERISTICS OF JAPANESE FLOUNDER Paralicthys olivaceus IN

THE CONTEXT OF STOCK ENHANCEMENT
Masuda Reiji*, Tomoko Arai, Osamu Tominaga and Tadahisa Seikai
Fisheries Research Station

Kyoto University
Nagahama, Maizuru
Kyoto 625-0086 Japan
reiji@kais.kyoto-u.ac.jp
Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus is one of the most popular target species of marine stock enhancement in
Japan. The recapture rate, however, varies dramatically depending on release areas and years. For the success of stock
enhancement, in general, the quality of seedlings, releasing method, and habitat environment have to be optimized. In this
paper we review the behavioral characteristics of Japanese flounder that are related to stock enhancement, then we seek the
possibility of improving the behavioral quality prior to release.
Although they are benthic, Japanese flounder juveniles have to swim off the bottom when they feed. Earlier work by
Furuta (1998) focused on this off-bottom swimming. He found that hatchery-reared flounder juveniles tend to swim off the
bottom for longer period compared to the wild, suggesting the higher predation vulnerability of hatchery-reared fish. Off-
bottom swimming varies depending on starvation conditions, ie, starvation induces longer and more frequent off-bottom
swimming (Miyazaki et al. 2000).
Predator avoidance of hatchery-reared flounder juveniles improves through learning process (Hossain et al. 2002). We
found that this is true both on ‘experience learning’ and ‘observation learning’. In the latter case, where test individuals
visually observed other individuals to be eaten or threatened by predators, the test individuals presented better survival
when they directly encountered predators. The effect of learning was obvious when they encountered to a predator at 5
hours after the learning procedure, whereas the effect was not as clear when they encountered at 30 hours later. Basic
behavioral experiments may throw light on the improvement of release strategy in stock enhancement.
386
PATTERNS OF GENETIC DIVERSITY IN WILD STOCKS OF THE GIANT FRESHWATER

PRAWN Macrobrachium rosenbergii: IMPLICATIONS FOR CULTURE
Peter B. Mather* and Mark de Bruyn
School of Natural Resource Sciences

Queensland University of Technology
GPO Box 2434
Brisbane, Qld 4001, Australia
p.mather@qut.edu.au
The giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) is cultured widely around the world, but little is known about
the levels and patterns of genetic diversity in either wild or cultured stocks. Studies have suggested that genetic diversity
may be relatively low in some cultured stocks due to the history of how they were founded, and subsequent exposure to
repeated population bottlenecks in hatcheries. In contrast, wild stocks have an extensive distribution that extends from
southern Asia across Southeast (SE) Asia to the Pacific region. Therefore, wild stocks could be an important resource for
genetic improvement of culture stocks in the future. Understanding the extent and patterns of genetic diversity in wild giant
freshwater prawn stocks will assist decisions about the direction future breeding programs may take. Genetic diversity
was screened in wild stocks from across the species’ natural range, targeting both slow-evolving (16S) and fast-evolving
(COI) mitochondrial DNA gene regions. Extensive genetic divergence was evident between ‘eastern’ and ‘western’ wild
stocks, the boundary coinciding with Huxley’s extension of Wallace’s Line. This pattern has previously been reported in M.
rosenbergii based on morphological and allozyme variation. Additionally, within ‘eastern’ and ‘western’ forms, population
divergence was marked, with discrete major freshwater drainages containing mostly unique sets of haplotypes. In parallel,
microsatellite markers have been developed for ‘eastern’ form stocks to characterise modern influences on genetic diversity.
The results indicate clearly that cultured stocks of the two major forms should be developed independently, and translocations
strictly controlled to within regions inhabited by the two major forms. To date, very little of the natural genetic variation
present in wild stocks has been exploited in culture.
387
INDIGENOUS AND ALIEN SPECIES: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR

AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT
Niklas S. Mattson*, Devin M. Bartley and Simon Funge-Smith
MRC Fisheries Programme

P.O. Box 7035
Vientiane, Lao PDR
niklas@laopdr.com
Alien species are an established means to increase production and profit from aquatic systems, including aquaculture.
Information gathered from a variety of sources including scientific literature, government reports, professional meetings
and workshops, international aid/development projects and the FAO Database on Introductions of Aquatic Species (DIAS)
has shown that alien species provide a variety of benefits in many areas. The widespread culture of tilapia in Asia in systems
varying from backyard ponds to intensive monosex cage culture provides opportunities for food and income generation
to both the poor and entrepreneurs. Chile is now the world leader in salmon production with an industry that employs
approximately 30 000 workers in areas with limited other options for development. In Africa, the introduction of kapenta,
a pelagic clupeid, to Lake Kariba has created a multi-million dollar fishery for some of the world’s poorest communities.
The rapid expansion of culture of Litopeneaus vannamei in Asia and the Latin American countries in which it is not native,
has radically reduced the levels of production risk by allowing specific pathogen free stocks to be developed.
The use of alien species for aquaculture has generated controversy as they are becoming recognized as one of the most
significant threats to native aquatic biodiversity. Aquaculture development is the primary reason for deliberate introduction
of aquatic species to new environments. As our knowledge of biology, breeding and culture of new species expands,
the use, domestication and development of indigenous species for aquaculture is becoming a realistic alternative to the
use of alien species. In ASEAN countries approximately 80% of aquaculture production comes from indigenous species,
indicating that traditional or emerging production systems for indigenous species are not only a reality, but the norm. The
wide diversity of indigenous species that are cultured reflects strong preferences for indigenous fish and the multitude of
environments in which they can be cultured.
To reduce the risk of disruption of ecosystems, indigenous species may be favoured for culture as they reduce the number of
unknowns if they escape. However, movement of domesticated or wild indigenous fish may also impact wild populations.
This includes genetic effects, such as displacement, introgression and a reduction in geographic diversity. Stocking for
enhancement purposes may cause increased exploitation rates, and affect wild populations even if no reproduction occurs.
There have been limited efforts to develop indigenous species for intensified systems in terms of genetic improvement
and domestication. Highly domesticated strains are likely to have low fitness in the wild, and the risks associated with
movement may be expected to decrease with the level of domestication.
Aquaculture is a diverse sector providing benefits for a variety of users, from resource poor farmers to multi-national
corporations. There is no simple formula that can be applied in choosing species that will satisfy all biological, production,
environmental and economic criteria. Food production systems do interact with the environment in which they operate and
a balance is required between the need to provide food with the need to sustain ecosystem services and biodiversity.
388
THE EFFECT OF TAURINE TO SPEED UP MOLTING AND INCREASE PHYSICAL

ENDURANCE FROM VANNAME SHRIMP LARVA Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone)
Novi Mayasari
Aquaculture
Bogor,16680 Indonesia
myphie_ms@yahoo.com
The larva of vanname shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei Boone) molt from stage to stage and their feeding requirements
change, as well as their morphology . Newly hatched nauplii rely on their yolk reserves to supply all of their nutritional
feeds. After five molts, these yolk reserves are exhausted and the nauplii metamorphose into the zoea stage and begin
feeding on microalgae. Molting rate in zoea is strongly influenced by culture condition. Under optimum condition, the zoea
molt through three sub stages (designated z-1 through z-3) in about five days (36 hours per stage).
Taurine, one of the lesser known amino acids, plays several important roles in the body and is essential to newborn of
many species. The taurine molecule is water soluble. Taurine is a very important amino acid involved in a large number of
metabolic processes and can become essential under certain circumstances.
This experiment dedicated to know taurine’s effect to speed up molting which occurs to zoea of penaeid shrimp, and to
increase physical endurance or survival rate (SR).
At first, larva fed live foods, Chaetoceros, but in the second day, larva begin fed artificial feed, BP and Spina. After
three days, larva of penaeid shrimp which given some concentration of taurine (table.1) had significant (P<0,05) survival
rate. These results indicate that at least one’s or more taurine concentration which could determine SR from larva. The
highest SR is in 0 ppm concentration, the second is in 10 ppm, and the third is in 25 ppm concentration. In 50 and 100
ppm concentration, all of the larva are dead, probably it caused by the high amount of taurine concentration, and could be
poisoned for larva.
Molting rate that happens during the experiment not work properly, which shown in Table.2 . It takes two days to acomplished
the stage of zoea 1, and the stage of zoea-2 also takes two days. However, in 10 ppm concentration, in the third day, shown
that a half of the cultured larva has been reached zoea-3 stage. It is indicate that taurine had a effect to speed up molting
rate, but it should be in exact concentration.
389
SEQUENCING THE FIRST ABALONE MITOCHONDRIAL GENOME AND THE

DEVELOPMENT OF NEW DNA TESTS TO IMPROVE ABALONE AQUACULTURE
Ben T. Maynard* and Peter J. Hanna
School of Biological and Chemical Sciences

Deakin University
Geelong, VIC 3217
btma@deakin.edu.au
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is characteristically a closed circular molecule encoding genes and regulatory elements
involved with energy production in eukaryotes. The present study is the first to clone and sequence an entire abalone
mtDNA genome (Figure 1), namely that of the Australian blacklip species, Haliotis rubra. We have developed a number
of mtDNA tests in highly variable areas of the genome, such as the protein-coding genes NAD6, ATP6 and ATP8, as well
as the 3’ area of the non-coding control region (CR). Unprecedented levels of variation have been found in local wild
populations of H. rubra and greenlip abalone, H. laevigata, using these new mtDNA tests, of which data from the CR has
been the most informative.
So far, CR DNA tests have been developed for 7 other abalone species (Table 1) from different parts of the globe, and
this work is continuing. We are also validating maternal inheritance in the controlled environment of a number of local
aquaculture installations. The high variability of the mtDNA regions we are analysing lend themselves well to the
simplification of on-shore selective breeding programs. We present our investigations into the potential uses of mtDNA for
the “barcode” identification of individuals, assignment of parentage (eg. tracing fast growers back to parents), reduction of
inbreeding, determination of hybridisation direction for hybrid stocks, and the elimination of the need to segregate family
lines in duplicate facilities during production. Prior to the present study, mtDNA knowledge and research in abalone was
limited to only a few regions. The exciting aquaculture marker potential of the new and highly informative mtDNA tests
presented here will complement previously developed nuclear DNA tests, such as microsatellites.
FIGURE 1 The mtDNA genome of the Australian blacklip abalone,

H. rubra. The highly variable regions for which DNA tests have been
developed are depicted in black (control region), vertical stripes (ATP6
and ATP8 genes), and horizontal stripes (NAD6 gene). Other regions also
found to be variable, but for which DNA tests have not yet been developed,
are depicted as blank boxes.
TABLE 1 Other Haliotis species on which mtDNA tests

within the CR have been tested (to date).
390
CONFIRMATION OF THE HOMOZYGOUS GENOTYPE FOR THE LYRETAIL TRAIT IN

SWORDTAILS Xiphophorus helleri USING ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION AND PROGENY
TESTING
Kathleen McGovern-Hopkins*, Clyde S. Tamaru and Glenn Takeshita
University of Hawaii Sea Grant College Program

2525 Correa Road, HIG 205
Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 USA
mcgovernhopkins@hawaii.rr.com
The lyretail variety of swordtail has been established through breeding as a distinct variety of swordtail. In this variety
the upper and lower rays of the caudal fin are elongated, giving rise to the term Αlyretail.≅ The elongation of fin rays is
not restricted to the caudal fin as the dorsal and anal fins also become extended. This genetic change in the fins hampers
the ability of the male swordtail to mate due to an over-development of the gonopodium. Until now, lyretails have been
produced by mating a female lyretail with a male common swordtail. However, only 50% of the resulting brood will
possess the lyretail trait. Through the selective breeding process it has been hypothesized that the lyretail trait is a dominant
genetic characteristic and an individual only needs one dose of the gene to express the lyretail phenotype. Lyretails are
significantly more valuable and marketable than common swordtails and methods to increase production of the lyretail
phenotype would obviously be very useful.
Using artificial insemination, male lyretail x female lyretail crosses that resulted in offspring were first isolated and then
grown large enough for their phenotype to be scored. The clutches produced were found to have lyretail:common swordtail
phenotype ratios that are consistent with the expected 3 lyretail :1common ratio if the lyretail gene is being inherited
in Mendelian fashion. The working hypothesis becomes 25% of these lyretail offspring should possess a homozygous
genotype for the lyretail trait. Since the lyretail gene is dominant, 100% of the offspring of a homozygous lyretail would
also be lyretail, even if they were mated with common swordtails. This homozygous condition can only be revealed through
progeny testing.
391
EFFECTIVE CONTROL OF AMMONIA AND NITRITE IN FULL-SCALE COMMERCIAL

SHRIMP PONDS USING A UNIQUE CONSORTIUM OF MICROBIAL NITRIFICATION
STRAINS
Sarah C. McHatton*, David J. Drahos, Philippe Tacon and Tanuttha Suyawanish
Novozymes Biologicals, Inc.

Salem, VA 24153 USA
scm@novozymes.com
A novel consortium of microbial nitrification strains, NNC, has been developed with demonstrated efficacy for ammonia
and nitrite control both in laboratory and full-scale shrimp farm pond studies. FISH (fluorescent in situ hybridization)
analysis and full 16S rDNA sequence determination confirmed that the consortium consists of a Nitrosomonas eutropha
species and a Nitrobacter winogradskyi strain co-existing in a large flocculated biofilm structure readily suspended in a pond
water column. The NNC consortium has unusual tolerance to high salt and growth temperature and storage conditions.
In laboratory and field studies on Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp, periodic applications of NNC maintained or reduced
ammonia and nitrite levels to 0.2 ppm and 0.5 ppm or less, respectively throughout the test periods. Extension of the typical
90-day grow out period for L. vannamei to over 110 days was observed, due to improved water quality, extended feeding,
and lower disease incidence. Shrimp yields in eight treated 0.8 hectare ponds during the standard three-month growth out
were over 60% higher than non-treated controls. Yield levels as high as 16.6 and 22.4 kg/ha were recorded in several treated
ponds. The nitrifier consortium is compatible with a probiotic blend of Bacillus strains, PB628, which appears to further
augment pond water quality maintenance.
392
PLANNING FOR ENVIRONMENTALLY SUSTAINABLE TROPICAL FINFISH CAGE

CULTURE, WITH A CASE STUDY FROM SOUTH SULAWESI
Rachmansyah and David McKinnon*
Australian Institute of Marine Science

PMB No.3, Townsville Mail Centre
Queensland 4810, Australia
d.mckinnon@aims.gov.au
The nations of the S.E. Asian region share concerns in maintaining appropriate environmental standards for the rapidly
developing finfish cage culture industry. However, the environmental effects of fish cage culture are poorly understood in
the tropics. Tropical environments used for cage culture are dissimilar to the better-known northern hemisphere systems
in a number of ways (e.g. biological turnover rates, tidal regimes, sediment types, water chemistry and rainfall regimes).
In addition, aquaculture target species in the tropics also differ greatly in biology from those grown in temperate northern
hemisphere environments. Cage technology used in Indonesia, and much of Asia, comprises small-scale pens or floating
cages, usually moored in sheltered water – and this most often means semi-confined bodies of water such as estuaries and
bays where wastes do not rapidly disperse. Moreover, fish farmers are risk-averse and reduce perceived risk by ‘clustering’
cage farms very close together. Consequently, there tend to be concentrations of numerous small cage farms in small areas.
There is an urgent need both for better understanding of the environmental effects of fish cage farming in the tropics, and
for better planning tools to mitigate any adverse environmental impact.
In South Sulawesi, we conducted research to assess sedimentation rate and organic particulate dispersion from an 84 m2
marine milkfish farm into the surrounding environment. Sedimentation rate was measured using the sediment traps, each
consisting of a set of three individual traps on the same mooring line, positioned 1-m above the seabed at the distance
of 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 m from the raft. As both fish food and sediment have distinctive fatty acid profiles, the relative
proportion of food and or sediment could be determined. The dispersion of organic particles from the raft was measured
respectively based on water depth, current velocity and particle settling speed. The results showed that sedimentation rate
at the center of the raft to a distance of 50 m from it is around 8.22-34.18 (27.14±8.98) g m-2 d-1 greater than at 75 and 100
m distance. Organic particle dispersion and deposition extended to 9-66 m from the raft. The benthic impact area is 493-
1,097 (702±167) m2, which equates to organic carbon deposition between 0.01-0.20 kg m-2 for the entire rearing period.
In this case, we recommend that the distance between farms should be set at 100 m to avoid detrimental levels of organic
particle loading.
This study is an example of the kind of research necessary to manage industry expansion, but applies to only one species
of fish at one location. There is an urgent need for more generic planning tools, applying to a wide range of environments
and to multiple species and culture technologies.
393
YEAST BY-PRODUCTS AS ACCREDITED PROTEINS FOR THE ORGANIC PRODUCTION

OF A MARINE CARNIVORE
Ewen McLean*, Steven R. Craig, Angela Lunger and Michael H. Schwarz
Virginia Tech Aquaculture Center

1, Plantation Road
Blacksburg, VA 24061-0321 USA
emclean@vt.edu
A major issue facing the aquafeed industry is its dependency upon fish meal (FM) as the main constituent protein of, in
particular, marine finfish and shrimp feeds. Ethical concerns, and increasing prices associated with FM, stipulate that the
aquafeed industry must move towards more sustainable protein sources. A major challenge in the application of alternative
proteins however, is that most, especially plant protein sources, have deficiencies when compared against FM. These
include the presence of antinutritional factors, poor digestibility, lower availability of some essential amino acids and
problems with palatability. These dilemmas may become amplified when examining available protein sources that are
appropriate for the organic production of aquacultured animals.
Several trials have explored the use of single celled proteins as alternative protein sources for aquafeeds. However, few
studies have evaluated the use of organically certified yeast products for aquafeed formulations and none have considered
obligate marine carnivores. Accordingly, the present trial investigated the ability of cobia to use a commercially available,
fully accredited organic yeast-based protein (NuPro®) as an alternative to FM. Diets were manufactured to include NuPro®,
at graded levels, varying from 0% (FM control) to 44% (total protein replacement). Triplicate groups of 10 fish were fed a
fixed ration as a % body wt d-1 for 6 wk. Rations were adjusted weekly. At trial termination, various morphometric indices
were examined: wt., length, k-factor, HSI, VSI and IPF together with muscle and liver composition, hepatic glycogen
content and FER.
Group weight gains varied between 86-512% increase above initial wt. (Figure). Cobia accepted a 25% inclusion rate
of NuPro® for FM without impact to wt gain, FER or other production characteristics. Wt. gain was not significantly
compromised until reaching the 75% NuPro® inclusion rate. Data suggest that at a minimum, NuPro® can replace 25%
of FM in cobia feeds.
394
IS TANK ENGINEERING IMPORTANT FOR HATCHERY AND NURSERY

MANAGEMENT?
Jesper Laursen, Michael R. Rasmussen, Ewen McLean*, Steven R. Craig and Michael H. Schwarz
Virginia Tech Aquaculture Center

1, Plantation Road
Blacksburg, VA 24061-0321 USA
emclean@vt.edu
Contemporary research upon the hydrodynamics of fish-rearing units has revealed significant interactions between tank
architecture and fish behaviour and performance. Of particular importance, especially with respect to larval and juvenile
animals, is the degree of mixing that occurs within the water column. Mixing represents a critical issue because it has
considerable influence not only upon predator-prey interactions (particle dynamics), but also in the removal of solids and
maintenance of optimal water quality. The latter is of decisive importance, especially during the post-weaning period.
Topical studies (see Rasmussen et al., 2005; Aquaculture, in press) indicate that, irrespective of size, fish have noteworthy
impacts upon tank mixing processes. Through hydrodynamic sensing, teleosts are able to undertake subtle adjustments
in posture, movement and positioning to facilitate favorable exploitation of variations in the hydrodynamic environment.
One benefit that may accrue from such hydrodynamic repositioning is a reduction in the energetic costs of locomotion and
associated enhancement of survival during critical stages of development. An enhanced understanding of how tank design
may affect the hydrodynamic environment and thence fish-particle interactions and water quality would clearly assist
hatchery and nursery production.
One method for examining the potential impact of the tank engineering process upon the fluid environment is Computational
Fluid Dynamics (CFD; see Rasmussen and McLean, 2004; Aquaculture 242, 397-416). CFD has been employed to examine
the impact of structural changes upon the hydrodynamic performance of both flow-through and recirculating aquaculture
tanks. When combined with tracer methods a more discrete indication of the impact, for example, of standpipe design on
particle dynamics (Figure) and water velocities can be gained. The importance of applying these novel technologies to
assist in the design of hatchery and nursery tanks will be discussed.
Figure demonstrating the impact of one standpipe configuration upon particle dynamics. The number of particle tracks
illustrated has been reduced by a factor 5 for clarity.
395
APPLICATION OF CSIRO’S AQUACULTURE SITE SELECTION DECISION SUPPORT

MODEL TO A VIRGIN SITE – TIMOR LESTE
Ian McLeod, Nigel Preston, Seamus McElroy, Wine Langeraar, Zakirman Ibros, Wine Langaraar,
Hilario Logarta, Horatio Santos Guterres, Adalfredo do Rosario Ferrera and Celestino da Cuhna Barreto
CSIRO Australia developed a computer tool for selecting land suitable for aquaculture in the 1990s. This model was used
at two scales, a broad scale to eliminate areas of low or no interest, and a second fine scale where additional information
was used to select the best sites within the originally defined area (Refs 1, 2). The current research represents an extension
of this approach as a planning tool for use in one scenario: to identify areas in a virgin landscape where there is little
coastal development to date. The model uses critical topographic and other physical features plus economic, social and
legal characteristics of the aquaculture system under review to select statistically the areas which have the greatest potential
for aquaculture, followed by those which have good, moderate, low and no potential for aquaculture within a distinct
water catchment area or river basin. The results confirm the value of this model for assessing those areas most suitable for
aquaculture development at both the broad and fine, site specific, scales.
The paper outlines the approach and the various sources of data that are used to develop the model and describes in some
detail how the model can be modified to select the best sites for different aquaculture species such as shrimp – under
extensive, semi-intensive and intensive cultivation systems, grouper grow-out, pearls, and some of the critical variables for
other brackish water and marine species of interest to Timor Leste.
396
NATURAL FEEDING PATTERN OF SNAPPER LARVAE Lutjanus sebae AND L.

argentimaculatus
Regina Melianawati*, Philip Teguh Imanto and Made Suastika

PO Box 140
The purpose of this observation was to get data on natural feeding pattern of snapper larvae reared under natural light
intensity. This observation was done using 500-4000 L. tanks located under natural lighting condition adjusted below 1000
lux with canopy filtering roof. Phytoplankton of Nannochloropsis ocullata was applied in the morning of second day after
hatching and zooplankton rotifer Brachionus rotundiformis was given at a rate of 10-15 ind./mL in the afternoon as well
on the first feeding, and the next day feeding was given three times a day, at 0800,1200 and 1600 hours. Water exchange
was applied at a rate of 20% after 12 days of rearing. Age of larvae used for observation was 5 and 10 days old larvae,
observation was done in 24 hours at every age, and 5-10 larvae was taken at every time was selected for observation. The
larva samples were placed in a single concave object glass, opening stomach and counting the number of rotifer inside.
Observation was done under stereoscopic microscope. At every sampling time, light intensity was measured at 1 cm over
the surface using a luxmeter. The number of rotifer inside the stomach was used for analyses assuming the minimum
intensity of feeding activity, digestion time and also the digestion rate of larvae.
The results showed there was relationship between lighting condition and natural feeding pattern of snapper larvae, where
feeding activity was done under certain level of light intensity. The minimum light intensity for feeding activity of L.sebae
larvae was 600 and 400 lux, digestion time was 4 and 5 hours, and digestion rate was 1.50 and 2.76 individual rotifers/hour
for 5 and 10 days old larvae, respectively. The minimum light intensity for feeding activity of L.argentimaculatus larvae
was 500 and 50 lux, digestion time was 5 hours and digestion rate was 1.18 and 1.77 individual rotifers/hour at the same
ages of L.sebae larvae.
397
DIETARY COMPONENTS OF COMMERCIALLY VALUABLE DEMERSAL FISH SPECIES

IN RELATION TO AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT IN SCOTTISH SEA LOCHS
Elena Mente*, Graham J. Pierce, Nicky Spencer, Joanna Martin and Begoña Santos
School of Biological Sciences, Zoology

University of Aberdeen
Tillydrone Avenue
Aberdeen AB24 2TZ
Scotland, UK
e.mente@abdn.ac.uk
The diets of Haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus), whiting (Merlangius merlangus), saithe (Pollachius virens) and various
flatfish species sampled from four Scottish sea lochs (Duich, Hourn, Kishorn, Nevis) supporting aquaculture sites were
examined in order to explore the impact of changes in benthic biodiversity on other marine species. Samples were collected
“close to” (<2km) and “far from” (>2km) fish farms cages. Dietary differences according to loch, proximity to aquaculture
facilities and fish size were analysed. Lawley-Hotelling MANOVA was used for weight and numerical abundance data
and χ2 for frequency of occurrence data. Differences in diet were considered when significant in two or more measures of
importance (Numerical abundance, frequency of occurrence and weight). Feeding strategy was estimated using Levin’s
Index.
Overall, haddock ate predominantly Malacostracan crustacea, Ophiurid echinoderms and Polychaete annelids; whiting ate
predominantly Malacostracan crustacea and Teleost fish and flatfish ate Malacostracan crustacea, Polychaete annelids and
Ophiurid echinoderms. Those taken far from farms in loch Hourn ate only Polychaete annelids although those taken close
to farms in loch Hourn were generalist feeders and consumed a greater variety of prey. The diet of haddock sampled close
to fish farms in loch Hourn contained significantly more Malacostracans than those taken far from farms and included
Polychaetes. Haddock taken close to farms in Hourn exhibited a generalist diet. Whiting taken close to farms in Hourn
consumed significantly fewer Malacostracan crustacea than those taken far from farms. Dietary differences observed in
increasing size classes of whiting and haddock in loch Hourn were significant. The importance of Malacostracan crustacea
in the diet of haddock increased with size class while the inverse was true of whiting which showed greater preference
for Teleosts with increasing size in both loch Hourn and Nevis. In loch Duich, Haddock showed preference for Ophiurid
echinoderms and whiting for Teleosts - both as opposed to Malacostracan crustacea. Saithe ate predominantly fish farm
pellets.
Multivariate analyses of the effect of proximity on diet with the influence of individual lochs removed showed that proximity
to aquaculture facilities did not effect dietary preference and that size significantly effected whiting diet preference. In
conclusion, dietary differences were observed between the lochs and between sites close to and far from farms in lochs
Hourn and Nevis. Dietary preferences in loch Duich were different from the other lochs. These differences cannot be
attributed to aquaculture development specifically. Further work should include sampling closer to fish farm cages.
398
FRESHWATER PRAWN CULTURE IN CHINA – AN OVERVIEW

Miao Weimin* and Yuan Xinhua

No.9 East Shanshui Road
Wuxi, China 214081
miaowm@ffrc.cn
As the country with largest aquaculture industry in the world, China has experienced rapid development of freshwater
prawn aquaculture in the past decades. Chinese freshwater prawn culture industry was stimulated by the drop of marine
shrimp production caused by disease problem in mid-1990s and maturation of culture and breeding technique of introduced
giant river prawn. Culture production of the species reached 113,743 metric tons. It accounted for 25.07% of the world
production in the year. Total cultured freshwater prawn production reached 579,344 metric tons in 2003. Freshwater prawn
culture plays a very important role in freshwater aquaculture in China now.
This paper generally reviews the development trend of the freshwater prawn culture and assesses the social and economic
impacts resulted from the development of the industry in China. The paper briefly covers the important technical aspects
of freshwater prawn culture in China. The paper also identifies and analyzes the major problems existing presently in
the production and constraints such as genetic degradation, disease and marketing issue, which may affect the future
development of the industry. Prospect of freshwater prawn culture industry in China is analyzed. The paper suggests the key
strategies and technological development for the sustainable development of freshwater prawn culture industry in China.
399
EFFECT OF CHOLINE AND METHIONINE AS METHYL GROUP DONORS ON JUVENILE

KURUMA SHRIMP, Marsupenaeus japonicus
Fady Raafat Michael*, Shin-ichi Teshima, Shunsuke Koshio, Manabu Ishikawa, Yuji Okubo, Orhan Uyan
and MD and Shah Alam
Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition

Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University
Shimoarata 4, 50-20 (890-0056)
Kagoshima City, Japan
mfr_m@yahoo.com
Methyl group donors such as amino acids or choline are needed for almost all living organisms to be able to form other
compounds by methylation process. In aquatic animals, the need for methyl group-donating compounds was reported for
both fish and crustaceans.
A 42-day feeding trial was conducted in a 2 x 3 factorial design to evaluate the effects and interactions of two methyl group
donors; choline chloride (CC) and methionine (Met) on kuruma shrimp juveniles (0.91±0.04 g) Marsupenaeus japonicus.
Six isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets were formulated, with soybean protein isolates as the main protein source, to
contain 3 levels of CC (0, 0.06 and 0.12 %) and 2 levels of Met (0 and 1.5%) at a constant level (1%) of soybean lecithin.
CC and Met were precoated with CMC before supplementation in the diets.
A significant (P<0.05) interaction was determined between CC and Met in terms of survival rate (SR %), percent weight
gain (%WG), specific growth rate (SGR % day-1) and feed efficiency ratio (FER). Regarding the parameters mentioned, at
the 0% Met level, the increment of CC from 0 to 0.12 % showed significant increase in all parameters. Whereas at the 1.5 %
Met level, only the increment of CC from 0 to 0.06% showed significant increase in the parameters’ values while increasing
the CC level from 0.06 to 0.12 did not show any significant enhancement in the mentioned parameters. The control shrimp
group without supplemental CC and Met showed lower (P<0.05) values than other shrimp groups fed with 0.06 and 0.12%
supplemented CC with or without Met supplementation. Although both shrimp groups received 0.06 or 0.12% CC at 1.5%
Met showed the highest values (P<0.05) dealing with the above mentioned parameters compared to other tested dietary
treatments, no significant difference (P>0.05) with the group received 0.12% CC at 0% Met could be observed. The present
study showed that supplementation of 0.12 % CC in the diets could compensate kuruma shrimp juveniles with the needed
methyl group when received Met deficient-diets. Also, the supplementation of Met was needed in the case of choline
deficient-diets of kuruma shrimp juveniles to compensate methyl group deficiency.
400
NOTES
401
CONSTRAINTS TO FARMER INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT (IPM) AND GOOD

AGRICULTURAL PRACTICE (GAP) TRAINING PROGRAMMES IN THAILAND AS A
STRATEGY TO REDUCE NEGATIVE IMPACTS FROM AGRICULTURAL SYNTHETIC
PESTICIDES ON FARM AQUATIC SYSTEMS
Garry K. Milwain*, David C. Little, Amararatne Yakupitiyagi, Nuttiga Kiattichaiprasop
and Orawat Kiattichaiprasop
Stirling
Scotland, U.K. FK9 4LA
gkm1@stir.ac.uk
Throughout Thailand, on-farm agricultural and freshwater aquatic systems are used both extensively and intensively for
food production for both subsistence and commercial purposes. Agricultural and aquatic products including plants, animals
and fish are commonly harvested from farms for both household consumption and sale in local markets.
Agriculture makes a significant contribution to the Thai economy, with increasing emphasis on high-end domestic and
foreign ‘safe’ food markets. However, increasing changes towards fruit and vegetable farming, over other products, and
the associated intensification of pesticide use, are evident as a result of escalating market demand and profit incentives.
This trend in the intensification of pesticide use potentially poses higher risks to the aquatic environment through pesticide
residue pollution, to production of aquatic foods and to the health of consumers. With commercial aquaculture’s expansion,
particularly in per-urban regions, the potential threat from the negative impacts from agricultural pesticide use to aquatic
production is increasing.
The Thai Government’s support and emphasis on farmer integrated pest management (IPM) and good agricultural
practice (GAP) training programmes has increased with the perceived benefits from increasing local and international
market demands for certified ‘safe’ agricultural produce. Various farmer training programmes have been, and are being
implemented, however weaknesses exist in their implementation, monitoring and evaluation and ultimately in farmers’
adoption of taught skills and techniques.
Current constraints, and future recommendations, associated with farmer training programmes are highlighted, with respect
to the minimisation of the aquatic environmental and commercial risks from synthetic pesticide use.
402
CASE STUDY ON AQUACULTURE EXTENSION TARGETED SMALL-SCALE FISH

FARMERS IN SUMATRA, INDONESIA
Irma Minarti H.*, Yoyo Wiramiharja, Evi Rahayuni and Yukiyasu Niwa

bbatj@indo.net.id
The extension program targeted on small-scale fish farmer of rural area in Sumatra, Indonesia has been implemented
from the early 2001 until 2004. At the beginning of program five districts were selected as a sample area namely “model
area” from four provinces. To advance this extension program we did not introduce new innovative technique, respecting
traditional culture system, from the view of sustainability on social community circumstance and environment. We
objectively watched fish farmer’s activities and picked solvable problems and gave suggestions. After implementation of
several programs such renewal of existent old brood fish, periodic inspection larvae and seed, reinforcement of knowledge
like feed, planning furthermore continuous regular monitoring during two years, consequently positive changes were
appeared on some indicators such number of fish farmer households, income by fish culture among farmers in model
area. This case study suggests that it is possible to acquire positive accomplishment on productivity and change of mind,
as a result of extension program for rural fish farmers by not adopting innovative technology but only utilizing improved
technique, moreover clarified the importance of (1) analysis of actual situation before implementation, (2) well-timed and
methodical execution, (3) steady follow-up through continuous monitoring.
MASS PRODUCTION OF MOUSE GROUPER Cromileptes altivelis IN FLOATING NET-

CAGES
Herno Minjoyo* and Sudjiharno
National Sea Farming Development Center

P.O Box 74
Teluk Betung
Bandar Lampung 35401, Indonesia
herno_minjoyo@ahoo.com
Mass culture of mouse grouper Cromileptes altivelis in floating net-cages has developed at National Sea Farming
Development Center and Lampung Bay Coastal waters. Fish at nursery and young fish stages were reared using nylon net
with mesh size 4 millimeters and poly ethylene (PE) net with mesh size 0.75 inch, respectively. It size was 1 meters x 1
meters x 1.5 meters, while for grow out fish was 3 meters x 3 meters x 3 meters with mesh size 1 – 1.5 inch. Fish stocking
density was 150 – 200 fishes/squire meters for animal until 9 – 12 cm/ind. total length; 75 – 100 fishes/squire meters for
fish until 15 – 17 cm/ind. total length and, 40 – 50 fishes/squire meters for fish until marketable size or 500 g/ind. Fish was
feed with trash fish and or pellet with dosage adlibitum. Feed was given 2-3 times per day for 15 – 200 g body weight/fish
and 1 – 2 times a day for bigger fish. Pellet protein content was about 44 – 50 %. Feed supplement such as vitamin C and
multivitamin were also given with dosage 3 g/kg feed with frequency was 3 times a week and fish culture duration was as
long as 16 – 18 months.
The result of experiments shown that fish reached marketable size survival rate was 50 – 90 %. Economically, mouse
grouper culture was profitable.
403
APPLICATION OF AQUA SOMATOTROPIN (AST) ON MOUSE GROUPER Cromileptes

altivelis GROW OUT
Herno Minjoyo* and Sudjiharno
National Sea Farming Development Center

P.O. Box 74
Teluk Betung
Bandar Lampung 35401, Imdonesia
herno_minjoyo@yahoo.com
The aim of this observation was to know the effect of AST on the mouse grouper growth rate. Fish was reared in floating
net-cages at National Sea farming Development Center, Lampung, Indonesia. Net-cages size was 1 meters x 1 meters x 1,5
meters with mesh size 0.75 inch. Animal stocking density was 10 fishes /squire meters and feed with trash fish everyday
in the morning. Feed was given adlibitum and supplement such as Vitamin C and Multivitamin was also added with about
3 g/kg feed 3 times a week. Initial fish average weight was 306.72 g/fish (Control); 303.89 g/fish for 0.2 ml AST/kg fish;
328.4 g /fish for 0.3 ml AST/kg fish and, 310.60 g/fish for 0.4 ml AST/kg fish. The AST was injected every 4 weeks at near
dorsal fin and this study duration was about 8 weeks. Experiment was 4 treatments with out replication.
The result of this observation shown that additional fish weight was higher at 0.2 ml AST/kg fish e.g. 67.00 % ( or growth
rate, 1.116 % ) while fish control was 18.51 % ( or growth rate, 0.308 % ); 32.08 % ( or growth rate, 0.534 % ) for 0.3
ml AST/kg fish and, 42.466 % ( or growth rate, 0.707 % ) for 0.4 ml AST/kg fish. The animal survival rate was 100 % for
all treatments.
404
MARKETING OF BLUEFIN TUNA IN JAPAN: HOW MUCH CAN THIS MARKET

ABSORB?
Makoto Peter Miyake* and Ziro Suzuki
Federation of Japan Tuna Fisheries Co-operative Associations

2-3-22, Kudan-kita, Chiyoda-ku
miyake@sistelcom.com
Japan has provided technological and financial assistance to develop farming (fattening) of bluefin tunas (Thunnus thynnus,
T. maccoyii and T. orientalis) in many countries in the world since the early 1990s. These fish are imported to the Japanese
“sashimi” (sliced raw fish) market, which makes up almost one quarter of world market of major species of tuna (bluefins,
bigeye, yellowfin and albacore). The imports of farmed tuna started increasing since the late 1990s and currently reaching
a level of about 30,000 metric tons. This amount is approximately 5-6% of the “sashimi” consumption in Japan. However,
since most of the flesh of farmed tuna is sold as prime quality tuna meat, known as “toro” (i.e. fatty meat), it increased the
“toro” supply in the Japanese market by more than 10 folds.
Such sudden increase in supply of the category of tuna-sashimi of high quality in the market has had a significant impact on
the price structure of the commodity. The price of prime quality tuna dropped considerably, even though the real quality of
farmed tuna is inferior to the wild meat of the same market category. This affects not only on the price of bluefin tuna, but
that of other tunas as well. Hence such development is causing a significant negative impact on the Japanese tuna fishing
industry.
On the other hand, this recent sudden increased supply of farmed tuna-toro has helped develop a new class of consumers
such as the popular rotating sushi bars, etc. where toro had not been served before. However, it is very difficult to predict
how far such a demand can be expanded.
In late 2003 to early 2004, the Japanese market price of farmed tuna had dropped below the economical break point of
the current farming industry in the Mediterranean and Australia, due to an over supply of the product. This resulted in
the development of new “sashimi” markets in northern America and Europe, besides those of Taiwan (China) and Korea
Republic which have been developing for a number of years.
Furthermore, there have been various attempts to manage properly the expanding tuna farming industry. The International
Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT) started a registration system of farming units, as well as
creating guidelines for tuna farming management in collaboration with other organizations.
The future of the tuna farming industry and the Japanese market are closely linked and what direction the industry will
take will strongly depend on new developments in terms of management regulations, farming techniques, stock supply and
market demand.
405
NOTES
406
THE EFFECT OF DIETARY L-CARNITINE LEVEL ON THE CARCASS LIPID LEVEL

AND THE GROWTH RATE OF CATFISH Pangasius hypopthalmus
Ing Mokoginta, Suwarsito and Dedi Jusadi*
Kampus IPB Dramaga, Bogor, Indonesia
dedi jusadi@yahoo.com
Intensive culture of catfish (Pangasius hypopthalmus), reared in the reservoir produce low quality of carcass, which was
shown by yellower colour than catfish reared in the running water system. Former examination showed that fish carcass
from the reservoir contained 8.0% lipid (wet weight basic or 30.6% dry weight basic) compared to that of fish reared in the
running water system, which only had 3.0% lipid (wet weight basic or 13.3% dry weight basic).
Some experiments showed that oral administration of L-carnitine in several fish species enhances growth rate and protein
retention by shifting the energy derived from lipid oxidation to protein synthesis. It was known that L-carnitine promotes
long chain fatty acid transfer into mitochondria for oxidation. It may be that supplementation of L-carnitine in this catfish
diet will decrease the lipid level of carcass and in the same time will increase the growth rate (GR), protein retention (PR)
and feed efficiency (FE) of fish.
This experiment was conducted to determine the optimum level of L-carnitine in the catfish diet to produce low carcass
lipid level and high GR, PR and FE of fish. Four isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets with different level of L-carnitine
(0.0; 0.10; 0.18; and 0.29%) was fed to the fish, three times daily, at satiation. Feeding trial was held for 50 days. Ten
fish with body weight of 35.86±1.54 g was placed in each aquarium (50x40x35 cm). Proximate analysis was done for the
experimental diets, carcass and the liver. L-carnitine level analysis was done for the experimental diets and fish. At the end
of the experiment, ammonia excretion of the fish was determined at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 hours postpandrial in order to evaluate
differences of amino acid catabolism rate between treatments. This experiment used completely randomize design with
four treatments and three replicates. Response curve analysis was used to evaluate the optimum L-carnitine level which
produce low level of carcass lipid; high PR, GR and FE of fish.
Results of this experiment showed that the liver L-carnitine level increased (0.013±0.000; 0.078±0.000; 0.160±0.001;
0.308±0.006%) as the dietary L-carnitine level increased. On the opposite, the carcass lipid level decreased (32.35±5.64;
16.26±1.46; 9.51±0.98; 7.51±3.03% dry weight basic). Diet 0.18% L-carnitine produced the lowest lipid level in the liver.
Based on the respons curve of PR, the maximum PR was found at 0.18% L-carnitine level in the diet (Y1=35.422 + 92.518 x
- 251.806x2; R2=0.7). The maximum GR was found at 0.18% of dietary L-carnitine level (Y2=131.83 + 1466.49x – 4064.96x2;
R2=0.6). Furthermore, the maximum FE was found at 0.19% of dietary L-carnitine level (Y3=69.78 + 153.41x - 404.70x2;
R2=0.6). Fish from diet 0.18% L-carnitine also produced the lowest ammonia excretion during 5 hours postpandrial. It was
concluded that supplementation of L-carnitine in catfish diet could reduced carcass lipid level and the optimum level of
L-carnitine in the diet which produced high relative GR, PR and FE was found at 0.18-0.19%.
407
THE SUSTAINABILITY OF THE AQUARIUM TRADE

Lucia Molina Domínguez * and Nadia Ounais
Instituto Canario de Ciencias Marinas (ICCM)

Dirección General de Universidades e Investigación
Consejería de Educación, Cultura y Deportes
Gobierno de Canarias
P.O. Box 56, 35200 Telde
Gran Canaria. Canary Islands. Spain
luciam@iccm.rcanaria.es
After 80’s decade of past century, the aquariology market experienced a significant development, due to the generalization
of home aquaria and to the incorporation of new public aquaria and the improvement of the old ones, in a world where
the “spare time culture” needs a wide place. Besides, the contribution of the improvement of aerial exchanges between
importing and exporting countries, and the maintenance of exporting species, was also important.
Aquaculture growth in the last decade was up to 250 % (FAO data), opposite to stabilization of fisheries. However, a
sustainable growth of this sector needs to overcome some basic problems among which one of them, the diversification of
produced species can be underlined.
In this point the similarity between aquariology and aquaculture could be pointed out; aquariology shows a growing market
highly dependant on fisheries, facing out overexploitation of these fisheries and the growing concern about the ecosystem
conservation. Aquaculture had experienced a great development of culture technologies in the last decades, related to the
increase of the world production. All these technologic improvements could be applied to the reproduction and larval
culture of species with ornamental interest, with a market already established. Overexploitation of some species fisheries
could be diminished, besides the possibility of repopulation of natural ecosystems in some cases highly affected.
POTENTIAL OF MACARONESIAN SPECIES FOR THE MARINE ORNAMENTAL

TRADE
Lucia Molina*, Ricardo Araújo, Ricardo Calado
Instituto Canario de Ciencias Marinas (ICCM)

Dirección General de Universidades e Investigación
Consejería de Educación, Cultura y Deportes
Gobierno de Canarias
P.O. Box 56
35200 Telde, Gran Canaria, Canary Islands
Spain
luciam@iccm.rcanaria.es
Macaronesia is the collective name of several groups of islands in the North Atlantic Ocean near Europe and North Africa.
Macaronesia consists of five archipelagos: the Azores, Madeira, and Savage Islands (Portugal), the Canary Islands (Spain)
and the Cape Verde Islands. Due to their unique biogeography, these islands display particular climate and oceanographic
characteristics, being the northern and/or eastern limit of several tropical and subtropical organisms with potential for the
marine aquarium trade. In addition, the endemic nature of some of the species occurring in these islands certainly increases
their market value among marine aquarium hobbyists.
Since poor management strategies in marine ornamentals exporting countries have resulted in an overall degradation of
marine habitats, particularly coral reefs, it is essential that the commercial utilization of Macaronesian species for the
aquarium trade follows a strict monitoring plan, with emphasis to the development of suitable culture protocols.
The present work presents a list of marine fish and invertebrate organisms (particularly decapods crustaceans) occurring in
Macaronesia Islands displaying a high potential for the aquarium trade industry and discusses appropriate management and
conservation measures to allow a sustainable use of these highly priced resources.
408
WHY DEVELOP IN-SITU BREEDING FOR THE BANGGAI CARDINALFISH Pterapogon

kauderni A MOUTH-BROODING APOGONID WITH DIRECT DEVELOPMENT, ENDEMIC
TO THE BANGGAI ARCHIPELAGO IN CENTRAL SULAWESI, INDONESIA?
Abigail Moore*, Samliok Ndobe, Akhdary Supu and Aniza Suspita
Yayasan Palu Hijau (YPH)

Jl Setia Budi Lorong Siswa No 12
Palu 94111, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia
paluhijau@yahoo.com
The Banggai Cardinalfish Pterapogon kauderni (Koumanns 1933) is a paternal mouth-brooding apogonid with direct
development and a natural distribution limited to the Banggai Archipelago in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia and a few smaller
islands nearby. This species was quite recently “discovered” by the marine aquarium trade, and is now traded internationally
in large numbers. Features of the biology and ecology of Pterapogon kauderni which place it at risk include: restricted
fertility (few eggs/juveniles per spawning); lack of a larval phase making re-population of over-fished areas unlikely; shallow
habitat and sedentary habit which make this species extremely easy and cheap to catch, without specialised equipment or
skill. Research on this species and anecdotal reports have lead to a conception that the species is severely endangered and
should be listed as such, with the restrictions in trade or even possible trade ban which such a designation could impose.
In 2004, as part of a Yayasan Palu Hijau (YPH) study commissioned by NACA (Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia)
and co-ordinated by the Indonesian STREAM (Support to Regional Aquatic Resources Management) Hub, a team of
scientists led by Ir. Samliok Ndobe M.Si. carried out research into the economic and environmental impacts of the trade in
Pterapogon kauderni. This study was part of a wider EC-PREP (European Community – Poverty Reduction Effectiveness
Programme) sub-project, “The International Seafood Trade: Supporting Sustainable Livelihoods Among Poor Aquatic
Resource Users in Asia (EP/R03/014)”. Field and secondary data was collected from October to December 2004, and
contact was made with international experts in Pterapogon kauderni via the internet.
The main conclusions of the research regarding Pterapogon kauderni are that: (i) the species is under threat, and current
exploitation trends could result in local (discrete population level) extinction; (ii) the species as a whole is not in immediate
danger of extinction in the wild; (iii) over-fishing (general and at specific size/age classes) is occurring at many locations;
(iv) fishing is often destructive to the habitat; (v) capture and holding/transport methods often damage the fish, and result
in high mortality (vi) brooding males are often caught and their eggs or newly hatched juveniles expelled; (vii) the trade
is very important to the economy of poor fishing communities; (viii) research into breeding of Pterapogon kauderni is
well advanced for ex-situ applications (in aquaria) but has not yet been applied to in-situ breeding. In order to ensure
continued income to poor communities, satisfy the international trade, and ensure conservation of this endemic species, the
team concluded that answer is sustainable exploitation, not trade bans. Low-technology in-situ breeding, currently under
development by the authors (in collaboration with expert Dr Kolm of UEA, UK), can be an important part of the solution,
together with habitat conservation, improved capture fishery and trade management.
409
INSURING BUYER AND CONSUMER CONFIDENCE THROUGH CERTIFICATION AND

TRACEABILITY
William R. More
Vice President and Director

Aquaculture Certification Council, Inc.
wrmore@comcast.net
www.aquaculturecertification.org
Global issues concerning product safety, bio-security and demands by consumers for information on the nature, origin and
wholesomeness of the food they are consuming keep pointing to the need to regulate and standardize the processes we use
to produce and trace the origin of aquaculture products.
Consumers and retailers in Europe are demanding that traceability be mandatory and that the buyer of aquaculture product
be able to physically trace products through the distribution chain, provide information on ingredients and effects of
the production process. In order for the product to be traceable, there needs to be a certification program in place that
standardizes the production process to reduce the risk of product contamination through monitoring, testing and verification.
A properly conducted certification program benefits the flow of safe goods into the marketplace and increases buyer and
consumer confidence that product safety can be traced throughout the production process and Chain of Custody. Buyers
are leaning on both traceability and certification for marketing tools in today’s demanding market.
The key components and advantages of process certification at aquaculture facilities and an on-line computerized traceability
program to preserve product identity throughout the value chain is discussed.
410
IMPLEMENTATION OF CODES OF PRACTICE FOR RESPONSIBLE SHRIMP FARMING:

PROBLEMS AND POTENTIALS
William R. More
Aquaculture Certification Council, Inc.

12815 72nd Avenue NE
Kirkland, WA 98034
wrmore@comcast.net
Negative publicity from environmental activists concerning issues relating to responsible shrimp farming practices has
raised serious questions about the way shrimp farming is conducted worldwide and it is in the best interest of shrimp
farmers to be viewed as good environmental stewards and responsible members of the local community who use responsible
production practices to promote sustainability.
Where consistent and transparent Codes of Practice are lacking, non-government organizations (NGO) and regulatory
agencies are exerting pressure on aquaculture industry stakeholders to mandate them. Among the various challenges facing
the industry today is the need to identify, write and implement good Codes of Practice and good management systems that
promote sustainability. This will require participation of all industry stakeholders.
Codes of Practice must be transparent, standardized, proactive, and establish guidelines and procedures for voluntary
industry self-regulation. Implemented codes must be practical and efficient, designed to produce safe, wholesome products
that provide environmental, social and economic benefits for present and future generations. Codes that address Best
Aquaculture Practices (BAP) should be comprehensive, yet flexible enough for adaptation to any site in the geographically
diverse industry.
Best Aquaculture Practices (BAP) standards must address the environmental, social and food safety issues central to any
production system and they need to cover issues of how to reduce, eliminate or mitigate environmental and social impacts
of shrimp farming practices.
Process controls and monitoring guidelines for Best Aquaculture Practices (BAP) being deployed should be reviewed and
verified regularly by a qualified third party and be subject to change if they are not achieving their objectives.
Strengths and weaknesses of codes and problems that could affect implementation are discussed.
411
ACCEPTANCE OF INERT DIET BY Pangasius hypophthalmus LARVAE: EFFECT ON

GROWTH AND DIGESTIVE ENZYMES
Yann Moreau*, Lies Setijaningsih, Jacques Slembrouck and Ningrum Suhenda
Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)

Instalasi Riset Budidaya Ikan Hias Air Tawar
Jl Perikanan, PO Box 06
yann.moreau@ird.fr
Acceptance of inert diet by Pangasius hypophthalmus

larvae was tested before development of suitable
compound diet. Eight 1500-larvae batches were fed all the
day long with Artemia. Inert diet, as designed for marine
larvae (Cahu & Zambonino 2001), was offered the first
meal of the day to four batches whereas the remaining
received Artemia. Samples were taken 60 min after
feeding test for feed acceptance and growth monitoring.
Digestive enzymes (protease, trypsin- and chymotrypsin-
like, and amylase) were checked at day 1, 3, 6 and 10 after
dissection on ice.
Fish start to feed since the 2nd day after hatching (DAH)
regardless the nature of the feed, and quite all of them are
feeding at DAH 4 (Fig. 1). Number of fish consuming
inert and live diet decreased afterwards and finally
almost all fish feed both diet at DAH 10. Growth rate was
significantly altered when fish received inert diet (Fig. 2).
After sharp increase during the first days, trypsin activity
(as unit per mg of larvae) flattened (Fig. 3). Similar
patterns were observed for amylase, chymotrypsin and
protease (data not shown). For all digestive enzymes,
activity was not significantly affected by the nature of the
diet given the first meal of the day.
P. hypophthalmus larvae seem able to ingest inert diet

since the first day of their life. Despite restricted to
one meal only – among 7 to 5 offered daily – growth
is impaired by inert food. This may be due either to
insufficient nutrient through reduction of ingestion by fish
or through inadequate feed formulation or presentation.
Nevertheless, settlement of digestive main proteases and
amylase activity appears not affected when live food was
substituted by an inert compound diet once a day.
412
INFLUENCE OF DAILY PROTEIN SUPPLY ON EFFICIENCY OF FISHMEAL PROTEIN

SUBSTITUTION BY SOYBEAN PROTEIN IN BAUNG JUVENILES Hemibagrus nemurus
Yann Moreau*, Ahmad Hadadi and Yanti Suryanti

Jl Perikanan
PO Box 06
yann.moreau@ird.fr
Several works were done attempting either to reduce feed protein content or to propose alternative sources of dietary
protein. Discrepancies among authors are generally observed on the worth amounts of alternative source which can be used,
and sometimes evidence on efficiency of such incorporation was not clear. This may result on the fact that most of works
used to compare alternative sources of protein using isoproteic diets. Experiment has been done to determine how the effect
of substituting fishmeal by an alternative protein source, as soybean, may depend on protein supply. Growth performance
were compared between different triplicate lots of baung, H. nemurus, juvenile (4.7 g) receiving 9, 10 or 11 g protein kg-1
fish day-1, with 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 or 100 % substitution of protein from fish meal by soybean meal. 18 isoenergetic diets were
formulated according to the target nutrient supplies and proximate composition of feedstuffs (mainly fishmeal, soybean
meal and cassava starch). Average final body mass, specific growth rate (SGR), feed efficiency (FE) and protein efficiency
ratio (PER) were determined after 7-week experiment.
For all indices, value increased with substitution level and then plateaued for the lower protein supply level or decreased
for the others (Figure 1). For a better representation of the observed tendency data were adjusted to a two-segment model
composed of a quadratic response followed by a linear response. Substitution rate leading to the better value for final
body mass, specific growth rate, feed efficiency and protein energy, was calculated for the three protein supply (Table 1).
Improvement of performance for lower substitution level suggests that cassava starch, used in higher amount in these cases,
was harmful for this species. With the lower protein supply, higher substitution did not impair performance, whereas worst
results were observed for higher protein supply. However this worsen tendency is less pronounced with the higher protein
supply level. This suggests that increasing the protein supply may allow higher level of fishmeal protein substitution by
soybean.
Figure 1 SGR as a function of substitution rate of

fishmeal protein by soybean, and daily protein supply.
Table 1 Substitution level leading to the better

index according to daily protein supply.
413
SPERM MOTILITY FEATURES OF INDONESIAN FRESHWATER TELEOSTS, GOBY,

JAVA CARP AND CATFISH
Masaya Morita*, Endang Sri Susilo, Bambang Pramono Setyo, Diptarina Martarini, Lilik Hernandi,
Akihiro Takemura and Makoto Okuno
Sesoko Station, Tropical Biosphere Research Center

University of the Ryukyus
3422 Sesoko, Motobu
Okinawa 905-0227, Japan
moritamasaya@hotmail.com
Sperm motility is necessary for fertilization. Investigation on the sperm motility of aquaculturally valuable species in
Indonesia, goby (Oxyeleotris marmorata), Java carp (Puntius javanicus) and catfish (Clarias batrachus), is important not
only for reproductive biology but also for aquaculture.
Motility regulatory mechanisms of teleost sperm are known to be diverse, although their flagellar axoneme conserves the
“9+2 structure”. Freshwater telesost sperm are generally quiescent in the testes, which is in isotonic (about 300 mOsm/kg).
Their sperm become motile when they are ejaculated to a hypotonic freshwater environment. (Morisawa and Suzuki 1980).
However, goby (Oxyeleotris marmorata) can acclimate from freshwater to brackishwater. Their habitat varies in osmolality
and the Ca2+ concentration. Freshwater contains almost no Ca2+, while brackishwater contains small amount of Ca2+. Goby
sperm showed high motility below 100 mOsm/kg, when no Ca2+ was added. By an addition of Ca2+, sperm motility in 100-
200 mOsm/kg was increased, and the removal of free Ca2+ by EGTA suppressed the sperm motility in this range (Fig.1). It
is suggested that the sperm of goby utilize extracellular Ca2+ to move in brackishwater conditions. On the other hand, Java
carp (Puntius javanicus) and catfish (Clarias batrachus) inhabit in freshwater. Sperm of both Java carp and catfish showed
motility below 200 mOsm/kg, however, the effect of Ca2+ on their motility was different. An addition or removal of Ca2+ had
no effect on sperm motility of catfish. By contrast, sperm motility of Java carp was suppressed by the addition of Ca2+. They
swam a circular path and immediately became quiescent in the presence of Ca2+. It is likely that osmotic shock induces
motility activation in Java carp and catfish sperm in freshwater condition. It is also indicated that Ca2+ is associated with
regulation of flagellar waveform in Java carp sperm. Results shown above suggest that the effect of Ca2+ on sperm motility
is different among these three species.
Fig.1 Effect of osmolality and Ca2+ on sperm motility of goby.

414
THE NORWEGIAN PROGRAMME FOR SELECTIVE BREEDING IN ATLANTIC COD

Gadus morhua L.: THE FIRST FOR MARINE FINFISH
Atle Mortensen*, Kjersti Fjalestad, Madjid Delghandi, Katrine Skajaa, Lise Haug, Mette Wesmajervi
and Øyvind Hansen
Norwegian Institute of Fisheries and Aquaculture Research

N-9291 Tromsø, Norway
atle.mortensen@fiskeriforskning.no
Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) is becoming an important species for aquaculture in Norway. In order to utilise the potential
for genetic improvement a selective breeding programme was initiated by the Norwegian government in 2002. The aim of
the programme is to contribute to a competitive and sustainable cod farming industry by improving economically important
traits.
The knowledge of heritability and genetic variation of different features is limited in Atlantic cod. Necessary information
about these issues is harvested during the course of the breeding programme and through specifically designed experiments.
The breeding programme is based on a combined family- and individual selection strategy. The first family groups (full-
and half-sibs) were produced in 2003 at the Aquaculture Research Station in Tromsø. In 2005 a new breeding station with
a production capacity of 200 full-sib families is put to use.
The base population in the initial phase of the breeding programme has consisted of wild caught coastal cod from the Western
and Northern Norway and Northeast Arctic cod. Full-sib families are produced by stripping and artificial fertilisation. The
family groups are kept in separate tanks until tagging (pit-tags) when the fish has reached a minimum weight of 10 grams.
A parental assignment system, based on simultaneous analysis of five microsatellites, has been developed for cases where
individual tagging is difficult (experiments with larvae and small juveniles). One year after hatching representatives from
the different families are distributed to sea water cages at test stations at three different locations in Norway. Registrations
from the test stations are used to evaluate genotype-environment interactions, and form part of the basis for the selection
of families.
So far we have made registrations of growth rates and the occurrence of skeletal deformities, and we have performed
challenge tests with bacterial diseases. Results will be presented at the conference.
415
SPARING EFFECT OF POND WATER ON VITAMINS IN SHRIMP DIETS

Shaun M. Moss*, Ian P. Forster and Albert G.J. Tacon
The Oceanic Institute

41-202 Kalanianaole Hwy.
Waimanalo, HI 96795 USA
smoss@oceanicinstitute.org
A 10-wk experiment was conducted to determine if shrimp pond water has a sparing effect on vitamins, trace minerals,
and protein levels in diets fed to juvenile Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Twenty-four 52-L aquaria were
stocked with 0.7-g shrimp at a density of 24 shrimp/aquaria (100 shrimp/m2 equivalent). Shrimp were exposed to flow-
through seawater from one of two sources: 1) clear well water from a seawater aquifer (W), or 2) organically rich water
from a pond used for intensive shrimp culture (P). In addition, four diets were evaluated in each of the two water sources
(three replicates/treatment), including: 1) a 35%-protein diet with vitamin and trace mineral premixes (35), 2) the same
35%-protein diet minus the vitamin premix (35-V), 3) the 35%-protein diet minus the trace mineral premix (35-M), and
4) a 25%-protein diet with vitamin and trace mineral premixes (25). Final weight, growth rate, survival, feed conversion
ratio (FCR), feed input, and water quality (temperature, DO concentration, pH, salinity, chlorophyll a concentration, and
TAN concentration) were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, and Tukey’s multiple comparison test was used to compare
treatment means (α = 0.05).
Removal of vitamins from the diet of well water-reared shrimp had a significant negative effect on shrimp performance.
Shrimp in the W/35-V treatment exhibited a significantly lower final weight, growth rate and survival, and a significantly
higher FCR, than shrimp in the W/35 treatment. In contrast, there was no significant difference in final weight, growth rate,
survival, or FCR between shrimp in the P/35-V and P/35 treatments, indicating that removal of vitamins from the diet of
pond water-reared shrimp had no effect on shrimp performance. As expected, growth rate of shrimp reared in pond water
(1.29 g/wk) was much greater (215%) than growth rate of shrimp reared in well water (0.41 g/wk), irrespective of diet.
These results indicate a sparing effect of pond water on vitamins in shrimp diets. It is likely that microbial sources of these
nutrients contributed significantly to this sparing effect. By exploiting endogenously produced microbes and associated
detritus, shrimp farmers and feed manufacturers can reduce substantially vitamin levels in shrimp feeds, resulting in reduced
feed costs without compromising shrimp growth, survival, or FCR.
416
EVALUATION OF A SIMPLE METHOD FOR SIZE-SORTING JUVENILE PACIFIC WHITE

SHRIMP Litopenaeus vannamei AND ITS USEFULLNESS TO A SELECTIVE BREEDING
PROGRAM
Dustin R. Moss*, Clete A. Otoshi and Shaun M. Moss
The Oceanic Institute

41-202 Kalanianaole Hwy.
Waimanalo, HI 96795 USA
dmoss@oceanicinstitute.org
Phenotypic correlations among different size classes of shrimp are poorly understood. If there is a strong correlation
between growth to 1 g and growth to market size (~ 20 g), breeders could remove slower growing shrimp from the nursery
prior to growout, thereby increasing selection intensity. The objective of this study was to evaluate a simple method of
size-sorting juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei which could be useful in selective breeding programs.
About 30 juvenile shrimp (~ 1.5 g) were randomly selected (Random group; R) from each of 40 SPF families and each
family was injected with a unique visible implant elastomer (VIE) tag. The remaining juveniles (500-900/family) were
sorted with an adjustable (4-35 mm) fish grader. The grader was adjusted so that about 50% of the juveniles would be
retained in the sorter (Sorted group; S). Shrimp that passed through the sorter were discarded. About 200-400 shrimp per
family from the S group were injected with the VIE tag. Each family was given a unique tag code and tag codes for the S
group were different from the R group. Shrimp from both R and S groups were stocked into an earthen pond (Batch A; 20
families) or a recirculating raceway (Batch B; 20 families) for growout evaluation. At the end of each evaluation, all shrimp
were weighed and tag codes were used to identify families and groups within families. Differences in initial weight, final
weight, growth rate, and survival between S and R groups were analyzed using paired T-tests.
For Batch A, sorting was effective (S > R) for only 13 of the 20 families. Initial weight, final weight, and growth rate were
not significantly different between groups. However, survival was significantly different, with the S group having a much
higher survival (see table). For Batch B, sorting was effective for 16 of the 20 families. Initial weight was significantly
different between the two groups, with the S-group being about 12% larger than the R group. Differences in initial weight,
final weight, growth rate, and survival were not significant. Also, the magnitude of differences in initial weight between
groups within families appeared to have no influence on differences in growth rate (r2 = 0.01).
Results indicate that this method of sorting has little or no benefit to selective breeding programs, since R and S groups
performed similarly during growout. There is evidence that sorting of smaller juveniles (~ 1 g) may increase survival
during growout and this should be investigated further.
417
GENETIC SEX DETERMINATION IN NILE TILAPIA: COMPARISON OF A SEX-LINKED

MARKER AND PROGENY TESTING
Jose C Mota-Velasco*, Tariq Ezaz, Brendan McAndrew and David J Penman
Scotland, FK9 4LA
jm60@stir.ac.uk
The production of all-male tilapia fry is important for economic farming of this species. Phenotypic sex is not a reliable
predictor of genetic sex in tilapia because of the widespread use of hormones and the growing evidence of temperature-
dependent effects on sex ratio. Markers that can define the genetic sex of an individual independent of the phenotypic sex
would be a great advantage to future studies on sex-determination in this species.
A sex-linked DNA marker, OniX420 (BV012737)/OniY425 (BV012736), recently developed by Ezaz et al. (2004), was
tested by using it to identify male genotypes in an all-male but mixed genotype (XY and YY) population: offspring from
these males were also crossed to clonal (XX) females. YY males should produce 100% male offspring and XY males 50%
male: 50% females. The segregation of the marker was also followed in the offspring.
Forty-four F1 randomly selected all-male progeny from a XY neofemale x YY supermale cross (see Fig. 1) were sampled by
fin clipping. DNA was extracted by a standard phenol-chloroform method. Primer pairs OniX420 and OniY425 were used
to PCR amplify this marker in separate reactions. The F1 male offspring showed a ratio of 420/420:420/425 genotypes not
significantly different from 1:1. Fourteen putative YY’s (420/425 heterozygotes) were selected for progeny testing along
with one putative XY). These males were crossed with clonal XX females (100 progeny sexed per family). Some of the F2
(n=53) were also genotyped.
The sex ratios in the progeny of the 15 F1s tested confirmed that thirteen 420/425 genotypes were YY, while one was an XY;
the single 420/420 genotype tested was an XY as expected. Ezaz et al. (2004) estimated the recombination rate between this
marker and the sex determining locus to be 14%. It is clear that the 420/425 XY male was the product of a recombination
event between these two loci.
In the close confines of these test families it is possible to utilise the markers to predict the genotypic sex in a fairly reliable
way. However the relatively high recombination rate (14%) between this marker and sex does not allow it to be used on a
population level, so more closely sex-linked markers will be required in this species.
Figure 1. Diagram showing

possible recombination events in
the 420/425 XY neofemale and
outcomes in progeny from a cross
with a YY supermale.
418
APPLYING BEST PRACTICE STANDARDS TO A PILOT FISH CULTURE PROJECT IN

THE KOMODO AREA, WEST FLORES, INDONESIA
Trevor Meyer, Sudaryanto and Peter Mous
mjpaqua@yahoo.co.uk
In 2003, The Nature Conservancy’s Marine Initiative commissioned a multi-stakeholder consultation to develop a voluntary
International Standard the Trade in Live Reef Food Fish to which all responsible members of the LRFF trade will adhere
so as to enable the trade to continue for generations to come. The purpose of this Standard, published in July 2004, is to
promote a sustainable fishery.
The TNC SEACMPA Komodo Fish Culture project operates a grouper hatchery and community-based grow-out units
in Labuan Bajo, West Flores to establish a triple bottom line fish culture industry, i.e. an industry that is profitable,
environmentally sound, and socially responsible. This field project offers an excellent opportunity to assess practical
implications of the Standards for fish culture operations.
An assessment was carried out to capture lessons learned from the Komodo fish culture project in relation to accepted
voluntary standards for the LRFF trade and to provide recommendations on how the Standards can be used as a basis for
more specific guidelines for fish culture operations.
419
IMPLEMENTING HACCP IN SMALL AND MEDIUM SEAFOOD ENTERPRISES (SMSEs)

– CONCEPTS VS. CONSUMER PARTICIPATION, BUSINESS CULTURE AND POLICY
APPROACH
Behzad Mousavi
Iran Veterinary Organization

Tehran
behzadmousavi@yahoo.com
Introducing any new concept or technology in the small and medium enterprises require all together a new approach, as they
distinctly differ from their fortunate cousins namely larger enterprises in terms size, resources and access to knowledge.
HACCP being an uncompromising, demanding and exacting quality assurance concept, it is unfair to expect SMSEs to
implement it straight away without actually assessing their ability to do so . In addition SMSEs may also be keen to ascertain
tangible and immediate returns that accrue by investing on HACCP. If HACCP need to be introduced and sustained in the
long run in SMSEs especially in the developing countries, it is imperative to thoroughly understand the level of consumer
participation, prevailing business culture and the policy support and direction.
All new and promising concepts including HACCP have greater chance of adoption when the benefits are quantified and
presented in monetary terms. As business basically revolves around money no amount of persuasion by harping upon social
responsibility, statutory obligation and public health would succeed in convincing the SMSEs to implement HACCP. This
means HACCP campaigns with a judicious mix of technical and financial advantages can penetrate SMSEs at faster rate
than the conventional ones.
A coherent and pro-active policy is perhaps the most critical factor that separates success of HACCP from failure.
Government’s commitment sends right signals to the food industry about the implementation of HACCP. Export centric
policy is one of the main reasons for slow adoption of HACCP in SMSEs. Since most of them are not involved in food
exports directly, they have never felt the need and urgency to implement HACCP.
The multiplicity of agencies and their conflicting interests have resulted in either confusion or lack of action. Since HACCP
revolves around wide spectrum of activities such as health, agriculture, food processing trade, exports etc., agencies
responsible for these sectors are either claiming complete hegemony over HACCP or passing the entire buck to others
resulting in slow progress of HACCP implementation. An exclusive agency to monitor the implementation of HACCP
in the seafood industry may yield better results rather that cobbling a loose mechanism by drawing people from different
agencies.
Other area that requires immediate policy intervention is food legislation many developing countries especially in the south-
Asia region are still grappling with legislative approach that is predominantly curative. food legislation in these countries is
yet to catch up with the latest developments , with modern quality and safety concepts such as GMP and HACCP missing
from them . This situation is not conductive for promoting a preventive approach to seafood safety.
To conclude it is important to note that, HACCP policies formulated without proper understanding of business culture and
the level of consumer awareness are bound to encounter road-blocks sooner or later. Before launching large scale HACCP
campaigns it is necessary to prepare SMSEs mentally by explaining the inevitability of HACCP adoption not only for
growth but also for survival. A business plan that justifies the investment on HACCP in clear monetary terms is the best
way to convince SMSEs to adopt HACCP. Exerting pressure through consumers is another way of increasing the pace of
HACCP implementation among SMSEs. Dual HACCP approach emphasizing on exports may not succeed in the long run
especially in the open market era.
420
HACCP CERTIFICATION
Behzad Mousavi
Iran Veterinary Organization

Tehran
behzadmousavi@yahoo.com
The SPS Agreement under the WTO Agreement makes it mandatory on all countries to maintain measures to ensure that
food is safe for consumers and to prevent the spread of pests and disease among animals and plants. The HACCP System
is a food safety management system recognized under Codex Alimentarius Commission, which are the internationally
recognized standards for world food trade under the WTO Agreement.
The HACCP system which is a preventive of food safety management system has shifted emphasis from resource intensive
end product inspection and testing to prevention of control of hazards at all stages of food production. Since the focus is
on food safety, the intent is to institute preventive mechanism in the system.
The HACCP System is a proactive food safety management system, with focus on prevention. It encompasses the key
elements of good product management, good hygiene conditions and good manufacturing practices and call for :
a) critical examination of raw materials, processes, products,
b) hygienic conditions from origin till it reaches the customer,
c) identifying stages/processes where hazards could occur,
d) instituting and maintaining controls at identified stages/processes;
e) documenting HACCP process and keeping records;
i) ensuring that the system continues to work effectively.
An evaluation of a company’s HACCP System is necessary to ensure that it is being implemented effectively and is suitable
to achieve the objectives. An audit, which is defined as a systematic and independent examination to determine where the
activities and related results comply with the planned objective. An audit is an effective evaluation of company’s quality
and safety management system. It brings out whether the documented system has adequate evidence to demonstrate the
effectiveness of its implementation.
The purpose of an audit which paves the way for continuous improvement are :
a) Establishing adequacy and suitability of the system.
b) Determining effectiveness of the system.
c) Affording opportunity for system analysis.
d) Aids problem solving.
e) Facilitates decision making.
f) Aids employee involvement.
g) Help establishing capability of process and equipment.
h) Ensures meeting legal and statutory requirements.
i) Aiding communication and facilitating training.
BENEFITS
An effective implementation of HACCP leads to:

a) institution of controls at different stages of the processing which reduces rejections at the end of the production line,
b) Identifying the critical control points to limit technical resource targeted at the management of food safety program,
c) Encouraging people to recognize and become aware of food hazards that might be a threat and how to take speedy
remedial measures,
d) Disciplined approach for continuous improvement in product safety and quality.
421
INCREASING OF BULLFROG Rana catesbieana IMMUNITY
E. Mudjiutami*, Ciptoroso, Jaelani and Z. Zainun

West Java - 43114 - Indonesia
mudjiutami@yahoo.com
Disease problem is one constraint of Bullfrog rearing success. It covers primary infection and secondary infection that
caused by some pathogen like a parasite and bacteria. The therapy using medicine especially some antibiotic causes the
bad effect to the fish, environment and human being, also accumulated in the internal organ. The applied research has been
conducted in Sukabumi Freshwater Aquaculture Development Center (SFADC) to increase the immunity of Bullfrog using
by vitamin C and immunostimulant. The immune response of the frog can increase their resistance to infectious diseases.
The use of vitamin C affects the disease resistance and immunostimulant induce elevated activities of the non-specific
defense mechanism.
Separately, Vitamin C and immunostimulant (Saccharomyces cereviceae) orally can be mixed with food that was fed to
young bullfrog. Vitamin C was mixed with food in dosage of 500 mg/kg of food. Immunostimulant applied by orally with
dosage of 0,1%/kg food. Control without both of materials also was applied in this experiment. Parameters that were
analyzed are survival rate of rearing, survival rate after challenge test using Aeromonas hydrophilla, phagocytic activity
against Staphylococcus aereus, existence of Aeromonas hydrophilla bacteria during rearing and the health condition of the
frog.
The results showed there was a tendency on the increase of young bullfrog immunity toward Aeromonas hydrophilla when
it use the treatment. It was known from survival rate of challenge test and the phagocytic activity at the end of rearing
compared with the control.
Vitamin C and immunostimulant also can be applied on broodstock and grow out Bullfrog rearing. In FADC Sukabumi,
Indonesia, both of the material usually uses to reduce the mortality of the frog and for increasing the disease resistance at
the Bullfrog production activity.
422
EVALUATION OF THE FERTILIZING EFFECT OF POND SEIMENTS HARVESTED FROM

DIFFERENT TILAPIA CULTURE ENVIRONMENTS (LOW AND HIGH INPUT SYSTEMS)
Muendo P.N*, J.J Stoorvogel, G. El Naggar, A. Milstein, A.A van Dam and M.C.J Verdegem
P.O Box 338
6700 AH Wageningen
The Neatherlands
patricia.muendo@wur.nl
Management of deposits accumulating in earthen ponds is increasingly gaining scientific attention and more effort is
currently being devoted to seeking information on practical and productive ways of managing pond bottom sediments. An
experiment was conducted at ICLARM-The World Fish Centre’s Africa and West Asia Regional center (Abbassa- Egypt)
to evaluate the fertilizing effect of sediment obtained from ponds with different management regimes (ranging from low to
high input tilapia production systems).
Fifteen 12m2 plots were assigned 5 treatments in triplicates in a completely randomized design and corn used as a test
crop. The treatments were: (i) Fertilization with mineral fertilizers (MF) (ii) Application of sediment from ponds fertilized
with chicken manure (CM) (iii) Application of sediment from ponds fertilized with grass compost (GC) (iv) Application
of sediment from ponds where fish were fed with pellets (P) and (v) Control (CO) in which no inputs at all were added
(normal soil only). Planting, irrigation, mineral fertilization and crop management was done following guidelines from
local agricultural extension officers. During the growing season, crop development was monitored by measuring the plant
heights, counting the number of leaves and plant densities every two weeks. At the end of the growth period, total biomass
and economic yields (grain weight) plot-1 were determined. Data collected were subjected to one way analysis of variance
to compare treatments and the difference between means were isolated using Tukey,s test.
The plant heights, total biomass and grain weight were significantly lower in the control treatment. There were no significant
differences in all measured parameters between the other four treatments. The extrapolated grain yields (tons ha-1) were 4.4,
5.2, 5.0, 6.3 and 2.1 for treatments MF, CM, GC, P and CO respectively. The observed grain yields from plots fertilized
with pond sediments approached the expected yields of 6 tons ha-1 in the region. Pond mud appears to be an effective
fertilizer irrespective of the fish pond input types.
423
GENETIC DIVERSITY OF Vibrio harveyi ISOLATED FROM TIGER PRAWN Penaeus

monodon CULTURE
Muliani*, I. A. K. Kadriah, A. Parenrengi, and Sulaeman

Jl. Makmur Dg. Sitakka Maros 129
90512 South Sulawesi, Indonesia
Vibrio harveyi is known as one among the most harmful vibriosis infected tiger prawn at very stages of its lines.
The present research aimed to reveal the genetic diversity of Vibrio harveyi isolated from tiger prawn (Penaeus
monodon) culture. The sample of bacteri were collected from hatchery (brood-stock, larvae, food, artemia, and
larvae rearing water) and grow-out (juveniles, water, sediment, plankton, crab, mollusk, algae, and wild fish). The
taxonomic identification of Vibrio spp is performed based on the physiological and biochemical characteristic
following the isolation by Thiosulphate Citrate Bile-salt Sucrose Agar (TCBSA) media. Amplified Ribosomoal
DNA Restriction ARDRA) for 16S-rRNA analysis and Macrorestriction Fragment Length Polymorphism
(MLFP) analysis using Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) were applied to reveal the genetic diversity of
V. harveyi.
According to the taxonomic identification, of 361 isolates of Vibrio spp., 129 isolates (35.7%) were identified as V. harveyi.
The result of ARDRA analysis showed that the 16S-rRNA gene of V. harveyi digested by RsaI and HhaI enzyme, each
generated three and four identical fragments respectively for the all samples. These mean that ARDRA could not reveal
any genetic variation on V. harveyi (Figure 1). The size range of all DNA fragment is less than 500bp. The high genetic
diversity of V. harveyi is revealed by MFLP-PFGE analysis. DNA fragment of V. harveyi digested by NotI enzyme was
shown in Figure 2. This result indicated that the identical DNA banding pattern of V. harveyi by ARDRA analysis showed
different DNA banding pattern by MFLP-PFGE analysis.
Figure 1. ARDRA analysis of V. harveyi

16S-rRNA gene digested with RsaI (A) and
HhaI (B) enzyme. (lane M= Rhodobacter Figure 2. MFLP-PFGE analysis
sphaeroides 2.4.1 digest by AseI; lane 71- of V. harveyi genomic (Lane M=
74=V. harveyi samples). Rhodobacter sphaeroides 2.4.1
digest by AseI; lanes 71-74= V.
harveyi samples).
424
THE POTENTIAL PASTEURIZED CRABMEAT Portunus pelagicus AS EXPORT

COMMODITY OF INDONESIA
Nisa Muna
Department of Fisheries Product Technology

Bogor, Indonesia
nisamuna@yahoo.com
Indonesia is an archipelago country. The trade market competition makes Indonesia explore its natural sources. Fishery
is one of the potential commodities to increase besides agriculture. According to statistic data reports in 1999 on January
to December, the fisheries product export was 604.166,288 ton and from crabs commodity was 8.134,731 ton (Central
Statistic Bureau, 2000).
Crab is potential export commodity. One of the crab species that has high economic value from Indonesia is Portunus
pelagicus or generally called Blue Swimming Crab. The body meat is white (delicately sweet, firm yet flaky) and leg meat
is brown. Fresh crabmeat is sold as lump, backfin or flake. In case to take care crabmeat quality and its freshness, canned
pasteurization methods are chosen.
Commonly crab (Portunus pelagicus) derived from nature stock. Until today commercial crabs culture in Indonesia is still
developed in laboratories scale and in limited quantities although the demand was high, so it cause crabs be expensive
seafood. Imitation crabmeat was made to overcome limited crabmeat problems. Imitation crabmeat or analogue seafood
is protein characteristic manipulation from fish meat and food additive such as cryoprotectan, salt, sugar, polyphosphate,
sorbitol.
Pasteurized crabmeat exported to United State of America since 1994 by PT. Seafood Indonesia, which is corporate
company between Indonesia and USA that held in 1990.
Following the Marine and Fisheries Department data in 2002, the fisheries export value from Central Java on March to May
is up until 21 %, from US$ 3,58 million to US$ 5,73 million.
The highest exported value processed fish commodity is pasteurised crabmeat that exports to USA. On March 2002, this
export commodity is about 130,54 ton or US$ 1,144 million, on April 2002, is about 139,92 ton or US$ 1,72 million, and
on May 2002 is about 133,38 ton or US$ 1,62 million.
Every company who will export fish or fishery product should be got certifications of proper and quality export standards.
Fisheries export commodity should pass the laboratory test from Fisheries Product Test and Quality Control Laboratory in
Fisheries Product Test and Quality Control Association under Marine and Fisheries Department.
Pasteurized crabmeat product from Indonesia is voluntary inspected by The United State Department of Commerce
(USDC). The Department of Commerce inspected, graded and certified the product as having met all requirements of the
inspection regulation with official US grade standard.
425
WATER SCARCITY AND AQUACULTURE IN SOUTH AND SOUTHEAST ASIA: SOME

MISCONCEPTIONS AND PROSPECTIVES
Francis Murray*, Sunil Siriwardena, William Leschen and David Little
United Kingdom. FK9 4LA
fjm3@stir.ac.uk
As a result of climatic change and increased competition for water from agricultural and alternative uses, the world faces
a future of growing water scarcity. Such problems are most acute in extensive sub-tropical belts which are home to a large
proportion of the worlds poor. There is therefore an urgent need to enhance productivity and efficient use of water. In this
respect, recent policy directives have stressed the need to consider the multiple roles of water in supporting food production
and sustaining livelihoods. This paper reviews the steps taken to integrate aquaculture into irrigation and other production
systems in South and Southeast Asia.
Despite broad acceptance of this context, many research projects and consequently policy directives, fail to adequately
integrate the technical and social aspects of aquatic production systems within a wider livelihood context. Indeed, many
retain a technical bias which even fails to acknowledge that aquaculture is frequently a low priority use of water. There is also
a prevailing view that aquaculture is likely to be successful only in areas of perennial water availability, for example around
major irrigation systems. We challenge these conceptions and present an alternative, and we suggest, a more sustainable
view of integrated aquaculture tailored to the needs, resources and capacities of different user groups including the poor.
We begin by reviewing some regional characteristics of water scarcity with respect to agro-ecology, land-use patterns and
socio-economic conditions. We cite our own and other recent research findings to explore current practices and development
prospects in these areas. Farmers in both rainfed and irrigated areas are faced with marked seasonal fluctuations in water
availability. Examples are presented demonstrating the comparative advantages, constraints and potential synergies for
aquaculture in these environments. There is also increasing competition between agricultural and urban / industrial uses of
water. Consequently, potentials for aquatic production in urban wastewater systems across Asia are also examined. Finally
the policy implications of these findings and some of the institutional constraints restraining sustainable and equitable
adoption of improved aquaculture practices are reviewed.
BIOMARKERS AS DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS FOR EVALUATING THE EFFECTS OF STRESS

IN AQUACULTURED FISH
Ahmed Mustafa
Indiana University-Purdue University

Fort Wayne, IN 46805 USA
mustafa@ipfw.edu
The development of sensitive and rapid biomarkers to identify stressful conditions in animal husbandry has been the goal
of numerous studies. The overall effect of stress beyond the normal homeostatic state presents a threat to the fish’s health.
These stress induced changes include metabolic, hematological, hydromineral, structural, and whole animal responses.
Many of these responses can be used as quantitative indicators of stress. Currently, the expression of stress proteins has also
been considered as a possible candidate as a stress indicator beside other parameters. The cellular stress response protects
organisms from damage resulting from exposure to a wide variety of stressors, including temperature change. The stress
response entails the rapid synthesis of a set of proteins referred to as stress proteins, or heat-shock proteins, upon exposure
to adverse environmental conditions. These proteins are highly conserved and have been found in organisms as diverse as
bacteria, molluscs, and humans. In this research, we will examine the stress response in aquatic organisms, namely farmed
fish from an environmental perspective. We have examined all these indicators as well as the cellular functions of stress
proteins within the context of their role in repair and protection from environmentally induced damage, acquired tolerance,
and environmental adaptation. In this paper we will discuss all these parameters and show their correlations. This paper will
make important contributions to environmental physiology and farming of aquatic organisms.
426
NOTES
427
LESSON LEARNED FORM STOCK ENHANCEMENT UNDER COMMUNITY BASED

FISHERIES MANAGEMENT PROGRAM IN BANGLADESH
M. G. Mustafa* and Abdullah-Al-Mamun

WorldFish Center
House 22B, Road 7, Block F
mgmustafa@agni.com
Community Based Fisheries Management Phase 2 is a technical assistant project started in September 2001 and
implemented by a partnership of the Department of Fisheries, WorldFish Center and eleven partners NGO’s and supported
by the Department for International Development (DFID). Project is developing and testing a range of CBFM approaches
and models in the open water fisheries in Bangladesh. The goal of the project is to sustain ably improve the livelihoods of
poor people dependant on aquatic natural resources through the adoption of improved inland fisheries management policies
resulting in more sustainable, equitable and participatory management of these resources. The project covered a total of
115 waterbodies that include 38 river sections, 14 closed waterbodies, 28 open waterbodies, 27 floodplains and 8 small
waterbodies.
Present study covered 14 closed waterbodies where stocking is considered as a means of enhancing fish production. There
is a concern that the introduction of large scale stocking of carps in open waters might imbalance the ecosystem and
biodiversity leading to an adverse impact on non-stocked indigenous fish. Analysis from Hamil Beel shows that there is
some inverse relation between stocking density and production of natural fish. Although floodplain stocking programmes
through past projects have been credited by the government with increasing fish production and fishers’ income, at the same
time serious concerns have been raised about the ecological and social equity implications, as well as the cost-effectiveness
and sustainability of stocking programmes. However, the fishers in CBFM do not stock large open floodplains, all of the
waterbodies reported here are of limited size and have few outlets that the fishers can fence. Escape of fish is a problem as
noted earlier, but the areas affected by stocking are limited. Reviewing the results from various investigations in floodplains
and in beel and baor stocking, it was found that single-stocking of carps each year with a density of 3,000–4,000 fingerlings/
ha/year with an appropriate species composition ratio does not affect yield of indigenous fish when compared with no carp
stocking. On the other hand, where there is multiple stocking with a density of 2,000-3,000 carp fingerlings in each stocking
with an annual stocking frequency of 4 to 5 times, indigenous species are highly affected. Given this evidence, for CBFM-2
waterbodies a moderate stocking density of 3,000–4,000 fingerlings/ha/year through a single stocking is suggested to enhance
production.
428
PERFORMANCE OF INTERGENERIC HYBRID BETWEENTHE CATFISHES Heteropneustes

fossilis AND Clarias gariepinus
A. Muthukumaran* and N. Sukumaran
Division of Aquaculture Biotechnology

Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Environmental Sciences
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University
Alwarkurichi- 627412, India
akumaran78@rediffmail.com
Hybrids are potential value in aquaculture on account of their faster growth, survival, colour, fin shape and structure.
Artificial production of hybrids is a powerful tool in fish culture. Intergeneric hybridization of different genetic groups is an
alternative to conventional selective breeding. Intergeneric hybrization between Indian catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis (m)
and African catfish Clarias gariepinus (f) were performed in the present study. The embryonic development, larval rearing,
morphology, karyology, growth and survival of hybrids were studied.
The matured fishes of both species were induced with a single intramuscular injection of Ovaprim (0.5 ml/ kg body
weight). The hybrids were achieved through artificial insemination. The fertilization rate and hatching rate of hybrids
were 92 and 87% respectively. The stages of development of the hybrid were found to be same as that of maternal parent
(C. gariepinus). During the growth period of 10 days, there was no cannibalic activity observed in the hybrids as that of
C. gariepinus, whereas the behavior of the hybrid larvae was like that of Heteropneustes fossilis and the hybrid preferred
sheltering. Survival rate of hybrids was more or less similar as that of both parents. The hybrids always displayed an
intermediate external morphology, with large and incomplete dorsal fin. A few meristic characters of the hybrids were
observed to be lower or higher than the morphometric values of both parents. This intermediate morphology indicated that
the products of the present hybridization were the true hybrids of H. fossilis and C. gariepinus. The diploid chromosome
number of hybrids was found to be 2n = 57, whereas in H. fossilis and C. gariepinus the number of chromosomes were 58
and 54 respectively. During the culture period of 390 days, a higher survival rate was observed as 72% in the case of hybrid,
whereas in parents such as Heteropneustes fossilis and Clarias gariepinus, the survival rates were 62 and 42 % respectively.
Growth comparisons from 30 days after hatching to 390 days, hybrids showed higher growth rate (320.5g) than H. fossilis
(45.7g). The present report suggests that H. fossilis (m) ×C. gariepinus (f) hybrids can be included as a new candidate in
freshwater aquaculture.
429
INDUCTION OF FINAL OOCYTE MATURATION IN CAPTIVE-REARED BLUEFIN TUNA

Thunnus thynnus USING GnRHa IMPLANTS
Constantinos C. Mylonas*, Antonio Belmonte, Antonio Garcia, Christopher Bridges, Hanna Rosenfeld,
Antonio Medina, Aldo Corriero, Gregorio Demetrio, Christian Fauvel, Robert Vassallo-Agius, Yonathan Zohar
and Hillel Gordin
Hellenic Center for Marine Research
P.O.Box 2214
Heraklion, Crete 71003, Greece
mylonas@her.hcmr.gr
Tunas constitute the most valuable fishery worldwide, with global catches in 2000 of 5.9 million mtn and a value exceeding
US$ 6 billion. In the Mediterranean Sea, the species of greatest value is the bluefin tuna. In the last decade, there has been
a tuna farming industry developing around the Mediterranean coast. Tuna farming is a “capture-based aquaculture”, and
involves the capture of wild fish and their fattening in floating cages. The recent expansion of this industry is considered
threatening to the wild population, and there is a great interest in developing broodstock management, spawning and larval
rearing methods for bluefin tuna.
Mature migrating bluefin tuna were obtained in June 2003 around the Balearic Islands, Spain using a purse seine and
transported (n = 27) to a 50-m diameter cage near shore. In June 2004, 14 fish were implanted by a diver with a gonadotropin
releasing-hormone agonist (GnRHa)-implant and an individual visual tag (Photo 1). The remaining fish were used as non-
treated controls. After 6 days, all fish were sacrificed and sampled for blood, gonads and pituitaries.
Underwater GnRHa-implantation proved to be a time consuming operation, but fish were implanted successfully. Control
females were in vitellogenesis and males in spermiation. Males implanted with GnRHa were in similar condition, but
all vitellogenic females contained also oocytes undergoing final oocyte maturation, as indicated by the migration of the
germinal vesicle (gv) and coalescence of the lipid droplets (l) (Photo 2). Some females contained also post-ovulatory
follicles, indicating that the hormonal treatment was successful in inducing maturation. Supported by the European Union
5th FP, project REPRODOTT (Contract Q5RS-2002-01355).
430
SEAFDEC’S REGIONAL FISH DISEASE PROJECT – ITS ROLE IN CAPABILITY

ENHANCEMENT OF FISH HEALTH MANAGEMENT IN AQUACULTURE IN SOUTHEAST
ASIA
Kazuya Nagasawa
Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center

Tigbauan 5021, Iloilo, Philippines
ornatus@fra.affrc.go.jp
The Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center (SEAFDEC) is a regional treaty organization established in 1967 to
promote fisheries development in the region. Its member countries are Japan and 10 countries of the ASEAN (Associations
of Southeast Asian Nations. Of the four departments of SEAFDEC, the Aquaculture Department based in Tigbauan, Iloilo,
Philippines was established in 1973 to conduct aquaculture research and development. This department is mandated to
promote and undertake aquaculture research that is relevant and appropriate for the region, develop human resources for
the region and disseminate and exchange information on aquaculture.
Fish diseases are one of the major threats to aquaculture production in Southeast Asia. Infectious diseases caused by
viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites frequently occur and cause mass mortalities of fish and shrimp cultured in this region,
reducing the aquaculture production of these animals. However, due to various constraints in finance, research facilities,
human resources and others, works on diagnosis, control and prevention of fish diseases have been insufficiently done in
the region. Some transboundary fish diseases have been spreading in Southeast Asian countries through international trade
of live aquatic animals. Thus, it is important to address these fish disease issues and establish a surveillance system at
national and regional levels in Southeast Asia.
To enhance capability of fish health management in aquaculture in the SEAFDEC member countries, various activities
are conducted at the SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department through the Regional Fish Disease Project that is funded by the
Government of Japan Trust Fund. The first-phase project entitled “Development of Fish Disease Inspection Methodologies
of Artificially-Bred Seeds” was initially started as a five year project in April 2000 and ended in March 2005, but its second-
phase project titled “Development of Fish Disease Surveillance System” which was approved by the Government of Japan
in 2004 is now on-going.
The first-phase project (2000-2004) consisted of four major activities: research, hands-on training, international meetings,
and dissemination of knowledge and information. In the current second-phase project (2004-2008), mobile clinic and on-
line training are newly added to these major activities. As one of the research studies, standardization of PCR methods
as diagnostic tools for viral pathogens like VNN, WSSV, TSV and KHV are conducted at the SEAFDEC Aquaculture
Department and those PCR techniques are transferred to the participants of hands-on trainings which are held annually
from 2002. Also, through on-line training, technical staff in the region can learn basic knowledge on various aspects of
fish diseases. The project has produced many publications as its outputs like books, manuals, proceedings, review articles,
flyers as well as scientific papers. However, many issues still remain in human resources development, especially on
technology transfer and information dissemination. In my presentation, these issues will be discussed.
431
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF MARINE CAGE AQUACULTURE IN VIETNAM FOR

POVERTY ALLEVIATION
Nagothu Udaya Sekhar
Norwegian Institute for Water Research

P.O.Box 173
0411-Oslo, Norway
udaya.nagothu@niva.no
The offshore cage farming industry is rapidly expanding in Vietnam since early 1990s in an unplanned manner. Catfishes,
Bleeker, lobsters and groupers are among the major cultured species. Sustainable development of marine cage aquaculture
calls for integrated planning and management. Therefore, investments in offshore cage aquaculture must take into account
socio-economic, institutional, political and environmental considerations. This paper focuses on the socio-economic and
institutional aspects of marine cage aquaculture in Vietnam. It addresses in particular the potential of small-scale marine
cage culture for poverty alleviation in the coastal zone of Vietnam.
Data for this study was collected from personal interviews with different stakeholders, including individual operators
of cage aquaculture, and secondary sources. The main socio-economic and institutional problems facing farmers were
high costs of production, difficulties in marketing, externality, stakeholder conflicts and lack of proper infrastructure.
The immediate needs in terms of facilitating access to the potential benefits of aquaculture included appropriate financial
support and proper information and marketing support.
There is also a need for strengthening institutional arrangements, involving stakeholders in planning and policy development
to reap the benefits in a sustainable manner. The current value of the marine cage culture occupies a very small part (nearly
1%) in the total export value of the fisheries sector of the country. The study shows that the potential for developing marine
cage aquaculture as a tool for poverty alleviation is large, provided the planning and development of Marine Aquaculture
is properly integrated with the local socio-economic and institutional contexts.
432
ATOLL COMMUNITY BASED SATELLITE BLACK-LIP PEARL OYSTER Pinctada

margaritifera FARMING MODEL FOR ALTERNATE OR SUPPLEMENTARY INCOME
GENERATION IN THE REPUBLIC OF THE MARSHALL ISLANDS
Manoj Nair R and Rand E. Dybdahl
Aquaculture Research Scientist

U.S.D.A. Land Grant Black Pearl Research Program
The U.S. Affiliated Pacific Island countries such as the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI), Federated States of
Micronesia (FSM) have developed pearl farming as an income generating local industry. Black–lip pearl farming is one
of the very few commercial activities that can be undertaken by outer-island communities in the RMI, which have been
traditionally almost solely dependent on copra for income generation. To provide an alternative income source, pearl
farming is advocated as pearl oysters are cultured using simple low cost technology that is suitable for small-scale operations
/ community-based production. The ultimate end product, a cultured pearl, is high in value, non-perishable and easy to
transport to well established markets. RMI has two existing commercial pearling companies. However these two pearling
companies completely depend on hatcheries to provide spat (small settled pearl oysters) for their farming operations.
The concept of “Satellite Farming” involves technology transfer by providing hatchery produced spat to community based
grow-out farmers on the outer islands. These groups can thereby supplement their incomes by growing out spat to sizes
requested and paid for by the larger commercial pearl companies. The confidence and competence gained by the grow-out
farmers should empower them to start their own pearl farms at these outer-islands in the future.
This is the very concept of the recently jointly funded College of the Marshall Islands Land Grant and United Nations
Development Program (UNDP) project on spat grow-out by outer island communities for alternate / supplementary income
generation as part of the overall UNDP project “Sustainable Livelihoods Development Project in the Republic of Marshall
Islands” goal.
In addition, the research component of this project concurrently addresses some of the remaining constraints of the
expansion of the existing commercial pearl farms by improving site-specific pearl hatchery propagation and farm grow-out
husbandry methodologies.
433
FRESHWATER PRAWN FARMING IN INDIA – EMERGING TRENDS

C. Mohanakumaran Nair* and K.R. Salin
Dept. of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries

Kerala Agricultural University
Panangad (P.O), Kochi 682 506
naircm@hotmail.com
Freshwater prawns occupy a significant place in the aquaculture production of India. The native Macrobrachium rosenbergii
is the only species of freshwater prawn presently farmed in the country and its culture has been expanding rapidly, in view
of the recent slump in marine shrimp production. Although potentially important species like M. malcolmsonii and M.
gangeticum are indigenous in some of the major river systems, commercial farming is yet to be taken up except the small
scale artisanal culture of the former in some provinces. The production of 35 870 mt of freshwater prawns during 2003-04
was 48% higher than that in 2001-02 while the farm area has increased by 14% during the same period. About 45% of the
production is exported (9040 mt valued at US$ 89 million during 2003-04) and the rest consumed internally. The state of
Andhra Pradesh (AP) contributed almost 90% of the total production of freshwater prawns during 2003-04 followed by
West Bengal (7%).
There are 80 hatcheries with an annual capacity of about 1500 million seed of M. rosenbergii. Many of these are multispecies
hatcheries producing the seed of both Penaeus monodon and M. rosenbergii using the same facilities in line with demand.
The price of seed, which peaked up to US$ 30 during late 2000 is presently as low as US$ 4 per 1000. Juveniles (3-5 g
size) obtained by rearing postlarvae (@ 0.25 – 0.5 million/ha) in nurseries for two months are used for stocking grow-out
ponds @ 25 000 – 40 000/ha. New diseases like white tail disease (viral) and ‘balloon disease’ or branchiostegite-blister
disease’ (viral?) took a heavy toll in nursery and grow-out ponds in Nellore, where farming depends on limited supply of
groundwater unlike in other regions that depend on river/irrigation canal water.
Farmers, especially in the state of AP have adopted many innovative practices with a view to increase production. The
recent trend is towards monosex culture using all male juveniles, manually segregated at 4-5g size after nursery rearing
@ 0.15 million/ha (by the presence of a flap covering the gonopore at the base of the coxae of 5th pereiopods in males),
which is found to be 60% more profitable than conventional monoculture. The segregators (trained rural women) are paid
about US$ 4 for segregating 5000 juveniles. Alternate culture of P. monodon (February - June) and M. rosenbergii (July
- January) in the same pond, in the East Godavary district of AP is more economical and disease-free for both species.
Of late in the state of Kerala, the system of ‘one-crop paddy and one-crop prawn’ in the low-lying paddy fields is being
promoted. Farming freshwater prawns is now sought as a means to reclaim vast areas of agriculture land in some of the
northern provinces, which became saline and unsuitable for agriculture owing to excessive fertilization. Increasing global
awareness of the impacts of intensive culture systems has made it possible to adopt environmentally benign freshwater
prawn culture practices suitable to the local resources. However, quality of the harvested prawn is a key issue that needs
serious attention.
434
STRATEGY FOR SUSTAINABLE SHRIMP POST LARVAE PRODUCTION OF MEGA

HATCHERY IN LAMPUNG, INDONESIA
A. Musyafik * and Fivi Najmushabah
PT. Central Pertiwi Bahari (CP group)

musyafik@cp.co.id
Indonesia is one of the biggest shrimp producing country in Asia that produces +120.000 ton shrimp a year. PT. Central
Pertiwi Bahari hatchery (Breeding Operation Division) in Lampung, Indonesia is one of the integrated shrimp farm complex
supplying shrimp post larvae to one of the largest shrimp producers in Asia which has over 3,600 (0.5 ha size ponds)
intensive ponds (Heerin, 2003).
The hatchery with production capacity of 600 million post larvae (PL) monthly applies culture technology, which
focuses on sustainable management system based on implementation of strict operating, shrimp health and biosecurity
management procedures, and traceability from broodstock to farm. To safe guard for sustainable P. monodon post larvae
quality, productivity and also to minimize WSSV infection, the following maturation and larvae culture systems are applied
1) Utilize only broodstock from sources that have very low prevalence WSSV infection. 2) Using broodstock transit station,
which is located far from hatchery as a center of quarantine and recondition for new incoming broodstock before shipped
to hatchery. 3) Screening from new incoming broodstock to nauplii, mysis and post larvae by using double step PCR test.
4) Applying individual spawning and hatching tank system to ease nauplii and spawner selection process. 5) Implementing
artificial insemination technology. Besides strict bio-security measures, human food safety is also considered as a priority.
The use of prohibited chemicals and drugs are avoided, instead suitable pro-biotic has been developed and applied since 3
years ago. In production of L. vannamei post larvae, apart from using imported SPF broodstock, the same operation system
used for P. monodon is applied.
Since live food phytoplankton is essential in productivity and quality of post larvae attention is given to quality assessment
before being used for larvae feed. The approach used in determining diatom (Skeletonema and Chaetoceros) quality is by
evaluating the parameters, such as on cell clotting, cell color, density, chain length, cell content and size. Only high quality
phytoplankton is transferred for use as larvae feed. Daily observations on water and larvae/PL condition during culture are
also evaluated. In addition, the test carried out on post larvae before harvest is aimed for quality assurance purposes.
Fig. 1 Total post larvae production

435
IDENTIFICATION OF THE GENETIC INTROGRESSION CAUSED BY INTRODUCED

SPECIES BY MEANS OF DNA MARKERS
Masamichi Nakajima*, Keita Kumagai, Koji Yokogawa and Nobuhiko Taniguchi
Laboratory of Population Genetic Informatics

Graduate School of Agricultural Science
Tohoku University
Sendai 981-8555, Japan
mnkjm@bios.tohoku.ac.jp
In Japan, many fishes are culturing and seeds of some of them are introduced from foreign countries, even if there are
related species in Japan. Some of introduced seeds escaped from net cages or culture ponds to natural habitat in Japan.
Physical and/or physiological barriers usually prevent the distributions of these species, however, the intermingled areas
were occurred in several coastal areas in Japan. Especially, mixing of Japanese sea bass and Chinese sea bass is one of
the biggest problems of Japanese mariculture, because these species are very similar to each other in morphological traits.
Some morphological traits in which these two types were different were reported, however, the distribution of each trait was
overlapped. To identify each type of sea bass by DNA markers is needed. In this study, the genetic identification of each
individual by DNA markers was examined in Japanese and Chinese sea bass.
In each species, four microsatellite DNA markers were developed for the identification. The samples of sea bass were
collected from 11 locations of Japanese, Korean and Chinese coast. The assignment test, WhichRun, was used for the
classification of each individual to each type. The samples collected in Matsushima and Bo-hai Sea were used as base line
populations for the assignment test of Japanese and Chinese sea bass, respectively.
In developed four markers, the differences of allele frequencies were observed between Japanese and Chinese sea bass,
and each individual was clearly separated by assignment test used WhichRun software, however, some individuals were
indicated intermediate characteristics. The area where such individuals were observed was the area where the Chinese sea
bass were frequently introduced, indicating that these individuals are hybrids of Japanese and Chinese Sea Bass. In natural
habitat, the hybrid between these two types are very rare, in spite of, it is easy to make hybrid by artificial propagation.
The several individuals were suggested to be hybrids by assignment test. These results suggest that the introduction of
closely related species should be prudent, and it is necessary to survey by DNA markers the individuals which probably
are hybrids.
436
EFFECTIVENESS OF SEA RANCHING FOR STRIPED JACK Pseudocaranx dentex USING

RELEASE METHOD TO PREVENT PANIC DISPERSION
Shoji Nakano, Ken Shimizu and Kazuhisa Teruya
Kamiura Station
National Center for Stock Enhancement
Fisheries Research Agency
Tsuiura, Kamiura, Minamiamabe
Oita, Japan 879-2602
shona@affrc.go.jp
In Tsukumi Bay, located on the eastern coast of Kyushu in Japan, the authors examined the effectiveness of sea ranching
of striped jack Pseudocaranx dentex using a release method to prevent panic dispersion. Striped jack is so expensive in
fisheries markets that this species is extremely important for local fisheries and aquaculture in this region. Nevertheless,
little is known of the migrating range and impact on fisheries production of striped jack sea ranching.
RELEASE METHOD
Release trials were conducted from 1991 in Tsukumi Bay using this proposed method. Tsukamoto (1996) reported that
striped jack exhibited characteristic behavior of schooling and gathering under a shadow cast by a floating object. Kuwada
(2002) applied this behavior in a field experiment to a practical release technique and prevented panic dispersion after
release. We acclimated fish in a net that had been set in the release area for about one week before release. On the release
date, we slowly opened the net and started feeding. Feeding from the floating net cage was continued for one month after
release.
RESULTS
According to results of these release trials, we conclude that it is possible to produce new striped jack stock by sea ranching.
After commencement of sea ranching in 1991, the amount of the catch increased in the following year. After release was
discontinued from 1997 to 1999, the catch decreased to a low level from 1998 to 2000. When release resumed from 2000,
the catch increased again from 2001. Tsukumi Bay is inferred to be the northern limit area of the wild striped jack habitat
because the catch amount was not zero, but it was quite low in the bay until 1990; a much larger catch was recorded in more
southern fish markets. It is presumed that the release directly influences the catch. A subsequent fish market survey made in
a wider area revealed that the released fish stayed within a 15-km area from the point of release, and that the released fish
grew to 25 cm in fork length by 13 months after release.
437
PROGRESS IN YELLOWFIN TUNA PROPAGATION

Akio Nakazawa*, John H. Hutapea and I. Gusti Ngurah Permana
OFCF-GRIM Tuna Propagation Research Project

P. O. Box 140
nakazawaakio@msn.com
The yellowfin tuna, Thunnus albacares, is an important species in tuna tropical and subtropical fisheries worldwide. For the
development of sustainable tuna fisheries, the collection of biological and statistical data and information is considered of
paramount importance. However, relatively little is known about the early life history of tunas and factors which influence
their recruitment to the exploitable stocks.
The first attempts in yellowfin tuna propagation were carried out by a group of Japanese scientists in the 1970s. Wild
yellowfin specimens caught in purse seine nets were used and artificial fertilization trials were performed directly on-board
of the fishing vessels. In 1992, twenty-two years after the first fertilizations experiments were carried out, yellowfin tuna
reared in sea cages owned by the Japan Sea Farming Association (Yaeyama branch) spawned naturally. This spawning
event was the first success recorded in captivity.
In 1997 additional spawning successes were achieved in Panama from yellowfin tunas reared in a land-based concrete
tank. This cooperation project between the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC), the Overseas Fishery
Cooperation Foundation of Japan (OFCF) and the Government of Republic of Panama was based at the IATTC Achotines
Laboratory.
In 2001 an additional cooperation project between the OFCF and the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries of the
Republic of Indonesia started on the island of Bali aimed at researching on and developing a propagation technology
on yellowfin tuna. Similar but slightly bigger land-based concrete tanks have been built compared to the one in Panama.
Yellowfin juveniles have been maintained in these tanks since April 2003 and the first spawning was observed in October
2004.
In this presentation, a series of topics related to the spawning of yellowfin will be reviewed including studies on sexual
maturity, larvae and juvenile growth in captivity.
438
GENETIC DIVERSITY AND PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS OF THE ENDANGERED

MEKONG GIANT CATFISH AND CLOSELY RELATED SPECIES AS INFERRED FROM
mtDNA 16S rRNA SEQUENCES
U. Na-Nakorn*, S. Sukmanomon, S. Klinbunga, M. Nakajima, N. Taniguchi, T.T.T. Nguyen, N. Sukumasavin,

S. Poompuang and W. Kamonrat
Kasetsart University
Chatujak, Bangkok 10900 Thailand
ffisurn@ku.ac.th
The present study aims to investigate genetic diversity of the endangered Pangasianodon gigas (PG) endemic to
Mekong River and that of Pangasius larnaudii (PL) and P. sanitwongsei (PS) using sequences of large subunit ribosomal
mitochondrial DNA (16S rRNA). A total of 407 individuals were collected, of which 391 individuals were successfully
sequenced including 13 wild P. gigas from Thailand and Cambodia and 100 samples from hatcheries in Thailand, 214 wild
P. larnaudii from Thailand and Cambodia and 64 wild P. sanitwongsei from Thailand.
Approximately 563 base pairs (bp) of the 16S rRNA gene fragment were sequenced. A total of 34 unique haplotypes were
revealed; 8 for PG with low nucleotide diversity (π = 0.0008); 18 from PL (π = 0.0015), and 8 from PS (π = 0.0005).
Significant population structure was revealed in all three species. Mean Fst values are 0.807 (PG), 0.820 (PL), and 0.816
(PS).
Phylogenetic dendrogram indicated that PL and PS are more closely related (1.83% genetic divergence) than each of these
species with PG (3.35-3.39% genetic divergence). Sample of PS from Ubonratchatani did not cluster with PS group and
therefore invite further investigation. Of the most particular concern is the clustering of two haplotypes of natural samples
of PG (from Cambodia) and two haplotypes of PL samples (from Thailand and Cambodia) with Pangasius sutchi (Genbank
Accession Number AY458881). This could be resulted from hybridization. The present study has important implications
for conservation of the three Pangasiid catfishes.
439
ANDRECTOMIZED FRESHWATER PRAWN Macrobrachium rosenbergii DEVELOPED

INTO FUNCTIONAL FEMALES
Wikrom Rungsin and Uthairat Na-Nakorn*
Department of Zoology Faculty of Science

Kasetsart University
Bangkok 10900
Thailand
fsciwrrs@ku.ac.th
Male freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii grows at higher rate than female, thus monosex culture of this species
has been proved to significantly enhanced production (Sagi et al., 1986). Due to the presumed ZW sex control mechanism of
freshwater prawn (Malecha et al., 1992) sex reversed female (genetic male) would give all male offspring from the mating
with normal male. However, Nagamine et al. (1980) reported failure to obtain functional female after removal of androgenic
glands of juvenile male freshwater prawn. In this paper we reported the first successful sex reversal of andrectomized
male to functional female in freshwater prawn. In this study sex differentiation was monitored, whereby we observed
the male gonopore as early as 65 days post-hatching. Then the androgenic glands were removed in 87 males resulted in
80.4% survival after 1 week. Sex reversal to female was investigated base on the absence of male gonopore and appendix
musculina at 2 weeks after the operation. We observed successful sex reversal in 21 prawns (30% of the survivors). Among
which two of them (2.8% of the survivors) developed eggs at 5 months after the operation. They eventually released eggs
without mating. The eggs perfectly attached to swimmerets with normal caring behavior as observed in normal females. At
present we observed three more females developing matured eggs at 6 months after the operation. We attempt to mate these
neofemales with normal males in order to investigated if all male offspring are produced. Histological section of males at
early stage and andrectomized males was also described.
440
AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT IN SOUTH ASIAN COUNTRIES – THE ROLE OF NGOS

AND POTENTIAL OPPORTUNITIES
M.C.Nandeesha*, Jitesh Panda , Manjurul Karim , Arun Padiyar ,S. Vasudevan, U. Amarasinghe,
Ashish Kumar Rai and Tek Narain Gurung
College of Fisheries
Central Agricultural University
Lembucherra –799210
Agartala, Tripura , India
mcnraju@yahoo.com
Two of the top ten aquaculture producing countries of the world, namely , India and Bangladesh are located in the South
Asian region. Aquaculture is recognized as an important sector to meet the increasing demand for fish in the region. Most of
the aquaculture production from the region is contributed by small scale farmers. With many of the large commercial farmers
moving away from shrimp farming, opportunities for small farmers to undertake aquaculture has increased considerably,
in the coastal regions.
India produces more than 2.0 mmt of fish from aquaculture and has been recognized to have capacity to increase this
production by several folds. While large part of the fin fish production is consumed locally , most of the shell fish production
from the country is exported. Government machineries having several limitations , alternate pathways are explored to
stimulate sustainable development. At present , NGOs involvement in aquaculture is limited to very few organizations in
fresh, brackish and sea water sectors. However, interestingly , few retired professionals have initiated NGOs that focus on
development through field based research. Recent experiments in establishing community based organizations , self help
groups, etc have proved to be highly effective in promoting sustainable aquaculture practices.
Bangladesh has made good progress in aquaculture development through the involvement of NGOs. There are a number
of NGOs that have major programs in aquaculture and the experience gained by these organizations in promoting
aquaculture development will be valuable for other countries in the region , which are aiming to develop aquaculture as an
income generating activity. Fish being an integral part of the society , most NGOs involved in agriculture development in
Bangladesh have used aquaculture as one of the intervention areas to help the needy farmers. In Nepal , aquaculture is seen
as a potential income generating activity and it is being carried out intensively in some regions of the country. There are few
NGOs involved in promoting aquaculture activity. In Sri Lanka , aquaculture yet to be seen as an activity that can benefit
the farming community. However, there are some NGOs exploring to assist fishers through aquaculture. In Myanmar,
aquaculture is an important activity , while in Bhutan attempts are made to increase production through aquaculture and
in Maldives mariculture is recognized as a potential activity. However, in all these countries NGOs are yet recognize the
potential of aquaculture in benefiting the poor.
Professionals working in the Government Research and Development organizations are yet to have good knowledge on
the working principles and processes employed by the NGOs, with several of them having negative perception about such
institutions. There is an urgent need on the sensitization of people about the potential of NGOs in aquaculture development
by documenting the impact made by such organizations in poverty alleviation through aquaculture. Several larger NGOs
have begun to engage professionals for the development this specialized discipline and such an approach has increased
the success rate of aquaculture considerably. As a result many smaller NGOs have begun to include aquaculture as a
component of developmental strategy. It is anticipated that with the increasing number of aquaculture professionals in
the region, NGOs would contribute significantly for the growth of aquaculture at least in some countries like India and
Bangladesh.
441
OPTIMIZATION OF THE LARVAL REARING OF THE WHITE SEABREAM Diplodus

sargus (LINNAEUS, 1758)
L. Narciso*, Joana Coutinho and P. Pousão Ferreira
Lab. Marítimo da Guia – Dep. Biologia Animal

Faculdade Ciências Universidade
Lisboa Estrada Guincho 2750 Cascais, Portugal
luisnarciso@mail.telepac.pt
The aquaculture diversification with new species with high commercial value has been considered quite interesting in order
to improve and implement the growing aquaculture market and also for restocking.
White seabream Diplodus sargus (Linnaeus, 1758) is a Mediterranean species with high commercial value and considered
as an alternative species to the seabream Sparus aurata and sea bass Dicenthrarchus labrax, (in earth ponds) since present
different spawning seasons (with a higher hatchery rentabilization ) and good growth ratios. The aim of this study was to
contribute to the knowledge of the lipid nutrition of the white seabream larvae and to optimize the larval rearing strategies
(modification of the well known seabream Sparus aurata feeding schedule.
Eggs and larvae at different developmental stages were analyzed and presented a high DHA/EPA; newly spawned eggs,
eggs with 24h and 1 DAH and 3 DAH larvae present 3,61; 4,43; 4,10 and 4,84 DHA/EPA respectively. PUFA increased
during egg development while MUFA decreased. These data seem to point out that during egg development and newly
hatched larvae there is a conservative strategy for PUFA, being the MUFA the metabolic fuel. The high DHA/EPA (near 5)
means that special attention is necessary during early larval nutrition.
Starvation trials were set up in order to achieve the best schedule for the day of the first exogenous feeding. The results
show that feed must be supplied on the first day after hatching before the run out of endogenous reserves and just before
the opening of the mouth.
Finally, it was tested different feeding strategies using rotifers and AF and EG Artemia nauplii, using the feeding know-how
for sea bream and sea bass. The results show that the utilization of AF Artemia strains does not present any advantage, and
can be removed from the larvae food chain.
442
FATTY ACID PROFILE OF THE EGGS OF THE MOST IMPORTANT MARINE FISH
SPECIES REARED IN EUROPE
P. Pousão-Ferreira, M. Saavedra, E. Dores, J. Coutinho and L. Narciso*
INIAP/IPIMAR-CRIPSul Av. 5 de Outubro s/n

8700-305 Olhão, Portugal
luisnarciso@mail.telepac.pt
Endogenous reserves are quite limited (considering the small size of the majority of the eggs of marine species), consisting
in yolk (mainly proteins) and a lipid globule. The lipid globule is consumed slower than the yolk and often part of the
globule remains after the exhaustion of the yolk and is considered as an energy reserve for the swimming costs. It can
be considered that embryos use the vitelline reserves of parental origin in order to meet their growth and maintenance. It
can be considered that the nutritional embryonic profile can be an important clue to the first exogenous feeding after the
opening of mouth. So, fish larvae must feed properly on live prey from the point of first feeding up to the post larval stages
when they can adapt to inert feeds (the weaning period). In marine hatcheries several types of live feeds are used: yeasts,
phytoplankton, copepods, rotifers and Artemia. The production of this artificial food chain has been studied deeply in
the last decades and is still being improved by the nutritional modification through enrichment or by the selection of new
species.
Lipid metabolism in fish is quite specific since the aquatic environment is characterized by high levels of polyunsaturated
fatty acids (PUFA) and in particular long chain HUFA of the n-3 series. In marine fish, the bioconversion capacity C18 fatty
acids into HUFA’s is low or even very low, and the most essential fatty acids are the ARA, EPA and DHA (in contrast with
freshwater fish and mammals where the main EFA are the linoleic and linolenic.
Due to the diversity of marine fish species reared for aquaculture purposes it can be assumed that the composition of eggs
lipids constitutes a criterion for the identification of the first exogenous feeding and to formulate (manipulate) the live preys
in order to achieve the best nutritional strategies.
Several marine fish species were studied: Diplodus sargus, D. cervinus, D. puntazzo, D. vulgaris, Solea senegalensis,
Sparus aurata, Dicentrarchus labrax and Pagrus pagrus. These species have different egg lipid profiles which can express
different lipid requirements during first exogenous feeding.
TOWARD THE DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSPARENT, SUSTAINABLE TROPICAL

SEAPLANT VALUE NETWORKS
Iain C. Neish, Ph.D.
SEAPlantNet initiative – IFC PENSA

iain@seaplant.net
The farming of tropical marine algae such as the eucheuma seaplants and agar-bearing seaplants is an outstanding example
of widespread farming that evolved from simple methods refined mainly by farmers in the field.
Tropical seaplant farming began with small-holders and seaplant value chains continue to be firmly grounded on a foundation
of micro, small and medium enterprises. If proper agronomic principles are applied seaplant farming can be a sustainable
form of mariculture that integrates well with complementary coastal zone uses including animal mariculture, managed
fisheries, recreational activities and reef conservation initiatives.
Much tropical seaplant farming yields year-around cash crops that are used as raw materials for marine biopolymer
production and markets are strong. The cash generated by seaplant sales has a high multiplier effect and can act as a driver
for integrated economic development in coastal communities if funds are well managed.
Unfortunately the path toward sustainability has been marred by a lack of transparency in seaplant value networks and a
paucity of technical assistance both for farmers and for the small-medium enterprises that comprise most of the links in
seaplant value chains. The SEAPlantNet initiative of IFC PENSA is striving to remedy that situation and is utilizing newly
available tools of information technology, emerging tools for business alliance management and wireless communication
technologies to transparently and sustainably link seaplant farmers to end users of seaplant products.
443
SUSTAINABILITY & PROFIT – THE CASE FOR TROPHICALLY - ECOLOGICALLY

BALANCED INTEGRATED AQUACULTURE IN ARID ZONE DEVELOPMENT
Amir Neori*, Max Troell and Geoff Gooley
Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research Ltd.

National Center for Mariculture
P.O. Box 1212
Eilat 88112, Israel
aneori@shani.net
A sustainable use of scarce land and water resources in arid coastal and inland regions is the advance of multi trophic
ecologically balanced integrated aquaculture systems. In its predecessor- extensive subsistence polyculture, recycled farm
waste is the source of nutrients for aquatic plants, which then nourish several trophically complementing fish species in
one pond. This resource-conserving practice has been implemented for centuries in the SE Asian countries, where it has
been producing over half of the world’s cultured freshwater fish to this day. Integrated aquaculture (a.k.a. partitioned
aquaculture or aquaponics), where each species grows in its separate optimised water unit, has allowed the intensification
and commercialisation of the multi trophic aquaculture principle. Such designs incorporate primary producers- seaweeds
and phytoplankton- as key elements in the recycling of waste from intensive fish and shrimp farming in marine and saline
water into profitable products, be it the plants themselves (e.g., seaweeds) or valuable herbivorous seafood species.
Marine systems: The case for industrial scale integrated mariculture in coastal desert and warm coastal waters such
as in North Africa, southern Africa, the Middle East, Mexico, South America and Australia is based on its multi-level
sustainability, with respect to the use of resources, e.g., land, water, nutrients and labour. These features make this approach
the most suitable replacement for the current unsustainable practices in commercial intensive, land-based, monoculture
agrifood production.
Inland: In various inland areas such as the Middle East, North Africa, Australia and the United States, integrated aquaculture
internalises through recycling, environmental externalities, e.g., eutrophication and salinisation, into value-added, on-farm
product streams, such as hydroponics vegetables and halophytes. These crops can pay with a profit for the full cost of
agricultural water use. The competitive advantages for such systems are likely to attract new investors to this new agri-
wastewater-dependant aquaculture industry. This because much, if not all, of the cost of key aquaculture land and water
capital assets and infrastructure has already been borne or largely offset by existing agriculture business. Furthermore,
the additional business/ logistics, production/husbandry, post-harvest/processing and marketing skills and networks often
already exist. Finally, as a largely non-consumptive agrifood user of water, this kind of aquaculture is the only realistic
option for profitable and sustainable, industrial-scale, irrigated farm diversification in the world’s arid zones.
In conclusion it is now widely acknowledged by scientists, resource managers/policy makers and industry, if not consumers
and the general public, that a new conceptual framework is required for land and water resource management in the
agrifood sector. It is our belief that such a framework demands the concurrent, widespread adoption of environmentally
benign and resource-efficient, integrated aquaculture to future arid zone development of commercial aquaculture on a
synergistic basis with commercial agriculture. Furthermore, such developments will be necessarily enhanced by novel and
innovative management, technology and marketing to achieve long term viability at an industrial scale.
444
AwF: THE FIRST YEAR AFTER THE LAUNCH IN HAWAII

Michael B. New
Aquaculture without Frontiers

Wroxton Lodge
Institute Road
Marlow
Bucks SL7 1BJ
United Kingdom
michael_new@compuserve.com
Aquaculture without Frontiers (www.aquaculturewithoutfrontiers.org), a concept floated in Brazil during World Aquaculture
2003, was launched at a special meeting in Hawaii during Aquaculture 2004. Formation of this new NGO, to assist in the
alleviation of poverty through small-scale aquaculture, has proved frustratingly slow. Obtaining charity and tax-exempt
status, which is essential before fund raising can be attempted, has been time consuming. The process is rigorous, so that
the registering authorities can determine whether our objectives are truly charitable (‘not-for-profit’) and satisfy themselves
that all donations received will be used to achieve our objectives. However, we appear to have satisfied the authorities that
‘money-laundering’ in not one of our aims!
Despite this, with no (money to employ) staff yet but several dedicated volunteers, we have achieved a number of our
early milestones. This paper will describe how AwF has been incorporated in the UK and the USA, obtained charity and
tax-exempt status, established its own website, generated media interest, established a volunteer database, and obtained
financial and practical support for these initial processes. The paper will also discuss the short-term goals of AwF, as this
NGO moves towards seeking funds for practical activities.
445
HATCHERY SANITATION AND DISEASE PREVENTION

Stephen G. Newman
Aqua-In-Tech Inc.
6722 162nd Place SW
Lynnwood, WA 98037 USA
sgnewm@aqua-in-tech.com
Prevention of the entry of pathogens into hatchery systems is critical to the successful outcome of the production process
in hatcheries and subsequently on the farms that receive these animals.
There are three critical points of entry of pathogens into the hatchery. These are the seed stock, the water and the feed.
Successful management of all of these areas is vital to lessening the chances of loss of animals due to infectious diseases.
Using Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) animals as the source of brood stock or at the very least animals that are free and clean
of the “worst” diseases, is important to start with, holding animals in clean disease free environments and ensuring effective
disinfection of eggs and nauplii are all essential to breaking the cycle of both vertically and horizontally transmitted
pathogens. Typically Iodophors and other chemicals (formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde) are used in this process in conjunction
with large flow rates of clean water.
Water needs to be clean and free of pathogens to start with. This is usually the result of Standard Operating Protocols
(SOPs) that entail the use of sequential filtration, water quality control monitoring and/or chemical disinfection of the
water prior to it being used. It is impossible to culture shrimp without bacteria being present in the system and every effort
needs to be made to ensure that potential pathogenic bacteria loads are kept to a minimum. Historically many hatcheries
have relied on the use antibiotics to accomplish this which is not a wise practice. The use of bacterial amendments that
can outgrow potential pathogenic bacteria is finding wider use and it is quite feasible to lower pathogenic, such as, Vibrio,
bacterial loads using this approach. Filamentous bacteria often cause problems as the high organic loads in low exchange
water rate hatcheries lend themselves to these types of bacteria. Certain tamed chlorine compounds have been used quite
successfully in preventing problems.
Artemia and Algae culture can introduce pathogens into the system as can locally prepared feeds that have not been
prepared using acceptable methodologies. Decapsulation of Artemia cysts or the use of Chloramine T will reduce bacteria
loads to a negligible level. Bacterial loads in algae tanks are controlled by the proper use of sterile technique and water
disinfection protocols.
It is possible to produce high quality pathogen free PLs with high survival rates consistently in hatcheries utilizing the
aforementioned tools. Survivals in excess of 90% are readily achievable. The use of various strategies will be the subject
of my presentation.
446
AN OVERVIEW OF THE NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS AND FEEDING OF TILAPIA

Wing-Keong Ng
Fish Nutrition Laboratory

School of Biological Sciences
Universiti Sains Malaysia
Penang 11800, Malaysia
wkng@usm.my
Tilapias are among only a handful of cultured aquatic animals whose nutrient requirements are fairly well reported. However,
there is still a deficiency in the knowledge of vitamin and mineral nutrition in tilapias. For other groups of nutrients such as
the essential fatty acids, there are currently contradictory reports as to the actual requirement of tilapias for these essential
nutrients. The first part of this overview is to highlight some of the current knowledge on the protein and amino acid,
energy and carbohydrate, lipid and fatty acid, vitamin and mineral requirements of tilapias. Nutrient requirements will
be summarized and gaps in our knowledge on tilapia nutrition pointed out. Understanding the exact nutrient requirement
of tilapias will greatly assist the aquafeed industry in formulating least-cost nutritionally balanced diets, which is a major
requisite for successful tilapia production.
With increasing intensification of tilapia production systems, commercial feeds can account for over 50% of the operation
costs of tilapia farms. In recent years, the cost of imported feed ingredients such as fishmeal, soybean meal, wheat
flour, fish oil, etc., has risen to such an extent that many local aquaculture enterprises are no longer profitable. This is
especially true for the culture of lower-value fish species such as tilapia. The continued expansion, sustainability and global
competitiveness of tilapia production in many countries will greatly depend on research in the use of locally available
feed ingredients for alternative and novel sources of protein, lipid, carbohydrates and vitamins. The second part of this
paper will highlight some of the research currently being conducted at the Fish Nutrition Laboratory in Universiti Sains
Malaysia on the use of oil palm-based products and by-products in tilapia feed formulations. Research results on the use
of palm kernel meal, crude palm oil and its various fractions, spent bleaching clay and vitamin E extracted from palm oil
in tilapia diets will be briefly presented. To date, experimental results have been very encouraging as to the use of these
novel ingredients in tilapia diets.
447
FRESHWATER FINFISH BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION: AN ASIAN

PERSPECTIVE
Thuy T.T. Nguyen and Sena S. De Silva
Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific

PO Box 1040
Kasetsart Post Office
Aspects on biodiversity and conservation of the ichthyofauna in the Asian region, in comparison to that of Africa, Europe
and North America have been relatively less documented. This paper attempts to evaluate the above aspects in the East, and
South and Southeast Asia based on available information in the literature. There is lack of consistency on the estimates of
fish species richness reported by different authors, the most prominent of these being that for the Mekong River, where the
estimates of richness range from 700+ to 2000+ species. The familial diversity in inland waters in Asia (121 families) is
considerably higher than in Africa and Latin America. Also, the finfish faunal diversity of 21 major river basins in East, and
South and Southeast Asian indicate that species diversity is not necessarily related to familial diversity. The fish fauna in
the region considered presently is highly diverse with an estimated total of 7447 species. Amongst the freshwater fishes the
dominant groups are cyprinids (Cyprinidae, about 1000 species), loaches (about 400 species) of the families Balitoridae and
Cobitiidae, gobids (Gobiidae, 300 species), catfishes (Bagridae, about 100 species), and the Osphronemidae (85 species).
In the region, 462 freshwater finfish species are reckoned to be threatened, accounting for 17.5% of all finfish species in
this status in the world. In the region there are 66 species that are critically endangered and/ or endangered, of which 32 are
cyprinids, 14 of which are endemic to Lake Lanao, Mindano Island, Philippines.
The fish species diversity in the region was significantly related to the land area of the different countries in the following
manner:
ln (Species ratio) = ln 0.384 (land area in km2) + 0.651 (R2= 0.628; P< 0.001).
In addition, the fish species diversity in the major river basins of the region was also positively related to the basin area:
ln (Species richness index) = - 0.789 ln (Area) + 9.368 (R2= 0.748; P< 0.001).
Based on above relationship, the predicted fish species richness did not necessarily correlate to river basin size, and rivers
with small basins were shown to have high indices.
The paper also attempts to evaluate the reasons affecting fish species diversity in the region and suggests mitigating
measures, together with precautions that need to be taken in aquaculture development and stock enhancement programs
with regard to maintaining ichthyo-faunal diversity.
448
PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES FOR ENVIRONMENT AND ECONOMICS: A CASE STUDY

OF ENVIROMENTAL MANAGEMENT OF CATFISH FARMING IN THE MEKONG RIVER
DELTA OF VIET NAM
Nguyen Thanh Phuong*, Yang Yi, Le Bao Ngoc and Don Griffiths
College of Aquaculture and Fisheries,

Can Tho University
3/2 Street, Ninh Kieu District
Can Tho City, Can Tho Viet Nam
ntphuong@ctu.edu.vn
The Mekong River Delta of Viet Nam with an area of 600,000 hectares has significant potential for the further development
of freshwater fish culture. Catfish farming is the most important freshwater system in terms of both production and value.
Production of farmed catfishes has increased 3.5 fold from 1999 to an estimated total of 300,000 metric tonnes in 2004,
with an export value of US$ 220 million, equivalent to 9.7% of the total export revenue from fisheries sector of Viet Nam.
Two catfish species are cultured in the Mekong Delta, namely Pangasius hypophthalmus and Pangasius bocourti. The
former is the main cultured species, accounting for over 95% of total catfish production. Catfishes are cultured in a diverse
range of pond, cage and pen culture systems and at increasingly higher levels of management intensity. Cages and ponds
are the predominant culture systems accounting for 88% of total production. The productivity of different culture systems,
which varies with stocking densities is typically 116 ±13.4 kg/m3, 18.3±6.45 kg/m2, and 34.5±14.9 kg/m2/year for cages,
ponds and pens, respectively.
To date the waste loadings from catfish culture have not had significant impact on fish production and water quality,
except in locations with high densities of catfish ponds and cages. However, it is anticipated that environmental impact
may become more significant as cage and pond culture further expands in the Mekong Delta. A detailed site specific study
conducted in 2002 of an area with 204 catfish cages ranging in size from 200 – 1,000 m3, showed that 295, 75, 8,730 and
10,978 metric tonnes year-1 of nitrogen, phosphorus, organic matter and suspended solids respectively were produced. For
pond culture systems, it was calculated that for each 1 kg of P. hypophthalmus produced 23.2 g of nitrogen and 8.66 g of
phosphorus were released into the water environment.
To lessen the environmental impact from catfish farming producers are now being encouraged to convert from highly soluble
home-made diets to more water stable, less polluting commercial pelleted feeds, to limit maximum stocking densities and
to apply improved site selection. Further reduction of environmental impacts from catfish farming will require routine
environmental monitoring, environmental management guidelines and proper zoning.
449
STUDY ON THE Na/K-ATPase ACTIVITIES AND REARING OF GIANT FRESHWATER

PRAWN Macrobrachium rosenbergii IN LOW SALINITY
Nguyen Thanh Phuong*, Do Thi Thanh Huong, Tran Van Bui, Bui Thi Bang Hang and Marcy N. Wilder
College of Aquaculture and Fisheries

Can Tho University
ntphuong@ctu.edu.vn
Several studies were conducted to measure the Na/K-ATPase activity on different larval stages of giant freshwater prawn
(Macrobrachium rosenbergii) and its tolerance to low salinity. In the first study, prawns were sampled at each larval stage
to measure the Na/K-ATPase activity while in the second study, larvae were reared in different low salinities of 3, 6, 9
and 12 ppt (control) at small tanks (100 liter) and commercial-scale tanks (500 liter) using “green water model”. Larvae
produced from low salinities were cultured in freshwater for 1 month to test for their quality.
The activity levels of zoeal larvae at stage 2 (4.36 µmol ADP/mg protein/h) were high and kept increasing up to stage 6
(3.85±0.14 µmol ADP/mg protein/h). From stage 7, levels began to decrease and became the same as that in adult gills.
The survival rates of larvae reared in small-scale tanks having salinities of 6, 9 and 12 ppt were 64.3, 57.4 and 69.2%,
respectively, and were not significantly different (p>0.05). However, the survival rate (27.6 %) of larvae reared at 3 ppt
salinity was very low and significantly different compared to others. Reared larvae at low salinity in commercial production
scale showed that the cost of postlarvae was reduced compared to the larvae reared at 12 ppt and less amount of saline
water was required during the production process. Moreover, the postlarval quality harvested from 6 and 12 ppt was not
significantly different and their survival rates at juvenile stage in freshwater were 50.3% and 54.7%, respectively.
AN OVERVIEW OF CATFISH FARMING INDUSTRY IN THE MEKONG RIVER DELTA

OF VIET NAM
Nguyen Thanh Phuong*, Phan Thanh Liem and Nguyen Anh Tuan
College of Aquaculture and Fisheries

Can Tho University
ntphuong@ctu.edu.vn
With a large freshwater body of over 600,000 ha created by the Mekong River, the Mekong River Delta of Viet Nam
possesses a great potential for freshwater fish culture, of which catfish farming is the front runner. The production of farmed
catfishes is increasing rapidly, and the total production in year 2004 is estimated as approximately 300,000 tons, a 3.5-fold
increase from that in 1999. With export value of 220 millions, the catfish product accounted for 9.7% of total export revenue
from fisheries sector of Viet Nam.
There are two species of catfishes being cultured in the Mekong Delta, namely Pangasius hypophthalmus and P. bocourti.
The first one is the main cultured species and accounts for more than 95% of total production of catfishes. Under diverse
habitats of the Delta, these catfishes are cultured in ponds, cages and pens with high management intensity. Cages and
ponds are the most important culture systems that give 88% of total production. Sizes of cages, ponds and pens varies from
350 to 1,200 m3; 0.2 to 1 ha, and 0.3 to 0.6 ha, respectively. The productivity of these systems depends on stocking densities
that are 116±13.4 kg/m3, 18.3±6.45 kg/m2, and 34.5±14.9 kg/m2 for cages, ponds and pens, respectively. Fishes cultured in
these systems are mostly fed with commercial pellets for the first three months and then with home-made feeds for the later
months. This feeding strategy is considered as the most effective way to reduce the productional costs.
Only 10% of total potential culture areas for catfish have been exploited in the Mekong River Delta. Therefore, the catfish
farming industry is continuing to expand, and two to three folds of catfish production can be achieved. However, this
industry is facing various challenges for sustainable development such as planning, environmental impact of effluents,
disease management and market availability. Further study for the sustainability of catfish farming is highly needed.
450
EFFECTS OF PIG MANURE ON POND FISH YIELD AND POND NUTRIENT

ACCUMULATION IN THE MEKONG DELTA, VIETNAM
Dang Kieu Nhan*, Cao Quoc Nam, Le Thanh Duong, Marc J.C. Verdegem, Roel H. Bosma
and Jetse J. Stoorvogel
Mekong Delta Farming Systems Research and Development Institute

Can Tho University, Vietnam
dknhan@ctu.edu.vn
Three fishponds were monitored during two successive periods to quantify nutrient budgets and to evaluate the effects
of pig manure inputs on pond productivity and nutrient accumulation. The ponds were part of integrated aquaculture-
agriculture (IAA) systems including intensive fruit, pig and rice production. Pond sediments were used to fertilise fruit
trees. The first 10-month monitoring period in 2002-03 aimed to quantify pond budgets for the principal nutrients nitrogen
(N), organic carbon (OC) and phosphorus (P). In 2003-04, during the second 11-month monitoring period the farmers
applied more pig manure to the ponds. The ponds measured 625, 652 and 1,327 m2, and they had stocking rates of 7.1, 5.1
and 6.3 fingerlings m2 in 2002-03, and 4.5, 5.3 and 4.2 fingerlings m-2 in 2003-04, respectively. In all cases, farmers stocked
various species concurrently. A combined dataset obtained through monthly sampling (pond inputs and outputs, and water
quality) during the two periods was analysed using bivariate correlation analysis, multivariate discriminant analysis and
canonical correlation analysis to identify differences between monitoring periods and to explore complex relationships and
interactions between pond nutrient management (independent) and pond water quality (dependent).
Adding more pig manure to the pond had positive effects on fish yield and bottom soil nutrient accumulation. Discriminant
models indicated that in the second period N, OC and P inflows and outflows through water exchange and OC inputs
through home-made feed were significantly lower (P<0.05), while pig manure inputs were significantly higher than in the
first period (P<0.01). Values for pond water depth, Secchi visibility, NO3-N, chlorophyll-a and PO4-P concentrations were
significantly higher in the second than in the first period (P<0.05). The canonical correlation analyses explained further the
findings from the discriminant analyses. The higher pig manure inputs resulted in higher total and dissolved phosphorous,
and in higher afternoon and lower morning dissolved oxygen concentrations. Home-made feed inputs, nutrient inflows and
outflows through water exchange were positively correlated together, and these variables were negatively correlated with
Secchi visibility. Bivariate correlations between manure inputs and fish yields, amounts of OC, and concentrations and
amounts of P accumulated in pond bottom soil, were positive (P<0.001). The study showed that adding pig manure to the
pond benefits both aquaculture and agriculture, as fish yield increased and more nutrients accumulated in pond sediments
that subsequently can be re-used in the IAA system.
Figure 1:
451
IS INTEGRATED AQUACULTURE A LIVELIHOOD OPTION FOR POOR FARMERS IN

THE FRESHWATER AREAS OF VIETNAMESE MEKONG DELTA?
Dang Kieu Nhan*, Le Thanh Duong, Duong Ngoc Thanh, Le Thanh Phong and Roel Bosma
Mekong Delta Farming Systems Research and Development Institute

Can Tho University
Vietnam
dknhan@ctu.edu.vn
We carried out two participatory rural appraisal (PRA) studies among farm households in semi-deep freshwater areas of
the Mekong Delta. In 2001, the first study in 3 villages (of 3 different provinces) aimed to understand existing practices
and roles of the aquaculture sub-system to the farming systems and households’ livelihoods. In 2004, the second study in
12 villages in the same provinces aimed to evaluate changes in farming systems and household income between 1999-
2000 and 2003-2004, as impacts of government advocacy of agricultural diversification since 1999. In each study site, we
identified three different target groups through participatory wealth ranking: poor, medium and rich. Both qualitative and
quantitative information were collected from the target groups or individuals participating in the studies using common
PRA tools. A multivariate analysis of variance was applied to test for group and period effects on changes in income
proportions from farm and off-farm components to annual total household income.
Findings from the studies showed that the aquaculture component played a pivotal role in agricultural diversification
and farm household livelihoods but only better-off farmers adopted it. The farmers perceived important benefits of the
aquaculture sub-system not only for food and income generation but also for nutrient recycling of otherwise unused wastes
or materials within the whole farming system. Household resources and livelihood strategies, incentive policies of the
government, and marketing were important factors for the dynamics of aquacultural development. However, findings
from both studies showed that aquaculture was only commonly applied by medium and rich households: only 6.1% and
7.6% of the poor practicing aquaculture in 1999-2000 and 2003-2004, respectively, compared with 22.4% and 51.7% of
the medium, and 52.0% and 86.1% of rich interviewed in the corresponding periods. On average over the period 1999-
2004, aquaculture contributed to only 0.94% of total household income of the poor, compared with 5.9% and 8.1% of
total household income of the medium and the rich, respectively (P<0.05). Overall, income proportion from aquaculture
significantly increased between 1999-2000 and 2003-2004, but this was observed for the medium and the rich groups only.
For the poor, aquaculture contributed to only 0.9% and 1.0% of total household income in 1999-2000 and 2003-2004,
respectively, as compared with 2.4% and 9.2% for the medium and 5.3% and 10.6% for the rich in the corresponding
periods. Therefore, appropriate interventions need to be identified enabling poor farmers to integrate aquaculture into their
existing farming practices.
452
EFFECT OF INTRODUCING ZOOXANTHELLAE FROM DIFFERENT HOST ON THE

SURVIVORSHIP AND GROWTH OF LARVAE CLAMS Tridacna squamosa
Andi Niartiningsih
Marine Science Department

Faculty of Marine Science and Fisheries
Hasanuddin University
Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan Km. 10 Tamalanrea
Makassar, 90245, Indonesia
jikunhas@yahoo.com
The aims of the study were to determine the effect of zooxanthellae quality introduced from different hosts on the survival
and growth rate of clams larvae Tridacna squamosa.
The study was conducted from September 1999 until February 2001 at the hatchery of UNHAS Marine Station, Barrang
Lompo Island, Makassar. The effect of applied zooxanthellae from different host on the survival and growth rate of larval
clams was analysed by using ANOVA.
The result of the research revealed that the highest survival rate of larvae were those introduced by zooxanthellae gained
from corals, whereas the highest growth rate of clams larvae were those introduced by zooxanthellae gained from clams.
COLLECTIVE ACTION FOR SUSTAINABLE ECOSYSTEMS AND SHRIMP FARMING

MANAGEMENT
Ayut Nissapa and Somsak Boromthanarat
Coastal Resources Institute

Prince of Songkla University
Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
corin@ratree.psu.ac.th
The introduction of marine shrimp farming as a new aquatic farming system generates economic benefits to an extensive
stratum of stakeholders including farmers, input suppliers, processors and exporters, and the most importantly to the whole
country as an important source of foreign exchange earnings. These advantages inevitably come along with costs to the
existing eco-systems, both natural and human. However, the shrimp farming practice can be thought of as a foreign eco-
system, placed on the coast and inland. With its continuous development, shrimp farming hopefully evolves to become an
integral part of the existing systems.
In South and South East Asia, Thailand was the first country to develop intensive shrimp farming technique followed
by Vietnam, India and Bangladesh. The development of the intensive operations has led Thailand as the first country to
encounter with various kinds of environmental problems. Through all the difficulties, Thailand continues to strive so as to
sustain the shrimp farming industry for its much-needed economic benefits in hope of synchronizing it with the eco-system
and environment.
453
CULTIVATION OF Eucheuma spp. TO IMPROVE SEAWEED INDUSTRIES IN INDONESIA
Meti Mutiara Nugrahani
Departement of Fisheries Product Technology

metimutiara83@yahoo.com
Indonesia as an archipelagic country actually has a great potent to produce seaweed products. Seaweed is one of the
importance commodities seaweed also increase the national revenue, because its export value has a tend to grow up. Thus
because Indonesia has such a large proper areas to culture this marine organism. One of these species, which is used in
various purposes, is Eucheuma spp. The table below shows world demand on Eucheuma seaweed (in metric tons).
In Indonesia, Eucheuma spp. mainly cultivated to produce

carrageenan. Eucheuma spp. are very appropriate to culture in
the tropical areas. The table below shows the appropriate areas of
cultivating Eucheuma spp.
The main two kinds of Eucheuma species that has been cultivated
in Indonesia is Eucheuma cottonii and Eucheuma spinosum.
Eucheuma cottonii produce kappa carrageenan. This type of
carrageenan is used in dairy products, meat and poultry, water
gels, processed human foods and pet foods, pharmaceutical, and
personal care products. Meanwhile, Eucheuma spinosum produce
iota carrageenan which usually applies in toothpaste, other dairy
products, and pharmaceutical.
There are various way of cultivating Eucheuma sp. One of The

culture systems is the long-line method, which is suited to the
deeper water conditions of the islands (Komilus et al. 2000).
Apart from the seeding and harvest, this culture system requires
minimal maintenance. The main jobs are removal of foreign
materials, attention to the long-line floats and moorings, removal
of any dead or fungal affected plants, and some predator control.
The other method, which usually used in Indonesia, is floating rift
method. This method is suitable to apply in the area where the
water movement is dominated by the wave.
There are some aspects that have to be considered in cultivating seaweed, i.e. general aspect and technical aspect. The
general aspect are including location and seeds, maintenance, and harvesting. While the technical aspect is cultivating
system.
454
GENETIC DIVERSITY OF INDONESIAN FRESHWATER CATFISH Hemibagrus nemurus

COLLECTED FROM SEVERAL RESERVOIRS OF JAVA INFERED BY MITOCHONDRIA
D-LOOP MARKERS
Estu Nugroho*

Jl.Sempur 1
West Java, Indonesia
estunugro@yahoo.co.uk
The genus Hemibagrus is composed approximately of 24 valid species with more than 80% of these species occurring
in Southeast Asia. H. nemurus is an economicaly important fish widely distributed in certain area of Indonesia such as
Sumatera and Java. Even there is no evidence thet wild stocks of H. nemurus are threatenad due to over exploitation,
increasing pollution and habitat loss, however as a development of new domisticated species or culture strain we have
considered the possibility of this phenomena in the future. In order to obtain the improved culture strain we will required
effective exploitation of the genetic the diversity in brood stock and this is ultimately related to the genetic diversity present
in the stock brought in from the wild as they form the resource on which culture stocks are used.
A total of 80 fish samples were collected from several reservoirs in Java i.e. Jatiluhur and Cirata (West Java), Wonogiri
and Wadaslintang (Central Java). Whole DNA was extracted from finclip using “Wizard Genome DNA Purification”
(Promega). Mt DNA D-loop region were amplified using PCR (with primer CAT ATT AAA CCC GAA TGA TAT TT and
ATA ATA GGG TAT CTA ATC CTA GTT T). PCR product were digested using the four-base recognition enzyme Tag I,
Mbo I, Hae III and Rsa I, and the five-base recognition enzyme Alu I. Fragment patterns generated by each of the restriction
enzyme was compiled for each individual as a haplotype. Genetic variation among populations was evaluated as number
of haplotype and haplotype diversity.
PCR products of Mt DNA D-loop were approximetly 2.0 kb in length. Polymorphism of restrictions fragment patterns was
observed for four enzymes only. Variation level of haplotype was considerably different among populations, with number
of haplotype up to 9 and haplotype diversity was 0.700. Genetic different was observed among H. nemurus populations.
Average genetic distant among populations was estimated of 0.604.
Figure 1. An example restriction patterns of Mt DNA

D-loop degenerated by Hae III.
Figure 2. Dendrogram of H. nemurus collected from

four locations.
455
PARAMETRIC SYSTEM FOR THE CALCULATION OF THE MOORING OF CAGES FOR

THE FISH CULTURE
J.F. Núñez*, C. Montes, J. De Lara, F. Muñóz and J.M. Criado

28040 Madrid, Spain
jfnunez@etsin.upm.es
The mooring’s system is one of the most important aspects in the culture facilities carry of in the sea, due to it have to
guarantee the position of the cages. Also, keeping in mind their location (onshore, offshore...), the requirements can be very
variable, and if they are defined correctly for each location, they can suppose an important saving economical point for the
farmers, like for insurance companies and for institutions.
In facilities in open sea, the depths of the moorings and the environmental conditions (wind, currents, waves, tides…) and
therefore, their design and calculation is quite complex. The result is that the system of mooring acquires a fundamental
character in the project of installation of the culture center.
Consequently, the design and installation of the mooring’s system for the culture centers it is a fundamental and decisive
element in the establishment of a sure and efficient production system, since after all the whole production of fish could
depend on this design.
“The Parametric System for the Calculation of the moorings of Cages for the fish culture” consists on a highly effective tool
which facilitates the design and evaluation of the technical projects of mooring, providing a quick answer with the most
appropriate technical solution for each location.
To carry out the calculation, the system considers peculiar’s location factors: depth, floor type, environmental conditions
and oceanographic, etc; the cage type: rigid or flexible; floating, semi-submersible or submersible, etc; as well as the
disposition: singular or in group.
Nevertheless, defined all these conditions for a group of cages, the system of mooring to implant it is not unique. They
exist multiple alternative, erroneous many of them as it has already demonstrated the experience. This alternatives can be
evaluated with the purpose of concluding which is the optimum mooring’s system.
The result is a valid computer program for multiple configurations of cages, in which the peculiar conditions of each case
are valued, where they can be considered and analyze all the types of existing floating cages in the market, as well as the
external conditions of any location. The provided result by the program is the more appropriate definition’s system based
on this initial information, carrying out a process of optimization of certain variable parameters for the valid considered
moorings.
456
THE PROSPECT OF PEARL CULTURE IN INDONESIA AND THEIR ASPECT

Amatun Nur
Department of Fisheries Technology Product

Bogor Agriculture University
felix_incute@europe.com
Throughout history, pearls have held a unique presence within the wealthy and powerful. The development of a pearl
requires many months of patience and investment on the part of the producer before it is of any value.There are essentially
three types of pearls: natural, cultured and imitation. A natural pearl forms when an irritant, such as a piece of sand,
works its way into a particular species of oyster, mussel, or clam. A cultured pearl undergoes the same process. The only
difference is that the irritant is a surgically implanted bead or piece of shell called Mother of Pearl. Imitation pearls are a
different story altogether.The art of culturing pearls was invented in Japan in 1893 by a man named Kokichi Mikimoto. He
discovered that by introducing a tiny bead of mother-of-pearl into an oyster, that oyster would began to cover the irritant
with nacre. There is no foolproof method to ensure that an oyster will produce a quality pearl. The weather is extremely
important for the quality of pearl. If water becomes too cold, oysters may die or fail to grow. Before they are ready to be
harvested, pearls take a long time to form in successive layers around the epithelial cells implanted in the host oysters along
with the artificial nucleus.When the pearls are ready to be marketed, all these characteristics are assessed and classified.
Commonly, in Indonesia, Pearl is produced by Pinctada maxima culture production. In the global market, it is known as the
expensive south sea pearl and only Indonesia who can be able to produce such a big dimension of it. Pincatada maxima is
disseminated extended in the Indonesia oceans from Java coast, Madura, Lampung, Nusa Tenggara until Papua. Since 1980
the farms of pearl culture was grew up significantly. Based on statistic result in 1988, there was approximately 87 farms
of pearl culture, although only 49 farms now because of plunder action and it makes foreign enterprises moving out from
Indonesia and also cause a depression of export value of pearl. Plunder action which spread out in almost all farms still
being a big barrier. According to the leader of pearl culture association in Indonesia (1998-2003), we need some specific
rules and laws of the government which are concerned to the pearl. There rules could not be merged with others fisheries
commodity product regulations. The pearl producers in Indonesia still get their own trust that the prospect of pearl will
be out of stand and more dazzling. The growth of economic sector in Indonesia which increases significantly is being
a parameter of pearl commodity.Pearls predominately come from Japan, Australia, Indonesia, Myanmar, China, India,
Philippines, and Tahiti. Japan however, controls roughly 80% of the world pearl market, with Australia and China coming
in second and third, respectively. The South Sea waters around Australia, Indonesia, and Myanmar are renowned for their
large, white pearls, while Japan’s pearls are highly valued for their lustrous character. The pearl will ensure for a lustrous
future for the industry and represents an additional option to those who favor beauty, uniqueness and rarity. Whatever the
final outcome may be, the answer is clear: beautiful, high quality pearls will remain in use and will be cherished for as long
as humans walk this precious earth.
457
ULTRAFILTRATION TECHNOLOGY IN AQUACULTURE: STUDY ON PRODUCTION OF

Penaeus monodon POST LARVAE
Abidin Nur*, Zaenal Arifin, Soegianto, Iwan Arisetiawan and I. G. Wanten

Jepara
Central Java, Indonesia
abidinnur@hotmail.com
Ultra filtration (UF) technology in aquaculture for the first time in Indonesia was applied at Centre for Brackishwater
Aquaculture Development Jepara, Central Java, in order to use for water treatment during production of Penaeus monodon
post larvae. Three consecutive trials for larval production have been done without any chemical pre-treated seawater. Water
source from the sea-shore was pumping through the reservoir tank. Further, water was transferred to the larvae tanks by
using UF membrane (flow rate 12 m3/h).
Outdoor culture system by using two units of concrete tank (4x4x1 m) were stocked shrimp nauplii at the density of 100
n/liter. Algae Skeletonema costatum was given during zoea stage and fed commercial diet 6-8 times a day at a level of
2.5 – 15 ppm till reach Pl-12. Artemia nauplii were given starting on Pl-1 and the number of Artemia nauplii was increased
daily and it was ranged of 0.5-8.0 n/ml/day.
At the end of the experiment (Pl-13) a number of post-larval was taken for further analysis with PCR test for SEMBV
contamination. The overall trials indicated that larval produced negative from SEMBV and followed success on ongrowing
into the pond (Table 1). From the trials can be concluded that UF system together with good feeding management can
produced best quality post larval for further stocked into the pond.
TABLE 1. Shrimp production in pond at different location in Indonesia after stocked shrimp post larvae
produced from CBAD Jepara.
458
EVALUATION ON FEEDING FREQUENCY AND MANAGEMENT OF SWIMMING CRAB

Portunus pelagicus SEED PRODUCTION
Bambang Sumartono, Lisa Ruliaty, Maskur Mardjono and Abidin Nur

Jepara – Central Java 59401
badc@indo.net.id
Swimming crab, Portunus species is an important crab fishery in Indonesia. Seafood and some industries need high amount
of this crab. Market trend of domestic and International demand of this crab shows increasing. The main source of these
crab are wild fishing catch from the seashore. Dependence on fishing catch is going to face some problems in future,
either production or sustainable yield. Crab pond culture is one alternate to solve those problems, and also as one of
diversification species for pond culture. Feeding frequency and management on mass scale swimming crab seed production
has not been establish. So far, both live and artificial feed reffers to mud crab larvae rearing. Thus we need to evaluate the
feed frequency and management on swimming crab larval rearing. The evaluation was conducted on the best of artificial
feeding frequency, the appropriate of artemia feeding time and the appropriate of rotifers density on larval rearing medium.
The first evaluation were (A) four times a day, (B) six times a day and (C) eight times a day of artificial feeding frequency.
The second was applied of nauplii artemia feeding time which D1 (Zoea 1), D3 (Zoea 2) and D5 (Zoea 3). The third was
the rotifers density on larval rearing medium, they were (E) density of 5–10 ind/ml and (F) 10–15 ind/ml.
An 18 days feeding trial of each trial and three replication were conducted in 1 m3 circular fibreglass tank with newly
hatching of swimming crab (100 ind/ltr). Water temperature was maintained at 30-32oC by using authomatic heater. The
goal of these study was survival rate of Crab 5 (Table 1). We concluded that to gain the maximum survival rate on
swimming crab seed production, the frequency of artificial feed should be four times a day (A), nauplii artemia fed on first
day (D1) and the best rotifers density is 10–15 ind/ml (F). Based on the result of those three evaluation, we had produced
crab seed seven times and we found that the mean survival rate of swimming crab seed production was 8,49%.
TABLE 1. The mean survival rate of Crab 5

on each evaluation.
459
ENRICHMENT OF ARTEMIA NAUPLII WITH SQUID SILAGE AND COW BRAIN CORTEX
AND ITS EFFECT ON SHRIMP LARVICULTURE
Abidin Nur*, Ari T. Kurniawan and Indah Kusumaning Tyas

Jepara, Central Java, Indonesia
abidinnur@hotmail.com
Squid silage (SS) and cow brain cortex (CBC) are good source of Ω-3 HUFA and their effect on larviculture of Litopenaeus
stilyrostris and Penaeus monodon were evaluated under laboratory condition. Both SS and CBC were delivered to the
larvae through Artemia nauplii after enriched for 12 hours at various concentration [SS : 0; 150; 300; 450; 600 ppm and
CBC : 0; 10; 20; 30 % (w/v)].
From these study indicated that the increasing concentration of squid silage (size and number of particles were 10-30 μm
and 3.5x106 particles/g respectively) from 150 ppm to 600 ppm caused an increased body weight of P. stilyrostris post larvae
by 20-30%. Though there was no significant different was observed in term of survival (94.0-94.7%) after reared during
three weeks (Pl3-Pl24). Study on P. monodon post larvae revealed that concentration of CBC of 30% it was significantly
affect on body length (7.12±0.03 mm) and stress resistance (117±0.04) indicated by cumulative mortality index compared
with the control treatment (CBC: 0 %) of 4.46±0.03 mm and 149.33±0.02 respectively. There were no significant different
(P>0.05) on larval survival were observed during the trial and it was ranged of 43.60±0.05% to 44.80±0.06%. Both SS and
CBC are good sources of Ω-3 HUFA (Table 1) and can be prepared easily onto farm level and low cost of production.
TABLE 1. Nutritional contents of EPA (20:5n3) and DHA (22:6n3) from squid, squid silage, Artemia
nauplii, and cow brain cortex.
Source : PSPG, Gadja Mada University (2003).

460
ACOUSTIC DOPPLER VELOCIMETRY ALLOWS DETERMINING DAILY SWIMMING

ACTIVITY OF SEA BASS Dicentrarchus labrax L.
Joan Oca*, Ingrid Masalo and Lourdes Reig
Departament d’Enginyeria Agroalimentària i Biotecnologia

Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya
Urgell 187
08036 Barcelona, Spain
joan.oca@upc.es
Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV) has been used for the measurement of turbulence produced by fish swimming activity
(Masaló et al, 2004) supplying a quantitative measure, which can be related with both environmental conditions and daily
behaviour. The knowledge of fish activity is an important tool, not only for the study of fish behaviour but also to assess its
influence in the homogeneity of water quality and in the sediment dynamics into the tank. Traditionally, behavioural studies
of activity in fishes have been developed using video-tracking methods, ultrasonic pressure transmitters, infrared sensors
or through indirect measures as oxygen consumption. The present study was conducted in an on-growing farm and tries to
determine the daily swimming activity of European Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax, L.), using ADV.
Experiments were made in a 46 m3 tank, with octagonal shape, 167 cm of water depth and circular flow pattern. The body
weight of fish averaged 48 g and growing density was 35.5 kg m-3. Measurement of velocity was made at a 95 cm depth
point, for a period of 40 h, registering 20 seconds every 5 minutes with a 25 Hz frequency. Water salinity and temperature
were 15 ‰ and 15 ºC respectively, and fish were exposed to an artificial photoperiod (8:00 to 23:30 hours lighting). During
the experiment, fish weren’t fed.
Data processing was made, according to Masaló et al (2004), applying three filters: COR (>70), SNR (>5) and Phase-space
threshold despiking filter. The Root Mean Square (RMS) of velocities, in every axis and in velocity magnitude, was the
parameter used to measure flow turbulence, which is mainly due to fish swimming activity.
The results obtained showed an increase of turbulence in the measurement point during the light period, which can be
related with an increase in fish activity (Figure 1). RMS averages of light and dark periods are presented in table 1.
Accordingly, ADV seems to be a reliable tool to detect changes in fish activity.
FIGURE 1: Evolution of RMS-magnitude

during the experiment. Dark horizontal bars
represent the dark-period.
TABLE 1: RMS average of light and dark

period during the experiment.
461
DEVELOPING AKOYA PEARL CULTURE ON THE AUSTRALIAN EAST COAST:

CHALLENGES AND CONSTRAINTS
Wayne A. O’Connor, Scott P. Gifford, Geoff R. Macfarlane and R. Hugh Dunstan
NSW Fisheries
oconnorw@fisheries.nsw.gov.au
Developing aquaculture in increasingly urbanised societies poses significant challenges. An example has been the recent
attempt to establish a pearl industry in the sub-tropical waters of New South Wales (NSW) on the Australian east coast.
NSW is Australia’s most populous state with the vast majority of population and development occurring along its coast in
a phenomenon known as the “sea change”. This development has led to conflict over land and water use.
In 1993, interest began in developing a marine pearl industry using the native pearl oyster Pinctada imbricata. The NSW
Government was approached and research was undertaken to establish the status of the P. imbricata population in NSW,
its amenity to culture, its capacity to produce high quality pearls and the likely impacts that a pearl industry might have.
In 2001 the first application to establish a 92 ha commercial farm was made, which met with considerable local public
opposition. Concerns regarding the social, economic and environmental impact were raised and the government responded
by establishing an independent Commission of Inquiry.
Among the chief community concerns regarding the farm were:

• pollution of the environment through the accumulation of sediment in the immediate vicinity of the farm;
• the impact sedimentation may have on fauna beneath farm and on nearby seagrass beds;
• the extent of sediment plumes that arise from cleaning activities;
• the impact of pearl farms on estuarine carrying capacity;
• the potential for additional pearl oyster spat settlement to foul commercial edible oyster infrastructure and
• the impact that pearl culture may have on large marine fauna, such as turtles, whales and dolphins.
While the Commission recommended that, with certain constraints, the farm could proceed, the government ultimately
overturned the decision citing environmental concerns and refused the development application. A subsequent, significantly
altered application was lodged in late 2003, but this application also met with local opposition and was similarly refused
in mid 2004. Despite research confirming the environmentally benign nature of the proposal and the confirmation of
economic viability, the failure to initially effectively allay public concerns ultimately prevented the acceptance of these
two applications. This case highlighted the need for effective community engagement on aquaculture issues to allay many
unfounded concerns. The future of a pearl industry in NSW is unclear.
462
SITE DEPENDENT GROWTH AND NACRE QUALITY IN AKOYA PEARL OYSTERS IN

SOUTH EASTERN AUSTRALIA
Wayne A. O’Connor
NSW Fisheries
Evaluations of the potential for farming the pearl oyster, Pinctada imbricata, on the central New South Wales (NSW) coast,
saw pearl oysters deployed to a number of other sites in Victoria and NSW. In a series of trials extending over three years,
the impacts of site on growth, survival and nacre quality were assessed.
When groups of sibling oysters were deployed at locations extending from as far south as Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, to
the central coast of NSW, growth, survival, nacre thickness and quality differed significantly between sites. In general,
reductions in oyster growth were observed as latitude increased and was putatively ascribed to declining mean water
temperature; although, significant differences in growth were also found among sites at which temperature was unlikely
to have been the predominant factor.
The shells of oysters deployed at the various locations were sectioned and the thickness of the nacre layer was strongly
correlated with growth. The quality of the nacre (colour and lustre) produced at each site was then assessed by an
independent panel and scored according to commercial desirability. The scores for colour and lustre varied significantly
between sites, but neither was correlated with growth. Further, those sites that scored highly for colour did not necessarily
score well for nacre lustre. In those sites that were monitored over successive years, the relative performance with respect
to colour and lustre varied over time.
MOLLUSC CULTURE DEVELOPMENT ON THE AUSTRALIAN EAST COAST: ISSUES,

PERCEPTIONS AND MANAGEMENT MEASURES
Wayne A. O’Connor, Scott P. Gifford, Geoff R. Macfarlane and R. Hugh Dunstan
NSW Fisheries, Port Stephens Fisheries Centre

Sustaining and developing mollusc aquaculture in increasingly urbanised societies poses significant challenges and many of
these have been illustrated recently on the Australian east coast. Attempts to establish pearl, mussel and abalone industries
have led to protracted and heated battles in which members of some communities have fought ardently to prevent farms
being established or expanded. The basis for opposition has been varied, but commonly environmental themes have been
used to oppose developments.
Chief among community concerns are:

• pollution of the environment through the accumulation of nutrients and sediment in the immediate vicinity of farm;
• the visual and aesthetic impacts of farming;
• the potential impacts on other commercial operations and recreational use, and
• the impact that aquaculture may have on charismatic marine fauna, such as whales and dolphins.
The primary response to environmental concerns has been for government to place increasingly stringent operating
conditions on each farm. These conditions prescribe modifications to farming infrastructure and can require complex and
often costly environmental monitoring programs. While they may allay some public concerns, they rarely appease all
opponents and have the capacity to restrain development.
To marry development needs and community concerns, strategic planning instruments have been designed to guide the
aquaculture industry. However, in the absence of broader community education and acceptance of Aquaculture, these
planning initiatives will struggle to meet all needs.
463
FISH FARMERS’ PERCEPTION OF CHARACTERISTICS OF AQUACULTURE

INNOVATIONS AND THEIR LEVEL OF ADOPTION
Jai Shankar Ojha
Directorate of Fisheries
Old Secretariat, Canteen Talab
Government of Bihar
Patna-800 013, India
ojhabridge@yahoo.com
The present investigation was undertaken in four North Bihar villages to study the association between fish farmers’
perception of characteristics of aquaculture innovations and their level of adoption. The study included four aquaculture
innovations: Induced breeding, ammonium sulphate, composite-fish-culture, and artificial feeds. The farmers’ perceptions
of these four innovations with respect to six selected characteristics: Profitability, cost, physical compatibility, cultural
compatibility, complexity and communicability were analyzed with the help of a five-point rating scale. The correlation
analysis revealed that farmers’ perception of all the six characteristics under study significantly and positively influenced
their level of adoption of aquaculture innovations. The coefficients of inter-correlation revealed that farmers’ perception of
one characteristic of an innovation was significantly influenced by their perception of other characteristics.
A STUDY ON ANALYSIS OF OCCUPATIONAL SATISFACTION AMONG FISHERMEN IN

INDIAN VILLAGES
Jai Shankar Ojha
Directorate of Fisheries
Old Secretariat, Canteen Talab
Government of Bihar
Patna-800 013, India
ojhabridge@yahoo.com
Job satisfaction is a complex of several attitudes related to various aspects of the occupations being followed. Economic
return derived from, and the prestige value attached to, are the two most important factors, which play a significant role
in promoting satisfaction or dissatisfaction with the specific occupation. The present investigation revealed that the major
factor governing the occupational satisfaction among fishermen was the income derived from their present occupations.
Majority of the respondents, depending exclusively on their caste occupation (fishing), were dissatisfied as they could
not meet requirements of adequate food, clothing and shelter for their families. Fishermen with indigenous gears and
crafts were not able to keep pace with the modern time; and their traditional practices have ceased to be profitable in the
present context of market economy. Consequently, the respondents dissatisfied with their present occupations wished to
adopt occupations with better earning opportunity. It is needless to emphasize that the dissatisfaction among the fishermen
have created psychological and moral depression. Thus, it becomes the prime duty of the Government to equip the fishing
community by providing technical expertise, financial assistance, and physical facilities.
464
TARGETED KNOCKDOWN OF PENAEIDIN GENE EXPRESSION BY RNA INTERFERENCE

(RNAi) IN THE PACIFIC WHITE SHRIMP Litopenaeus vannamei
Nuala O’Leary*, Brandon Cuthbertson, Eleanor N. Shepard, Craig L. Browdy and Paul S. Gross
Medical University of South Carolina

331 Fort Johnson Rd
Charleston, SC, USA
olearyn@musc.edu
The Pacific White Shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, is the primary species cultivated for commercial shrimp aquaculture
in the Americas. In the past decade production of this species has declined significantly as a result of disease outbreaks
causing serious economic loss to the industry. Designing management strategies that will effectively prevent and treat these
disease outbreaks requires a basic knowledge of the molecular mechanisms that control the immune response in shrimp.
Such information will allow for more accurate assessment of health status and the development of immunogenic markers
for selection of resistant strains.
Only a few aspects of crustacean immunity, such as the production of antimicrobial peptides, have been investigated in
depth. The penaeidins are a unique and structurally diverse family of AMPs exclusive to penaeid shrimp. These peptides
exhibit ubiquitous expression and are active against Gram positive bacteria and fungi in vitro assays. The penaeidins have
a unique two-domain structure consisting of proline and cysteine-rich regions. Three distinct classes (PEN-2, -3 and -4) of
this gene family have been identified in L. vannamei and comparative analysis of the antimicrobial activities of two of these
classes (-3 and -4) suggests that they differ in their microbial target specificity. However the specific role each penaeidin
plays in the shrimp immune response is still unknown. In order to more accurately address this issue, penaeidin mRNAs
were depleted in whole shrimp by RNA interference (RNAi). The viability of these “penaeidin-depleted” animals upon
exposure to a panel of different pathogens will be discussed.
465
COMPOSITION AND TOTAL CAROTENOID CONTENT OF ALASKA BIG MOUTH

SCULPIN Hemitripterus bolini LIVERS
Alexandra C. M. Oliveira*, Kathryn Stephan and Peter J. Bechtel
Fishery Industrial Technology Center

University of Alaska Fairbanks
Kodiak, AK- 99615 USA
ffamo@uaf.edu
There is growing interest in feed ingredients with distinct nutritional characteristics that can better suit the dietary
requirements of a variety of aquaculture fish species. There are large biomasses available of a number of underutilized
fish species in Alaskan waters such as big mouth sculpin. Livers of this fish species are bright orange, which suggests
high bioaccumulation of naturally occurring carotenoids in the tissue. The objective of this study was to investigate the
proximate composition, distribution of lipid classes’, and total carotenoid content of freeze dried big mouth sculpin (BMS)
livers for use as an aquaculture feed ingredients.
Adult BMS were obtained during summer month of 2004 as part of a University of Alaska survey trawl. Fish were frozen on
board and livers removed within a few days after catch. Fish weight averaged 3.7 Kg and liver weight averaged about 129
g. Livers were freeze dried and proximate analysis was determined using AOAC methods. Lipid classes were determined
according to Oliveira and Bechtel (2005). Total carotenoid content was quantified as described by Hong and Storebakken
(1991) by extracting the liver carotenoids with three aliquots of acetone and quantified at 468nm using antaxanthin as the
carotenoid for constructing the standard curve.
Moisture content of freeze dried material averaged 5.5%. Ash content was low at 2.1%. Protein and lipid content were
similar in magnitude at 43.1% and 49.3%, respectively. Triacylglycerides was the predominant lipid class averaging about
76%. Free fatty acids accounted for 9% of the total lipid classes investigated, followed by phospholipids at about 7.9%.
Sterols, monoacylglycerides and diacylglycerides were minor components. Total carotenoid content was estimated to be
approximately averaged 18 to 24mg/ 100 g of freeze dried material. Further investigations will include identification and
quantification of specific carotenoids and other pigmented compounds in the samples. Ingredients from bigmouth sculpin
livers may have a role as an alternative source of carotenoids for ornamental fish and other aquaculture uses.
466
PREY SELECTION AMONG CULTIVATED LIVE FEED AND EFFECT OF DIFFERENT

FEEDING REGIMES ON PERFORMANCE OF DEVIL STINGER Inimicus japonicus
Atle Ivar Olsen*, Atsushi Hagiwara and Yoshitaka Sakakura
Nesna University College

N-8700 Nesna
ao@hinesna.no
The devil stinger (Inimicus japonicus Cuvier) has a high commercial value in Japan and it is a new target species for
aquaculture and stock enhancement. However, the seedling production fluctuates because of high mortality during the
larval stage. One possible reason for this early mortality is that an optimal feeding regime has not been established for this
species, and very different feeding regimes have been applied at different seedling production facilities. We conducted
two experiments to investigated the prey selection by larvae among 3 strains of rotifers, Brachionus plicatilis (L strain)
and Brachionus rotundiformis (S and SS strains) (Hagiwara et al., 2001) and Artemia spp. nauplii to day 16 post hatching.
We also compared two feeding regimes currently in use for this species in Japan, i.e. only Artemia nauplii from first-
feeding, or first feeding with rotifers and Artemia nauplii from day 10. Standard length (SL) of the larvae was measured
and the ingested preys were counted and measured at each sampling time, together with samples of preys from the culture
water. The selection of the different preys was calculated as Chesson’s �-index (Chesson, 1983). Samples were also taken
throughout the experiment to compare the enzyme activity of esterase, trypsin, alkaline phosphatase, glucosidase and �-
galactosidase in larvae offered the two different feeding regimes.
The larvae selected positively, but not significantly, the SS-size rotifers (lorica length < 0.137 mm) at first feeding (day 2,
SL 4.2 mm). From day 3 until day 13 (up to 5.7 mm SL) they selected positively for L-sized rotifers (> 0.174 mm). The
larvae selected positively also for Artemia nauplii (length 0.80±0.08 mm) from Day 13. When comparing the two feeding
regimes, the larvae had a similar SL on day 16 (about 5.9 mm), but the survival was better with 23.5±15.1% in the group
first fed with rotifers and only 7.2±2.3% in the group that received only Artemia nauplii. Also, the enzyme activity in larvae
that were first fed with rotifers where higher for the enzymes trypsin, esterase and glucosidase on day 14 and 15.
Based on the results, a feeding regime can be proposed with only rotifers, and preferably a mixture of S-type and L-type
rotifers, the first day after mouth opening, and then L-type rotifers from day 3. Artemia nauplii can be given from about
day 10 (SL 5.1 mm) with some overlap with rotifers, because the larvae selected positively for Artemia nauplii at a larval
SL of about 5.7 mm (Day 13). However, feeding of Artemia from the beginning should be avoided because it seemed to
have a negative effect on the larvae as it resulted in poorer survival and larvae with a lower enzyme activity on day 14 and
15 post hatching.
467
EFFECTS OF BETA CAROTENE FROM Blakeslea trispora ON IMMUNE FUNCTION OF

SHRIMP Penaeus manodon
S. Onsanit*, M. Tamtin, J. Kaukaew, S. Thongrod and E. Fell
Coastal Aquatic Feed Research Institute

41/14 M.9
Bangpra, Sri-Racha
Chonburi, 20110, Thailand
aquasurat@yahoo.com
Shrimp, P. monodon, with the weight of 15 g, were bought from private farm and stocked into 4, 200L fiberglass tank at
stocking density of 15 shrimps/tank. They were fed experimental diet containing beta carotene, from Blakestea trispora, at
0, 100, 150 and 200 ppm for 1 month. Then, three shrimps from each tank were collected for total haemocyte counts (THCs).
Results showed that shrimp fed 100 ppm beta-carotene diet obtained significantly higher THCs, 9.94±1.93 x 106cell/mm3,
than shrimp fed no beta-carotene, 5.32±1.85 x106cell/mm3 (P<0.05). The clearance ability of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in
shrimp was studied by injection with a 100µL of 4.35x107 CFU/ml V. parahaemolyticus suspensions into the last ventral
obdominal segment of seven shrimps from each tank. After an hour, haemolymph was collected for THCs. Results revealed
the decreasing of THCs in all groups after the clearance ability test. Shrimp fed no beta-carotene obtained significantly
lower (P<0.01) THCs, 4.38±0.52 x 106cell/mm3, than the group fed diet containing beta-carotene. Therefore, it was
6.93±0.89 x 106cell/mm3, 6.68±0.97 x 106cell/mm3 and 5.24±0.73 x106cell/mm3 from the group fed a 100, 150 and 200
ppm beta-carotene supplemented diet, respectively. However, the clearance ability by counting the number of bacteria was
not significant different (P<0.05) among the groups.
GROWTH AND SURVIVAL OF EUROPEAN FLAT OYSTERS Ostrea edulis IN DIFFERENT

GROWOUT GEAR
Dražen Oraić*, Snježana Zrnčić and Antun Pavlović
Croatian Veterinary Institute

Department of Fish Diseases and Aquaculture
10000 Zagreb
Savska 143
Croatia
oraic@irb.hr
European flat oyster (Ostrea edulis) cultivation originates to Roman times but it is based on use of traditional grow out
gears like ropes and pairs of oysters cemented to the rope. With the aim to improve the results of survival and to implement
new grow out gears growth trials in different grow out gears were conducted on the shellfish farm in Malostonski Bay
(Kuta) during two years. An experiment was designed through four different groups: 1. traditional cultivation on the rope;
2. pairs of oysters cemented to the rope; 3. cultivation in baskets and 4. Cultivation in plastic mesh bags “poches”. Each
experimental group consisted of three subgroup with 50 one year old animals of approximately same length and weight.
All grow out gears were attached to the ropes of the same shellfish farm which ensured them very similar environmental
conditions through the course of the experiment. Each three months samples were collected and the parameters of growth
were measured (length of the shell, total weight of the each animal, wet weight of the soft tissue, wet weight of the shells,
volume of the whole animal and volume of the shells, dry weight of the soft tissue and dry weight of the shells). The CI
(Condition index) according to Hopkins in each experimental group was estimated and the survival rate was noted. Results
of the experiment showed that the highest survival rate and the lowest fouling were noticed in the group cultivated in
“poches”, the best growth of the total weight, length and ratio of soft tissue were in the cemented group. All mentioned
results are indicating that combination of these two growing gears should give the better survival rate and less human work
engaged in cultivation.
468
STATUS OF AQUACULTURE TRAINING AND EDUCATION IN AUSTRALIA

David ‘Dos’ O’Sullivan
National Aquaculture Training Institute Pty Ltd

PO Box 647
Henley Beach, SA 5022, Australia
dosaqua@bigpond.com
From humble beginnings in the early 1980s, formalised aquaculture training and education in Australia has grown with the
industry (some would say outgrown given the difficulty for many graduates to get full-time employment!). Now more than
20 aquaculture or associated awards are offered by more than 50 institutions, including high schools, Tertiary and Further
Education (TAFE) colleges, Universities, Fisheries Colleges and other RTOs (registered training organisations).
To identify the trends in aquaculture training and education phone surveys have been undertaken in 2001 and again this
year. This has included the collation of details on the courses or training being offered, number of graduates for the specific
qualifications or degrees and the number of workplace training options, such as traineeships or apprenticeships.
Previously there was a mix of candidates in the various training programs, now specific career pathways are becoming
clearer - those candidates entering University tend to go onto positions in research and government, whilst farm workers
and managers target the TAFE type of training. Interestingly, the numbers of students entering full-time TAFE courses is
falling. More short term pre-vocational courses are being offered allowing candidates to become ‘job ready’ as employers are
seeking employees with a mix of hands-on skills and knowledge. There have also been significant increases in candidates
undertaking on-the-job training programs to increases their workplace competencies. This includes more experienced
personnel looking to multi-skill or simply to gain an accredited qualification.
The special demands on resources, staff and infrastructure to provide the animals, culture systems and equipment necessary
for appropriate hands-on training, mean that few education institutions can boast of having adequate on-campus facilities.
In response several are forming relationships amongst themselves, with government research centres and with industry.
Industry is allowing greater access to on-farm training and education opportunities to ensure that the graduates have the
appropriate skills and knowledge to undertake their work efficiently and safely.
The nationally accredited Seafood Industry Training Package introduced in 2000, and upgraded in 2004, will continue
to provide training pathways for future and current employees. However, the steady growth in the aquaculture industry
has attracted several RTOs from outside the industry, who offer ‘aquaculture’ courses despite inadequate knowledge and
expertise in the industry. In 2003 and 2004 a ‘Community of Practice’ was established amongst trainers and educators to
lift the standards of assessment materials.
Over the next few years large companies and industry groups will take more control of the training and education. They
want more workplace or company customised training packages and will use ‘preferred’ suppliers. Thus the training and
education institutions must form strategic alliances with these companies and groups to ensure they remain an integral part
of the process.
Opportunities for links with overseas trainers are also important.

469
THE CAPTURE-BASED AQUACULTURE OF BLUEFIN TUNA IN THE

MEDITERRANEAN
Francesca Ottolenghi* and Alessandro Lovatelli
Consorzio Mediterraneo
Via Guattani, 9
00161 Roma
Italy
ottolenghi@mediterraneo.coop
Closed life-cycle aquaculture involves a thorough understanding of the behaviour, habitat, reproductive biology, and
nutritional requirements of the species cultured. Many commercial finfish considered as potential aquaculture candidates
are in fact not “cultured” simply because the controlled breeding techniques have not been perfected and farmers have to
relay on the availability of wild seed. This situation is well reflected in the current bluefin tuna farming sector. Although
many countries have channelled considerable research efforts in the industry, the successful and economical captive
reproduction of this species has yet to be achieved. In the current farming practices seed material, ranging from small to
giant specimens, is exclusively collected from the wild. At present, bluefin tuna should therefore be considered, according
to the new terminology of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), as a “capture-based aquaculture” species.
This important biological constraint has not hampered the rapid expansion of tuna farming in the Mediterranean (and
elsewhere) as the main driving force behind this growth has been and still is the high market demand for this commodity.
Over the last decade or so this farming activity expanded from western Mediterranean (Spain) to the eastern side (e.g.
Croatia, Italy, Turkey, Cyprus) and to the northern shores of the African Continent (e.g. Tunisia).
This continuing and relatively uncontrolled growth of such activity has alarmed all relevant organisations and institutions
and the long-term sustainability of bluefin tuna aquaculture is now the issue. The General Fisheries Commission for the
Mediterranean (GFCM) and the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT) are actively
pursuing issues related to such sustainability considering the obvious overlap between the capture fisheries and aquaculture
sectors.
The status of bluefin tuna aquaculture in the Mediterranean, its recent expansion and issues affecting marketing activities
away from the reliance on the Japanese markets will be discussed. Furthermore, the main issues, which are of current
interest and active debate in the sector, will be analysed.
470
CASE STUDY ON TUNA FARMING

Francesca Ottolenghi* and Alessandro Lovatelli
Consorzio Mediterraneo
Via Guattani, 9
00161 Roma
Italy
ottolenghi@mediterraneo.coop
Farming of bluefin tuna (BFT) should be considered as an industry clearly overlapping between capture fisheries and
aquaculture and definable as a capture-based aquaculture activity. Infact, although considerable progress has recently
been made in the “domestication” of the species, the “closed-cycle” production of BFT has yet to be achieved from an
economical point of view.
The tuna specimen used in the current farming operations are entirely obtained from wild stocks therefore adding to this
activity a series of management issues that require particular attention not typical of traditional and established aquaculture
activities. Responsible tuna farming as performed today requires that good management practices start from the moment
the specimen are captured from the wild.
In this regards, international and regional organisms such as the International Convention for the Conservation of Atlantic
Tunas (ICCAT) and the General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (GFCM) have made important progress
towards ensuring that the fishing quotas of wild BFT stocks, particularly for farming purposes, are respected. Furthermore
such rules aim at ensuring the traceability of the fish from the fishermen to the farmer. In the meantime, an effective
collaboration and interaction among all stakeholders (fishermen, farmers, regulators, scientists and the public-at-large) may
help set rational foundations for a sustainable aquaculture practice.
Focusing on the farming side of the industry it is evident that most perceived risks are associated with the environment and
traceability of the final product.
Public concerns on the environmental impact of this activity have risen and have been partly responsible for accelerating
the process of establishing good aquaculture practices to prevent or mitigate possible adverse impacts. Efforts have also
been channelled towards understanding the nutritional requirement of the farmed tunas in order to develop artificial feeds as
substitute to the use of overexploited baitfish species. Furthermore a standard control system is currently required to ensure
the overall quality of baitfish (dioxin, heavy metals, PCBs and pathogens).
The consumer demand on traceability and labelling of traded fish has pushed the whole production sector towards an
improvement of its production methods focused on ensuring the quality and safety of its products. The bluefin tuna sector
has partly addressed this issue in response of a demanding Japanese sushi and sashimi market that requires high quality
products.
471
ENZYME ACTIVITIES OF INTESTINAL TRIACYLGLYCEROL AND

PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE BIOSYNTHESIS IN ATLANTIC SALMON Salmo salar L. FED
VEGETABLE OIL AS DIETARY LIPID SOURCE
Anthony Oxley*, Bente E. Torstensen, Arild C. Rustan and Rolf-Erik Olsen
Institute of Marine Research

Matre Aquaculture Research Station
N-5984 Matredal
Norway
aox@nifes.no
It is estimated that traditional lipid sources for fish feed (e.g. capelin & herring) will not meet the demand of the expanding
aquaculture industry by 2010 (FAO, 1998). Therefore, there is an urgent need to research alternative lipid resources. At
present, plant-derived lipid sources represent the most viable and sustainable alternative to fish oil, however, this introduces
a different fatty acid profile to the fish. The substitution of fish oil with plant-derived oil in diets for carnivorous fish,
such as Atlantic salmon, has previously revealed the potentially deleterious supranuclear accumulation of lipid droplets in
intestinal cells (enterocytes) which may compromise gut integrity, and consequently, fish health. This suggests that foreign
dietary lipid sources may have a significant impact on intestinal lipid metabolism, however, the mode of lipid resynthesis
is largely unknown in teleost fish intestine.
The present study aimed at characterising, for the first time, three key lipogenic enzymes, involved in the biosynthesis of
triacylglycerol (TAG) and phosphatidylcholine (PC), in Atlantic salmon enterocytes: monoacylglycerol acyltransferase
(MGAT), diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT), and diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase (CPT). Furthermore, to
investigate the dietary effect of plant oils on these enzymes, two experimental groups of fish were fed a diet with either
capelin (fish oil, FO) or vegetable oil (VO, rapeseed oil: palm oil: linseed oil, 55:30:15 w/w) as the lipid source.
The monoacylglycerol pathway was highly active in the intestinal mucosa of Atlantic salmon as demonstrated by high
MGAT activity compared to DGAT activity, appearing to also provide adequate production of sn-1,2-diacylglycerol for
potential utilisation in PC synthesis via CPT activity. Both DGAT and CPT specific activity values were comparable to
reported mammalian equivalents, although MGAT activity was somewhat lower. Nevertheless, MGAT appeared not to be
the rate-limiting step in salmon intestinal TAG synthesis. The homology between piscine and mammalian enzymes was
confirmed by similar stimulation and inhibition profiles by a variety of tested cofactors and isomeric substrates. The low
dietary n-3:n-6 PUFA ratio presented in the vegetable oil diet did not significantly affect the activities of MGAT, DGAT, or
CPT, and consequently intestinal mucosa lipid class composition, when compared to a standard fish oil diet.
472
EFFECT OF SARDINE OIL AND SOYBEAN OIL RATIO IN THE FEED OF HUMPBACK
Neltje N. Palinggi*, Asda Laining and Naftali Kabangnga
Research Institute for Aquaculture

Jl. Makmur Dg. Sitakka No. 129,
Maros-90511, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
rsyah@indosat.net.id
Humpback grouper (Cromileptes altivelis) is one of grouper species which is a commercial high value fish and candidate
species for aquaculture. The primary problem in grouper propagation is feed. Developing of humpback grouper culture
with rely on trash fish is difficult because of insufficient supply of trash fish due to the season and competition of human
consumption. Thus, development of good quality feed is necessary for sustainable aquaculture.
Lipid is a potential energy source that is easily digested, soluble vitamine bearer and component of cell membrane ucefull
for nutrient absorption. Marine fish need essential fatty acids (n-3) in the diet for normal growth. Previous results showed
that sardine oil and soybean oil are the best sources of n-3 and n-6 for humpback grouper.
This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of sardine oil and soybean oil ratio in humpback grouper feed, this
current experiment was set up in completely randomized design with five dietary treatments and three replicatios. The
dietary treatments tested here were five different ratios of sardine oil and soybean oil, i.e. 5:1, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, 1:5. All diets
were formulated with constant 48% crude protein and 10% crude lipid. Each floating net cage (1x1x2m) contained 19
juvenile humpback groupers weighting 20 g. During three months of culture, fish were fed at satiation, in the morning and
afternoon everyday.
The result showed that the best ratio of sardine oil/soybean oil in the feed was 2:1. The fish fed with this diet had daily
growth rate 0.63%/day, feed conversion ratio 1.97, protein retention 8.73%, lipid retention 11.42%, energy retention 9.36%,
lipid digestibility 78.58%, protein digestibility 75.89%, and survival rate 100%.
473
A LOW-COST ZERO-DISCHARGE WATER TREATMENT SYSTEM WITH HYDROPONICS

GRASS FILTER IN RECIRCULATING AQUACULTURE
Pan Jin-ming, Wang Yuan-yuan, Miao Xiang-wen and Cui Shao-rong
Institute of Agricultural Bio-environment Engineering

Zhejiang University
Hangzhou 310029, China
panhouse@zju.edu.cn
Water management is the key to a successful recirculating aquacultural system. Zero-discharge technologies in developed
countries are becoming increasingly complicated with resulting high production costs. This paper is to study a low-cost
zero-discharge water treatment system with the support of hydroponics grass filtration. From Nov. 13 to Dec. 20, 2002,
four 3.0 × 0.5 × 0.05 m (L × W ×H) hydroponics grass filters (HGF) with 0.8-m2 Lolium perenne L were used to provide
4 replicates for treatment of wastewater from a Colossoma brachypomum intensive prototype system to investigate the
feasibility of hydroponics grass filtration. Wastewater was loaded at a rate of 25.4 liters week-1. After a recirculating
irrigation of 7 day, the HGF removed 96.1% of nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N), 86.2% of total nitrogen (TN), 90.5% of total
phosphorus (TP), and 88.7% of chemical oxygen demand (COD), respectively. pH raised from 6.4 to 8.4 and only 29.7%
of water was used. The grass height increased at a mean rate of 2.3 mm per day. At the end of this trial, 582.9 g m-2 fresh
grass was produced with a dry weight to fresh weight ratio of 0.176. From Aug. 1 to Oct. 31, another 3.0 × 1.2 × 0.3 m
HGF planted with 2.55-m2 of Festuca arundinacea Schreb. was combined with a plate settler, a PVC filter and a biofilter
to treat wastewater produced by 150-tail Colossoma brachypomum (86.1 ± 16.6 g) cultured in two fish tanks in a density
of 4.87 kg/m3. During a period of 91 days, effluent with high-concentration solids at the bottom of the settler, 34.3 liters
everyday, was transferred to the HGF. 67.5 liters water, significantly purified by the grass, were returned to wash the PVC
filter at intervals of four days, and more than 90 percent NO3--N, nitrite nitrogen (NO2--N) and suspended solids (SS), more
than 85 percent TN and TP, 67.9 percent TAN, and 71.6 percent COD were removed, while electric conductivity (EC) and
pH increased significantly (p<0.05). Fishes grew 4.55 g per day with a feed conversation ratio of 1.610. It can be concluded
that the HGF is a low-cost environment-kind way to solve accumulation of N, P, COD and solids, and descent of pH in
recirculating aquacultural systems.
474
NOTES
475
THE EFFECT OF SACCHARIN IN ORGANIC WASTE DEGRADATION OF INTENSIVE

SHRIMP BRACKISHWATER POND
Brata Pantjara*, Azwar Maas and Irfan Dwidya Prijambada

Jl. Makmur Dg. Sitakka No. 129
Maros, Indonesia 90512
bpantjara@yahool.com
The main problem of intensive shrimp culture is the highest of organic waste from feed residue and shrimp excretion. Once
of effort to improve its with saccharin application that use microorganism for organic matter degradation. The objective of
this research is to prove saccharin priming effect on organic wastes degradation. Soil sample is taken from organic waste
of intensive shrimp brackishwater at the depth of 0-20 cm. Factorial experiment designed in Complete Randomized Design
with three replications was used. The first factor were different sources of saccharin addition consisted of glucose, carameled
glucosel, sucrose, carameled sucrose with concentration of 0.1% of dry soil weight, and without saccharin addition. The
second factor was soil pH consisted of pH 4, 6, and 8. 400 g soil sample per glassjars with 2 liter volume. Parameters
observed were evolution of CO2 every 3 days, number of microorganisms, and C-organic. The result of the research showed
that addition of saccharin as carbon resources increased of evolution of CO2, total number of microorganisms, and organic
waste decomposition, but difference in carbon sources did not affect these parameters significantly. Lowest of organic
residue taken place at 60 days (7,21%) was obtained from addition of caramelized glucose at soil pH 6.
Table. Effect of saccharin and pH to organic carbon content (%) on intensive shrimp pond
waste.
Value with different letter sign indicates significance (P<0,05).

476
THE PRESENT STATUS AND FUTURE OF THE CHINESE CULTIVATED CARPS

Xu Pao
Director, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center

Wuxi, 214081, China
xup@ffrc.cn
China has over 400 species of carps which have an important position in freshwater aquaculture. Either polystocking in
pond practices, or artificial enhancement and cage culture in open water, carps are the top priority in preferred farming
objects. The carps are also one of the major components contributing to the inland capture fisheries. In 2002, the total
freshwater fish yield reached 16.94 million tons, carp production was accounted for 85%. The traditional Chinese carps for
aquaculture are mainly silver carp, bighead, grass carp, common carp, crucian carp and the Chinese breams in nation-wide,
but common carp and crucian carp are the original stocks with over 10 hybrids from cross breeding. Owing to the high
growth rate, good quality, the fish along with its hybrids are extensively accepted and farmed. The production is generally
increased by 30% that are the dominant and high-yield aquatic animals in farming activities. Till late 1990s, the Chinese
aquaculture started with non-traditional and special aquatic animals. There are a good amount of wild varieties recently
domesticated that have become new farmed objects as Erythroculter ilishaeformis, loaches (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus)
etc. They have brought the farmers very high economical returns. After the member country of WTO, freshwater fish are
focused on Tilapia and channel catfish that have a high demand in the international market.
In the 21st century, China has a strong attention to the environmental conservation of open water body as lakes, therefore
there is a great restriction for open water fishery development. However, development of open water fisheries is a great need
to increase the food supply and nutritional standard in China that is short of land with a large population. But the research
findings indicate that silver carp and bighead carp can effectively alleviate the eutrophical levels and reduce the after-effects
out of the fish cages with feeding in the applied water. This practice again has received more public attentions.
477
NOTES
478
RAPD FINGERPRINTING OF THREE SPECIES OF GROUPERS Epinephelus spp. FROM

MAKASSAR STRAIT, SOUTH SULAWESI, INDONESIA
Andi Parenrengi* and Lokman Shamsudin

Jalan Makmur Dg. Sitakka 129, Maros
South Sulawesi 90511, Indonesia
Grouper belonging to the epinepheline serranid family has promising aquaculture potential for food and ornamental fish
production. Taxonomic classification based on the morphological characteristics of the grouper is still troublesome since
some groupers have similar in their morphological appearance. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique was
employed in this study to determine the genetic variability and species differentiation of groupers from genus Epinephelus
(E. areolatus, E. merra and E. suillus). Groupers (N=52) were collected from Makassar Strait, South Sulawesi, Indonesia.
Of 34-screened RAPD primers, ten primers (OPA-02, OPA-06, OPA-08, OPA-10, OPA-15, OPA-16, OPA-17, OPA-18,
OPA-19 and CA-05) were selected to generate the RAPD fingerprinting of groupers.
Results indicated that the ten primers revealed different RAPD profile among three species. Table 1 showed the variation
on number/size range of fragment, polymorphism and number of genotype among three species of Epinephelus. The
high similarity index was obtained in E. suillus followed by E. areolatus and E. merra (Table 1). Genetic distance level
of individuals ranged from 0.19-0.42, 0.14-0.50 and 0.02-0.30 for E. areolatus, E. merra and E. suillus, respectively. The
genetic distance between E. merra and E. areolatus (D=0.52) was closer compared with E. merra and E. suillus (D=0.67)
(Fig.1). A total of 21 RAPD markers differentiating the three species of grouper were detected. The study presented the
RAPD technique as the useful genetic marker for assessment of genetic diversity and species differentiation in grouper.
TABLE 1. Summary of genetic variability of three

grouper species (E. areolatus, E. merra dan E. suillus).
FIGURE 1. UPGMA cluster analysis based on the

genetic distance generated from Nei and Li’s indices of
three species within the genus Epinephelus.
479
DIFFERENCES IN CELLULAR AND HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSES OF THE MANILA

CLAM Ruditapes philippinarum OBTAINED FROM DIFFERENT POPULATIONS
Kyung-Il Park, Moonjae Cho, Philippe Soudant, Christophe Lambert and Kwang-Sik Choi*
Faculty of Applied Marine Sciences

1 Ara 1-Dong Jeju-City 690-756
Republic of Korea
skchoi@cheju.ac.kr
In bivalves, haemolymph including haemocytes and serum are prime lines of host defense. In order to develop and optimize
techniques for assessing immunity of the Manila clam R. philippinarum using flow cytometry and other conventional ways,
we compared immune parameters of two populations of the Manila clam; one from Gimyoung, the other from Wando, on
the south coast of Korea. Measures of the Manila clam internal defense including, agglutination (lectin), phagocytosis,
reactive oxygen species (ROS), free radical scavenging activity and DNA damage, were significantly different between
the two populations; the market clam showed higher immune responses except for free radical scavenging activity. These
results suggested that the defense system of the clams from Wando was continuously activated to prevent accumulation
of unfavorable conditions such as a long term transportation, exposure to atmosphere and no food supply, whereas the
elimination of oxidative stressors was depressed. Our results propose that lectins and free radical scavenging activity in the
Manila clam play a primary role in host defense against environmental stress, which have influence on subsequent immune
reactions such as phagocytosis, ROS activation, and DNA damage of the marine bivalves.
COMPARISON OF IMMUNE PARAMETERS, DISEASES AND CONDITION INDEX OF

THE MANILA CLAM Ruditapes philippinarum COLLECTED FROM FOUR LOCATIONS
AROUND ANMYEON-DO ISLAND, KOREA
Kyung-Il Park, Hyun-Sung Yang, Heung-Sik Park, Soon-Kil Yi, Young-Je Park, Jae-Sang Hong
nd Kwang-Sik Choi*

Republic of Korea
skchoi@cheju.ac.kr
In order to investigate immune parameters, disease burden and condition index of the Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum,
samples were collected in October 2004 from four tidal flats (Nudong, Gonam, Hwangdo and Bangpo) on Anmyeon-Do
Island, Korea. Immune parameters including phagocytosis rate, hemocyte counts and mortality were measured by flow
cytometry. Infection intensity of the protozoan pathogen Perkinsus olseni was assessed by Ray’s fluid thioglycollate
medium (RFTM) and Choi’s 2M NaOH lysis method. Brown ring disease (BRD), the vibriosis caused by Vibrio tapetis,
was classified by conchiolin deposit stage on inner shell surface. Metacerariae was also quantified by degree of calcareous
crests on inner shell surface. In addition, condition index (CI), tissue dry weight (mg) / shell dry weight (mg), was
established in each clam. The largest hemocyte count was observed in the clams from Gonam, followed by Hwangdo,
Nudong and Bangpo (p<0.001). Phagocytosis rate and hemocyte mortality of Goanm and Nudong clams were higher
than those of Hwangdo and Bangpo clams (p<0.001). All disease burden levels were higher in the clams from Hwangdo
compared to other areas, whereas Bangpo clams were the most lightly infected with the pathogens studied (p<0.001). CI of
Nudong and Hwangdo clams were lower than that of Gonam and Bangpo clams. Negative impacts of Perkinsus infection
on CI were observed in Bangpo (p<0.05) and Hwangdo clams (p<0.05). Higher Perkinsus infection was correlated with
higher BRD (p<0.05) and trematode infections in Nudong and Gonam (p<0.05).
480
Perkinsus INFECTION IN THE CLAM Protothaca jedoensis: TAXONOMY AND DIAGNOSIS
Kyung-Il Park*, Thao T.T. Ngo, Sang-Duk Choi and Kwang-Sik Choi

Republic of Korea
pk22@cheju.ac.kr
The parasitic protozoan, Perkinsus sp., was found in the clam Protothaca jedoensis which is a commercially important
marine bivalve, distributed on the south and the west coasts of Korea. Perkinsus sp. was diagnosed by Ray’s fluid
thioglycollate medium (RFTM), histology and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Sizes of hypnospores induced by RFTM
and trophozoites in histological slide averaged 46.4 ± 14.0 µm and 9.36 ± 2.15 µm, respectively. Zoosporulation took place
by binary fusion of hynospores when hypnospores were placed in filtrated seawater at room temperature, finally leading to
releasing zoospores from discharging tube. Histological observation showed that Perkinsus sp. parasitized in gill, mantle,
digestive gland and gonad of the clam, causing inflammations of the host. For analysis of taxonomic position of Perkinsus
sp. sequences of a non-transcribed spacer (NTS), internal transcribed spacers (ITS 1, 2), and 5.8S rRNA genes were
compared to those available from other Perkinsus species. The NTS sequence of Perkinsus sp. was 99.9 ~ 100% similar to
that of P. olseni (as well as P. atlanticus which is synonymy of P. olseni). The ITS 1, 5.8S rRNA and ITS 2 sequences of
Perkinsus sp. showed 100% similarity to P. olseni. These data indicate that Perkinsus sp. found in P. jedoensis is Perkinsus
olseni. Infection intensity, in terms of the number of Perkinsus cells per gram tissue wet weight was averaged 10,768 in
June 2003, and 7,438 in May 2004, respectively.
REPORT ON THE OCCURRENCE OF Vibrio tapetis IN KOREAN WATERS: DIAGNOSIS

AND ITS IMPACT ON CLAM HEALTH
Kyung-Il Park*, Christine Paillard, Patrick Le Chevalier, Moonjae Cho, Philippe Soudant, Christophe Lambert
and Kwang-Sik Choi

Republic of Korea
pk22@cheju.ac.kr
Brown ring disease (BRD), a vibriosis caused by Vibrio tapetis, has been reported as the cause of mass mortality in the
clam Ruditapes philippinarum and R. decussatus occurring on Atlantic coasts of France, Spain and England. A molecular
marker using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of 16S rRNA gene was used to detect V. tapetis in
R. philippinarum from the south coast Korea. Genomic DNA was isolated from shell cavity fluid of R. philippinarum
incubated in marine broth for 24 hours at 18 ˚C, and a 416 bp fragment of the 16S rRNA was amplified using primer pair
SSPVtF and SSPVtR. Conchiolin deposits, a typical symptom of BRD in shell, were analyzed in diagnosis of BRD in the
clam collected from Hwangdo on the west coast of Korea. Prevalence of BRD was 47% and most of the infected clams
showed early phase of the infection (conchiolin deposit group I). Infection intensity of BRD was negatively correlated with
condition index of clams (p<0.1), suggesting that BRD has negative impacts on the host clams.
481
ON FARM QUALITY AND SAFETY ASSURANCE IN THE VIETNAMESE AQUACULTURE

INDUSTRY USING CODES OF PRACTISE AND SQF 1000CM
Rob Parrish
Managing Director
SGS Vietnam Ltd.
Global Food Business Development Manager
SGS Group, Geneva
rob.parrish@sgs.com
Food quality & safety concerns continue to increase globally, leading to greater than before requirements for improved
controls of raw material and traceability. The requirement for integrated management programs on farms, covering safety
and quality are now an essential part of the food processing chain, leading to sustainable production, for domestic and
export markets, safer product, with high consistency in quality and higher returns for Vietnamese farmers.
SGS and An Giang Province in the Mekong Delta, commenced activities in November 2002, for the implementation of an
“On Farm Assurance Program”, an industry based “Code of Practice” and certification to SQF 1000CM for Farms and SQF
2000CM for processors, supporting Vietnam’s recognition in international markets. The combination of SQF 1000CM and
SQF 2000CM was selected to integrate the supply chain due to the synergy between codes.
The program encompasses the complete farming and processing chain, integrating the requirements of industry standards
and as far as possible, develops “one code for sustainable aquaculture”, addressing market and customer needs.
The Program required the implementation of HACCP/SQF Training, development of a Code of Practice by an industry
working group, preparation of a quality manual and procedures, master HACCP and SQF 1000CM plan and training materials
for farmers. Follow the development of these documents the working group trained trainers to deliver training to farmers
and received internal auditor training.
The developed “Code of Practice” addresses a wider range of sustainability and good management practices covering:
design and construction of farms and cages, good farming practices, feed management, traceability and use of chemicals.
Environmental issues including: water use and waste management and conservation as well as social and ethical issues and
food safety & quality.
To date some 50 SQF practitioners, 25 SQF trainers and internal auditors have been trained and 3 “Code of Practices”
created. Several farmer groups have received training and the first 2 pilot groups have received trial certification audits.
Some issues with documentation and implementation have been identified and are to be resolved, however it is expected
that they will obtain certification in early 2005.
The Vietnamese Ministry of Fisheries has reviewed and is now adopting the Code of Practise approach for Pangasius
farming in the Mekong Delta to underpin industry development and the creation of a Vietnamese Brand for Pangasius.
Currently there are discussions on the application of this model into other food sectors in Vietnam including Rice, Fruits
and Vegetables.
482
INNOVATIVE SYSTEMS AND NOVEL APPLICATIONS OF THESE AND CONVENTIONAL

SYSTEMS TO INLAND AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT IN AUSTRALIA
Partridge G. J.*, Sarre G. A., Doupé R. G., Gavine F., Collins A., Hutchinson, W.G., Lymbery, A. J., Jenkins,
G. I., Fielder, D. S., Allan, G. and Gooley G.
Aquaculture Development Unit

Challenger TAFE
1 Fleet St.
Fremantle WA 6164
gavin.partridge@challengertafe.wa.edu.au
Inland aquaculture in Australia comprises both fresh and saltwater aquaculture using a wide variety of water resources
including freshwater irrigation reservoirs, salt-water interception schemes and urban wastewater. A different set of issues
for each of these two types of aquaculture has recently driven the development of innovative systems and novel applications
of these and conventional technologies for commercial production. The primary issues relating to freshwater aquaculture
include maximizing usage and returns from this limited resource, whilst for saline aquaculture, the focus has been on
creating social and economic benefits from the problem of land and water salinisation.
The economic contribution of inland aquaculture to the Australian aquaculture statistic is small and most production
presently occurs on a very small scale, particularly for inland saline aquaculture. Potential exists, however, for large-scale
aquaculture industries to be developed, both on a stand-alone and integrated basis. Novel applications of conventional
production systems under investigation include the integration of pond culture of prawns and fish with saltwater interception
schemes and freshwater irrigation reservoirs, and the integration of aquaculture and horticulture products from domestic
and/or industrial urban wastewater. In addition, new and innovative production systems are also being tested throughout
Australia including the semi-intensive floating tank systems (SIFTS), which has application to all water resource types.
The negative environmental impacts of discharging untreated aquaculture wastewater has the potential to threaten industry
development and as such these impacts must be minimized and well managed. The integration of freshwater aquaculture
into existing agricultural/horticultural operations is achievable, however, the processing of waste created from inland
saline aquaculture is more challenging. Constructed wetland systems using salt-tolerant plant species, preferably with an
economic value, could offer a novel, yet relatively simple and low cost option for the treatment of salinised aquaculture
effluent. Integration of saline species selected to utilize dissolved or suspended wastes also offers options for biological
treatment of effluent.
483
LEADING NATIONS IN TRANSGENIC AQUATIC BIOTECHNOLOGY

Brian Peddie
Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering

University of Florida
P.O. Box 110570
Gainesville, FL 32611-0570 USA
peddie@ufl.edu
The United States, Canada, China, Cuba, and Europe are leaders in aquatic biotechnology, and could reap substantial
benefits by further developing the sector. Among all countries, there has been considerable debate over food safety, product
quality, ethics, sustainability, and ecological impacts of both aquaculture and agriculture biotechnology with the advent of
transgenic fish. The aquatic biotechnology sector inherited not only opposition from the broader agricultural biotechnology
sector, but also unique challenges specific to aquatic environments. Ultimately, the industry’s two most significant impetuses
are environmental risks and waning public opinion.
Each country has unique barriers and rationales for developing genetically engineered fish, but should first address their
governance structures and potential public acceptance. While no nation has approved a transgenic animal for consumption
and commercialization, there are several transgenic fish awaiting rulings. However, without the public’s backing and
safety assurance by unbiased government agencies, aquatic biotechnology will never reach its full potential.
While the United States has the most advanced aquatic biotechnology sector in terms of the number of research ventures,
countries with larger aquaculture sectors would benefit more from enhanced brood stocks. China has the most to gain from
developing transgenic brood stock since they constitute 60% of the world’s aquaculture production. Presently, Chinese
researchers have unveiled several notable advancements such as transgenic carp and goldfish. Canada began experimenting
with transgenic fish almost two decades ago, and has collaborated with U.S. laboratories on a number of projects. Cuba
could develop fish strains to reduce food imports. The nation has been successful with the creation of viable aquatic
biotechnology products, most notably the transgenic Tilapia. Lastly, Europe could foster the growth of their aquaculture
sector, and help develop technologies that could solve malnutrition for their African neighbors by developing improved
brood stock. While Europe conducts research, their utilization domestically remains highly unlikely due to negative public
sentiment towards genetically modified organisms, GMO’s.
Despite advantages to genetically engineering superior stocks, the future of aquatic biotechnology will be bleak unless the
sector can unequivocally demonstrate the safety of transgenic organisms. As well, the aquaculture industry must work in
unison with the scientific community to provide unbiased information to the public. Canada, China, Europe, Cuba and the
U.S. made significant advances in aquatic biotechnology, but their research will be buried unless the sector addresses the
public’s sentiment and adheres to a strict governance protocols.
484
MORPHOMETRIC RELATIONSHIPS OF Farfantepenaeus paulensis DURING NURSERY,

GROWOUT AND BROODSTOCK CULTURE
Silvio Peixoto*, Roberta Soares, Wilson Wasielesky and Ronaldo O. Cavalli
University of Rio Grande

EMA Aquaculture, CP 474
Rio Grande, Brazil, 96201-900
silviop@mikrus.com.br
The pink shrimp Farfantepenaeus paulensis is a high value fishery resource in the Patos Lagoon estuary, southern Brazil.
Recently, studies have been focused on the culture potential of this species in earthen ponds, pen enclosures and cages.
Although growth of cultured F. paulensis during growout and broodstock production have been described, little information
is available on morphometric relationships. The present study analyzed the morphometric relationships of length-length
(carapace and total body length) and length-weight (wet body weight) during nursery, growout and broodstock production
phases of F. paulensis ranging in size from 0.06 to 60 g (n = 2969).
Regression analyses were performed among length-length and length-weight measurements for each culture phase.
Significant differences in the morphometric relationships among culture phases were analyzed by hypothesis testing in
normal linear models. Morphometric data during broodstock phase were pooled for males and females, as no significant
differences in the regression lines between sexes were observed.
Shrimp from the broodstock production phase tended to have longer and heavier bodies compared with growout individuals
with the same carapace length. Increments on body weight (BW) were proportional to total length (TL) rather than carapace
length for nursery, growout and broodstock (Fig. 1). Conversion equations relating BW and TL were provided for each
culture phase (Table 1). The use of a general morphometric relationship between TL and BW (BW = 0.07x10 -3 (TL)3.058) is
recommended to simplify the management in different culture phases of F. paulensis in southern Brazil.
Table 1. Morphometric relationship between total length (TL)

and body wet weight (BW) of cultured F. paulensis during
nursery, growout and broodstock production phases. Values of a
(elevation) and b (slope) are parameters of the equation, r is the
regression coefficient and n is the sample number.
Figure 1. Morphometric relationship between total length

and body wet weight of cultured F. paulensis.
485
REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF CAPTIVITY-REARED Farfantepenaeus paulensis

BROODSTOCK OF DIFFERENT AGE AND SIZE CLASSES
Silvio Peixoto*, Ronaldo O. Cavalli, Wilson Wasielesky and Fernando D’Incao
University of Rio Grande

EMA Aquaculture, CP 474
Rio Grande, Brazil, 96201-900
silviop@mikrus.com.br
Nauplii production of Farfantepenaeus paulensis originally relied on the use of wild breeders. However, due to the
unpredictability and high costs associated with the capture of the wild stocks, studies have focused on management and
reproduction of captive broodstock. The performance of captivity-reared F. paulensis broodstock of different ages (10 and
16 month-old) and sizes were compared in two separate 30-day-long trials.
For each trial, groups of 20 males and 30 unilaterally eyestalk ablated females were stocked into two 10 m2 maturation tanks.
Data on male quality (spermatophore weight and sperm count), spawning performance, hatching rates and metamorphosis
to the first protozoea stage were recorded.
Older males had significantly heavier spermatophores, but these did not necessarily contain a higher number of sperm cells
(Table 1). Size rather than age appears to have a more important role in the regulation of the number of sperm cells per
spermatophore. Within the same age group, larger females had a superior spawning performance than smaller ones (Table
2). No significant differences in percentages of fertilization, hatching and metamorphosis to the first protozoea stage were
detected. Similar to other studies with penaeids, our results suggest that female size rather than age exerts a stronger effect
in determining the reproductive performance of F. paulensis. Significant improvements on reproductive output might be
achieved by using older (16-month-old) and larger (≥ 45 g) F. paulensis females.
486
NOTES
487
BIOSECURITY STRATEGIES FOR EFFECTIVE RESPONSE TO AQUATIC ANIMAL

DISEASE EMERGENCIES
Ramesh P Perera
Biosecurity Australia
GPO Box 858
Canberra, ACT 2600
Australia
ramesh.perera@daff.gov.au
The aquatic environment presents many unique challenges with respect to managing emergency disease outbreaks.
However, our knowledge of aquatic animal disease epidemiology and health management continues to grow, including
through lessons learnt from several significant fish disease outbreaks around the world over the last few years. This growing
knowledge-base together with the principles of emergency disease management developed in the terrestrial arena provides
a basis on which to identify specific biosecurity strategies to combat the establishment and spread of aquatic animal
diseases.
These ‘strategies’ fall broadly into two groups; namely, overall response objectives (e.g. disease eradication or disease
containment) and specific operational measures, or combinations of measures, that can be taken on the ground (e.g.
emergency harvesting, disinfection of premises or disease zoning).
Aquatic animal disease outbreaks can occur in a wide variety of circumstances (such as in open-water wild fish populations,
inland recirculation aquaculture systems), in a variety of host species, and be due to a range of disease agents. This paper
describes and categorises the types of disease outbreak scenarios likely to be encountered and explores the available
strategies that could most usefully be applied in each case.
488
INFORMATION SYSTEM OF MANGROVE

Girang Permata Gusti
Marine Science and Technology Departement,

IPB University of Indonesia
girang_permata@hotmail.com
Mangrove And ecosistem llama vinicity have experience of and degradasi damage. From Australian till fluoride, from
Japan till the Nigeria and in vinicity nations, mangrove do not get special attention. Our greed and carelessness have caused
damage of at more than semi part of forest mangrove in world.
This matter cause to decrease it produce fish, the increasing of regional erosion of coastal area and decrease it earnings
of downhill local society and also it the quality irrigate in vinicity region.
Although some place in indonesia ( sumatra, java and south sulawesi) to exploit redundantly, indonesia still own debt of
biggest mangrove in world. Until how long that forest can support life socialize vinicity become question mark of because
to date the the forest non-stoped exploited to get advantage short-range.
Is therefore required by a resource mangrove Management professionally, informative and effective. So that the resource
mangrove Permanence remained can round into a tropical coastal Community Vegetasi, predominated by some birch
mengrove capable to grow and expand at muddy coastal area tide.
Information system of complete Mangrove and non-stoped innovated by is one of vital component in the case of management
resource of professional mengrove. Cause with complete information system, hence damage of ecosystem mangrove that
happened in a n area earn is immediately known swiftly. And detectable immediately the correct solution to overcome
that matter.Information system of Mangrove which I intend is information system base on website.
Where this website own “ Content Management System” which can in updating, edit, add new and delete of various
information mangrove. So that the data obtained by earn is immediately known by online through internet. Also this
website own discussion forum as forum to discuse various problems of about mangrove and solving of his/its .
489
THE EFFECTS OF PROPANIL DRIFT ON CULTURE PONDS WITH SURFACE FLOATING

PHYTOPLANKTON (SCUM)
Peter Perschbacher* and Regina Edziyie
Aquaculture /Fisheries Center

University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff
P.O. Box 4912
Pine Bluff, AR 71601 USA
pperschbacher@uaex.edu
edziyie@yahoo.co.uk
Aquaculture ponds, during warm temperatures and high nutrient loadings, typically experience surface floating algae scums,
predominantly composed of blue-green algae (cyanobacteria). These blue-green algae are undesirable in pond aquaculture
because they are poor oxygenators compared to the eukaryotic algae, poor quality feed for zooplankton and they are more
prone to die offs resulting in high ammonia and extremely low oxygen levels.
The effects of various levels of propanil, including low to high drift rates of 1, 10 and 20%, were evaluated on water
samples from two ponds with algal scums. Propanil is the most common rice herbicide and is applied by air, leading to drift.
Mesocosms of 550 l were filled with pond water from a channel catfish pond and treatments in triplicate were control, 20%,
40%, 60%, and 100% of the recommended field rate of propanil (4.5kg/ha), followed by evaluation of goldfish pond water
at 1%, 10%, and 100% of the field rates and control. Morning D.O., pH, nitrite-N, total ammonia-N (TAN), un-ionized
ammonia-N (UIA-N), primary productivity, chlorophyll a and phytoplankton composition (catfish only) were measured
before and daily after treatments were added. Recovery defined as morning D.O. in drift and control tanks not significantly
different.
Microcystis and Anabaena dominated in both scums. In prior studies 1-10% rate had no effects. Unstable algae and greater
drift exposure in the scums led to substantial reductions in the pH and D.O. concentrations in both ponds. There were
also significant differences in the UIA-N, TAN and primary productivity in both ponds. In the catfish trial (goldfish not
evaluated), there were increases in green algae and diatoms and decreases in blue-green algae in treated ponds. Recovery
was 2 and 4-5 d in goldfish and catfish trials, respectively. The difference was attributed to 20% drift rate used in the catfish
trial and higher chl. a level in the goldfish trial (400 vs 200 ug/l). Edziyie (2004) noted recovery from 20% propanil drift
was related to chl. a levels in 4 ponds (w.o. scums).
490
PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF PADDLEFISH Polyodon spathula FILTERING EFFECTS

ON POND ECOSYSTEMS
Peter Perschbacher* and Jim Kahrs
Aquaculture/Fisheries Center
Box 4912
1200 N. University
pperschbacher@uaex.edu
Paddlefish are large, river inhabitants of Central North America. They produce a high quality caviar and valuable flesh
products. Recently, Osage Catfisheries, Inc. has entered into ranching agreements with lake and reservoir owners and
managers in Missouri. Paddlefish are stocked at 10-20 fish/ha and harvested with gill nets after 8-10 years at 20-30 kg
by Osage Catfisheries. The water body owners/managers receive a per kg return based on whether the fish is gravid.
Observations indicate additional benefits of improved water quality and reduced nuisance algae.
As paddlefish are reported to be primarily indiscriminant planktivores and insectivores, effects on phytoplankton have
not been expected. However, another indiscriminant filter-feeder, threadfin shad Dorosoma petenense, has recently been
shown to drastically reduce and/or eliminate large algae, including nuisance blue-green cyanobacteria, while stimulating
green, diatom and euglena algae in channel catfish production ponds at UAPB (Green, Perschbacher and Ludwig 2004, and
Green et al. unpublished data). A preliminary study was performed outdoors at the UAPB Aquaculture Research Station
comparing a nightly aerated, 1250-l, unstocked control tank with a similar tank stocked with 11, fingerling paddlefish (1360
kg/ha) . The results indicate substantial beneficial effects on phytoplankton and water quality (Table 1). Further studies
appear warranted.
TABLE 1.Major findings* from paddlefish tanks compared to controls at UAPB and IATEC.
491
SURVIVAL IMPROVEMENT AND REPRODUCTION ACHIEVEMENT OF Litopenaeus

stylirostris BREEDERS DURING WINTER IN NEW-CALEDONIA
Dominique Pham*, Nelly Wabete, Liet Chim, Pierrette Lemaire, Jean-René Mailliez, Francis Broutoi, Lionel Moretti and
Jean-Charles Massabuau
IFREMER, Laboratoire Aquacole de Calédonie

Quai des scientifiques, BP 2059
98846 Nouméa, New Caledonia
nelly.wabete@ifremer.nc
Weakness of farmed shrimp during winter is a trouble in New-Caledonia . One of the major consequences of this problem
is high mortalities (up to 70%) of breeders following transfer from pond to hatchery. Observations on physiological
disturbance during shrimps handling were applied in hatchery to improve breeder’s survival. Prophylactic regimes for
manipulating shrimps in order to minimizing stress are assessed.
The major trouble associated to shrimp catch, was a large change in osmoregulatory capacity (OC) associated to an outward
water shift. Both phenomena occurred within the 1st hour of handling. Various prophylactic protocols were studied to
minimize osmoregulatory regulation trouble. In this frame, the effect of different transfer regimes (at various temperature,
salinity and/or feeding rate) to counterbalance the OC disturbances and the mortality was tested. In breeders, the reproductive
achievement (spawning, fecundity and hatching rates) was characterized. Fig. 1 shows that the usual transfer of broodstock
(T = 20 °C, Salinity = 35 ‰, fed shrimp) in winter led, after 48 hours, to the usual high mortality. In such conditions
eyestalk ablation of the female leads to another high mortality. While, survival after transfer and following eyestalk
ablation, as well as spawning rate, was dramatically improved when shrimps were transferred in warmed isosmotic water
(26 °C and 26 ‰) and unfed for 3 days.
Thus, well managed stocking conditions following broodstock transfer from earthen pond to hatchery may dramatically
improve breeding performance in cool season in New-Caledonia.
Fig 1. Survival rate of 20 g shrimp following

transfer according treatments (T°C, S‰ and feeding
regime).
492
CURRENT STATUS OF USING FEED IN PENAEUS MONODON LARVICULTURE IN

VIETNAM, A CASE STUDY IN KHANH HOA PROVINCE
Pham Quoc Hung, Amara Yakupitiyage
Faculty of Aquaculture
University of Fisheries
Nhatrang City
Vietnam
pqhungait@yahoo.com
Farmers obtained nauplii of shrimp from fertilized eggs produced by wild gravid females captured in the ocean. Rearing
of nauplii is usually done in concrete tanks built inside hatcheries. Natural seawater, with salinity of 30 – 33 ppt, are used
and maintained at the range of 27 – 32 °C. Chlorination is usually applied at 40-60 ppm for treatment of the water before
use. Nauplii are normally stocked at the density of 130 ind. L-1. Survival rate obtained until PL15 is usually in the range of
45%. Feeding frequency is eight times per day.
Live microalgae is not used in larval rearing. Shrimp hatcheries mainly use commercial feeds in larval diets. Artemia cysts,
commercial feeds and dry microalgae are the major feeds currently used in shrimp hatcheries in the locality. At zoea stage,
farmers feed shrimp with dry microalgae and commercial feeds. At the mysis and postlarval stages, Artemia nauplii and
commercial feeds are fed. Artemia cysts are considered as the most expensive feed item in hatchery operation. Feed cost
takes around 46 % of total variable cost. Antibiotics are commonly used in shrimp hatcheries in the locality.
SHRIMP FARMING – MOVING TOWARDS INTERNATIONAL PRINCIPLES FOR

RESPONSIBLE SHRIMP AQUACULTURE
Michael Phillips and Rohana Subasinghe
Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific (NACA)

Suraswadi Building, Department of Fisheries
Kasetsart University Campus
Bangkok 10900 Thailand
michael.phillips@enaca.org
This paper describes the work of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO, Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-
Pacific (NACA), Worldwide Fund for Nature (WWF) and the World Bank (WB) consortium program on “Shrimp Farming
and the Environment” and its major findings. The paper then reviews initiatives for development of national, regional
and international codes of conduct and codes of practice. With increasing proliferation of various codes, standards and
aquaculture practice documents, it argues for international agreement on a set of principles for responsible shrimp farming.
The paper outlines a process for development of those principles, with inputs of multiple stakeholders, and planned for
eventual submission for discussion and decision at the Aquaculture Sub-Committee of the FAO Committee on Fisheries in
late 2006.
493
COST-OPTIMISING FLOW RATES FOR PACIFIC OYSTER Crassostrea gigas SPAT

PRODUCTION IN A POND-FED, PUMPED UPWELLER NURSERY SYSTEM
Olin Pilcher
Cawthron Institute
Private Bag 2
Nelson, New Zealand
olin.pilcher@cawthron.org.nz
Nursery systems provide an important link between hatchery-produced bivalve spat and growout systems. Water flow
has an important influence on land-based nursery economics through its effect on spat growth, and the costs associated
with operating and maintaining pumps. Nursery flow rates have been previously optimised for both spat growth and spat
feeding efficiency, but without addressing associated economic considerations. Cost-optimisation of pumped water flow
for a commercial Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) nursery system was investigated at the Cawthron Institute’s Glenhaven
Aquaculture Centre during five 2 - 3 week periods between May and October 2002 (winter) and in April 2003 (autumn).
Seawater stored in three 0.25 hectare phytoplankton production ponds was pumped continuously through commercial
upwellers housing the oyster spat, before being completely recirculated back to the ponds. Growth experiments were used
to measure the instantaneous production rate and production efficiency of 3 - 4.3mm mesh-screened spat (25.41 ± 0.73
mg [2SE] per oyster) for biomass-specific flow rates between 0.5 and 40 l min -1 kg -1 spat live weight. This production
information was then incorporated into a simple economic model for each experiment, summing the cost of time and the
cost of water flow for a scenario growing 10 million oyster spat from 25 mg to 100mg (Fig.1).
Cost-optimisation generally occurred at flows between 10 and 24 l min -1 kg -1 spat live weight and was strongly influenced
by food availability, temperature (season) and the complex interaction between these variables and flow rate. For this
pumping-intensive nursery system, cost-optimization was achieved at compromised flows, lower than those required to
maximise spat growth.
Table 1. Experimental periods, temperature and Figure 1. Total cost of spat production
food availability.
494
SOUTH SEA PEARLING IN INDONESIA: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE

Raden Panji Poernomo
PT Cendana Indopearls
Jalan Sekar JepunV/21
Gatot Subroto Timur
Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia
ayu@bit.com
Indonesia produced its first South Sea Pearls (SSP) in 1928 when Japanese pearling pioneer Dr. Sukeo Fujita successfully
cultured round pearls in South East Sulawesi (Celebes) after 8 years of experimenting with wild Pinctada maxima.
Production peaked in 1936 when it exceeded 18.75 kg. The outbreak of World War II saw the Dutch Colonial Government
take control of the farm and the cessation of pearling activities.
Japanese Investors re-commenced SSP cultivation in the 1970’s. At that time only wild oysters were available for cultivation
and the natural oyster beds were rapidly depleted. By the 1980’s, investment in hatchery technology began. By 1990 the
Cogent Trading Company harvested the first commercial crop of pearls from hatchery bred oysters.
This initial success led to rapid development of Pinctada maxima hatcheries and pearl farms. By 1994 there were 87 pearl
companies of which 43 had produced commercial crops of pearls. By the mid-1990’s, the industry was almost solely reliant
on hatchery technology as a means of sustaining oyster supplies. Production rapidly escalated and by the end of the decade,
Indonesia was fast becoming the largest volume producer of SSP’s in the world.
In 1998, this exciting period of development was massively disrupted by economic and political upheaval. The deterioration
in general law and order in the late 1990’s and early into the new century saw Pearl farmers suffer at the hands of criminals.
This combined with general economic malaise and a decline in the pearl market led to companies (especially Japanese)
ceasing operation and in 2001 there were only 26 pearl companies that remained viable.
The improving political climate since 2001 has had a stabilizing effect on pearl farm investment in Indonesia leading to
steady improvements in production and pearl quality. There are fewer farmers producing larger and better crops. Pearl
markets that were dramatically affected by a number of major world events (terrorism, the outbreak of SARS and a weak
Japanese economy) have been steadily improving. The outlook for pearling in Indonesia is now once again positive. Current
annual production is in excess of 3,500 kg with an estimated value of more then $60M.
Pearling is an ideal activity for Indonesia and other developing nations. It employs a large unskilled, semi-skilled and
skilled labour force and can have a very positive effect on regional development in some of the world’s most remote areas.
The new style pearl farms that are successful have learnt to work with nature and local communities to ensure continued
viable production and security. Technology that was once considered secret and only available through contracting foreign
experts has been transferred to the local people.
The challenge of the future lies in marrying stable production with developing markets and ensuring a balance of supply
and demand. Indonesia needs to now demonstrate to the world that it is a mature and conscientious producer of a much
valued product.
495
REARING CACHAMA BLANCA Piaractus brachypomus FINGERLINGS IN A

RECIRCULATING SYSTEM USING A STRAW BUILDED BIOFILTER
Germán A. Poleo*, Miguel Dávila, Lismen Mendoza and Lue M. Marcó
Estación de Piscicultura, Decanato de Agronomía

Universidad Centroccidental “Lisandro Alvarado”
Barquisimeto, Apto. postal 400, Venezuela
gpoleo@ucla.edu.ve
Recirculating systems are widely used around the world in the aquaculture business. The simplicity and the attractiveness
of this technology have encouraged the construction of a broad number of designs to maintain different aquatic species
(mollusk, crustaceans and finfish) and to satisfy different needs (growth-out, fingerling rearing, research, broodstock
maintenance and exhibition). The cost associated with the technology has encouraged researchers and ordinary public to
design more costly effective systems, taking in consideration the available information.
Keeping in mind that nitrification is more efficient in pipes than in some of

the commercially used biofilters, we used an arrangement of straws (beehive
shape) (Figure A) as the medium and placed it in a 20 L plastic bucked. This
configuration allowed a pipe type surface of ~15 m2 in a reduced space. This
biofilter was used in a recirculating system to rear 100 Piaractus brachypomus
fingerlings of approximately 30 g in 1,5 m3 concrete tanks. Physicochemical
parameters such as oxygen, alkalinity, hardness, pH, ammonium, nitrite, and
nitrate were monitored during 61 days. Parameters of production such as total
length, standard length, weight gain, and food conversion ratio (FCR) were
also measured. Oxygen levels were above 4 mg/L during all the experiment,
a safe concentration for this specie of fish. Alkalinity fluctuated between 250
mg/L of CaCO3 and 60 mg/L. Hardness fluctuated between 60 - 500 mg/L
CaCO3. Due to the presence of phytoplankton in the system the pH values
fluctuated depending on light intensity (day/night, cloudiness). Total ammonia
nitrogen levels reached their highest (2.7 mg/L) 5 days after the fish were
added to the system but then reduced to safe levels (< 1 mg/L) during the rest
of the experimentation. Nitrite levels were bellow 2 mg/L. Fingerlings in the
recirculating system grew 137% in 61 days whereas fingerlings in a system
with the same dimensions but without filtration grew 36% (Figure).
These results show that the filter designed performed well with a density of 40
fish/m3 without reaching its capacity and that the cachama blanca fingerling
adapted favorably to the recirculating system conditions.
Figure. Straw arrangement (Beehive

biofilter) used as the media for
bacteria colonization (top). Cachama
blanca fingerling reared for 61 days
in a recirculating systems (center)
and fingerling of the same age reared
without recalculation (bottom).
496
KEY ASPECTS OF MARKETING OF AQUACULTURE PRODUCTS IN SPAIN AND

THE EU
G. Polo* and J. De Lara

E.T.S. Ing. Navales
28040 Madrid.Spain
gpolo@etsin.upm.es
The EU is one of the most attractive markets of the world or aquaculture products, as a consequence of the very high annual
consumption per capita, which is an average of 24.5 Kg. This is the reason why the member states import more fishing
products than those produced by them and that the volume and the value of their imports are very considerable. This way,
the EU imported 4.3 million tons of fishing products in 1999. The deficit of the community in this trade between 1990 and
1999 has increased by 63% and the value of the above mentioned imports has reached some € 8600 millions.
So the aquaculture products have a fundamental role in the European feeding, as they are a very valuable source of proteins
and a very healthy food. This market is very demanding so that its importance is not based exclusively on the production
of marine species, but also in the preservation and/or transformation of them according to the requirements of the market,
as well as in the transportation of the products, in ideal conditions, to the first link of the logistic distribution chain in
agreement with the regulations. In this market a very important role is reserved to the identification of the products, their
traceability and the alimentary safety of the consumers.
Of course, the future of aquaculture products is strongly tied to the success of their marketing. The intrinsic and specific
characteristics of the sea products and especially those directly inherent to the production zone, as it happens with the
Norwegian products, highly appreciated by the consumers, are not enough to guarantee their success on the market and
therefore to reach a suitable price that guarantees the profitability of the productive activity. This is due to the fact that the
globalization of the markets, the improvement of the logistic chains and the new technologies of conservation, have favoured
the competitiveness of the sector, but have also determined the disadvantage of facilitating the entrance of new products
from other producer countries, loosing this way the opportunity of opening to new markets and million of consumers. These
circumstances recommend to review the marketing and promotion of the sea products.
This paper deals with the analysis of the fundamental aspects to guarantee the success in the introduction and commercialisation
of aquaculture products in the EU market, with special reference to the Spanish one,
Identification of the main distribution channels and logistic chains. Analysis of the applicable requirements.
Study of the evolution of the sea products market, having in mind the consumption habits of the European market (socio-
economic aspects) and the legal and administrative requirements (legal-administrative aspects).
Food safety and traceability of aquaculture products. Importance of the application of the HACCP regulations (Hazard
Analysis Critical Control Point). Basic prevention systems to guarantee the safety of consumers.
The quality certifications of products as a basic factor in the new frame of food culture, as a differentiating element of the
product and as a more and more frequent and strong requirement in the retail trade distribution chains in Europe.
497
PROSTAGLANDINS IN THE POLYCHAETE Perinereis nuntia AND THEIR RECEPTORS IN

THE OVARY OF THE BLACK TIGER SHRIMP Penaeus monodon
P. Poltana*, T. Lerkitkul, G. Anantasomboon, W. Wannapapho, K. Wongprasert, P.J.W. Olive
and B. Withyachumnarnkul

Faculty of Science
Mahidol University
Bangkok, Thailand 10400
ppoltana@hotmail.com
Nereid polychaetes e.g. Perinereis nuntia brevicirris are an important fresh feed for Penaeus monodon broodstock; the
worms are believed to contain substance(s) that stimulate ovarian maturation of the shrimp. In addition to essential
polyunsaturated fatty acids, the polychaetes may contain certain hormones, such as prostaglandins (PGs), that could
stimulate ovarian maturation in the shrimp. This study was aimed at isolating PGs from adult (atokous) P. nuntia and
finding their receptors in the ovarian tissue of P. monodon. Cultured P. nuntia were extracted for PGs, using ethanol as
solvent; the extract was analyzed by fast-performance liquid chromatography (FPLC), and by comparing with standard
PGs, the substance was found to be PGF2α, which was present at a concentration of 0.66 ng/g wet weight of the polychaete.
Using mass spectrophotometry (MS), the molecular weight was found to be 368.5, which could be either PGF2α methyl
ester or 15(S)-15-methyl PGF2α. To study PG receptors, ovaries were isolated from sexually mature P. monodon and
divided into two parts; one for paraffin sections followed by immuno-peroxidase identification of the receptors and the other
for sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) for Western immunoblotting with specific PG
antibodies. The immuno-peroxidase technique revealed PGF2α receptor, or FP receptor, activity in the ovarian tissues. For
the pre-vitellogenic stage, the reaction was predominantly localized throughout the cytoplasm and in the cell membrane
and nuclear membrane of the primary oocytes. For the vitellogenic stage, the activity was similarly localized, but with
less intensity, and it was not observed within the cortical rods. In the spent stage, the activity could be similarly observed
in the remaining oocytes, as well as in the irregular-shaped primary oocytes. The SDS-PAGE and Western immunoblotting
revealed an FP protein band at 47 kDa in stages I and II and at 51 kDa in stage III and IV ovaries. By using an enhanced
chemiluminescence (ECL) glycoprotein detection kit, no glycoprotein was observed in the 51 kDa band. The findings
suggest that the polychaete P. nuntia contains PGF2α and this hormone might be an exogenous source of PGs that stimulate
ovarian maturation in P. monodon broodstock.
Figure 1. FPLC chromatograms of PGF2α and the mass spectra of

PGF2α analog in P. nuntia brevicirris. A) The chromatogram peak of
the PGF2α with the retention time 2.13 min of the standard. B) The
mixture of the standard and the sample. C, D & E) The mass spectra
of the PGF2α methyl ester, 15(S)-15-methyl PGF2α and the FPLC-
sample, respectively.
498
DEVELOPMENT AND GENETIC MAPPING OF EST-DERIVED MICROSATELLITES IN

THE BLACK TIGER SHRIMP Penaeus monodon
Siriporn Pongsomboon*, Cherdsak Maneeruttanarungroj, Sirawut Klinbunga, Kate Wilson, Yutao Li
and Anchalee Tassanakajon
Shrimp Molecular Biology and Genomics Laboratory

Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science
Chulalongkorn University
National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology
113 Paholyothin Rd., Klong 1, Klong Luang
siriporn.pon@biotec.or.th
Type I microsatellite markers were developed for genetic linkage mapping and breeding program of Penaeus monodon.
Microsatellites were identified from P. monodon EST sequences of 11 cDNA libraries, which represented a subset of 1,564
microsatellite loci. The cDNA libraries were prepared from difference tissues of shrimps at normal and under challenged or
stress conditions including eyestalk, hemocyte, hemocyte-WSSV challenged, hemocyte-V. harveyi challenged, hemocyte-
heat stress, lymphoid organ, lymphoid organ-V. harveyi challenged, lymphoid organ-YHV challenged, hepatopancreas,
hematopoietic tissue and ovary. Eyestalk and hematopoietic cDNA libraries contained the highest percentage of EST
containing microsatellites, which were found at 31.2 and 20.0%, respectively. (AT)n and (ATT)n were quite common for
di- and trinucleotide repeats, respectively. Homology searching by BLASTX program revealed that the EST containing
microsatellite clones represent, 20.4% known gene products, 27.1% hypothetical proteins and 52.5% unknown gene
products. Fifty new microsatellite markers were developed and found to be polymorphic. Characterization of the 50
microsatellite markers on the panel of 35 unrelated shrimps revealed that the range of alleles per locus was 4-27. Mendelian
inheritance of the EST-derived markers has been established in the reference mapping families of P. monodon. Genetic
linkage analysis and mapping of these markers is in progress.
499
LIVE WEIGHT RESPONSE TO SELECTION IN TWO PRODUCTION ENVIRONMENTS

IN THE GIFT STRAIN OF NILE TILAPIA Oreochromis niloticus
Raul W. Ponzoni*, Azhar Hamzah and Norhidayat Kamaruzzaman
WorldFish Center
Jalan Batu Maung
11960 Batu Maung
Penang, Malaysia
r.ponzoni@cgiar.org
A fully pedigreed population based on the sixth generation of GIFT (Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia) was established
in Malaysia in 2002. Progeny were generated in two spawning seasons, 2002 and 2003. A number of statistical models
were fitted to the data collected throughout the study, either to estimate breeding values (EBVs), variance components, or
response to selection. Two production environments were used to grow-out the progeny (cages and ponds). For selection
purposes EBVs for live weight (LW) were computed treating the expression in both environments as a single trait, and
fitting environment as a fixed effect. Parents used in the spawning season of 2003 were either selected as having high
estimated breeding values for LW at approx. 7 months of age, or as having EBVs as close as possible to the average. In
this way a Selection and a Control line were created, respectively. Treating LW in cages and ponds as a single trait, and
fitting all fixed effects (spawning season, selection line, environment, sex) and random effects (sire, dam nested within
sire and sire by environment interaction), we found a statistically significant sire by environment interaction. Hence, in
subsequent analyses LW in cages and in ponds was regarded as two different traits, called LWC and LWP, respectively.
The heritabilities estimated from the animal variance component were 0.38 (s.e. 0.083) and 0.45 (s.e. 0.103), whereas the
maternal and common environment effects estimated from the dam variance component were 0.17 (s.e. 0.038) and 0.22
(s.e. 0.047), for LWC and LWP, respectively. The genetic and common environmental correlations between LWC and LWP
were 0.58 (s.e. 0.135) and 0.71 (s.e. 0.109), respectively. Response to selection was estimated separately for both LWC and
LWP by three methods: (i) Comparing the least squares means of LW for the Selection and Control lines in the progeny of
the 2003 spawning season, (ii) Comparing the estimated breeding values for LW between the progeny of the 2002 spawning
season and those of the Selected line in the 2003 spawning season, and (iii) Comparing the estimated breeding values of the
Selection and Control lines in progeny of the 2003 spawning season, respectively. For LWP, expressed as a percentage of
the overall least squares mean in the population, the estimates were 9.2, 9.6 and 12.7 for methods (i), (ii) and (iii), whereas
for LWP they were 8.2, 7.9 and 10.4, respectively. The results are discussed in terms of the implications of selecting for
multiple environments. It was concluded that selection response was being achieved in both environments and that, despite
the presence of a non-unity genetic correlation between the LWC and LWP, there was not enough evidence to justify the
conduct of separate genetic improvement programs for cage and pond environments.
500
THE EFFECT OF SUDDEN DECREASE IN SALINITY ON THE SURVIVAL AND CONDITION

OF WESTERN KING PRAWNS Penaeus latisulcatus IN INLAND SALINE WATER
David Prangnell* and Ravi Fotedar
Muresk Institute
1 Turner Ave.
david.prangnell@student.curtin.edu.au
Inland saline water is often deficient in potassium (K+) in comparison with marine water and may experience rapid salinity
changes due to heavy rainfall. A candidate species for culture in inland saline water is the western king prawn (Penaeus
latisulcatus), with an isosmotic range of 29-32ppt in marine water. Previous research has shown that K+ fortification of
inland saline water is essential for prawn survival and growth. The present study was run to determine the effect of sudden
salinity decrease in inland saline water and K+ fortified inland saline water on western king prawn survival and condition
indices, as stress indicators.
An 18-day trial was conducted in twelve 125L tanks, with external bio-filtration. 36 juvenile prawns (3.71 ± 0.13g) were
acclimated to 3 water types: inland saline water (ISW) from Wannamal, WA (31o15”S, 116o05”E); inland saline water
fortified to the same concentration of K+ in marine water (IS100); and inland saline water fortified to 80% marine water K+
concentration (IS80), with 3 replicates of each water type. After 3 days, 6 prawns per water type were measured (length
and weight) and analysed (condition indices). The remaining prawns were then subject to salinity decrease from 32-25ppt
over 1hr. Ten minutes post-salinity change, 4 prawns per tank were measured and analysed. Survival and ingestion rate of
the 6 prawns left in each tank were then monitored for 18 days, with salinity maintained at 25ppt. Surviving prawns were
measured and analysed at the conclusion of the experiment.
100% mortality was observed in ISW by day 13. Survival was 94% in IS80 and 100% in IS100. There was no significant
difference (P>0.05) in acute (96 hour) survival of prawns between water types. Survival (from day 6) and ingestion rate
were significantly higher (P<0.05) in IS80 and IS100 than in ISW. Wet, dry and ash tail muscle indices increased with K+
concentration and decreased over time. Tail muscle moisture content was significantly higher (P<0.05) at the conclusion
of the trial than pre- and post-salinity change in IS80 and IS100. Tail muscle ash content increased with increasing K+
concentration. Exoskeleton indices decreased with time. This trial reinforces that K+ deficient inland saline water needs
fortification to allow prawn survival and that 80% fortification is sufficient. These results indicate that salinity decrease,
from 32ppt to 25ppt (below isosmotic range), did not have significant short-term effects on prawns, but following 18 days
in 25ppt prawn tail muscle energy reserves (tail muscle moisture content) were significantly lowered, due to either lower
salinity or water chemistry.
501
THE CULTIVATION OF SEAWEED Eucheuma colonii BY USING FLOATING RAFT

METHODS IN ORDER TO INCREASE HOUSEHOLD INCOME
Teguh Prasetyo
Marine Science and Technology Department

Bogor Institute of Agriculture
Jl. Balio 9 Rt 1 Rw 7 Darmaga 16880
tiyok19@yahoo.com
Seaweeds is a kind of vegetables which come from the sea. Like the mineral rich ocean, sea vegetables hold high quality
calcium, iron, potassium and trace elements. No other food found on land or sea packs as many nutrients as it is. In fact, the
seaweeds contains highest Vitamin K, which important in blood clotting to prevent uncontrolled bleeding or hemorrhage
and helps Vitamin D in controlling levels of Calcium in the blood, than other vegetables living on land. Most seaweeds are
complete proteins, carrying all the essential amino acids and packing more vitamin B that any other plant. They’re dense
with vitamins, minerals, and protein, yet low in calories.
In the other hand, seaweeds have plenty important roles into the ecosystem. Seaweed will improve the soil by increasing
the organic matter and by adding nutrients essential for plant growth. Seaweed can be used in a variety of ways, such as
interesting flavor to soups, salads, stir-frys, sandwiches, vegetable and rice dishes, and mostly used as food ingredient or as
dietary menu. In the caring for plant, it is usually used as a compost pile as a soil amendment after composting, or leveling
low areas of fill or caprock rather than peat moss before planting. Also, seaweed works well as mulch, providing the same
advantages as any other organic mulch.
Those advantages makes so many people require on seaweeds. The increasing of demands on seaweeds is a chance for sea-
shore society to increase their income by being seaweeds farmer as their additional job beside to be fisherman.
Floating raft, seaweeds culture technique by using raft made of bamboo, is the simplest methods which is usually used into
seaweeds cultivation. This methods best used in corally sea-shore which it’s water movement dominated by wave. For the
effective and efficiency, one small business unit consist of 20 rafts by 5m x 2.5m. There are 24 strings by 20cm length each
in one single raft. Each strings then be tied up so that 9 clumps be together with 25cm space between the others. So that one
raft consist of 300 clumps with total weight about 30 kgs seeds (average weight is about 100 grams per clump). Materials
needed in this small business about : 80 bars of bamboo; 9 kgs tall raft PE 8mm diametre and 10 kgs in 3.5 - 4 mm diametre;
anchor; raffia strings; 1 unit ship and a drier place; 600 kgs seaweed seeds.
502
CERTIFICATION OF SHRIMP FARMS CULTURING Penaeus monodon AND Penaeus indicus

IN THE ARID ZONES OF COASTAL ARABIAN PENINSULA
Prathapachandra
Emirates Star Fisheries

PO Box 47568
Dubai, UAE
esfishco@emirates.net.ae
Technological advancement in the field of shrimp farming has enabled the blue revolution in the coastal Arabian peninsula,
otherwise previously termed as waste land by the technocrats and scientists. Availability of abundant coastal lands,
inhospitable climatic conditions, pollution free water resources, rapidly increasing local economies due to oil price hike,
less mangroves in the Red Sea coasts and Arabian sea coasts made last decade, explosion in shrimp farming sector in the
Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia. One of the best designed farms are constructed and efficiently managed. Construction of
proper reservoirs, sedimentation tanks and oxidation ponds, make it easy to certify as per norms of “Global Aquaculture
Alliance” and specification laid drown by “Aquaculture Certifying Council”. The costs of construction of farms as per
strict adherence to standards of ACC increase by 20 %, and minimal destruction of mangroves in the coastal Red Sea (both
Saudi Arabia and Yemen). However availability of technical manpower management pose a problem in management of
maintenance of viral labs. Codes of Conducts are easy to advice and to be followed. This paper discusses the construction
guidelines, designs and management parameters of typical arid zone shrimp farm, with reference to ACC guidelines.
ROLE OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS (NGOs) IN FISH HEALTH

MANAGEMENT IN INDONESIA
Budi Prayitno and Agus Sunarto
Indonesian Network on Fish Health Management (INFHEM)

Jl. Ragunan 20
sbprayitno@telkom.net
Disease outbreak has become an increasingly serious problem hindering sustainable aquaculture and severely impacting
sosio-economic development in Indonesia and many countries of the world. Therefore, proper addressing disease problem
become an urgent requirement for sustaining aquaculture development. An effective fish health management program
should involve all stakeholders including national and local government, private sector, university and non-governmental
organization (NGO). Toward the trend of reduced government intervention in aquaculture practices, is an increasing the
role of public consensus and participation in decision-making and technical implementation in aquaculture development.
NGO is self-governing, independently financed organizations and societies that assign themselves specific roles, issues
or disciplines paralleling governmental or intergovernmental organizations that have similar mandates (Shariff, 1996).
In Indonesia, NGOs have been actively involved in promoting fish health management. Indonesian Network on Fish
Health Management (INFHEM) is a NGO with clear mandate to promote fish health management in the country to ensure
sustainable aquaculture development. INFHEM plays important role in fish health through various activities including
organized National Symposium on Fish and Shrimp Disease I (1990), II (1999) and III (2004) and published proceedings and
INFHEM Newsletter. With their pool of expertise, INFHEM is also invited as keynote speaker in national fora and provide
consultation in fish health to the government and private sector. Besides INFHEM, is Inter-Laboratory Network (ILAN).
The network is concern in the technical aspects of laboratory work such as the need to share knowledge, methodology,
techniques, experience and practical tips between laboratory staff. In addition, Association of Indonesian Wildlife, Aquatic
and Exotic Animal Veterinarian has also concern with fish health through publication of bi-monthly newsletter on wildlife,
aquatic and exotic animal.
This paper reviews the role of NGOs in promoting fish health management in Indonesia and discusses the relationship
between NGOs and the government agencies for fish health management. The paper also provides recommendations by
which NGOs may efficiently contribute in promoting fish health management to ensure sustainable aquaculture development
in the country.
503
EFFECTS OF PESTICIDE RESIDUES ON VEGETABLES GROWN IN DITCH DYKE

SYSTEMS AND IMPLEMENTATION OF PESTICIDE MINIMISATIONS EXPERIMENTS
IN CENTRAL THAILAND
Charlie Price*, Dave Little and Paul Van den Brink
Stirling, Scotland
charlie.price@stir.ac.uk
The presence of pesticide residues in food and within the environment as a whole is a cause of continued concern,
especially in areas of the world where regulation and legislation are ineffective to control the improper use and disposal of
these chemicals. The issue of pesticide residues is particularly pertinent when considering S.E. Asian countries due to the
widespread intensification of horticulture and its integration with other activities through shared water resources.
In order to try to reduce pesticide use, first the application itself needs to be fully understood in terms of how the pesticide
behaves after application. Critical to this understanding is an accurate assessment of the volatilisation, photodegradation,
surface runoff, systemic uptake and surface adhesion and then the subsequent retention of the pesticide within the plant
tissues.
Once the factors had been explored a model was developed to predict the residue on the crops, from the cumulative
dissipation at a given time.
The model provides a valuable tool for the accurate interpretation of the risks related to pesticide use and time intervals
between the application and then harvesting for consumption.
The modelling work facilitated the identification of techniques that the farmers could adopt to decrease their pesticide
requirements by increasing the efficacy of the pesticides they do use and showing a smaller volume will have the same
effect as a result of the new techniques. The techniques had to be appropriate to the farmer’s resources and interests, these
were established in a series of workshops with both farmers and researchers.
Strategies were established during these workshops and then trialled in the field. The results of these trials will be
communicated in this paper. The trials are being conducted in Central Thailand within the EC funded MAPET and MAMAS
projects.
504
ABALONE Haliotis asinina HATCHERY IMPLEMENTATION AT MARINE AQUACULTURE

DEVELOPMENT CENTER LOMBOK, INDONESIA
IBM Suastika Jaya, Bayu Priyambodo* and Yayan Sofyan
Marine Aquaculture Development Center

Lombok, Indonesia
nsc_lokalombok@yahoo.co.uk
Abalone (H. asinina) is one of marine commodity that is intensively exploited by coastal community in Lombok.
Aquaculture is a solution to prevent vanishing due to hunting and habitat disaster. The hatchery technique had been
developed to produce the sufficient abalone seeds for aquaculture development.
There are three sub systems in this implementation, i.e., broodstock maturating, live feed production, and larval rearing.
The wild brood stock collected from their nature (South shore of Lombok), and stocked in concrete tank for maturation.
The matured broodstock are selected periodically twice a month, i.e., full moon and new moon for spawning in a special
designed tank. The live feed for larval stage is produced intensively in gallon jar using sterilized sea water, fertilizer, and
pure stock inoculation. The fertile egg or larvae from spawning tank, stocked in rearing tank (square fiberglass, 3000 L
cap. 60 cm depth), completed with undulate rearing plate, as creeping media when larvae attain settling larvae, and aeration
device. During the larval stage, the rearing plates were enriched with micro algae Nitzschia sp., live feed which is able to
settle on surface of plate. After juvenile stage (40-50 days), the seeds were fed with fresh seaweeds Gracilaria sp. They
could be removed from the tank when the seeds are grazing in the seaweeds. They produced abalone seeds about 5000
pcs/ tank.
SIZE VARIATION IN SEED PRODUCTION OF ORANGE-SPOTTED GROUPER Epinephelus

coioides
Agus Priyono* and Titiek Aslianti

P.O. Box 140
Singaraja 81101, Bali-Indonesia
agus_priyono@telkom.net
Seed production of orange-spotted grouper, Epinephelus coioides has just begun in hatchery in Indonesia, along with other
groupers have been widely produced in North Bali such as tiger grouper and polcadot grouper. Generally, growth pattern
of groupers from hatcheries in each bath has size variation during the rearing period. An experimental protocol was done in
fiberglass tanks with volume of 1 m3 with stocking density of 10-15 fry/liter. Rotifers and Nannochloropsis sp were given
before egg-yolk was exhausted (day-2) until day-20, then from day-20 fed with (A) Rotifer + pellet; (B) rotifer + Artemia
nauplii; (C) Artemia nauplii + pellet and (D) combination of rotifer + Artemia nauplii + pellet till juveniles stage (day-50),
respectively. Water exchange was about 10-20% on 15-20 DAH, and increased up to 50% on 30-40 DAH and 100% of
water exchange until 50 DAH. Larvae and water quality were observed during the study. Results of the observation showed
that larvae reared with (B) combination feed of rotifer, Artemia nauplii had two good size variation compared to other
treatments (A); (C) or (D) having four size variation. The best growth, however, achieved in feeding treatment of rotifer,
Artemia nauplii and pellet with average total length of 2.19 cm and body weight of 176.43 mg.
505
IQF CATFISH RETAIL PACK: A STUDY OF CONSUMERS’ WILLINGNESS TO PAY

Kwamena Quagrainie* and Carole Engle
kquagrainie@uaex.edu
Long-term trends in household consumption expenditure indicate increasing food expenditure towards prepared foods
and meals consumed away from home. However, food prepared at home accounts for more than half (52%) of household
consumption expenditure. The catfish industry may be interested in expanding sales of catfish through the grocery market
channel because of the competitive nature that imported fish fillets pose at the foodservice sector market. A marketing
strategy of country-of-origin labeling, emphasizing “US farm-raised catfish” can be better pursued at the grocery retail
market level than at the foodservice sector level. Proper household-size retail packages for catfish could be used to provide
labeling information on origin, price, quality, nutrition, product safety and other relevant product information to consumers.
That way, a positive relationship could be developed between consumers and US catfish to establish a US farm-raised brand
equity and loyalty, and probably a guarantee of quality and safety.
Consumers’ willingness to pay (WTP) for a household-size pack of IQF 6-fillet catfish was examined using data from
a telephone survey conducted in February 2004 that covered major cities in the southern U.S. The variables selected
for this study included: willingness to pay for an IQF 6-fillet household-size pack of catfish; frequency of fish purchase
(attitudinal variables); importance of product origin and packaging in fish purchasing decisions (informational variables);
and demographic factors.
The average price households were willing to pay is $4.37/lb. The estimated mixed logit model of ordered data indicated
heterogeneity among respondents particularly, respondents who purchase fish more than once a week, once a week, and
once a month. Buying fish more than once a week, once a week, and twice a month had a negative propensity to pay a price
for a 6-fillet catfish pack. However, for classes involving willingness to pay at least $3.00/lb, the probability increased by at
least 0.026. Buying fish more than once a week had a relatively stronger effect than the other fish buying patterns. Labels
on product origin positively affected the probability of unwillingness to pay by 0.03 but negatively affected the probability
of the other WTP classes. The origin variable is an informational variable and could suggest that respondents unwilling
to pay a price required specific information on source or origin and would probably pay a price for a catfish pack from a
specific source. Alternatively, respondents willing to pay at least $3 would probably avoid paying higher prices for catfish
products from certain sources. The importance of packaging is similar to that of product origin. The marginal effects of the
demographic variables were mixed. The overall results suggest that the clientele that will be willing to pay at least $3.00/lb
for the product include shoppers who buy fish at least twice a month, shoppers with large households, Hispanics, older
shoppers and females.
506
A STUDY OF CATFISH DEMAND BY U.S. SUPERMARKETS

Kwamena Quagrainie* and Sanatan Shreay
kquagrainie@uaex.edu
Supermarkets can play a vital role in the expansion of catfish sales outside the traditional catfish consumption belt of
southern states. The choice of handling or providing shelf space to specific aquaculture products by supermarket managers
enables them to indirectly influence the consumer choices or control consumer access to various aquaculture products. In
order to understand the latest perception of supermarket managers regarding US farm-raised catfish, a nation wide survey
was administered to all supermarkets listed in the Chain Store Guide  2003 that sell seafood. A total of 1,800 surveys were
mailed out and 186 surveys were completed and returned (10% response rate).
Distributors and wholesalers were the major suppliers of farm-raised catfish products to supermarkets. Supermarkets
purchase catfish in the form of fresh-on-ice (58%) followed by frozen (49%), value added products (9%), packaged (7%)
and cooked (1%). In terms of sales value, supermarkets sell more of fillets (68%) followed by nuggets (11%), whole fish
(10%), and value added products (2%). Twenty nine percent of supermarket managers indicated that tilapia is the closest
substitute for farm-raised catfish while 20% indicated basa/tra as the closest substitute. Seventy three (Figure1) percent
of supermarket managers indicated shrimp as the top seafood products in terms of sales value followed by salmon (62%),
catfish (56%), tilapia (37%), and cod (37%).
For supermarkets that do not handle catfish, the reasons given for not handling catfish include lack of demand (53%),
consumer attitude (12%), inconsistent supply (6%), and storage problems (6%). The study suggests that the catfish industry
needs to further improve the quality of its product. Industry needs to work on packaging and appearance as indicated by
supermarket managers. Supermarkets are ready to add catfish in their product lines if consumers demand it and quality is
guaranteed.
507
HIGHLIGHTS OF THE INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON CULTURE, FISHERIES AND

STOCK ENHANCEMENT OF PORTUNID CRABS
Emilia T. Quinitio*, Jurgenne Primavera and Lewis Le Vay
Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center
Tigbauan 5021, Iloilo, Philippines
etquinit@aqd.seafdec.org.ph
A workshop on the Culture and Management of Scylla spp. (CAMS) funded by the European Commission, under the
INCO-DEV programme was held 20-22 January 2005 in Iloilo City, Philippines. The workshop was the year-end meeting
of the CAMS Project, a 4-year collaboration of two European (University of Wales Bangor and University of Gent) and
two Southeast Asian partner institutions (Aquaculture Department of the Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center
and Can Tho University). The project aims to 1) improve the reliability and economic viability of mud crab hatchery and
nursery production, 2) support the conservation and protection of fisheries resources and biodiversity, and 3) develop
low-input culture systems (aqua-silviculture), quantification and sustainable enhancement of coastal fisheries productivity
through stock enhancement.
At the workshop, project members and other invited participants presented the results of research on biology, broodstock,
larval culture, nursery, grow-out, aquasilviculture, fisheries, stock enhancement, socio-economics, genetics and taxonomy
of portunid crabs. The workshop was attended by 57 participants from 12 countries. The diversity of topics in the oral and
poster presentations (48 papers) indicates the broad range of on-going research that contributes to a better understanding
of the biology and ecology of the portunid crabs supporting resource management and opening the door to sustainable
development of crab aquaculture. More information on the workshop can be found at http://inco-cams.seafdec.org.ph.
508
SUBSTITUTION OF FISHMEAL WITH SOYBEAN MEAL IN HUMPBACK GROUPER,

Cromileptes altivelis JUVENILE DIETS SUPPLEMENTED WITH PHYTASE
Rachmansyah*, Usman, Makmur and Taufik Ahmad

Jl. Makmur Dg. Sitakka No.129
rsyah@indosat.net.id
Feeding experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of replacing fishmeal with soybean meal in diet on growth of
humpback grouper juvenile. Fifteen cages of 1x1x1.2m stocked with 16 humpback grouper juveniles (61.3±0.4 g/pcs) each
were set up randomly in seawaters. Fish fed to satiation 2 times daily for 112 days. The control diet contained 61.9% fishmeal
(63.34% crude protein). Four isonitrogenous (48% crude protein) and isocaloric (4.7 kcal/g feed) diets supplemented with
commercial phytase “Rhonozyme-P” at 0.1% were formulated to contain different levels (8, 16, 24, and 32%) soybean
meal (43.65% crude protein) as partial replacement for fishmeal. These diets contained total phosphorus levels between
0.36-0.45 (±0.04) % and 0.07-0.15 (±0.04) % available phosphorus. Replacement of fishmeal with soybean meal (8 to 32%
replacement) were not significantly different (p>0.05) with control diet on daily growth rate (DGR), food conversion ratio
(FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), and daily food consumption (DFC). However, the dietary levels of soybean meal
significantly affected (p<0.05) whole body protein and phosphorus retention (Table 1). These data suggest that addition of
phytase in diets could improve protein and phosphorus availability and reduce nitrogen and phosphorus loading in the water
environment. Phytase can therefore play an important role in formulating eco-friendly feed for humpback grouper. Based
on P loading, supplementation of phytase is able to reduce fishmeal and replace up to 24% with soybean meal.
Table 1. Biological performance of humpback grouper fed different soybean levels in the diet.
509
IDENTIFICATION OF SUITABILITY AREA FOR MARINE CAGE CULTURE USING

REMOTE SENSING DATA AND GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM IN SALEH BAY,
WEST NUSA TENGGARA
I Nyoman Radiarta*, Adang Saputra, Bambang Priono and Ongko Praseno
Research Center for Aquaculture

Jl. KS Tubun Petamburan VI Slipi
Jakarta, 10260, Indonesia
radiarta@yahoo.com
For the long-term sustainability of an aquaculture enterprise, it is good investment sense to select an environmentally
sound, low risk site at the outset. Site selection is the first and generally most critical step in establishing a sustainable
aquaculture facility. Poor site selection can lead to failure. For mariculture to be successful, it is essential that the sea cages,
or the artificial shellfish beds, are located correctly. Geographic Information System (GIS) technique has been used to
identify suitability area for marine fish cage. The aim of this research is to identify suitability area for marine cage culture
activities which is presented on thematik map (spatial data).
The research has been carried out at Saleh Bay, Dompu Regency in July and October 2003. The study area lie between
longitude 118o10’-118o17’ and latitude 08o32’-08o40’. Simple random dan systematic random sampling were used
to allocate sampling points. Remote sensing (Landsat ETM+) data and field data (water quality) were analyzed using
PATTERN method and GIS.
Based on the survey, range of the water quality (Table 1) value generally is still good for mariculture activities. As well
the external factors (infrastructures) are available for supporting mariculture activities in the bay also support from local
government (Dinas Keluatan dan Perikanan). Total research area at Saleh Bay is 8,012 ha. Based on GIS analysis, the most
suitable area for marine cage culture was found 677 ha or 8 % from the total area study (Fig. 1). Area can be utilized only
68 ha (10%) or 27.080 cages with dimensions of 2.5x2.5x3.5 meter.
Table 1. Value Range of Water Quality at Saleh Bay,

Dompu.
*) field data and secondary data (batymetri data, Dishidros), Figure 1. Suitability area map for marine fish cage
N=402 - (average ± standard deviation) culture
510
EFFECT ON VARIOUS KIND OF OIL IN ADDITION TO COMMERCIAL PELLET FOR

COMMON CARP Cyprinus carpio
Evi Rahayuni*, Yoyo Wiramiharja, Rina Hernawati and Yukiyasu Niwa

bbatj@indo.net.id
Lipids is one of main nutrient in fish diet and have to a role important as a source energy. Lipids addition into fish diet has
done in Jambi Freshwater Aquaculture Development Center (Jambi FADC) for 8 weeks. The purpose of this study is to
obtain effectiveness kind of oil on growth and FCR of common carp. The feed was prepared with five kinds of oil (corn oil,
soybean oil, coconut oil, fine palm oil and crude palm oil). Before feeding ten percent oil was added in each feed. Initial
fish body weight of 28.9 g was stocked and density for each cage (1x1x1 m) was 20 fish. Daily feeding was given 6-10%
of body weight with commercial feed and three times per day frequencies.
The results indicated that addition various kind of oil to fish diet was increase on growth and FCR improvement for
common carp culture. Among all groups corn oil, crude palm oil and soybean oil showed excellent value in FCR (1.12-
1.15) better than the groups “no oil” as a control (1.30). Daily growth rate is 2.40 g/day (soybean oil), 2.31 g/day (crude
palm oil) and 1.07 g/day (control).
511
AGRICULTURAL VALUE OF TILAPIA POND SEDIMENT IN TERMS OF PHOSPHOROUS

FERTILIZATION AND SOIL CONDITIONER
Md. Mizanur Rahman*, Amararatne Yakupitiyage and S.L. Ranamukhaarachchi

PO Box 4, Klongluang
rmizanur@ait.ac.th
A pot experiment was conducted during August to September 2004 at the Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand in order
to quantify the nutritive value of tilapia pond sediments for morning glory culture, enhancement of soil aggregation, and
improvement of soil pH. Top 10 cm soft sediment was collected from ponds fertilized with inorganic fertilizers (24 kg N
and 7 kg P ha-1 wk-1) and fish fed with pelleted feed (5, 3 and 1% body weight for 1-2, 3-4 and 5-6 months, respectively)
for six months. Sediment was air-dried prior to use in pot culture. There were five treatments: sediment zero control (S0,
only farm soil), sediment 25% + soil 75% (S25), sediment 50%) + soil 50% (S50), sediment 75% (S75) + soil 25% and 100%
sediment (S100). Phosphorus content of the control treatment S0 was supplemented with 0.12 g P pot-1 to satisfy crop’s
requirement. Since nitrogen content in sediment was not enough to meet up crop requirements, N and K were applied at a
rate of 0.38 g N and 0.48 g K pot-. The crop was harvested at 45 days after seeding.
There were no significant differences in total dry matter production, N and P uptake, and P content in morning glory tissue
among the treatments. The study confirmed that even addition of 25% tilapia pond sediment can satisfy P requirements of
morning glory. Water stable soil aggregates and soil pH significantly increased with the increased levels of sediment in the
pots indicating the value of pond sediments as a soil conditioner.
Table 1
Dry matter production and N, P and K uptake, WSA and soil pH changes under different treatments (mean±s.d)
[S = sediment, S0 = sediment 0%, P= Phosphorus, S25 = sediment 25%, S50 = sediment 50%, S100 = sediment 100%,,;
Mean values with different superscript letters in the same column are significantly different; WSA = water stable soil
aggregate; 2/ Data given in the parenthesis are %WSA; Total dry matter = edible parts + roots]
512
NITROGEN AND PHOSPHOROUS LOSSES IN SEMI-INTENSIVE MONO AND

POLYCULTURE SYSTEMS: VERY SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FED AND
UNFED PONDS
M.M. Rahman*, M.C.J. Verdegem, M.A. Wahab and J.A.J. Verreth

Wageningen University and Research Center
6700 AH Wageningen
The Netherlands
mustafizur.rahman@wur.nl
Nitrogen and phosphorous are two important key elements in aquaculture production system. So, understanding of nitrogen
and phosphorous losses as well as incorporations into fish flesh in different production system are also very important to
reduce eutrophication, and to achieve higher benefit. However, due to lack of real recommendation on how nitrogen and
phosphorous are lost and incorporated into fish flesh in semi-intensive mono and polyculture systems, an experiment was
conducted to know the quantity of nitrogen and phosphorous losses and incorporations into fish flesh in semi-intensive mono
and polyculture systems. The experiment was conducted in earthen ponds having six treatments with three replications.
All ponds were fertilized with fertilizers: 1,250.0 kg ha-1 decomposed cow manure, 31 kg ha-1 urea and 157 kg ha-1 triple
super phosphate before beginning of the experiment and thereafter fortnightly intervals. Two monoculture treatments (one
receiving supplementary feed and another receiving no feed) were stocked with 15,000 rohu (Labeo rohita) ha-1. Among four
polyculture treatments, two treatments (one receiving supplementary feed and another no feed) were stocked with 15,000
rohu plus 5,000 common carp (Cyprinus carpio) ha-1 and rest two (one receiving supplementary feed and another no feed)
were stocked with 15,000 rohu plus 10,000 common carp ha-1. After four and half months long experiment, it was found,
average nitrogen and phosphorous losses were higher in monoculture system than in polyculture system, conversely; average
percent incorporation of nitrogen and phosphorous into fish flesh were higher in polyculture system than in monoculture
system. Similar relations were observed when compared between fed and unfed systems. Nitrogen and phosphorous losses
were higher in treatments with feed than the treatments with no feed, conversely; nitrogen and phosphorous incorporation into
fish flesh were in treatments with feed than the treatments with no feed. These results may also be affected on types of cultured
fish, physico-chemical properties of pond as well quality and quantity of supplementary feed.
513
EFFECTS OF PHOSPHOLIPID SUPPLEMENT IN MICRODIETS AS CO-FEEDING FOR

COD Gadus morhua LARVAE
Jose Rainuzzo*, Katja H. Reitan, Gunvor Øie and Elin Kjørsvik
SINTEF Fisheries and Aquaculture

N-7465, Trondheim, Norway
The following three experiments were performed in order to study the effect of supplementation of phospholipids in
microdiets for Atlantic cod larvae (Gadus morhua):
Experiment 1: Effects of different phospholipid fractions in microdiets.

Experiment 2: Effects of varying levels of phospholipids in microdiets.
Experiment 3: Effects of three microdiets supplemented with different sources of phospholipids (vegetable and marine) and
with different contents of DHA and EPA on cod larvae.
The common evaluated parameters for the three experiments were growth, survival and lipid content and fatty acid
composition of cod larvae.
In experiment 1, three dry microdiets containing different levels of phospholipid fraction were tested in a first feeding
experiment with cod larvae. Three groups of cod larvae were fed the microdiets together with rotifers from day 22 (co-
feeding strategy) and from day 24 the rotifers were significantly reduced. From day 28 the larvae were fed only the
experimental microdiets. The experiment lasted until 45 days after hatching. The main conclusions of this experiment
were that i) phospholipids fractions in microdiets have a positive effect in growth and survival of cod larvae; ii) a mixture
of Phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phospahtidylinositol (PI) as components of microdiets
for rearing of cod larvae was more efficient than individual fractions for growth and survival, and iii) the content of DHA
and EPA in cod larvae were not related to their growth and survival when different phospholipids fractions were included
as dietary ingredients.
In experiment 2, the effect of three microdiets with a varying phospholipid content of 30, 40 and 50 % of the total dietary
lipid content were tested in a first feeding experiment with cod larvae. The larvae were fed the microdiets together with
rotifers from day 22 (co-feeding strategy) until day 32 after hacthing. A control group received enriched Artemia in the
same period. The main conclusions of this experiment were: i) phospholipids addition to microdiets seems to have a
positive effect in cod larval survival and possibly also in growth; ii) diets with 40% phospholipids had higher larval survival
than diets with 30% and 50%; and iii) higher survival could have been due to higher DHA/EPA ratio in cod larvae.
In experiment 3, three microdiets supplemented with phospholipids from marine and vegetable sources were used to feed
the cod larvae. The microdiets differed also in the content of phospholipids and triglycerides and in the levels of DHA
and EPA. The microdiets were introduced to the cod larvae at day 17 after hatching in a coofeding strategy together with
rotifers. Cod larvae were fed exclusively in these microdiets from day 22 onwards until day 45. The main conclusions from
this experiment were that i) microdiets supplied with phospholipids from marine sources have a positive effect in cod
larval growth: ii) a relative high content of DHA content in the diets seem to improve cod larval growth; and iii) neither
the origin of the phospholipids nor the content of DHA and EPA in the microdiets seemed to have affect in the survival of
cod larvae.
514
EFFECTS OF FORMI® INCLUSION RATE ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF INFECTED

TILAPIA BY Vibrio anguillarum
Nahrowi Ramli* and Suaedi Sunanto
Bogor Agriculture University

PT. BASF Indonesia
sunants@basf-indonesia.co.id
FORMI®, a BASF’s Potassium diformate (K-diformate) is the first substance approved as non-antibiotic growth promoter
by Europe Union that is possible substance for growth promotants in tilapia diets. K-diformate is a crystalline powder
with low corrosive properties and a K content of 288 g/kg. A purified tilapia diet formulated by using iso energy and protein
(32% crude protein, 25% carbohydrate, 6% lipid and 10% fiber) and offered to this experiment for 85 days, respectively
with K-diformate concentrations of 0, 2, 3 and 5 g/kg. At 10 days after feeding trial period, fish infected with Vibrio
anguillarum per-oral for 20 days. The dosage of V. angillarum calculate at 105 bacterial colony per days. The equal
hatching days of 320 hybrid male tilapia selected on the bases on weights and stocked in 8 cages, 40 fishes placed in each
aquaria (1 m3) and growth from 16.7 gram in 85 days in an environmentally controlled facility. These experiment using
factorial design method, 4 treatment and 2 replicated each treatment. Throughout the feeding period, feed administrated 6
times a day (every 4 hour). Fish were kept at 27 degree celcius.
The results of the experiment are shown in Table 1. Over the entire feeding period, from 1 day to 85 days after feeding,
K-diformate significantly increased feed intake (P< 0.01) and weight gain (P< 0.01) The mortality of fish after V. anguillarum
infection significant increase (P<0.01) and its higher in control groups (P< 0.01). The feed conversion calculation corrected
by mortality significant improved by K-diformate addition especially 30 days to 85 days period (P<0.05). The most
pronounced effects were observed at 2 g/kg K-diformate, with a 8.6% increase in feed intake (P < 0.05) and 18.6% in
weight gain (P <0.05). However, at this inclusion level, K-diformate was associated with 8.2 % efficient feed conversion
(P < 0.05) improvement.
TABLE 1. Effects of K-diformate on growth performance from 1-35 and 35-85 days after feeding.
515
INFLUENCE OF TURBIDITY ON GROWTH OF RED TILAPIA JUVENILES

Indar W. Ramnarine
Department of Life Sciences

The University of the West Indies
St Augustine
Trinidad and Tobago
iramnarine@fsa.uwi.tt
All male sex-reversed Jamaica red tilapia fingerlings were reared at clay turbidity levels of 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg/l
over a 7-week period. It was found that there were significant differences (P<0.05) in weight gain and length increases
as turbidity increased, but the differences at the higher levels of 100 – 200 mg/l were not significant. Specific growth
rate (SGR) decreased and food conversion ratios (FCR) increased with increasing turbidity but the differences were not
significant. Survivorship was negatively correlated with turbidity and the differences were significant (P < 0.05) at lower
turbidities. It is suggested that clay turbidity levels in earthen ponds should be kept below 100 mg/l.
BIOMASS PRODUCTION OF GROUPER Epinephelus tauvina FORSSKAL CULTURED IN

BRACKISH-WATER PONDS USING DIFFERENT SUBTRATES
Alexander Rantetondok
Department of Fisheries Faculty of Marine Science and Fisheries

Hasanuddin University
Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan KM. 10 Tamalanrea
Makassar 90245 Indonesia
arantetondok@yahoo.com
The objective of the research is to know the bottom condition of ponds (substrate) which suitable for the growth and
survival of the grouper and to know some problems which effected the culture of this species in brackish-water ponds.
Completely Randomized Design was used with three treatments and three replicates, i.e,: A : Pond which sundy bottom; B
: Pond which botton planted wtih sea weeds; C : Ponds which mudly bottom. Nine brackish-water ponds measured of 15 m
x 10 m each, was used, and the mean body weight of grouper to be stocked was 95 gram. The results of the research show
that the treatment of ponds which sundy bottom shows the highest absolute growth of 41.0 gram. The treatment of ponds
which sundy bottom shows the highest survival rate of 75.33 percent. The ponds which sundy bottom show the highest net
production of 942.57 g/pond. The range of water quality implemented during the experiment is considered feasible for the
growth and survival rate of the grouper.
516
NOTES
517
NOTES
518
EFFECTS OF HEAVY METALS AND PESTICIDES ON OYSTERS IN THE

CALOOSAHATCHEE ESTUARY, SOUTHWEST FLORIDA: IMPLICATIONS FOR
MANAGEMENT OF WATER QUALITY AND RESTORATION EFFORTS
Erin C. Rasnake*, Aswani K. Volety and James Winstead
Coastal Watershed Institute

Florida Gulf Coast University
10501 FGCU Blvd.
Fort Myers, FL 33965 USA
erasnake@fgcu.edu
SW Florida estuaries including the Caloosahatchee estuary, where oyster Crassostrea virginica abundances have declined
precipitously from historic values, altered hydrology including unnatural high and low water deliveries to the estuary, as
well as environmental contaminants have been identified as potential stressors. To investigate the effects of watershed
management and contaminants on oysters, reproductive patterns, disease incidence of Perkinsus marinus, spat recruitment,
juvenile growth of oysters as well as levels of heavy metals, pesticides, and PCB concentration in the water as well as oyster
tissue were examined.
Results indicate that oysters in the Caloosahatchee estuary spawn continuously from April-October, a period that coincides
with freshwater releases into the estuary. Condition index, spat recruitment, and gonadal index showed a seasonal trend
varying with spawning activity and increased downstream during the sampling period. In addition, prevalence and infection
intensity of the oyster pathogen, Perkinsus marinus increased downstream; decreases in salinity during summer months
associated with heavy rains and freshwater releases from Lake Okeechobee resulted in a sharp decline in P. marinus
infections.
Heavy metal and organochlorine pesticide concentrations in oysters varied significantly between sampling locations and
sampling months. Pesticide and PCB in the water, and PCBs in oyster tissues were below detection limits. Both heavy metal
and pesticide concentrations decreased with increasing distance downstream indicating upstream source of contaminants
that decrease with tidal flushing and freshwater flows. Average heavy metal concentrations were below national average
(National Status and Trends Program). It appears that the interactive effects of season and sampling location combined
with spatial variability mask any obvious trends of metal accumulation in oysters from the Caloosahatchee River. Oyster
responses varied more with seasonal programming (salinity), rather than due to contaminant levels. No significant correlations
were noted between oyster responses and metal or pesticide concentrations. Decreasing heavy metal concentrations with
increasing distance downstream, and lack of correlation between heavy metal concentrations and oyster responses suggest
that oyster health in the Caloosahatchee River is influenced more by freshwater inflow and resulting salinity fluctuations,
rather than due to contaminants (heavy metals, pesticides, and PCBs).
Limited freshwater releases during winter coupled with decreased releases in summer should result in suitable conditions
for survival and enhancement of oyster reefs in the Caloosahatchee River. These results suggest that responses of oysters
can be a useful tool for managing Southwest Florida estuaries. Based on our studies, resource managers are altering
the frequency, duration and quantity of freshwater flows into the Caloosahatchee River to enhance oyster reefs in the
estuary. This project illustrates a collaborative adaptive management approach between resource managers and scientists in
regulating water quality conditions that sustain and enhance oyster reefs in the Caloosahatchee estuary.
519
SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION INDUCED BY SHRIMP FARMING: COPING STRATEGIES

FOR PROMOTION OF LIVELIHOODS AND GENDER RELATION
Dwijen Mallick, Dr. Atiq Rahman and Pascal Raux*
CEDEM
University of Western Brittany
Brest, France
dwijen.mallick@bcas.net
Social transformation (i.e., changes in social structure and process, economy as well as in culture process) has occurred
very fast in the shrimp growing regions of Asian countries in response to various internal and external factors of the shrimp
farming industry in the last two and three decades. The socio-cultural and economic transformation has affected the various
sections of the society and stakeholders groups, their livelihoods both positively and negatively in an uneven way. One
of the key features of the social transformation is that the livelihood supports from the common property resources and
ecosystems, derived by the local community, particularly by the majority marginal groups have been greatly decreased. In
this process, most of the poor and marginal groups of people were excluded from both traditional livelihoods and new shrimp
farming activities in the initial stage and many were forced to migrate to cities. Recent studies under the PORESSFA project
such as Social Impact Assessment and Institutional Arrangements Analysis and field consultations have documented a few
key emerging trends of social transformation in Bangladesh, India, Thailand and Vietnam in relation to shrimp industry
and it is evident that though the process of social transformation has been greatly influenced by the shrimp industry there
have been also many other factors (rural development efforts by government and NGOs, innovative community initiatives,
etc.) to bring about the changes in society, economy, political process and cultural practices of the localities. In Asian
society, gender role is often a key issue to address externalities and social disturbance generated by shrimp farming and an
important factor contributing to the sustainable development of the sector.
Gender issues/relation can be defined as the socially constructed role and responsibilities attributed to men and women in a
given society and culture. The role and responsibilities of men and women in a society and especially people’s perception
about gender relation are very important factors, because these very often determine control over resources and ownership
of property and production unit by male or female, their participation in production and distribution systems, engagement
in institution and services, their economic and social status as well as dignity of individuals and groups of people in the
family and society. In general, women have extensive workloads with dual responsibilities for household activities, farm
production (agriculture, home gardening, fisheries, forestry etc.), wage earning, small business and resources management
at local level. Women’s contribution to household income and livelihood has been increasing significantly in the recent years
through farm and non-farm activities, but still their economic contributions to their family and society are underestimated
in the developing countries like Bangladesh and India.
The PORESSFA project has focused on gender issues, particularly the role, responsibilities and participation of women in
shrimp farming, processing and trading in Asian shrimp growing countries.
520
EFFICACY OF MARINE NATURAL PRODUCTS ON THE SURVIVAL, GROWTH, AND

PATHOGEN LOAD IN SHRIMP AND ORNAMENTAL FISH JUVENILES
S. Ravikumar
Division of Marine Microbiology and Medicine

Centre for Marine Science and Technology
Rajakkamangalam 629 502
Kanyakumari District
Tamil Nadu, India
ravibiotech201320@yahoo.com
Application of antibiotics to cure bacterial diseases plays an important role in larval culture. However, it requires continuous
and large volumes of water exchange and it also leads to the development of resistant bacteria. Drug resistance may pre–
exist in microorganisms or may be acquired. Widespread use of antibiotics has led to elimination of sensitive organisms and
selection of resistant organisms from the population. Antibiotic resistance is increasingly reported from warm to cold water
aquaculture and decreased efficacy has arisen regardless of action mechanism. Although soil microorganisms including
fungi produce most of the clinically useful antibiotics, higher plants have also been a source. Those from plants are effective
in treatment of infectious diseases and often do not produce undesirable side effects sometimes associated with synthetic
anti-microbials. In addition, many plants have tropisms to specific organs or systems in the body. A possible method to
overcome problems associated with traditional use of antibiotics might be the use of orally administered antimicrobial
plant compounds to larvae. In this work, we screened 100 coastal medicinal plants, 5 commercial herbal products and 12
marine fungal and cyanobacterial derived metabolites for antimicrobial properties in against 7 fish and shrimp pathogens.
Efficacy was assessed by measuring survival, growth and pathogenic load in juvenile shrimp and ornamental fish. The
results presented in Tables 1 & 2 are discussed.
521
THE DISTRIBUTION OF C. botulinum (A, B, E) IN SOME SEA WATER FISHES OF IRAN

V. Razavilar* and H. Tavakoli
Department of Food Hygiene

University of Tehran, Iran
vrazavi@ut.ac.ir
Clostridium botulinum is widely distributed in soil, sediments and aquatic environment. There are several botulism hazards
associated with the marine environment, seafoods and fish. Fresh fish have never been implicated in human botulism.
Nearly all of the fish-borne botulism outbreaks recorded in Canada, USA, USSR, Europe, Japan and Iran have been linked
to consumption of smoked, salt-dried, canned or fermented fish usually eaten without further cooking. Therefore, this
study assessed the prevalence of human toxigenic types of C. botulinum (A, B and E) in some sea fishes of northern and
southern regions of Iran.
One hundred twenty samples of 4 kinds of fishes (30 samples from each of Mugil auratus risso, Rutilus frisikutum and
Otulitus rubber, Stomateus niger from northern and southern regions of Iran, respectively) were tested for C. botulinum
types from intestine and gills (240 examinations), using cooked meat medium according to the method of APHA. After
centrifugation of the samples, bioassay technique was used for toxin detection to diagnose the type of C. botulinum.
From 120 tested samples, 10 (8.33%) were positive for C. botulinum and toxin production. Eight (13.3%) and two
(3.33%) positive samples belonged to intestine and gill, respectively. From 120 samples of intestine and gills examined
for bacterial detection, only 2 samples (1.66%) were positive, which both belonged to intestine samples. Overall the order
of contamination of C. botulinum in 4 kinds of fishes belonged to Mugil auratus risso (10%), Rutilus frisikutum (6.6%),
Otulitus rubber (3.33%) and Stomateus niger (0.0%). Type E showed the highest prevalence rate (50%) in this study, which
indicates health hazard and therefore proper and special control measures needed for food safety.
DETERMINATION OF ENERGETIC PHYSIOLOGY OF Litopenaeus stylirostris JUVENILES

ACCLIMATED TO DIFFERENT SALINITIES
Denisse Re Araujo*, Fernando Díaz Herrera and Gustavo Valdez Sánchez
Departamento de Biotecnología Marina. Centro de Investigación

Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE)
Km. 107 Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada
Ensenada Baja California, México
denisre@cicese.mx
Some physiological responses were studied in the blue shrimp Litopenaeus stylirostris; they were exposed to a one
temperature and three different salinities. In the juveniles were determined the energetic balance and expressed at (J day –1g-
1
d.w.) and percentage. Physiological rates for consumed food (C), fecal production (F), oxygen consumed (R), increment
apparent heat (IAC), nitrogen excretion (U) and molt (E). Blue shrimp was acclimated at preferred temperature 28ºC
and 20‰ (hypersmotic), 25‰ (isosmotic) and 30‰ (hyposmotic) conditions. Also were calculated the O:N ratio and
the Assimilation gross (K1) and net ( K2) efficiency ratio. Fecal production, oxygen consumption and nitrogen excretion
were affected significantly (P < 0.05) when the organisms were acclimated to 20, 25 and 30‰. Organism acclimated to
20 and 30‰ had the lower expenditure by metabolism process and nitrogen excretion in the 25 and 30‰. However, food
ingestion rate, and the scope for growth determined for the shrimp at 20 and 25‰were not different in relation with those
obtained at salinities of 30‰. The O:N ratio showed that juveniles shrimp did not use protein as an energetic substrate
at neither salinities. The gross and net efficiencies ratio had an interval of 74.61 to 80.07 % at organisms acclimated to
the experimental salinities. There were not significant difference (P> 0.05) among survival, growth rate, and increment
of biomass wet or dried registered at the end of the assays. It was concluded that to optimize the culture of L. stylirostris
juveniles under controlled conditions we proposed that it be cultivated at the preferred temperature (28 ºC) and the salinities
of 25 to 30‰ considered the optimum conditions because in these environment the organisms are energetic efficient levels
and free of stress and their growth therefore increase.
522
EVALUATION OF A YEAST CULTURE FOOD SUPPLEMENT DURING INITIAL

HATCHERY REARING OF MCCONAUGHY STRAIN RAINBOW TROUT Oncorhynchus
mykiss
Stuart Reeves*, Michael E. Barnes and Dan J. Durben
Diamond V Mills Technical Center

6301 Kirkwood Blvd SW
Cedar Rapids, IA 52404 USA
sreeves@diamondv.com
The addition of 0.125% and 0.255% yeast culture food supplement was evaluated during the feeding of McConaughy
strain rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Two trials were run consecutively, starting with initial feeding. The number
of rainbow trout that died during the first four weeks of rearing was significantly reduced in the tanks receiving yeast
supplementation (Table 1). Almost 10% of the trout died in the tanks that were fed the control (starter-grain blank) diet,
with decreasing mortality corresponding to increasing yeast culture supplementation. Ending tank weights and gain were
significantly greater in the tanks fed the 0.25% yeast culture diet. Individual fish weights were 0.34 g in the 0.25% tanks at
the end of 27 days, which was significantly greater than the fish from the control or 0.125% tanks.
Mortality rates of trout from four to eight weeks post-initial fry feeding, were significantly less only in the tanks receiving
0.25% yeast culture supplementation (Table 2). Fish growth was significantly enhanced in the tanks receiving yeast
culture supplementation. Total tank ending weights, gain, feed conversion, and individual fish lengths and weights were
all significantly greater in the tanks receiving any yeast culture product compared to the control diet. The inclusion of
the Diamond V proprietary yeast product provided benefits to trout survival and growth through the first eight weeks of
feeding.
TABLE 1. Data (mean ± SE) for rainbow trout fed starter diets for 27 rearing days
from the start of fry feeding. Means with different letters are significantly different
(P < 0.05).
TABLE 2. Data from 4 to 8 weeks post-initial fry feeding.

523
THE OPTIMUM DIETARY LEVEL OF L-ASCORBIC ACID FOR RED

SEA BREAM LARVAE Pagrus major
Tongjun Ren*, Shunsuke Koshio, Shin-ichi Teshima, Manabu Ishikawa and Arthur Panganiban Jr

Shimoarata 4-50-20, Kagoshima 890-0056, Japan
sea_bream@hotmail.com
Vitamin C or L-ascorbic acid (AsA) is an essential nutrient for many aquatic animal species. However, there was no report
about vitamin C requirement of marine fish, including red sea bream. Our study was conducted to determine the optimum
dietary level of AsA for red sea bream larvae based on growth, AsA content in whole body, and stress tolerance. Test
micro bound diets were formulated to include 4 levels of AsA (0, 200, 800, and 1600 mg/kg diet) using L-ascorbyl-2-
monophosphate-Na/Ca (AMP-Na/Ca). Ten days-old red sea bream larvae were fed 14 times a day for 14 days without any
live foods supply. The survival rate of fish receiving diets containing 800 and 1600 mg AsA/kg were significantly higher
than fish receiving AsA free diet. The total length of the fish receiving diet containing 1600 mg AsA/kg were significantly
higher than fish receiving diets 200 mg AsA/kg and AsA free. A slight increase in total length was observed by the increment
of dietary AsA level from 800 to 1600 mg AsA/ kg, no significant difference (P > 0.05) could be detected between the two
groups. In terms of whole body AsA concentration, the level increased with increased dietary AsA level. In present study,
we observed a trend towards better tolerance against the stress of both low salinity and high temperature in accordance with
an increment of the dietary AsA level. The results of above mentioned parameters showed that red sea bream larvae has a
dietary vitamin C requirement. However, the optimum dietary AsA level is much higher than that of juvenile. The optimum
dietary level of AsA for the red sea bream larvae seems to be between 800 to 1600 mg AsA/kg.
524
A DYNAMIC ENERGY BUDGET MODEL: A RESEARCH TOOL FOR ASSESSING

ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCE ON ENERGETICS OF GREENSHELL MUSSEL Perna
canaliculus
Jeffrey S. Ren* and Alex H. Ross
National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research

PO Box 8602
Christchurch, New Zealand
j.ren@niwa.co.nz
A dynamic energy budget (DEB) model was developed and used as a research tool to understand environmental influence
on energetics of the greenshell mussel, the most important aquaculture species in New Zealand. The model was calibrated
and validated using datasets consisting of mussel growth and environmental information in seven culture locations. Large
variations in both environment and mussel growth between locations allowed us to evaluate model structure as well as
assess the quality of the datasets. In doing so, we have detected knowledge gaps in mussel energetics, model assumptions
and shortcomings in datasets.
In development of a DEB model, a few processes were followed: The first step wass to develop functional responses of the
mussel by integrating physiological information. This includes necessary assumptions. The second step wass to evaluate
the model structure, independent variables and assumptions with comprehensive observed system behaviours. The third
step was to use the model as an analytical tool to detect gaps in our knowledge of mussel physiology. This would help
us to design for further experimentation. The model is also used to evaluate ecosystem behaviours with respect to their
implications of mussel energetics.
Results of simulations indicated that the model responded adequately to various inputs and can simulate trajectories of
mussel growth (e.g. Fig. 1).
The implementation of the model has also identified importance of seston concentration that regulates filtration rate and
ingestion efficiency. Evaluation of the model structure revealed existence of age-dependent energy allocation, i.e. when a
mussel gets older it would invest more energy to reproduction but less energy for growth (Fig. 2).
Overall, the model proved useful as a research tool for which to generate hypotheses on mussel growth and understand the
effects of internal state and environmental variables on mussel energetics.
Fig. 1. Comparison between model Fig. 2. Simulated age-dependent relative

simulations and observations. reproductive value (ratio of reserves:core
weight).
525
ENVIRONMENTAL EVALUATION AND PLANNING FOR AQUACULTURE ACTIVITIES

BY GIS, CASE STUDY: HAMADAN PROVINCE IN IRAN
Mahdi Reyahi Khoram*, M.Shariat, A. Azar
Islamic Azad University

PO Box 14515-775
Tehran, Iran
phdmrk@yahoo.com
Land evaluation is a form of land classification, which predicates the behavior of land use systems, that is, specific land
area under specific uses.
In this research, at the first step the Makhdoum’s model (Makhdoum 2002) is introduced‚ and then Hamadan province,
from aquaculture point of view and capabilities of the lands to full fill aquaculture activities is evaluated. In this research,
we have used Geographic Information System (GIS).
The software used is Arc View (version 3.2a), with the UTM projection. In this evaluation we have used five data layers
of digital map in the model. These layers include: over-all slope, present erosion status, the amount of water capacity, the
sensitive planting areas and the value of the protective plant species. For evaluation, we have utilized Mc Hark method of
Maps overlay (Mc Hark 1969). The results of this research are as follow:
1- Since we have used Makhdoum’s model and data analyses in this model based on Systematic Analysis, therefore,
different environments were showed on the map, each of which holds its own Micro ecosystem with its specific ecological
potential capability.
2-According to the results, the suitable area for aquaculture activities was introduced.
Figure (1): Results of Evaluation

526
DOES HYPERTHERMIA MODIFY GEN EXPRESSION IN WHITE SPOT SYNDROME

VIRUS INFECTED Penaeus vannamei?
Alejandro Reyes*, Oscar M. Vidal, Marcela Salazar and Clarissa Granja
Corporación CorpoGen
Centro de Investigación de la Acuicultura de Colombia
Carrera 5 No. 66A- 34
Bogotá Colombia
cbgranja@yahoo.com
We have previously described that hyperthermia increases the survival rates of White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV)-
infected Penaeus vannamei. Our results also revealed that animals kept at 32oC have a significantly higher number of
apoptotic cells and smaller WSSV viral load than animals at 26oC, 48 hours post-infection. Based on these results, we
infer that hyperthermia facilitates the elimination of infected cells by apoptosis, which reduces the viral load, allowing the
animal to control the disease and survive. However, this approach cannot rule out the temperature effect over other shrimp
immune mechanisms different than apoptosis, as well as its role in viral replication.
In order to search for shrimp and viral mechanisms involved in the beneficial effect of hyperthermia upon WSSV-infected
P. vannamei, we evaluated differential gene expression. We analyzed two groups of juveniles: Group 1 consisted of
experimentally infected shrimp (oral administration of 7.5x103 viral copies) kept at 26oC and Group 2, infected shrimp kept
at 32oC. At 48 h post-infection, we cut the neural cord and removed the epithelial tissue located above the hepatopancreas.
Immediately after, tissues were submerged in RNAlater solution (Invitrogen) until processed. Epithelial tissues were
transferred to a mortar containing liquid nitrogen to be pulverized and homogenized. ,Total RNA was extracted using
Perfect RNA Eukaryotic Mini columns (Eppendorf). Finally, mRNA was purified using polyA Tract mRNA Isolation
System (Promega) and concentrated using Microcons (Millipore).
mRNA from each group was used as the start point material for the Suppresive Substractive Hybridization (SSH) (Clonetech).
In brief, mRNAs were reverse transcribed and RsaI digested. Each sample was split in three tubes: One, the Driver, and two
tubes with testers that were ligated with different specific adapters. Each tester was hybridized with an excess of driver and
then hybridized with each other. After filling the ends of the hybridized DNA, only differentially expressed genes carry
both adaptor sequences at each end. These fragments were amplified in nested PCR using primers specifically designed
over each adapter.
Our preliminary results showed that both groups display several bands from differentially expressed genes. The amplified
products were cloned with a standard PCR cloning vector (TOPO-TA, Invitrogen) and transformed in Escherichia coli
DH5α. We currently have more than 100 clones from each group which are being tested for the presence of the insert by
dot blot hybridization, using labeled cDNA from each group as probe. After sequencing, a bioinformatic analysis would be
carried out, to search for homologues sequences from WSSV or P. vannamei, that will allow us to identify the origin and
characteristics of the genes obtained.
527
SIMPLIFYING COPEPOD DIETS TO FACILITATE MASS PRODUCTION

Adelaide Rhodes
University of Washington
School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences
Box 355020
University of Washington
Seattle, WA 98195-5020
adelaide@copepod.com
Copepods often provide a key linkage between plankton biomass and carnivores in the marine food web. When copepods
are removed from their natural environment, however, it may not be necessary to provide them with their natural food in
order to facilitate their growth and reproduction. This review paper will look at the ability of copepods to subsist on diets
that do not contain live microalgae, and will consider the implications this may have for the marine aquaculture industry.
The successful replacement of live microalgae with formulated feed will open the door to the use of marine copepods in
aquaculture. Recent research has shown that copepods fed a diet deficient in the long chain highly unsaturated fatty acids
(LCHUFA) eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were able to bioconvert them from flax seed oil
provided in their diet. Other research has shown that copepods can subsist on a diversity of diets, such as bacteria, yeast,
and raw vegetable matter. This paper will review the body of literature on copepod feeding behaviors and diets and pose
some related questions for future research:
1. Can copepods digest plant matter directly or do they require the presence of another heterotrophic or epibiotic
organism?
2. Are copepods capable of synthesizing fatty acids and sterols de novo?
Whatever the mechanism, it has been established that copepod diets are not limited to traditional planktonic primary
producers found in their native aquatic habitat. Their versatility in diet and ability to ingest raw plant material and bacteria
are good characteristics to exploit when examining methods to turn inedible plant biomass into a useful food product
for marine aquaculture. Most importantly, the mass culture of copepods that have the ability to bioconvert seed oils into
LCHUFA could facilitate the production of LCHUFA for marine aquaculture without relying on marine fish oil.
528
AUTOMATION FOR SUPPORTING AQUACULTURE

Husen Rifai* and Ayi Rahmat
Marine Instrumentation and telemetry Laboratory

Department of Marine Science and Technology
Jalan Rasamala Kampus IPB Darmaga Bogor 16680
hus4ri@yahoo.com
Production activity at effort area of aquaculture represents important matter to guarantee its success effort. Many area of
fishery production instruct at effort intensification with marking more emphasize at technological use to support its process.
Efforts of extensification nowadays have less be relevant because; Accretion sums up resident, so that the farms for centre
production a lot of used for the settlement area and downhill of it energy support environment because of activity of productive
human being contra, for example banishment of waste or garbage promiscuously. We from Marine Instrumentation and
telemetry Laboratory had produce two kind of instruments in order to support intensification at aquaculture.
The first instrument called Automatic Feeder. This instrument was

invented for supporting intensification in area of fishery production
in gift of woof, which can be done automatically. Automatic Feeder
is an instrument which is enabled us to give woof to fish or prawn
automatically in arrangement time, distance and dose of woof and could
be use for 24 hours nonstop. Benefits which can be obtained from this
instrument is guarantying its success production activity because this
instrument enabled us to give woof at proper time and according to
dose that is needed and also flatten the totality pool. Another benefit of
using this instrument is lessening production cost because entrepreneur
of aquaculture needn’t again rent worker to feed fish or prawn.
The problem of Pangasius sp fish farmer is counting fish fry to distribute

to another region. In one times usually fish farmers count a thousand
until hundred of thousand fish fry by manually, it’s very ineffective
way because they need many people to work, a lot of time to do and
it can make the fish fry become stress so it will invite many disease to
them and finally dead. Of course those things will reduce their profit. To
solve those problems we try to make The second instrument called Fry
Counter. It is an instrument to make counting process of fish fry become
faster and safer. The Principle of this device is passes an amount of fish
to the counter system (sensor system) that will count and display the
result in the form of number.
Schematic of Fry Counter work system.

529
AN OVERVIEW OF MARINE FINFISH AQUACULTURE IN THE ASIA-PACIFIC REGION:

MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES
Michael A. Rimmer
Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries

Northern Fisheries Centre
PO Box 5396
Cairns, Queensland 4870, Australia
mike.rimmer@dpi.qld.gov.au
Marine finfish aquaculture production in the Asia-Pacific region has grown by 240% since 1990, largely due
to increased production by China. In 2002, annual aquaculture production of marine finfish in the region was
around 1 million metric tonnes and valued at US$3.2 billion (FAO data). The major producer countries were
China (58%) and Japan (27%).
Species cultured range from low-value species, such as milkfish (Chanos chanos) to the highly valued grouper
species (Serranidae, Epinephelinae). Hatchery production technology exists for a range of species, and the
range, as well as total production, is increasing annually. However, there is still heavy reliance on capture of
juveniles for grow-out for species for which hatchery technology is not established. An example of the latter is
the high-value southern bluefin tuna (Thunnus maccoyii) which is grown-out from captured juveniles in South
Australia.
Production systems range from coastal ponds (often utilising disused shrimp ponds), coastal cages (typically
small-scale family based operations) to large-scale sea cages. Although compounded feeds are available for a
range of commonly farmed species, ‘trash’ fish is still widely used as feed, resulting in a significant impact on
coastal fisheries for low-value species, and contributing to localised pollution adjacent to farms.
Within the Asia-Pacific region, there is substantial diversity in the management principles and practices involved
in marine finfish aquaculture. Australia has substantial regulation at the local, state and federal government
levels. Some producer associations, such as the Australian Barramundi Farmers’ Association (www.abfa.info),
have been proactive in developing codes of practice for post-harvest handling: Quality Standards and Product
Specifications.
Some recent initiatives have been aimed at improving practices in the marine aquarium and live reef food fish
trades. The implementation of codes of practice for the marine aquarium trade has led to the development of a
formal certification process (administered by the Marine Aquarium Council) and the certification of collection
fisheries in several countries. The Aquaculture Management Standard is currently under development. In
contrast, the Standards for the live reef food fish trade, including aquaculture, remain voluntary.
The use of regional networks, such as the Asia-Pacific Marine Finfish Aquaculture Network (www.enaca.org/
marinefinfish), has been valuable in assisting the development of management principles and practices for marine
finfish aquaculture in the region, by providing access to researchers, managers and industry representatives in
countries throughout the region.
530
SUPPLEMENTATION OF VITAMIN C-POLY ETHYLENE GLYCOL (PEG) IN LARVA AND

JUVENILE FEED OF GIANT FRESHWATER PRAWN Macrobrachium rosenbergii
Dasu Rohmana*, Haruna Hamal, Susi Rosellia, Syamsul Bahri and Hasmawati
Directorat General of Aquaculture

Centre for Brackishwater Aquaculture Development Takalar
dasu_rohmana@yahoo.com
Giant Freshwater Prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) is one of fisheries commodity which have good prospect for future
development in Indonesia. Demand of this commodity both in local and in international market is increasing. To support
culture of this prawn, seed are required in large number, however seeds produced in hatchery are still in sufficient. There
for, to increase the productivity of the shrimp may efforts should be done. In the research, we are going to improve the
survival rate and growth of prawn seed through addition of supplement/vitamin C-Poly Ethylene Glycol (PEG) in the
shrimp feed and than administrated it to larval and juvenile stages of the shrimp. This Vitamin C is the newest product
which is in liquid form and binded by Poly Etylen Glycol so that it might be ionized if contact with digestion enzyme
in stomach or intestine. This Vitamin C is first bioencapsulated in artemia and given to shrimp larva. In case of juvenile,
vitamin C is mixed with cramble feed before administared to them.
Process of bioenkapsulation in artemia is follow: naupli of artemia was cleaned, re-cultured, and then added with vitamin
C in the culture medium for 6 hours. Treatmens are (A) without vit C, (B), (C), (D) and (E) are treated with vitamin C with
the concentration of 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.00 ml/l, respectively. Subsequently, the bioencap-sulated artemia was harvested
and administrated to prawn larva.
Juveniles were fed with crumble feed which was previously mixed with vitamin C. Treatments are (A) without vitamin C,
(B), (C), and (D) are treated vitamin C with the concentration of 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 ml/kg feed, respectively.
Pig. 1 showing better performance in the form survival rate

and absolute growth after administration of vitamin C. The
value of SR and AG in all treatmen tested was higher than
control.
Pig. 2 effect of vitamin C only appeared on the absolute

growth of shrimp, while no effect on the SR was noted.
Figure 1. A. Absolute growth diagram of prawn larva

at some treatment dosage B. Survival rate diagram of
prawn larva at some treatment dosage
Figure 2. A. Absolute growth diagram of prawn juvenile

at some treatment dosage B. Survival rate diagram of
prawn Juvenile some treatment dosage
531
EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON THE PHARMACOKINETICS AND EFFICACY OF

OXYTETRACYCLINE IN RLP-INFECTED ABALONE
E.S. Rosenblum*, R.S. Tjeerdema, C.S. Friedman, T.T. Robbins and J.D. Moore
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology

University of California, Davis
Davis, California 95617
erosenblum@ucdavis.edu
While the antibiotic oxytetracycline (OTC) has shown immense promise for combating withering syndrome (WS), caused
by a Rickettsiales-like procaryote (RLP), in abalone (Haliotis spp.), almost nothing is known about the conditions under
which it is effective, and how long it is retained in various tissues. This study provides insight into the effect that temperature
has on both the depletion dynamics of OTC from foot muscle and digestive gland and on the recovery times needed post
treatment. The experimental model investigates 10d, 20d and 30d OTC treatments of red abalone at two temperatures.
Sampling of tissue for OTC residue, RLP depletion analysis and metabolomic analysis was conducted on days 3, 15, 22,
42, 63, 81, 102, 122, 142 and 162 after medication. At each sampling point animals were weighed, measured, sacrificed
and digestive gland and foot muscle tissues collected. Rickettsial burdens and condition of the digestive gland and foot
muscle were quantified using histology and PCR. OTC residues in both the foot muscle and digestive gland were assessed
via bacterial inhibition assays and the metabolic condition of the abalone foot muscle was determined via 1H NMR
metabolomics.
Preliminary studies have indicated unusual pharmacokinetics of OTC in the digestive gland. While OTC levels in the foot
declined rapidly, concentrations in the digestive gland remained remarkably high. One explanation for this long retention
time is OTC chelation of divalent cations in the digestive gland. Since chelation of ferric or magnesium deposits may
influence OTC retention, we have used micronutrient analysis to assess, differential levels of divalent cations (Ca++, Mg++
and Fe++) in digestive gland relative to foot muscle. We have also investigated the temporal relationship between OTC
retention by the digestive gland and susceptibility to re-infection. At 42, 81, and 120 days post dosing, animals were co-
mingled with severely RLP-infected abalone donors (expressing clinical signs of WS) for 31 days. The presence of RLP
DNA was then monitored 30 and 60 days post re-exposure by feces PCR and histology upon termination (60 days).
With the data obtained aquaculturist can better determine the OTC minimum effective dose that can be used to completely
eliminate the RLP from infected abalone and whether the minimum required dosage is affected by temperature. This work
will provide a foundation for effective and judicious use of OTC as a tool to mitigate the effects of WS on abalone farms
during periods of unusually high temperatures such as some Indian summers and nearly all El Nino events.
532
SUSTAINABLE AQUACULTURE OF THE MEXICAN SILVERSIDE Chirostoma estor

estor, Jordan 1879: TRANSFERRING THE TECHNOLOGY TO ARTESANAL FISHING
COMMUNITIES
Lindsay G. Ross*, Maria Luisa Rodrígues de Souza and Carlos A. Martínez Palacios
Stirling FK9 4LA Scotland, U.K.
lgr1@stir.ac.uk
The Mexican silverside Chirostoma estor estor, has for centuries been the principal species in an artesanal fishery in Lake
Patzcuaro, Mexico. The species is geographically isolated and is unique but is now endangered because of a range of factors
including over-fishing, environmental degradation and introduction of exotic species.
Considerable advances have been made recently in developing a closed reproductive cycle, understanding feeding and
small-scale on-growing technology for the species. Based on this, a Darwin Initiative programme has been developed
focused on technology transfer to implement small-scale pilot on growing systems and small-scale intensive hatcheries.
This will allow development of aquaculture for the species while at the same time addressing a number of the objectives of
the international Convention on Biodiversity, to which Mexico is a signatory.
This paper describes pilot scale work with small indigenous communities to extend the technology into the field.
Preliminary pond trials are described and the implications of working with families with a mixed economy are discussed.
The significance of successful aquaculture of the species for the livelihoods of indigenous people is considered, as well as
the use of value added techniques including production of leather from skins, production of a smoked product and ensiling
of waste carcasses to maximise the benefits of adoption of aquaculture.
The prospect of using aquaculture for maintenance of biodiversity while ensuring equitable access to natural resources is
examined.
533
DOMESTICATION AND PERFORMANCE OF SILVER PERCH Bidyanus bidyanus

BROODSTOCK
Stuart J. Rowland*, Charlie Mifsud, Mark Nixon, Peter Boyd, Phil Read and David Glendenning

Grafton Aquaculture Centre
PMB 3
Grafton, NSW, 2460, Australia
stuart.rowland@fisheries.nsw.gov.au
Silver perch is an Australian native freshwater fish with the potential to form a large aquaculture industry. Hatchery
techniques involving hormone-induced spawning and extensive larval rearing in earthen ponds have been developed. Over
the last 20 years, there has been a dramatic decline in the abundance of silver perch in the wild, and a shortage of broodstock
is imminent unless the species can be domesticated. A series of experiments was run at the Grafton Aquaculture Centre
(GAC) to determine: (i) if silver perch broodstock can be domesticated; (ii) age and size at sexual maturity in captivity; (iii)
the performance of domesticated broodstock up to 12 years of age; and (iv) the performance of a domesticated strain and
two wild strains from the Murray River (M) and Cataract Dam (C).
Silver perch fingerlings (4 g), artificially bred at a hatchery were stocked into an earthen pond at a density of 22,000 fish/ha
for 12 months and then 10,000 fish/ha for two years. No fish were sexually mature at 1 year; most males (93%; mean weight
413g) and no females were mature at 2 years, and at 3 years most females (97%; 550g) were mature. A random sample of
these domesticated broodstock (known as GAC) was subsequently held in ponds for 12 years. Males and females grew to
mean weights of 3.5 kg and 4.2 kg respectively. Fecundity ranged between 105,000 and 154,000 eggs/kg and did not vary
significantly between breeding seasons from ages 3 to 10 years, but then declined to 60,000 and 52,000 eggs/kg at 11 and
12 years of age. Hatch rates gradually declined after 5 years of age.
The reproductive performance of the three strains was compared over four consecutive breeding seasons. Performance
varied significantly between strains. In the wild strain C, mean relative fecundity declined from 140,000 to 72,000 eggs/kg
and mean hatch rates from 73% to 23%, and similarly in strain M fecundity decreased from 123,000 to 69,000 eggs/kg
and hatch rates from 81% to 48%. However, fecundity (109,000 to 133,000 eggs/kg) and hatch rates (65% to 72%) in the
domesticated strain GAC did not vary between seasons and were higher than in the wild strains. The use of domesticated
silver perch broodstock will reduce reliance on wild populations and provide a basis for future hatchery production and
genetic improvement programs.
534
MINERAL AND SALT SUPPLEMENTATION IN PRACTICAL DIETS FOR Litopenaeus

vannamei REARED IN LOW SALINITY WATERS
Luke A. Roy*, D. Allen Davis, I. Patrick Saoud and Raymond P. Henry

Auburn University
Auburn, AL 36849 USA
royluke@auburn.edu
The culture of Litopenaeus vannamei in inland low salinity ground waters is currently being practiced in various countries
around the world including the USA. These inland low salinity waters are often deficient in key ions essential for normal
physiological function, including potassium (K+), magnesium (Mg2+), and calcium (Ca2+). Farmers have sometimes been
able to remedy ionic deficiencies in the water profile through addition of mineral salts containing sources of K+, Mg2+, or
Ca2+. The purpose of this study was to explore the possibility of remedying deficiencies of K+ and Mg2+ in the water profile
with dietary supplementation of these minerals. Two separate 7 week experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects
of supplementation of K+, Mg2+, and NaCl to diets of L. vannamei reared in low salinity waters. In both trials a practical
diet was formulated to contain 36% protein and 8% lipid. Both experiments were conducted in aquaria connected to a
2500 L recirculating system. Low salinity water was prepared by adding 0.5 ppt reconstituted seawater and a supplement
of calcium. Following these additions, the water was raised to 4.0 ppt using NaCl. Experiment 1 was performed in 60 L
aquaria with 12 shrimp (500 mg initial weight) stocked per tank and 4 replicates per treatment, while experiment 2 was
performed in 60 L tanks also with 12 shrimp (230 mg initial weight) per tank and 5 replicates per treatment. In experiment
1 seven diets were formulated (1% NaCl, 2% NaCl, 150 ppm Mg2+, 225 ppm Mg2+, 0.5% K+, 1.0% K+, and a basal
diet to serve as a control). Minerals were added in the form of purified potassium chloride (KCl), magnesium chloride
(MgCl2 * 6H20), and NaCl. Experiment 2 evaluated the use of a coating agent for the Mg2+ and NaCl treatments, while a
potassium amino acid complex was utilized in the K+ treatments to reduce mineral leaching from the diets, thus increasing
mineral bioavailability. Experiment 2 was performed using similar treatment levels as experiment 1. Shrimp survival and
growth were assessed in both experiments. Haemolymph osmolality, chloride (Cl-) levels, and K+ levels were measured
for experiment 1 and are currently being determined for experiment 2. Results from experiment 1 indicated no significant
difference in survival, growth, feed efficiency, percent weight gain, haemolymph osmolality or Cl- levels. Analyses for
experiment 2 are presently ongoing. Preliminary results revealed no significant differences in survival and growth using
NaCl and Mg2+ treatments. However, significant differences in growth (P < 0.05) were observed when using the 1% K+
treatment suggesting that dietary supplementation of a potassium amino acid complex may help improve growth of the
species in low salinity waters.
535
EFFECTS OF VARYING LEVELS OF AQUEOUS POTASSIUM AND MAGNESIUM ON

SURVIVAL, GROWTH, AND RESPIRATION OF Litopenaeus vannamei REARED IN LOW
SALINITY WATERS
Luke A. Roy*, D. Allen Davis, I. Patrick Saoud and Raymond P. Henry

Auburn University
Auburn, AL 36849
royluke@auburn.edu
Inland shrimp culture is being practiced in several regions of the United States. In Alabama, the culture of shrimp
(Litopenaeus vannamei) in inland low salinity well water (approximately 4.0 ppt) faces several challenges before production
can be optimized. The ionic composition of these waters is deficient in several key minerals, including potassium (K+)
and magnesium (Mg2+). The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of several aqueous K+ and Mg2+
concentrations on survival, growth, and respiration in juvenile L. vannamei. Two separate experiments (14 day trial with
30 mg shrimp, and a 7 week trial with juvenile shrimp) were conducted evaluating K+ supplementation using 20, 152 L
tanks (5 treatments with 4 replicates), each supplied with an individual air-lift biological filter. Four different levels of K+
(5, 10, 20, and 40 ppm K+) were utilized and a treatment of 4 ppt reconstituted seawater was used as a control. Fresh water
in each tank was initially raised to 0.5 ppt using artificial sea salt, with the exception of the control which contained 4.0 ppt
reconstituted seawater. Mg2+ and Ca2+ were added in equal amounts to each of the K+ treatments to raise the concentration
of these two divalent ions to equal the concentration in 4.0 ppt artificial seawater. KCl was added to raise the concentration
of K+ to approximately 5, 10, 20, and 40 ppm in the 4 experimental treatments. Following addition of all other minerals
each tank was raised to 4.0 ppt using NaCl. A similar 6 week growth trial was performed in the same system to evaluate
the effects of five different concentrations of Mg2+ (10, 20, 40, 80, 160 ppm). A supplement of K+ and Ca2+ was added to
raise the concentrations of these two ions equal to those of 4.0 ppt artificial seawater. Following completion of the growth
trial, respirometry evaluations were conducted to assess stress effects of the various treatments. Results from the 7 week K+
growth trial indicated significant differences (P < 0.05) in biomass, individual weight, survival, specific growth rate, and
percent weight gain among treatments. There was an increasing trend in individual weight, specific growth rate, and percent
weight gain with increasing K+ concentration. Shrimp respiration is currently ongoing for this experiment but preliminary
results reveal a negative correlation between respiratory rate and K+ concentration. Results from the Mg2+ experiment reveal
a significant difference in survival between the lowest Mg2+ treatment (60%) and all other experimental treatments (90-
97%). However, no differences in growth were observed. Shrimp respiration in the lowest Mg2+ treatment (10 ppm) was
significantly higher than in the 80 and 160 ppm treatments. Regression analysis revealed a negative correlation between
respiration rate and aqueous Mg2+ concentrations. These results suggest a potentially higher energetic cost associated with
depressed aqueous Mg2+ concentrations that are common in low salinity environments. Haemolymph osmolality, chloride,
and K+ levels are currently being estimated for both K+ and Mg2+ experiments.
536
ROTIFER Brachionus sp. INFECTED BY FUNGUS Lagenidium callinectes IN MILKFISH

Chanos chanos AND HUMPBACK GROUPER Cromileptes altivelis HATCHERY IN
INDONESIA
Des Roza and Fris Johnny

PO Box 140
Milkfish, Chanos chanos and humpback grouper, Cromileptes altivelis hatcheries have been developed at Gondol, Bali.
However, recent the problem on mass culture of rotifer, Brachionus sp. was infected by fungus. Rotifer is commonly used
as the first food supply in seed production of crustaceans and fish. Under light microscope, infected eggs and bodies of the
rotifers were filled with numerous aseptate hyphae.
Two isolates of fungi were isolated from egg and body of the rotifer in June 2004 in milkfish and humpback grouper
hatcheries at Gondol. Based on its morphological characteristics the pathogenic fungus was identified as Lagenidium
callinectes, with optimum temperature growth of 25°C and grew at 1, 2.5 and 5% of NaCl and 1, 2.5% of KCl. Both of the
present isolates utilized only 8 out of 26 carbohydrates and derivatives tested as carbon, nutrition and energy sources. This
finding is the first report of the rotifer, Brachionus sp. infected with L. callinectes and may cause 100% mortality.
Table 1. Effect of temperature on vegetative growth

of isolate BM-04 (1) and BH-04 (2) in comparison
with L. callinectes
Remarks : 1) = Isolated from egg of swimming crab,

Portunus pelagicus ; 2) = no growth
537
EFFECTS OF FEED ADDITIVES ON THE GONADAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE TROPICAL

SPORT FISH, MALAYSIAN MAHSEER, Tor tambroides (BLEEKER)
Rozihan, M.*, Ambak, M.A., Jalal, K.C.A. and Saad, C.R.
Department of Agriculture Technology

43400 Serdang
selangor, Malaysia
rozihan@agri.upm.edu.my
Malaysian Mahseer Tor tambroides, locally known as ‘Kelah’ is well renowned as a splendid recreational fish in Southeast
Asian countries. In commercial fisheries too, it could occupy an important position when its culture technology are better
known especially rearing to maturity stages. Based on these perspectives a study was conducted to determine the effects of
diets enriched with vitamins C, D and Spirulina on the gonadal development of this sport fish.
Dry pelleted diet (32% protein) was incorporated with dried Spirulina (0.2%) showed significantly higher growth (P<0.05)
in compare to other diets. However, there were no significant differences (P>0.05) of growth while using the diets
incorporated with vitamin C, vitamin E and the control diet. Besides, the histological observation of the gonad revealed
that the diet with Spirulina could stimulate the development stages of the testis and ovary of T. tambroides more
rapidly compared to other diets. On the contrary the testis was still immature while treated with other diets. In fact there was
no significant differences (P>0.05) among the diets enriched with Vitamin C, Vitamin E and the control diet. Histological
observation also revealed that T. tambroides are asynchronous breeders.
Thus, the study indicated that Tor tambroides may able to grow successfully in indoor culture conditions by introducing dry
feeds especially enriched with feed additive Spirulina. Further more it might expedite the growth of fish while it released
to the wild stock populations.
Table 1: Growth, protein efficiency ratio and food conversion ratio of T. tambroides fed
diets of different feed additive.
Mean values in the column having different superscript are significantly different P<0.05
SP: Sprulina, V.C: Vitamin C, V.E: Vitamin E.
538
IS THE PRODUCTION OF THE SYDNEY ROCK OYSTER Saccostrea glomerata IN NEW

SOUTH WALES SUSTAINABLE?
Ana Rubio
CSIRO Land & Water

GPO Box 1666
Canberra, ACT 2601
ana.rubio@csiro.au
The Sydney rock oyster has been farmed for over 120 years. It is a native oyster, presently cultured in 33 estuaries along
nearly 1000 km of the coastline of the Australian State of New South Wales (NSW). The rock oyster industry contributes
approximately 80% of the State’s total aquaculture output. Despite the best efforts of the oyster farmers, over the last 30
years the industry has seen continued decreased yields with a possible increase in the time taken for oysters to reach market
size (from 3 to 4 years). In addition, there have been increased oyster disease outbreaks and higher oyster mortality rates.
These indicators appear symptomatic of estuaries that have been overexploited. Data suggest that NSW estuaries have low
levels of primary production, especially in the colder Southern regions. It appears that food supply to oysters will not, in
general, be sufficient to maintain healthy populations because of increased trends in total oyster biomass.
Carrying capacity of estuaries is a fundamental concept in shellfish culture. It is a measure of the ability of the estuary
system or parts of the estuary to support shellfish production. Ideally, identifying key indicators to act as a proxy for the
health of the cultivated shellfish system would be a useful management tool. However, identifying when carrying capacity
has been exceeded or even assessing the health of the system, are complex problems due to the large number of factors
involved and the interdisciplinary approach needed to understand the system. One useful approach is the development of
predictive models that can be used to assess the sensitivity of the culture system to key indicator parameters. These models
can help in making decisions on the optimum location and stocking densities for shellfish culture based on local food
availability, rates of depletion or modification due to flow within the estuary.
Here we develop a predictive model that has a comprehensive food component integrating the quantity and quality of
both primary production and seston with known physiological responses for different size classes of oysters. Many
models simplify the food component to levels of phytoplankton, estimated mainly as chlorophyll-a. There is evidence
that phytoplankton levels alone make a poor key parameter in many culture systems. Other components of seston appear
better indicators. Our model is coupled to a simple physical model, describing estuarine advection and diffusion. Where
primary production is low (generally the case in NSW except after rain events), oyster growth is significantly affected by
levels of flushing and oyster densities. Our first goal is to look for the main relationships between oyster growth and food
sources and/or physical parameters. Using the proposed model we can estimate the optimal size of oyster culture from
primary production, seston concentration and water fluxes in order to optimise and sustain production. By determining the
sensitivity of the system to the various drivers we can determine key indicators that can be used as a management tools to
monitor and help maintain sustainable production systems.
539
STOCK ENHANCEMENT OF BARRAMUNDI Lates calcarifer (BLOCH) IN NORTHERN

AUSTRALIA: DOES STOCKING EARLIER IN THE SEASON IMPROVE SURVIVAL?
D.J. Russell
Northern Fisheries Centre

Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries
PO Box 5396
Cairns Queensland 4870 Australia
john.russell@dpi.qld.gov.au
Barramundi is a large piscivorous fish found throughout much of the Indo-west Pacific including northern Australia where
it is a valuable commercial, recreational and aquaculture species. In north Queensland, the barramundi spawning season
occurs during the warmer months from about October through until March and availability of hatchery-produced fish
for stocking is generally during this extended period. River systems in northeastern Australia, including the Johnstone
River, are being stocked with hatchery-produced barramundi because of concerns over declining catches. Since 1993, the
Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries has undertaken a series of experiments aimed at maximizing
post-release survival of barramundi. The timing of the release of stocked barramundi appears to be an important factor
in maximizing their survival. Over three seasons between 2001/02 and 2003/04, experimental releases of microtagged
barramundi were made early in the season (November-December) and again later in the season (January-March). The
annual stockings varied between 22,000 and 40,000 fish with an average size range of about 40-60 mm total length (TL). In
2001/02 an additional 1525 larger fish with an average size range between 173-280 mm TL were stocked into the river. The
recapture rates of those fish stocked early in the season were between 3.5 and 23.2 times greater than those stocked later in
the season. Similarly, the recapture rate of the larger fish stocked in December 2001 was 21.7 times the rate of barramundi
released in March 2002. There are a number of possible reasons for the poor survival of fish stocked late in the spawning
season including cannibalism by those 0+ barramundi stocked earlier and increased predation. Harsher environmental
conditions including habitat loss, strong currents and diminished prey availability caused by season river flooding that is
common in northern Australia between January and March may also contribute to lower survival of newly stocked fish.
540
STUDY ON WASTE COLLECTION AND ITS DEGRADATION OF RED TILAPIA FOR

SUSTAINABLE FISH CULTURE USING FLOATING NET IN SERMO RESERVOIR,
YOGYAKARTA
Rustadi
Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture

Jl. Flora, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281
rustadi2005@yahoo.com
This research was held to know waste production and its effect on survival and fish growth of red tilapia, and to assess
waste degradation in different water temperature. The experiment was carried out using cage of 1x1x1.2 m3. Six treatment
combiations of cage design (with and without collector) and stocking densities (2.5 kg, 5 kg dan 7.5 kg/m3) were tested in
two replications. Waste collector made from plastic in the cone form and has size of 1x1x0.8 m3. It hanged about 15 cm
below the cage. Other cages with attached collectors were provided as control waste loss. Red tilapia has individual size
of 50-120 gram were stocked and fed with fish pellet containing of 25-27% protein in the rate of 3% biomas per day. The
waste sample was dilluted dan incubated in different temperature of 20, 25 and 30 oC (temperature fluctuation + 1 oC) in
two replications. The incubation was done for 20 days and water quality parameters observed every 5 days.
Red tilapia culture produced wastes ranged of 0,109-0,117 kg of dry matter/cage or its about 1,38-1,82% of fish yield. Fish
waste lose on average of 14,44% by collectors that fixed 15 cm hanged below the cages. Waste accumulation trended to
decrease fish yield and growth rate, but no effect on survival rate and food conversion ratio (table 1). Rate degradation of
waste incresed by increasing water temperature as indicated by rapid change of water quality consentration (table 2).
541
BIODIVERSITY OF FISH AND PRAWN IN BORO BEEL OF PABNA, BANGLADESH

J.K. Saha*, M.R. Hasan, M.A.B. Habib and M.M. Ali
sahajayantak@yahho.com
Inland capture fisheries of Bangladesh are an important source of animal protein and livelihood for their population. Capture
fisheries resources in Bangladesh have been overexploited because of high population pressure, although the situation
varies across resource types and regions. A major reason for this has been the lack of proper management, particularly at the
time of the introduction of synthetic nets. A multiplicity of factors adversely destruct of these critical habitats could lead to
reduced inland capture fisheries biodiversity and stocks. Further, valuable habitat such beel (natural depression), floodplain,
haor, and rivers are also extremely susceptible to biodiversity degradation. Considering the importance of biodiversity for
sustainable management of natural resources, the present study was conducted to assess the fish and prawn biodiversity in
Boro beel for 20 months from November 2002 to June 2004. Boro beel is a complex system containing a cluster of 15 water
bodies. These include 13 beels, one river and one canal. There are 27 other beels located in these two upazilas connected
with this beel through Chiknai river and various canals. During the rainy season, all 13 beels became a single water body.
During the dry season almost all the beels dry up except two water bodies within the system. The approximate water area
during the rainy season is 3,000 ha and during the dry season it is 300 ha. Hydrologically the beel is a sub-basin of Chiknai/
Baral river system under the Ganges basin.
A total of 72 species of fish and prawns belonging to nine Order 24 Families and 54 genera were recorded from the beel, out
of which 70 were fish species (64 indigenous and 6 exotic species) and remaining two were prawn. Cyprinidae dominated
the fish groups with 21 species (including the exotic five) followed by Bagridae (7 species), Schilbeidae (5 species) and
four species represented by each Osphronemidae and Channidae. A total of 39 species of resident (59%), 18 species of
migratory (27%) and nine species of riverine fishes (14%) formed the indigenous fish community. In terms of number of
individuals is dominated by Detritivore–Omnivore, while predator dominated in terms of weight in the trophic groups.
In respect to the number of species, major contribution was by surface feeders (43 species) followed by bottom feeders
(25 species) and column feeders (4 species). Macrobrachium spp. were the major species in the fishers catch in terms of
individual number abundance (%) followed by Mystus tengara, Puntius sophore, M. vittatus and P. ticto while dominants
species were P. sophore, Channa striata, C. marulius, C. punctata and M. vittatus in terms of weight abundance (%).
Results of the present study indicated that small fish and prawn species form major portion of capture fisheries in Boro beel.
The results of this study are expected to provide baseline information on biodiversity for eventual sustainable management
of beel resources.
542
AQUACULTURE FARM CERTIFICATION SCHEME AS PRACTICED IN MALAYSIA

Junaidi C. Ayub and Thalathiah Saidin
Department of Fisheries Malaysia

Ministry of Agriculture and Agro-Based Industry
Putra Jaya
Selangor , Malaysia
thalathiah2003@yahoo.com
With the globalization in world trade, sanitary and food safety standards become the determining factor to ensure market
access. Sustainability standards now is not only confine to food safety, but also environmental and social standards. As
an assurance to consumers and buyers that aquaculture practices comply with good or best aquaculture practices as well
as sustainability practices as envisaged by FAO, certification is now being used as a tool not only to give credit to best
aquaculture practices, but also to certify that produce from such best practiced farm is safe for consumption and is of very
high quality. This is now the trend in trade liberalization, where only products that are not only safe for consumption,
but are produced in a sustainable manner, have a good leverage for market access as well as the competitive advantage in
international market.
Having realized this potential, Malaysia has embarked on aquaculture farm certification scheme beginning 2002. Under
this scheme, Quality Assurance Programme (QAP) which comprises of best aquaculture practices, HACCP at source, food
safety from farm to table, sustainable practices and environmentally friendly practices are incorporated to form what is
called “SPLAM”. The Code of Practice for the various aquaculture systems were published and distributed to aquaculture
operators as guidelines to advocate sustainable and best aquaculture practices in compliance with QAP. Farms who fully
comply with the terms of the QAP will be accredited with SPLAM logo. The validity of this scheme is for two years, after
which, compliance audit will be conducted to ensure continuous compliance with best aquaculture practices.
It is the aspiration of the Department of Fisheries Malaysia as the competent authority to ensure that aquaculture industry,
which is one of the highly promoted agriculture activities, complies to not only the best and sustainable aquaculture
practices, but also to the legislations in placed. Aquaculture farms certification scheme is a step towards ensuring aquaculture
practices in Malaysia adhere to the draft aquaculture regulations that are in the process of being gazetted under the Fisheries
Act 1985. Under these regulations, fish disease control and quarantine measures, including the use of prohibited antibiotics,
additives and chemicals will be regulated.
543
THE EFFECT OF NHP INFECTION ON THE REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF

Penaeus vannamei FEMALES
Marcela Salazar*, Luis Fernando Aranguren, Carlos Andrés Suárez and Ricardo Riaño
Corporacion Centro de Investigaciones de la Acuicultura CENIACUA

Carrera 8ª # 96-60
Bogota, Colombia
msvallej@cable.net.co
Necrotizing Hepatopancreatitis (NHP) is a disease of cultured Penaeus vannamei caused by a gram negative intracellular
bacterium rickettsia-like organism. NHP was first reported in Texas, in 1985 and it has being responsible for mortalities in
shrimp ponds in Central and South America. The growth and proliferation of NHP within the hepatopancreatic epithelial
cells is associated with anorexia, lethargy, abdominal muscle atrophy, softened exoskeleton, growth retardation and
mortalities ranging from 20-95%.
Although NHP can cause high mortalities in commercial ponds, in Colombia it has been considered a problem only in
maturation laboratories due to an increase in broodstock mortalities. In order to evaluate additional negative effects at this
level, we investigated the effect of NHP infection upon the reproductive behavior of females and the effect of maternal
infection in larviculture.
Our first screening was PCR test for NHP using DNA extracted from fecal samples of mature and ablated females. Both
PCR positive and negative females were allowed to have natural copula and then were transfered to individual spawning
tanks. After each spawning, females were sacrificed for histopathology and PCR analysis, while the eggs were placed in
individual tanks for eclosion. Based on the histopathology findings, the females were classified into three groups: Group
I (n=16) presented no signs of NHP, Group II (n=10) had NHP lesions grades I-II, and Group III (n=8) with NHP grade
III-IV.
In each group we analyzed the number of eggs, eclosion percentage and number of nauplii per female. Our results show
that females from Group III presented a significant reduction in the number of eggs (p<0.05). However, there were no
significant differences in the number of nauplii per female among the three groups due to a slight increase in the eclosion
percentage in females from Group III.
To further investigate biochemical variations, we are now in the process of evaluating the lipid, glucose and triglyceride
content of the eggs in the three groups to determine if there are any differences at this level.
544
AN ECONOMICS ANALYSIS OF TROUT (Onchorynchus mykiss) FARMING PRODUCTION

IN IRAN
Hassan Salehi
h-salehi@iranfisheries.net
In Iran, the rainbow trout (Onchorynchus mykiss) farming was started almost 40 years ago in NW of capital Tehran by
the University of Agriculture, the first generation was imported from Denmark. It is now widely practised and has spread
around the country. Farmed production rising dramatically year by year, from 550 tonnes in 1990, to 1,332 tonnes in 1995
and reached a peak in 2003 with production of more than 23,000 tonnes. All provinces, particularly those located in the
main mountain ranges, Alborz and Zagros areas has targeted recently. To expand supply of fish to Iran’s consumers, and
develop fresh water aquaculture, there would appear to be good potential to expand trout farming. It has undoubtedly seen
great success over the last decade. Though, the potential of trout culture to expand may be apparent, it may be constrained
by market demand and producer profitability. In Iran, trout is widely sold and used in its fresh, some forms of value additions
may also be observed. It is essential to the development and management of a trout farm to know the production costs and
their evolution. The characteristics of the trout farming industry are quite different, from extensive to high intensive farms,
and from family farms with production of less than 3 tonnes per year to farms with more than 150,000 tonnes.
A study of production, costs and profitability was carried out to help clarify trout production costs and their difference with
location and farm size. Over the years 2001-2002, a total of 60 farms from the ten main provinces were randomly selected,
classified and studied. The results of the survey showed that the various producer provinces have different cost structures.
Overall, feed with the highest level of variation accounted for 54% of total costs, followed by labour and salary (13%) and
seed (11%) (Figure 1).
By 2001, total production costs averaged Rial1 10,830 per kg ($ 1.35) in Iran. On average, benefit-cost ratio and the rate
of farm income were closely related to farm sizes. This result suggests that larger farms practice more efficiently and have
better conditions with higher farm income per unit area and per kg.
545
SMALL-SCALE RAINBOW TROUT PRODUCING CAGE SYSTEMS IN THE WESTERN

CAPE REGION OF SOUTH AFRICA: DISPLAY OF PROJECT PROFILES
Khalid Salie
Private Bag X1
Matieland, 7602
South Africa
ks1@sun.ac.za
The Western Cape Province falls within the winter rainfall area of South Africa. This has led to many dams being built in
this area for storage of water for summer irrigation. A network of more than 2000 dams covers the region. Many of these
dams are suitable for aquaculture.
Since 1997, several small-scale rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) producing projects have been implemented. These
projects have proved that trout can be reared successfully in enclosed systems such as irrigation dams. It further promoted
the cause for multiple-use of water resources without any significant negative effect on the agricultural- or aquacultural
system. This integrated systems approach created a model for subsequently replication of small-scale trout farming projects
in the Western Cape as well as other suitable regions of South Africa.
This poster discusses the profiles of five projects implemented from 1997 to 2004. The five projects are Rustenberg,
Nietvoorbij, Worcester, Unlimited Olive Peoples’ Trust and Ceres Aquaculture Enterprises. The profiles include:
• Geography
• Demographics
• Institutional arrangements
• Beneficiaries
• Financial and economic aspects
• Farming system
• Feed type and management
• Production output
• Environmental impact monitoring
• Markets
The past seven years have been a learning curve for the project co-ordinators and is only the first step in bringing small-
scale aquaculture to the rural populace. Another objective of the programme is the implementation of a rotational farming
system with a warm water species such as the indigenous tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus). This will ensure year-round
production for the farmer. The establishment of the Hands-on Fish Farmers’ Co-operative Limited in 2002 has brought
significant structure to the supply chain of small-scale trout farming.
546
SMALL-SCALE FISH FARMING IN THE WESTERN CAPE PROVINCE, SOUTH AFRICA:

TEN YEARS OF AQUACULTURE AS A SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT MODEL
Khalid Salie* and Johan van Stade
Private Bag X1
Matieland, 7602
South Africa
ks1@sun.ac.za
The Division of Aquaculture, University of Stellenbosch, in collaboration with the Hands-on Fish Farmers’ Co-operative
Limited, co-manage a Small-Scale Fish Farming Programme in the Western Cape Province, South Africa. The objective
of the Programme is to promote aquaculture as a viable business enterprise for local communities, thus ensuring their
participation in a growing industry. An operational strategy is used whereby farmers are responsible for outgrowing of
fingerlings to marketable size. The candidate species are rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), tilapia (Oreochromis
mossambicus) and koi-carp (Cyprinus carpio). The implementation of projects is market-driven, and pre-arranged uptake
agreements are negotiated with processors. The Programme has strong institutional support and the managers facilitate the
delivery of fingerlings, feed, technology and access to markets. Eleven projects have been implemented during the past
10 years. To evaluate the impact of the Programme, a socio-economic evaluation study has been conducted. The study
focussed on the following issues:
• Technology transfer and support dependency

• Quality of production and environmental management
• Economic and financial deliverables
• Institutional involvement/support
• Success of the development strategy
• Challenges to the model
Results indicated that the modes of technology transfer to small-scale farmers have been successful and significant key
skills have been acquired. Farmers are functioning on limited support within 3 years. Their quality of production is
comparable to any large-scale commercial farmers. Farms are subjected to fortnightly water sampling for trend analyses.
Aquaculture has established itself as a source of job creation and complementary income to farm household communities.
The government has identified aquaculture as an economic growing sector in the Western Cape Province. Institutional
support is provided for project implementation and research and development. The success of the model is manifested
in that 30 projects are envisaged for the next 3 years. Both funding and markets have been procured for the extension of
the programme. Although the Programme has achieved tremendous success in bringing aquaculture to the people, many
challenges are still to be faced. The results of this study have provided crucial information to optimise delivery for both
Programme managers and farmers.
547
AN EVALUATION OF THE FEASIBILITY OF URBAN AQUACULTURE IN THE WESTERN

CAPE PROVINCE, SOUTH AFRICA
Khalid Salie* and Samara Velthuysen
Private Bag X1
Matieland, 7602
South Africa
ks1@sun.ac.za
Some of the greatest inequalities in the world exist within the South African human population. The total population is 44.8
million people of which 79 % are black Africans. Poverty is found primarily among black African people, with almost 57
% living in poverty compared to 2.1 % for white African people. These socio-economic statistics are more prevalent in the
rural areas.
Urbanisation, of predominantly black African people, is taking place at an unprecedented rate. The main reasons are the
lack of job opportunities in the rural areas and appalling health and socio-economic conditions. It is generally perceived
that urban areas provide better opportunities. As a result informal settlements (townships) have mushroomed around city
centres. These townships are usually on high value land and in close proximity to natural water resources, thus presenting
opportunities for urban aquaculture development.
Many successful attempts have already been made in South Africa to establish aquaculture in rural areas. The challenge is
to determine whether the same amount of success could be achieved with urban aquaculture. In order to present a case for
aquaculture, one has to understand the dynamics of the distribution networks of fish and fish related products. Our research
was based on structured interviews with producers, traders and fish markets for aquaculture as well as capture fisheries.
Key components were:
• Landing sites and production output

• Prominent species caught or farmed
• Diversification in value-adding
• Distribution networks and product pricing structures
• Constraints to production and trading
Fish for the local market is landed by artesanal boats and distributed by informal traders. Small and bigger scale aquaculture
farms produce for the processing sector. The prominent marine species are cob, hake, and snoek and for aquaculture it is
rainbow trout, abalone, black mussels and oysters. The diversification in value-adding ranges from fresh or frozen to smoke
and filleted portions. South Africa has an excellent distribution network for marine products that has been developed over
the years by the bigger fish companies. The biggest constraint for freshwater aquaculture is insufficient promotion and
marketing of products and for marine aquaculture, effective regulatory legislation. The results indicated that aquaculture
could be successfully developed in urban areas if prices are competitive and the industry in driven by a strong consumer
demand.
548
USE OF ASPIRATOR-TYPE AND PADDLEWHEEL AERATORS IN PRODUCTION OF THE

PACIFIC WHITE SHRIMP Litopenaeus vannamei IN OUTDOOR LINED PONDS UNDER
LIMITED DISCHARGE
Tzachi M. Samocha*, Susmita Patnaik, Margasanto Harisanto, Jeet Mishra and Josh M. Burger
Texas Agricultural Experiment Station

Shrimp Mariculture Research Facility
4301 Waldron Road
Corpus Christi, TX 78418
samocha@falcon.tamucc.edu
Shrimp production in ponds under limited discharge requires increased level of aeration compared to ponds operated
with water exchange. Maintaining optimal dissolved oxygen (DO) should help eliminate or reduce many disease and
water quality problems leading to poor shrimp performance in terms of feed consumption, growth and survival. Various
types of aeration devices being used in shrimp culture operations including: pump sprayers, propeller-aspirator-pumps,
paddlewheels, diffused air systems etc. Selection of aeration devices can significantly affect equipment performance,
operating costs and animal performance.
A 140 d study was conducted in two 2,050 m3 (2,000 m2) outdoor lined ponds to evaluate the effect of aspirator-type
and paddlewheel aerators on selected water quality indicators and shrimp performance under limited discharge when
fed a commercial 30% crude protein diet with reduced level of fish-meal (Eco-30, Rangen Inc., Buhl, ID, USA). One
pond (P3) was equipped with four 2 hp aspirator-type aerators (AireO2®, Aeration Industries International, Inc., Chaska,
MN, USA) while the other pond (P4) was equipped with four 2 hp Taiwanese-made paddlewheel aerators (Channel and
Chenta, Taiwan). Each pond was stocked with juvenile shrimp (av. wt. 1.81 g) at densities of 62/m3 and 60/m3 for P3
and P4, respectively. Dissolved oxygen, temperature, pH, salinity were monitored twice daily while other WQ indicators
(ammonium-N, nitrite-N, nitrate-N, reactive phosphorus, cBOD5, COD, settleable solids (SS), algal density, turbidity,
TSS, and VSS were monitored weekly. In addition, multi-parameter probes were used to monitor changes in DO in both
ponds over 24 h periods throughout the study.
No statistically significant differences were found in daily WQ indicators between the two ponds. Ammonium-N and SS in
P3 were significantly higher than P4 while nitrite-N and TSS levels were significantly lower in P3. P3 out performed P4
in terms of weekly growth (0.96 vs. 0.91 g/wk), mean shrimp weight at harvest (19.55 vs. 18.8 g), and biomass load (0.89
vs. 0.78 kg/m3).
The paper also provides preliminary data concerning DO fluctuations in the above ponds as well as in ponds operated with
different configurations of paddlewheel and aspirator-type aerators (AireO2® and Force-7 by AcquaEco, Cadelbosco Sopra,
Italy). Preliminary results show that the use of paddlewheel together with aspirator-type aerators provided higher DO
levels at reduced energy demand/cost compare to paddlewheel aerators alone. Furthermore, use of paddlewheel aerators
with any of the aspirator-type aerators showed much more stable DO pattern over a period of time whereas ponds operated
with paddlewheel without aspirator-type aerators showed a greater degree of fluctuation in DO levels (±1 mg/L over half
an hour period).
549
TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON EGG AND LARVAL DEVELOPMENT OF BRAZILIAN

FLOUNDER Paralichthys orbignyanus
Luís A. Sampaio and Marcelo Okamoto
Fundação Universidade Federal do Rio Grande – FURG

Departamento de Oceanografia, Laboratório de Maricultura
CP 474, Rio Grande-RS, CEP 96201-900, Brazil
sampaio@mikrus.com.br
The Brazilian flounder Paralichthys orbignyanus is a candidate species for aquaculture. Its spawning season starts on late
spring, ending on early fall, thus the early life stages of this species face a wide range of temperatures in the wild. However,
the optimum temperature to rear this species in captivity is not known. The objective of this work was to determine the
effects of temperature during egg and larval development of P. orbignyanus in laboratory.
Eggs and larvae used in this experiment were obtained from artificial fertilization. Six temperatures were evaluated during
the embryonic development: 14, 17, 20, 23, 26, and 29°C, while four temperatures were tested during the larval stage: 17,
20, 23, and 26°C. During the experiment, larvae were anesthetized with MS-222 and measured under a stereomicroscope
equipped with an ocular micrometric. The larvae were fed on rotifer (Brachionus plicatilis) during the first two weeks and
than on Artemia nauplii. The green water technique was used with the micro-algae Nannochloropsis oculata. Salinity of
the water was 30 and constant aeration was provided. All evaluations were run with at least three replications and statistical
analyses were carried out using one-way ANOVA followed by the Tukey Test at 95% confidence level.
Time for hatching was negatively correlated with temperature, larvae emerged 96h after the fertilization at 14°C, while those
kept at 29° took 24h to hatch. The percentage of abnormal larvae was higher at the lower and upper range of temperatures
tested, reaching 100% at 14°C and 39% at 29°C. Standard length at hatching was not affected by the temperature, ranging
from 1.76 to 1.82mm, with the exception of larvae hatched at 14°C, which where significantly (P<0.05) smaller than
the others (1.58mm). Survival from hatching up to the full migration of the eyes and settlement of young flounder was 0
and 2% at 17 and 20°C respectively, but it was significantly higher (P<0.05) at 23 and 26°C, reaching 11.7%. Length of
recently metamorphosed flounder was significantly smaller at 20 and 23°C (11.8±1.4 and 11.5±0.8mm respectively), when
compared to larvae reared at 26°C (13.7±1.4mm) (P<0.05), but the flounder reared at the higher temperature showed a high
percentage of abnormal individuals.
According to the results of the present work it is suggested that the temperature during the incubation and larviculture of
Brazilian flounder should be around 23°C.
550
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN AQUACULTURE – A BUSINESS PERSPECTIVE FOR

LATIN AMERICA
Manuel Santana
Aquaculture Managing Director - Latin America

Cargill Animal Nutrition
12900 Whitewater Dr. MS14
Minnetonka, MN 55343 USA
msantan3@agribrands.com
Countries in Latin America have experienced a significant growth in production over the last decade, while the addition of
capacity has varied by country; operating costs have improved, mainly due to the accelerated learning and the optimization
of operation techniques that fit unique geographies and production systems.
The combined region, including countries such as México, Honduras, Belize, Venezuela, Ecuador, Colombia and Brazil,
produced close to 250,000 metric tons of shrimp, locating this group of countries below individual key producers in Asia,
e.g., China, Thailand, India.
Upgraded technologies are being introduced, but not only are these technologies transplanted from the leading producers in
Asia, there are also unique operational systems that have been developed to take advantage of locally existing factors, i.e.,
labor, proximity to the Ecuador, geographic relationship to key consumer markets (Europe, USA), as well as new feeding
technologies that include new products and nutritional requirement design to match the former operational systems. The net
effect being multiple business models that make it difficult to make standard cost of production comparisons and determine
country competitiveness. Multiple scenarios are required to more accurately determine what countries are closer to reach
their full potential in terms of cost efficiency and rate of production growth.
Considering the shrimp production industry as an integral part of a supply chain provides a more valuable analysis, in
particular to the producer, as it provides multiple insights about the long-term sustainability of the farm and multiple
implications about the most desirable production strategies. This analytical model can also provide guidance for other
players, including shrimp processors and seafood distributors as it also provides light into the opportunities that exist in
the near-future if implications are considered for a “portfolio” management approach, both in terms of revenue and risk
optimization.
551
A PILOT EXPERIMENT OF REARED SEA BREAM RELEASE OFF THE ALGARVE COAST
(SOUTHERN PORTUGAL): PRELIMINARY RESULTS
Miguel N. Santos*, Pedro G. Lino, Pedro Pousão-Ferreira and Carlos C. Monteiro
IPIMAR - CRIPSul
Av. 5 de Outubro s/n
8700-305 Olhão
Portugal
mnsantos@ipimar.ualg.pt
In 2001 a pilot project of marine ranching began using reared juveniles of white sea bream (Diplodus sargus) and gilt-head
sea bream (Sparus aurata), off the Algarve coast (Southern Portugal). The fish releases were carried out for 3 years aimed
at evaluating (i) if the reared sea breams were suitable for restocking, (ii) the growth rate of released fishes in the open sea
and iii) the ideal size and season for fish release. A total of 14,256 juvenile specimens of different sizes (8,160 white sea
breams and 6,096 gilt-head sea breams) were tagged (tag model FD94 T-Bar, FLOY TAG & Mfg, INC) and released from
Spring to Autumn.
A total of 731 specimens were recaptured, which makes up 5.1% of those released. Professional fishing contributed the
most to recapture (53%), while recreational fishing contributed to the 37%. The number of days in liberty ranged from 1 to
516, while the distance traveled ranged from 0 to 67 nm. A behavioral deficit of the reared sea breams in the use of refugia
and food was observed during the first week following the release. However, after this period the gut content analysis
suggested that the reared specimen were able to search for food and feed on the available preys.
Although these are the preliminary results of this ongoing study, which in Portugal has a particular interest since no work
of this kind has been carried out before in coastal areas, they suggest that stock enhancement using these native species can
play an important role within an integrated coastal management plan for the local fisheries.
552
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT CONCERNS RELATED TO BLUEFIN TUNA FARMING IN

THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA
Andrea Santulli
Istituto di Biologia Marina

Consorzio Universitario della Provincia di Trapani
L/mare Dante Alighieri
I-91016 Erice (TP), Italy
santulli@unipa.it
In the last decade bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) fattening in the Mediterranean has increased rapidly, fuelled by the
increasing demand of the rich Japanese market, requiring stable and secure supplies of a premium quality product, and
independent from the fishing seasons. However, concerns on the environmental impact of this activity have risen in public
opinion, essentially based on the naïve equation “big fish=great pollution”. Environmental impact monitoring will allow
us to assess whether aquaculture exerts an unacceptable impact on the environment, and to define the best management
practices in order to prevent or mitigate eventual adverse impacts.
The first Italian tuna farm was established in Castellammare del Golfo, Trapani (Western Sicily) in 2001, with an average
annual production of 777±250t. In order to estimate the environmental impact of tuna, from the first production cycle and
throughout the last four years, environmental monitoring was carried out following a Before, After, Control and Impact
design (BACI). Some ecological descriptors of water column and of sediments beneath the cages were followed on a
grid of sampling stations around the cages and in three control stations (spatial control), before and after each fattening
cycle, lasting from July to November (temporal control). Obtained results accurately describe the local impact on marine
environment of tuna fattening activity.
Values of the nutrient content of water, which present the characteristics of typical oligotrophic coastal water with a
high hydrodynamism, match, as expected, the values registered in the area in past years. To characterize sediments we
determined: granulometry, pH, eH, the content of water, protein, carbohydrate, lipid, fatty acids, total organic carbon,
total nitrogen, phosphorus, sulphur, sulphides, total organic matter. These results show that tuna fattening determines an
enrichment of sediments, following a gradient influenced by the dominant sea current. Maximum values were registered in
the centre of the farm. At the more distant stations (250m from the cages) studied parameters match the values registered
at the beginning of the fattening and those observed in control sampling stations. The analysis of macrobenthic community
indicates a reduction of its structural complexity, particularly evident in the centre of the cages at the end of the rearing
season (December). In any case, after the six months in which the farm was empty, at the beginning of the next cycle, a
recovery of the macrobenthic-community structure was observed. Characterization of the Posidonia oceanica meadow,
localized at a minimum distance of 650m, exclude any effect of tuna fattening on this fragile ecosystem.
Keeping in mind the role of the hydrological characteristics of the site it might be inferred that the impact of tuna fish
farming is localized in space and limited in time. In the case of short-period fattening, as in Castellammare del Golfo, the
recovery during the inactivity period is almost complete.
553
USE OF VARIOUS AGRICULTURAL SALTS TO PRODUCE LOW SALINITY WATER FOR

THE CULTURE OF L. vannamei
I. Patrick Saoud* and D. Allen Davis
American University of Beirut
Bliss Street, Beirut, Lebanon
is08@aub.edu.lb
Inland shrimp culture in low salinity ground water is now taking place in many countries around the world. This includes
the use of brine to salt freshwater, the use of dilute seawater in estuarine areas as well as low salinity well water. Quite often
well water sources are unsuitable for shrimp culture but can be ameliorated through supplementation with agricultural liming
materials and potassium. As mined salts are quite inexpensive they are often used to raise the Cl levels of freshwater ponds
to guard against nitrite toxicity. Additionally, agricultural salts could be used to adjust ionic composition of water to allow
culture of marine species tolerant to low salinities. The present research was conducted at the Auburn University Fisheries
Station, Alabama to evaluate the possibility of using agricultural salts as sources of chloride (Cl), calcium (Ca), potassium
(K), sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg) and sulfur (S) to prepare low salinity water from freshwater for the culture of marine
shrimp. Twelve 600 L polyethylene round tanks were filled with filtered fresh water. Four tanks were supplemented with
reconstituted sea salt (Crystal Marine) to bring the salinity to 4 ppt (Treatment 1). Four other tanks were supplemented with
NaCl, gypsum, dolomite and potash to bring salinity to 4 ppt and S to 101.1 mg/L, Mg to 154.3 mg/L, and K to 43.4 mg/L
(Treatment 2). A final four tanks were supplemented with NaCl, K-Mag (Sulfate of Potash Magnesium) and dolomite.
Salinity, S, Mg and K were 4 ppt, 101.1 mg/L, 154.3 mg/L, and 118 mg/L, respectively (Treatment 3). The experiment was
repeated three times. The first two experiments were initiated approximately one week after making the waters. In these
trials high levels of nitrogen products were present potentially resulting in poor water quality. Consequently, a third trial
was conducted in which the waters were allowed to age for two months, to allow the nitrogen products to cycle. The shrimp
were thus stocked in water with minimal levels of nitrogen. Survival and growth were excellent in the reconstituted seawater
treatment. However, shrimp in the other treatments survived for only two or three weeks and then suffered high mortality
rates. Ion profiles of the three waters show that in treatment 2 Mg was much lower than in the control but phosphorus was
higher. Treatment three had much less calcium than the control. These factors are probably due to differential solubility
of the agriculture ingredients used. Under the conditions of this test, it would appear that when using freshwater with low
hardness and alkalinity, excess liming material rich in Ca and Mg should be supplemented in addition to Na, Cl, K and S
in order to ensure the long term survival of L. vannamei.
THE STATUS OF AQUACULTURE IN LEBANON

Imad Patrick Saoud* and Nada B. Lebbos
American University of Beirut
Bliss Street
Beirut, Lebanon
is08@aub.edu.lb
Lebanon is a mountainous country on the eastern shores of the Mediterranean. It is a country of four distinct seasons with a
lot of rain compared to its geographical neighbors and has 217 km of coastline and an abundance of natural springs, small
rivers and artesian water. Aquaculture in Lebanon is not new. For hundreds of years people have stocked tiny fish into small
reservoirs to control mosquitoes in summer. However, these fish were not fed nor eaten. Today, Lebanon has a small but
thriving aquaculture industry consisting mainly of trout and tilapia with some carp and penaeid shrimp being grown. The
industry is growing but not in a sustainable manner. Aquaculture research and extension is now starting, mainly through the
American University of Beirut with the help of the USAID. The present seminar will introduce some of the aquaculture in
Lebanon, some of the problems faced and research institutions that are tackling the problems.
554
PRODUCTION OF ROTIFER Brachionus sp. USED SPIRULINA’S POWDER AS AN

ALTERNATIVE USES OF Chlorella
Aulia Saputra
Bogor Institute of Agriculture
Kampus IPB, Darmaga 16680
idoenk_ial@yahoo.com
Rotifer (Brachionus sp.) is one of some initial food that use in various fish on marine cultured. Usually people use Chlorella
(phytoplankton) to produce rotifer. But in the purpose to save our energy, money and also to avoid our phytoplankton being
contaminated, this experiment used Spirulina’s powder. Rotifer was cultured in four doses of Spirulina’s powder (20, 30,
40 and 50 ppm). The population density became the highest and the fastest day in the dose at 50 ppm.
Rotifer (Brachionus sp.) is one from much initial food which used in various fish marine culture. Rotifer widely used
because it had a complete nutrition, easy to be cultured and to be enrich, priceless and the most important not harmful for
the organism.
Usually in mass production of rotifer were fed by Chlorella. In some case, Dunaliella, Tetraselmis, Monochrysis,
Nannochlosis and some baker’s yeast also were fed to rotifer. But in this experiment were used Spirulina’s powder. With
using spirulina’s powder we can save our energy and money because we don’t have to culture the phytoplankton first,
And the most important that there no reason for us to worry our phytoplankton being contaminated or dropped. With this
experiment we’ll know which dose optimum for rotifer’s mass production was with highest and the fastest day the density
of population of rotifer as parameter.
Spirulina’s powder was dissolved with seawater (10 liters) in dose 20 ppm, 30 ppm, 40 ppm and 50 ppm. Then it was
inoculated with rotifer in 1 ind/ml population density. Everyday rotifer was counted and spirulina’s powder was added to the
solutions with the same dose at the first one.
The result of the experiment is shown in the figure 1. The density of population of rotifer became the highest in the dose 50
ppm with the density average was 6.165 ind/ml in the 4th day. With the comparated with the other dose in the same day only
3 ind/ml (20 ppm), 4 ind/ml (30 ppm), 4.75 ind/ml (40 ppm). Or if we comparated with the highest density in the 6th experiment
the other dose only reached 4.5 ind/ml (20 ppm), 5 ind/ml (30 ppm), 5.665 ind/ml (40 ppm). So as the conclusion with the highest
and the fastest day of the population density as the parameter, Spirulina’s powder with 50 ppm is the best dose for rotifer
mass production.
555
EFFECTS OF SUPPLY FEED WITH THE DIFFERENT FREQUENCY ON GROWTH AND

SURVIVAL RATE ON JUVENILE GROUPER Epinephelus fuscoguttatus
Munti Sarida
Bogor Institut of Agriculture
muntisrd@yahoo.com
Study on the effect of feed supply with the different frequency on growth and survival rate on juvenile grouper (Epinephelus
fuscoguttatus) used 45 days old juvenile. Completely randomized design with 4 treatment and 3 replication are used such
as A: once per days, B: third times per days, C: five times per days, D: seven times per days of supply feed. The result
of this experiment shown that different frequency of supply feed gave a significant differencies (P<0.01) on Absolute
Weight Growth (Wb) and Significant growth rate (SGR), therefore not different with survival rate juvenile. Wb rate of each
treatment are 2.802 (A), 3.967 (B), 4.227 (C), 4.029 (D) gram, respectively and SGR are 7.32 (A), 8.37 (B), 8.89 (C), 9.11
(D) %/day, respectively. Meanwhile survival rate of grouper juvenile were as follows 33.26 (A), 39.96 (B), 51.06 (C), 57.76
(D) %, respectively.
Grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) fish farm activities can increase production of juvenile grouper. In this activities,
continuity and controlled of juvenile are needed. One of problem of seeding grouper is still lower survival rate seed. its
low survival rate seed grouper of at phase rearing is because the happening of cannibalism. This can solved with controlled
frequency of feed supply and good quality of food.
Availability of feed can be overcome with frequency gift of correct feed. Delay in gift of feed can trigger cannibalism of
grouper because feed is not made available on schedule. gift of feed which excessively will cause degradation sum up given
feed. Degradation sum up the feed getting feed. Seed which fail to compete to get feed growth is progressively left behind
and become prey of seed of is other; dissimilar larger ones. Therefore the frequency gift of daily feed require to be checked
by cause of availability of feed have an in with growth of seed and survival rate live seed grouper.
This experiment of completely randomized design with 4 treatment and 3 replication are used such as A: once per days, B:
third times per days, C: five times per days, D: seven times per days of supply feed. This experimental period was 45 days
and absolute weight growth (Wb), significant growth rate (SGR) was converted from the following expressions.
The results were tested by least significant difference (LSD).Figure1. Average total weight of grouper, Epinephelus
fuscoguttatus juvenile at various of different frequency feed supply.
The result of this experiment shown that different frequency of supply feed gave a significant differencies (P<0.01) on
Absolute Weight Growth (Wb) and Significant growth rate (SGR), therefore not different with survival rate juvenile. Wb
rate of each treatment are 2.802 (A), 3.967 (B), 4.227 (C), 4.029 (D) gram, and SGR are 7.32 (A), 8.37 (B), 8.89(C),
9.11(D)%/day. Meanwhile survival rate of grouper juvenile were as follows 33.26 (A), 39.96 (B), 51.06 (C), 57.76 (D) %.
Therefore, practicable feed supply with frequency 5 times per day is the best for maintenance juvenile grouper Epinephelus
fuscoguttatus.
a
Undergraduate Student of Aquacultue Fisheries and Marine Science Faculty,Bogor Institut of Agriculture Darmaga
– Bogor.
b
.Researcher of Gondol Research Institut for Mariculture (GRIM) Gondol - Bali
556
EVALUATION OF PRODUCTION PERFORMANCE OF PANGASIID CATFISH WITH

SILVER CARP AND CATLA AT VARIED COMBINATIONS AND STOCKING RATIOS IN
POLYCULTURE SYSTEM
Md. Reaz Uddin Sarkar*, Md. Mahfuzul Haque and Saleha Khan

reaz_phd@yahoo.com
Experiment was conducted in twelve rain-fed earthen ponds of 0.02 h each for a period of 16 weeks to evaluate the
production performance in polyculture of pangasiid catfish Pangasius hypophthalmus with silver carp Hypophthalmichthys
molitrix and catla Catla catla at varied combinations and stocking ratios. The four different polyculture combinations and
ratios of pangasiid catfish, silver carp and catla at the same stocking density of 30000 fish per hectare were evaluated. The
combinations and stocking ratios were: pangasiid catfish plus silver carp (1:1) in treatment 1 (T1), pangasiid catfish plus
catla (1:1) in treatment 2 (T2), pangasiid catfish plus silver carp plus catla (2:1:1) in treatment 3 (T3) and pangasiid catfish
plus silver carp plus catla (3:2:1) in treatment 4 (T4).
The mean final weight, growth rate and feed utilization efficiency of pangasiid catfish were comparable in all treatments.
The growth of silver carp was significantly different (P<0.05) among treatments. The final weight and growth rate of silver
carp was markedly decreased upon the increase of its own density. The growth of catla was found to be affected by the
silver carp. The final weight and growth rate of catla markedly declined with the increase of silver carp density. The higher
growth of catla obtained in polyculture of pangasiid catfish and catla stocked at (1:1) ratio.
The fish production and net profits were significantly different (P<0.05) among treatments. The fish production as well as
net profit was highest in polyculture of pangasiid catfish plus silver carp and catla stocked at 2:1:1 ratio (T3). The best fish
production and economic gain was found in polyculture of pangasiid catfish plus silver carp and catla at 2:1:1 ratio (Figs. 1
and 2). This was because of higher growth of silver carp and higher market value of catla. The water quality conditions in
different treatment ponds were within optimum ranges throughout the culture period and the values did not show significant
variation (P<0.05) among treatments.
Fig.1. Total fish production and relative Fig.2. Net profit in different treatments after
contribution of fishes in different treatments. 16 weeks culture.
557
PRESENT STATUS OF SEED PRODUCTION OF CORAL TROUT Plectropomus sp.
Hidayat Adi Sarwono*, Supriya, Anindiastuti and Sudjiharno
National Sea Farming Development Centre

PO.Box 74/Tk Teluk Betung Bandar Lampung, 35401 Indonesia
hidayat_sarwono@yahoo.com.sg
Coral trout (Plectropomus sp) is one of grouper species that has been succeeded breeding in the first time in 1995 by
National Sea Farming Development Centre and the highest larvae rearing until the 24th day (D.24).
The continuation trial of coral trout larval rearing has carried out in larval rearing tank volume 10 ton, stocking density 10
individual/liter and nursery tank volume 3 ton. The algal density (Nannochloropsis sp) used for green water culture ranges
from 200.000-300.000 cell/ml Brachionus plicatilis, artemia and artificial diet were used for larval rearing .A detailed of
feeding scheme and water management were presented in Table 1.
The result, coral trout larvae that has reached out 60 days old were 150 individual with survival rate 0.3 % and 3.2 cm in
average length. Survival rate from nursery activity in control tank were 78 %, seed size in the last trial 13-18 cm and 19.8-
26 gram in body weight. There were consisting of two species P.maculatus and P.oreolatus.
Table 1. Feeding scheme and water management in larval rearing of Coral trout Plectropomus sp.
558
THE NITRIFICATION BIOMASS BACTERIA TO ALL SHORT FILTER AND DESCRIPTION

OF FISH BLOOD IN THE CLOSE RECIRCULATION SYSTEM
A. Sasongko*, D. Dana and R. Affandi

bbats@telkom.net
So much pushed the aquaculture and limited water for fish culture that affected by activities of man daily has been not
attended un equilibrium of environment. It will cause higher the disease attracted frequency and to decrease fisheries
production. To solve this problem is needed a researched about fish rearing in the close recirculation and filter system.
The objectives of the research are (1) to evaluate the filter material that provoke maximum growth of bacteria non-pathogenic
(nitrification bacteria) and (2) the metabolic condition of Tilapia GIFT through description of the blood condition.
The result of study showed that material could maximize bacteria non-pathogenic and effectively more than 50% to alter
NH3-N to become nitrate and efficiency value of 63.33% charcoal, 61.33% gravel and 56.33% carapace in which used as
a media to the close recirculation. Exactly, the values of healthy fish is the hematocrite of (17.1 + 0.28) – (20.3 + 0.38)%,
hemoglobin of (45.00 + 0.66) – (57.42 + 0.88)%, erythrocyte of (31.72 + 1.16) – (41.47 + 3.45) X 104 cell/mm3, leukocyte
of (256.13 + 14.77) X 50 cell /mm3- (279.92 + 26.33) X 50 cell /mm3 and the kinds like is lymphocyte of (72.75 + 0.90) –
(74.33 + 1.70)%, monocyte of (5.33 + 0.38) – (5.58 + 0.29)%, neutrofile of (7.00 + 0.43) – (7.008 + 0.58)% and trombocyte
of (12.67 + 1.01) – (14.50 + 2.70)%. The fish survival rate of each material was more than 80%, the growth value was
548.80 + 50.07 carapace, 600.33 + 61.77 gravel, 559.83 + 130.77 charcoal, a Row Food Conversation is 1.12 carapace, 1.01
gravel, 1,09 charcoal and a spreading level of the fish first a number of 125/50 liters or basin.
The close recirculation system was effectively to decrease NH3-N and un result in to negative effect of fish condition.
559
NOTES
560
ADVANCES IN THE PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF THE PACIFIC BLUEFIN TUNA

Thunnus orientalis IN JAPAN
Yoshifumi Sawada*, Tokihiko Okada, Shigeru Miyashita, Osamu Murata and Hidemi Kumai
Fisheries Laboratory
Kinki University
Ohshima 1790-4
Kushimoto, Wakayama 649-3633, Japan
YoshifumiSawada@za.ztv.ne.jp
The Ttrials of on tuna aquaculture started in Japan in 1970 by breeding wild-caught juveniles of the Pacific bluefin tuna
(PBT). In 1979, the first successful spawning of the PBT in captivity was achieved in Kinki University. Since then, the
research on the seedling production of the PBT has been carried out in Japan. At present, the growoutfarming technology
of the Pacific, Atlantic, and Southern bluefin tunas has become practical feasible and tuna aquaculture is now a worldwide
huge and expanding industry. However, the development of the seedling production technology will be essential for the
for the sustainable growth of tuna this aquaculture industry, the seedling production technology is essential, because the
notas a result of the reduced natural so abundant natural stocks of these tuna species and their exploitation restrictionsABT,
PBT, and SBT are at the limit of their utilization. In addition, the advantages obtained in controlling the reproduction
procthe process of their seedling production are so fruityevident, which would includefor example the selective breeding to
improvimprovements in the e growth rate, food conversion rate, disease tolerance, meat quality, etc. MoreoverFurthermore,
the seedling reproduction of seedlingstechnology has would enable the possibility of restocking of tuna natural wild tuna
stocks by releasing artificially hatched juveniles to the open sea. HereThis presentation will cover we introduce the
recent advances in tuna seedling production technology in Japan. On 23 June 2002, artificially hatched and raised PBT,
spontaneously spawned in captivity in at Kinki University, successfully . This means the closing for the first time theof
PBT life cycle under controlledaquaculture conditions of this . Among large tuna species this has been firstly attained.
Approximately 17,3007 juveniles were cultured produced in the nursery culture in 2002. In TABLE 1. Results in the
seedling production of the PBT in Kinki University
September 2004, these artificially hatched fish (artificially hatched second 900 individuals) had grown to the size of about
20 kilograms in BW. The entire stock was forwarded and well received by the market as a result of their high meat quality.
This was the first step towards the industrialization of the tuna seedling production technology. However, the present
technology is at an early stage of development and a number of problems still need to be dealt with and solved. The stable
and mass production of seedlings and the full control of the spawning activity have yet to be achieved (Table 1). These
technical and biological constraints will be illustrated along with the current research efforts undertaken in Japan to tackle
them. The results so far achieved will be presented.
900 inds) have grown to the size of 20 kg BW and forwarded and welcomed to the market because of their high meat
quality. This was the first successful step of the tuna seedling production technology industrialization. However, the
present technology still has problems to be solved to produce mass seedlings stably, such as the stable spawning in
captivity, low survival rate in the nursery culture (Table 1). The illustration of these problems and the efforts to conquer
them by the scientific research and by the development of the new technology applying the research results will be given.
TABLE 1. Results in the seedling production of the

PBT in Kinki University.
561
ORGANIC CHEMICALS CONTAMINATING FISH AND OTHER FOOD

Arnold Schecter
University of Texas
School of Public Health at Dallas
Dallas, Texas USA
arnold.schecter@utsouthwestern.edu
Our work has focused on the Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in fish and other food. We studied especially the most
toxic group of these, dioxin and related compounds. More recently we studied also the brominated flame retardants now
also contaminating food, especially the polychlorinated diphenyl ethers or PBDEs. Most of these chemicals get into
humans through the route of food of animal (including fish) origin.
Our findings have been that fish frequently have higher levels of contamination of these compounds than meat or dairy
products. But consumption of food in the US diet is such that meat and milk contribute more to daily intake of these
chemicals than do fish.
We noted several trends:
A. Fish raised in fish farms are usually higher in these chemicals than other fish.
B. Bottom dwelling fish such as catfish usually have relatively high levels of these chemicals.
C. Fatty fish such as salmon have high levels of these fat soluble chemicals.
D. Fruit and vegetables usually contain much less of these chemicals than animal food
Cooking can increase or decrease the amount of these compounds in the food. Broiling, allowing fat to drip from the
portion to be eaten, decreases the amount consumed. But cooking food in lard or beef fat with high amounts of these
chemicals increases the amount.
Dioxins, and the closely related PCBs and dibenzofurans, have decreased over the past 10 years in humans and in food;
whereas PBDE brominated flame retardants are increasing rapidly the past 30 years.
Fish and other food from suspect areas like Vietnam but sold in the USA do not have more dioxin (from Agent Orange)
than US fish, but less, in our studies.
Food, including fish, from less developed Asian countries, Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia, have lower levels of these
chemicals than American produced food.
562
PROTEIN PRODUCTION BY HETEROTROPHIC BACTERIA USING CARBON

SUPPLEMENTED FISH WASTE
Schneider O.*, V. Sereti, E.H. Eding and J.A.J. Verreth

Wageningen University and Research Center
P.O. Box 338
6700 AH Wageningen
The Netherlands
oliver.schneider@wur.nl
Reutilization of fish wastes is mainly focusing on dissolved substances. Non-dissolved, particulate waste is often discharged,
as sludge, leaving a significant amount of nutrients un-used. Heterotrophic bacteria can convert these nutrients into bacterial
biomass, which can potentially be used as feed and thereby reduce the waste discharge. A major constraint for this
approach is the low carbon/nitrogen ratio in fish waste. If sufficient amounts of carbon are made available, e.g. by direct
carbon supplementation bacteria production is enhanced in aquaculture systems. In this study, crude protein production by
bacteria on solid fish waste was determined.
Two bacterial reactors were connected to the screen filter outlet (filter mesh size 60µm), of a semi-farm scale recirculation
system, in which African catfish was produced. The filter effluent, comprising solid waste and backwash water, was flushed
into a buffer tank, where the slurry was aerated and agitated. From the buffer tank the sludge was continuously pumped
into the bacterial culture reactors at 7ml/min, which gives a hydraulic retention time in the reactors of 8h. Pure oxygen
was diffused into the reactors to maintain aerobic conditions (>2mg/l). pH levels were maintained between 7.0 and 7.2 by
addition of acid or base. The reactor temperature was fixed at 28°C. Different amounts of sodium acetate (0gl, 3g/l, 6g/l, 8g/
l) were added. Various parameters within the reactors such as, optical density of the mixture, suspended solid concentration,
inorganic and organic nitrogen concentrations were measured during bacteria production.
Resulting yields, VSS and Kjeldahl nitrogen production were increasing depending on carbon supplementation level (Table
1). Using a factor 6.25 to convert Kjeldahl nitrogen to crude protein, a maximum production of 112g protein per kg feed
can be obtained (6.25*17.9g KjD-N).
It can be concluded, that bacterial biomass yields are dependent on carbon supplementation level. The maximum crude
protein production for the highest tested supplementation level was 112g protein/kg feed. Such production by bacteria can
increase system’s protein production, meaning fish + bacteria, by 50%.
Table 1. Mean volatile suspended solid (VSS) concentration (g/l) in the

collector (VSSIn) during the experiments & inside the growth reactors at
steady state (VSSSS). Yields calculated for steady state situations, whereby
1
based on an overall geometric mean of the collector (0.95g/l VSS) and
2
based on collector means for each experiment. VSS and Kjeldahl (KjD)
nitrogen productions given in g/kg feed
563
INTEGRATING SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS INTO AQUACULTURE

INDUSTRY PRACTICES FOR AN ECONOMICALLY SUSTAINABLE FUTURE
Judith Meyer Schultz
University of Cincinnati
9555 Plainfield Road
Cincinnati, Ohio, 45140 USA
judith.schultz@UC.edu
Increasing demand for products of sea, combined with declining wild-capture fishing for the last three decades have made
aquaculture the fastest growing global food industry. While 30% of seafood products consumer globally originate from
marine or freshwater aquaculture farms, an increase to 50% is expected early in the next decade. Although many small
aquaculture endeavors are viable, the aquaculture business climate globally has been dominated by large, multinational
companies. Despite the successful growth, there has been simultaneously anti-aquaculture campaigns have been led
by environmental coalitions, capture-fishery interests, and land owners due to mismanagement by companies, and lax
governmental regulatory bodies. While in recent history, the economics have been most favorable to this rapidly growing
global industry, there are major emergent social and environmental challenges to be met by the industry guided by
principles of natural capital, sustainability, ecological integrity, and environmental stewardship, if it is to be a lasting
economic endeavor. These challenges could also open opportunity for competition by better positioned smaller, locally
owned aquaculture farms in both developing and developed nations. Ecological food webs, and feedback loops will be
examined to suggest standards and key controls which need to be adopted nationally and internationally to shift the industry
to both environmentally and economically sustainable and responsible practices. An examination of past history of the early
development of traditional integrated aquaculture endeavors demonstrates the guiding principles which can be directed
toward sustainability in the contemporary aquaculture industry. Aquaculture industry initiatives needed are:
1. Developing fish feed that does not deplete global wild fish stocks;
2. Ensuring that contaminants in farmed fish do not exceed safe levels;
3. Eliminating use of antibiotics, biocides and harmful chemicals;
4. Shifting from use of genetically modified fish;
5. Developing industry requirements for closed systems
a. Ensuring that wildlife is not harmed;
b. Respecting the views of coastal residents;
c. Containing farmed fish to prevent potential interbreeding with wild strains.
d. Mainstreaming treatment of wastes
GLOBAL OVERVIEW OF COBIA Rachycentron canadum PRODUCTION AND UPDATE OF

INTENSIVE LARVAL PRODUCTION AT VIRGINIA TECH
Michael H. Schwarz,* Jacqueline Zimmerman, Ewen McLean and Steven R. Craig
Virginia Seafood Agricultural Research and Extension Center

102 S. King Street
Hampton, Virginia, 23669
USA
mschwarz@vt.edu
This presentation provides a comprehensive overview of present cobia research and production initiatives around the world.
In addition, anecdotal results from three consecutive years of larviculture research at Virginia Tech are discussed. Finally,
information regarding a newly formed international cobia industry and research initiative is discussed, along with short-
term and long-term goals and objectives.
564
DEVELOPING THE REQUIREMENTS FOR AQUACULTURE FOR INCLUSION WITHIN

IN THE INTERNATIONAL STANDARD FOR THE LIVE REEF FOOD FISH TRADE
Peter Scott* and Paul Holthus

info@aquariumcouncil.org
It is estimated that nearly 90% of Southeast Asia’s reefs are threatened by human activities such as over-fishing and
destructive fishing. The application of collaborative models to coral reef fisheries, while needed, is challenging given the
high percentage of subsistence and artisanal fishing communities and the in-country capacity to implement these programs.
One example is the trade in Live Reef Food Fish, which is valued at more than US$500 million annually.
A two year project that ended in July 2004 produced the first international standard for the live reef food fish trade (LRFFT).
This project developed a voluntary international standard of best-practice for the trade incorporating both wild-caught and
aquaculture aspects. It highlights the link between production, management and consumption and the need to engage
stakeholders across the chain of custody from fishers to restaurants. It also addresses the unique aspects of the trade
that hinder acceptance and adoption of responsible best-practices, the strengths of using regional organizations and the
collaborative role of government and non-government agencies to develop and implement them.
The requirements for aquaculture form a significant part of the LRFFT Standard. Field testing of the standard was
undertaken in Thailand and Indonesia the two major suppliers of LRFF, who are developing their capacity to undertake
full-cycle production of grouper species. Included within the field testing program were hatcheries in Indonesia that are
successfully rearing a suite of grouper and snapper species from eggs including the Highfin grouper (Cromileptes Altivelis),
Tiger grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus), Green grouper (E coioides) and Mangrove snapper (Lutjanis argentimaculatus)
which are supplied to farmers for land-based and sea-cage grow-out nearby the hatcheries. Thailand currently has one
hatchery, operated by the Department of Fisheries, based at Krabi in Phuket, Southern Thailand, which provides a small
quantity of Green grouper for nearby farmers for land-based and sea-cage grow out.
The international LRFFT Standard includes requirements with respect to aquaculture that:
• Observe relationship between aquaculture and wild fisheries in harvest / collection of seed, juveniles or feed.
• Promote practices that improve survival of wild-caught larvae and juveniles and improve food quality and safety
including chemical use in hatcheries and grow out farms; grow out farm siting and habitat interactions; feed supply and
management; fish health management, including movements.
565
RAISING AWARENESS OF DISEASE AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT IN THE AUSTRALIAN

Karina J Scott
Office of the Chief Veterinary Officer

Australian Government – Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry
Canberra ACT 2601
Australia
karina.scott@daff.gov.au
Australia earns over $2.4 billion per annum from fish and aquaculture production, and the market is growing each year. In
addition, recreational and sport fishing is a pastime for 3 million Australians who spend $3.5 billion annually in pursuit of
their fishing. The value of our commercial and recreational fisheries is enhanced by our freedom from many diseases of
aquatic animals.
It has become apparent that one of the most important factors in the continued development of a profitable and sustainable
Australian fisheries and aquaculture industry is an increased awareness of disease and health management issues amongst
the industry.
The Australian Government is acting on a range of levels to protect Australia from the introduction of disease. One of
the most recent projects is the development of an aquatic animal health awareness kit called “Disease Watch – Play Your
Part”.
“Disease Watch – Play Your Part” is a two-part awareness kit designed to provide the aquaculture, wild catch and recreational
fishing industries with up to date information on the importance of aquatic animal health management.
The kit includes over 90 minutes of video footage and interviews with key industry and government representatives, on
a range of topics including prevention, monitoring, education, farm hygiene, and collection of samples. The interviews
are supported by additional resources such as AQUAPLAN and AQUAVETPLAN manuals, fact sheets (for example on
exotic disease threats and listed diseases) and the dedicated “Disease Watch website”. This website is regularly updated
and includes a discussion forum for visitors to post questions or information related to disease awareness or aquatic animal
health management.
The awareness kit:

- Encourages the development of individual farm level health and contingency plans detailing who to contact and what
to do if a disease outbreak occurs on a property
- Highlights the importance of record keep and maintenance of records as essential components of effective aquatic
animal health management: “Know what’s normal so you can recognise the abnormal”. The supporting fact sheets
include lists of minimum essential observations for different farming systems and culture species.
- Aims to increase the awareness of the role of Governments at all levels in the prevention of and response to aquatic
animal disease emergencies.
566
AQUAVETPLAN – AUSTRALIA’S AQUATIC ANIMAL DISEASES VETERINARY

EMERGENCY PLAN
Karina J. Scott

Australian Government
Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry
Canberra ACT 2601
AQUAVETPLAN is the Australian Aquatic Animal Diseases Veterinary Emergency Plan. It is a series of technical
response plans that describe the proposed Australian approach to an occurrence of an emergency aquatic animal disease.
The documents provide guidance based on sound analysis, linking policy, strategies, implementation, coordination and
emergency management plans. The benefit of these plans lies in the fact that they are prepared during “peace time”, so that
the information is readily available in the event of an actual emergency.
The elements of AQUAVETPLAN (figure 1) are:

- Training Resources: Manuals and kits covering important components of Australia’s emergency management framework,
such as industry training manuals for the Aquatic Consultative Committee on Emergency Animal Diseases;
- Management Manuals: Manuals which outline the organisational response during the investigational, alert, operational
and stand-down phases of an emergency aquatic animal disease incident;
- Agency Support Plans: Generic management manuals that have been adapted to local legislative and administrative
requirements by each State and Territory government;
- Disease Strategies: These manuals address specific diseases that have been identified as important to the Australian
aquaculture industry, and include the preferred control strategy that would be used to control and eradicate an outbreak
of the disease in Australia;
- Operational Procedures: Manuals designed to complement State, industry or farm operational emergency plans, on
issues such as destruction and disposal;
- Enterprise Manuals: The Enterprise Manuals guide the rapid development of emergency aquatic animal disease control
strategies according to four types of production systems affected: open; semi-open, semi-closed and closed;
- Diagnostic Resources: Resources such as the recently updated Aquatic Animal Diseases Significant to Australia:
Identification Field Guide which provides information on 48 diseases of aquatic animals, as listed on Australia’s
National List of Reportable Diseases of Aquatic Animals.
AQUAVETPLAN manuals are working documents and are updated as required, to take account of research, experience and
field trials, and to cover emerging disease threats.
Figure 1: AQUAVETPLAN
567
INDUSTRY STANDARDS FOR RESPONSIBLE FISHING PRACTICES: THE LIVE REEF

FOOD FISH TRADE IN SOUTHEAST ASIA AND THE PACIFIC
Peter Scott* and Geoffrey Muldoon

peter.scott@aquariumcouncil.org
In response to global concerns over the expansion and overexploitation of the world’s fisheries, new concepts which would
encourage and lead to responsible, sustained fisheries are being promoted. More recently, these concerns have led to the
exploration of collaborative management programs based on common principles and standards as a means to conserve
fishery resources including: Codes of Conduct, certification, eco-labelling and industry standards. Among the world’s
fisheries, coral reef ecosystems are important to millions of people in Southeast Asia and the Indo-Pacific, as a source of
food and employment. It is estimated that nearly 90% of Southeast Asia’s reefs are threatened by human activities such
as over-fishing and destructive fishing. In the face of over-exploitation, marine aquaculture is seen as capable of reducing
pressure on wild reef fish stocks and contributing to future food demand for these fish. Aquaculture activities however,
are under increased scrutiny to address their “economic, environmental and social performance”. The application of
collaborative models to coral reef fisheries, are seen as a potential mechanism to address this scrutiny.
This presentation presents a brief overview of the trade in live reef food fish and discusses a project that has developed
industry standards of best-practice for both wild-caught and aquaculture aspects of the trade. It highlights the link between
production, management and consumption and the need to engage stakeholders across the entire chain of custody from
fishers to restaurants. It also addresses the unique aspects of the trade that hinder acceptance and adoption of responsible
best-practices, the strengths of using regional organizations and the collaborative role of government and non-government
agencies to develop and implement them.
568
DEVELOPMENT OF EXPERTISE IN EMERGENCY DISEASE MANAGEMENT THROUGH

THE USE OF SIMULATION EXERCISES
Karina J. Scott* and Iain J. East

Australian Government – Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry
Canberra ACT 2601
Australia
Australia is fortunate in having relatively few diseases of aquatic animals. An ability to respond rapidly and effectively to
emergency disease incidents is a key component of maintaining this freedom from disease. In the absence of real disease
outbreaks, alternative means must be found to train staff. One method is the use of simulation exercises where staff respond
to a ‘fictitious’ outbreak of disease to develop and practice the skills required during a real disease emergency.
Over the past four years, Australia has conducted a number of disease simulation exercises with individual jurisdictions
and industries. Each of these focussed on the response within a single jurisdiction. The next logical step in the training
program for management of disease in our aquatic animal industries was to develop an exercise involving a disease that
spread across several jurisdictions and required communication and cooperation between the various governments in each
jurisdiction.
Exercise Tethys, a national simulated aquatic animal disease outbreak, was held on 17-18 November 2003. Over 80 staff
from eight government jurisdictions and three industry bodies participated in the exercise that simulated a major disease
outbreak in the silver perch aquaculture industry. Exercise Tethys was Australia’s largest exercise of this nature in aquatic
animal health, and was designed to enhance emergency response capabilities and thus improve Australia’s defences against
incursions of exotic disease. The exercise was also designed to test issues of inter-jurisdictional communication and
cooperation in response to an emergency disease incident, and heighten the awareness of these jurisdictions to the potential
for incursions of emergency disease in Australia’s aquatic environment.
Specifically, the simulation evaluated formal and informal communication networks between jurisdictions, State and
Territory control centre manuals, cooperation between jurisdictions during an emergency response, and awareness of
emergency disease management mechanisms (eg. disease control policies and strategies as described in AQUAVETPLAN,
AqCCEAD operation) among States/Territories.
Exercise Tethys highlighted that communication, consultation and cooperation between jurisdictions are vital elements of
an emergency aquatic animal disease response. Some of the actions currently being taken to address the gaps highlighted
by the exercise include reviews of both aquatic and terrestrial disease legislation to ensure consistency across sectors,
revision of jurisdiction operational manuals, establishment of secure communication methods, and the conduct of further
training to strengthen Australia’s aquatic animal health emergency management framework.
569
PRELIMINARY STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT SALINITY ON HATCHING

RATE OF GONGGONG Strombus canarium EGGS AT REGIONAL CENTER FOR
MARICULTURE DEVELOPMENT (RCMD) BATAM
Betutu Senggagau*, Syamsul Akbar, Manja Meyky Bond and Sri Agustatik
Regional Center for Mariculture Development (RCMD) Batam

PO Box 60
bsenggagau79@yahoo.com
Gonggong is one of valuable economic mussel which has high nutrition. It lives and spreads along the coast in sandy and
muddy where seagrass, samo-samo (Enhalus accoroides), Thalassia spp were abundant. It had known and used for food
commodity and can increase the fishermen income.
There were 2 species of Strombus have been identified by Linne in 1758, Strombus canarium and Strombus urceus. In
local name Strombus canarium is called “Gonggong” and Strombus urceus is called “Gonggong ayam”. Strombus was
included in Phyllum : Mollusca, Subphyllum : Conchivera, Class : Gesogastropoda, Subclass : Prosobrachia, Ordo :
Mesogastropoda, Superfamily : Strombacea, Family : Strombidae, Genus : Strombus, Species : Strombus canarium and
Strombus urceus Linne. Oliver (1975) reported there were about 54 mussel species included in Genus Strombus. Some of
them were Strombus canarium, S. urceus, S. pugilis, S. turturella, S. alatus, S. gigas, S. latisaimus, S. costatus, etc. Only
Strombus canarium and S. urceus have been found in Riau Island water (Batam and Bintan).
The water condition in Gonggong habit has salinity about 26-32 ppt, pH : 7.5-8.0, DO : 4.5-6.5 ppm, water radiance :
0.5-3 m and temperature : 26-30 0C.
The first successful breeding of Strombus canarium had been doing in Regional Center for Mariculture Development
(RCMD) Batam. However, in order to continue this observation, Strombus canarium eggs observed with different salinity
to get information about the optimum salinity in Gonggong eggs hatching rate.
The eggs were taken from Gonggong which just lay eggs in basket that it put in concrete tank. The diameter eggs were
about 250-300 µm and space between the eggs were 60 µm. Then the eggs incubated in 200 ml water with salinity about 0,
5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 32 ppt. Those samples made in triplets about 160 eggs respectively in seven day observation.
The result showed that the optimum salinity is about 30 ppt with 96,6 % hatching rate eggs.
570
GROWTH AND SURVIVAL OF THE BLUEFIN TUNA Thunnus orientalis LARVAE CANNOT
BE PROMOTED BY FEEDING OF ARTEMIA ENRICHED WITH DHA
Manabu Seoka*, Amal K. Biswas, Takaya Yoshikawa, Michio Kurata, Kenji Takii and Hidemi Kumai
Fisheries Laboratory
Kinki University
Nachikatsuura
Wakayama 649-5145, Japan
seoka@nara.kindai.ac.jp
The bluefin tuna Thunnus orientalis is one of the most popular fish in Japan, but mass larval production of this species has
not yet been established because continuous and sole feeding of Artemia reduce the larval growth and survival seriously.
Therefore, newly hatched larvae of other marine fishes, mainly striped knifejaw Oplegnathus fasciatus, has been applied as
main live feed instead of Artemia. However, our previous study indicated that the newly hatched larvae have a significantly
higher level of DHA than Artemia which has typically been used for the larval production of other marine fishes. This
suggests that a reason of the poor larval growth and survival is DHA deficiency. Thus, the aim of the present study is to
evaluate the effect of DHA enrichment in Artemia on the growth and survival of the bluefin tuna larvae.
Four groups of Artemia which contained different levels of DHA were prepared by feeding them with emulsion of oleic
acid and DHA ethyl ester mixtures. Bluefin tuna larvae of 11.4 mg in body weight were divided into 15 groups containing
160 fish each in 500 L tanks and fed with one of the 4 groups of Artemia or newly hatched larvae of striped knifjaw for a
week, in triplicate. DHA contents of the 4 groups of Artemia were 0, 6.9, 16.8, and 24.9 mg/ g DW. DHA content of the
newly hatched larvae of striped knifejaw was 20.0 mg/g DW.
Although the larval growth in term of body weight was slightly improved by the enrichment of Artemia with DHA (Fig. 1),
no significant difference was found among the enriched groups (P>0.05). Furthermore, this improvement was negligible as
compared to the enhanced growth of the fish larvae-fed group. The group fed on Artemia containing the highest DHA level
showed better survival than the other Artemia-fed groups but lower than the fish larvae-fed group. These results suggest
that DHA is necessary for growth and survival of the bluefin tuna larvae as well as other marine fish larvae reported to
date while concurrently suggesting that DHA requirement of the larvae could not be fulfilled by feeding of the enriched
Artemia.
Fig. 1. Growth and survival of bluefin

tuna larvae fed on Artemia (A) and fish
larvae (FL). A1-4 are Artemia which
have 0, 6.9, 16.8, and 24.9 mg/g DW of
DHA, respectively.
571
EFFECT OF WATER DEPTH ON REDUCTION OF CANNIBALISM SURVIVAL RATE AND

GROWTH OF TIGER GROUPER FRY Epinephelus fuscoguttatus DURING INTERMIDIATE
CULTURE
Tony Setiadharma, Ketut Maha Setiawati dan I Nyoman and Adiasmara Giri.
PO Box 140
Singaraja Bali
Experiment on cannibalism for tiger grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) was conducted at Gondol Reasearch Station
for Mariculture using nine 1m³ fibreglass tanks. The purpose this experiment was to now effective water depth during
intermediate culture of tiger grouper fry reared to size of 7-8 cm. The treatments were water depth., A. 30 cm, B. 60 cm and
C. 90 cm. The larvae were reared for 40 days. The experiment was arranged in completely randomised design with three
replications. The fry were to 10-15 % of total biomass / day with fresh fish and siphoned daily. Weight and length sampling
was conducted every 5 days.
The results of experiment showed that the best survival and growth of 74.27±.64 %, total length of 5.91±0.27 cm and
weight of 4.52±0.33 g was observed in fry of water depth 30 cm. Survival rate of fry in water depth of 60 and 90 cm were
56.68+5.29, total length of 5.92±0.32 cm, weight of 3.91±0.41 g, and 52.19±1.96 %, total length of 5.80±0.11 cm, and
weight of 3.81±0.31 g respectively. Survival rates were significantly different among the treatments (P<0.05), while growth
was not significantly different among the treatments (P>0.05).
Table 1. Average of survival rate (%), weight (g) and length (cm) of tiger grouper fry (Epinephelus
fuscoguttatus) during experiment.
Values in the same column followed by the same letter are significantly different (P<0.05) for survival rate and
not significantly different (P>0.05) for weight and length.
572
INTEGRATED MANGROVE FOREST AND AQUACULTURE SYSTEM AS

AQUASILVICULTURE
Apit Setiani
Bogor Agriculture Institute

Jl. Kayu Putih Selatan 6D/no 8
Jakarta 13260 Indonesia
apitmanis@plasa.com
Aquaculture contributes significantly to food availability, household food security, income generation, trade, and improved
living standards in many developing countries in Asia. In poor rural communities, aquaculture can be an integral component
of development contributing to sustainable livelihoods and enhancing social well-being. Since 1990 the gap between the
demand for and supply of food fish has been widening rapidly due to the decline of capture fisheries production and a
continually growing population. Aquaculture is forecast to dominate, if not surpass, the importance of marine capture
fisheries in providing high-quality animal protein to lower income groups, employment, and export earnings.
Aquaculture has been identified as an important alternative livelihood for the poor rural communities. In the last 5 years,
the Government has given emphasis to fisheries and aquaculture development and poverty reduction through a number
of measures. First, the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries (MMAF) was created in 2000 to better organize the
Government’s fisheries interventions. Second, the Directorate General of Aquaculture (DGA) is implementing a Strategic
Plan for Aquaculture Development and Poverty Reduction (2000-2005) and a 5-point strategy (2001-2004) that focuses
on aquaculture intensification, rural aquaculture development, integrated aquaculture systems, culture-based fisheries, and
ecofriendly aquaculture development.
Mangrove forests are valuable biologically and economically, but these have been decreasing yearly. It is usually converted
into human settlement and for Brackishwater aquaculture. To arrest the massive decrease of mangrove forests, reforestation
of mangroves has been done but most failed because of conflict among users. To resolve such problems, a system that
combines utilization and conservation called silvofisheries has been introduced.
The application of silvofisheries should be approached with reasonable measures of caution as with any development in
an environmentally sensitive area as a mangrove ecosystem. The selection of the most appropriate silvofishery model will
be site-dependent and influenced by the status of the mangrove ecosystem. It should also be integrated into an area-wide
integrated approach to coastal zone management. This approached allows for maintaining relatively high level of integrity
in the mangroves while capitalizing on the economic benefits of brackishwater aquaculture.
573
EFFECT OF CO2 SUPPLY ON GROWTH OF Isochrysis tahiti AND Rhodomonas sp. IN

INDOOR CULTURE
Ketut Maha Setiawati, B. C. Pratiwi and Gede S. Sumiarsa*
Research Institute for Mariculture Gondol Bali

P.O Box 140
gedess@hotmail.com
Objectives of this trial were to know the effect of additional CO2 supply on growth of microalgae of Isochrysis tahiti
and Rhodomonas sp., to find out an optimum CO2 supply and to evaluate water quality used in the culture. CO2 supply
treatments in this trial were (A): No supply (control); (B): 5 L/min; (C): 10 L/min, and (D): 20 L/min. CO2 supply was
adjusted automatically with a LUCAS equipment for one minute at six-hour interval. The trial was designed in randomized
block design with triplicates in each treatment. Results showed that CO2 supply affected growth of both microalgae and
the cultured water. CO2 supply resulted in increased I. tahiti and Rhodomonas sp densities significantly starting on day five
compared to that of control treatment and algal densities were different significantly starting on day six among treatments.
CO2 supply also increased significantly both pH and ionized ammonium compared to those of control.
Figure 1. Daily densities of microalgae I. tahiti with different supply of CO2
Figure 2. Daily densities of microalgae Rhodomonas sp. with different supply

of CO2
574
REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF STRAIN MATING COMBINATION AND THEIR

SEED GROWTH RATE OF GOURAMI Osphronemus gouramy Lac IN INDONESIA
Lies Setijaningsih* and Bambang Gunadi

Jalan Raya 2 Sukamandi , Subang 41256 Indonesia
loriskanwar@telkom.net
Giant gourami, Osphronemous gouramy Lac, is an Indonesian native freshwater fish which then spread throughout South-
east Asia, China, and Ceylon. As a table fish, the gourami is considered as an excellent fish due to its taste. It is also
considered as low food chain fish and requires low cost for its culture due to its herbivoral character. As a labyrinth fish,
gourami has a high adaptability to low level of dissolved oxygen in water.
The main weakness of this fish is its low growth rate. One strategy to overcome this problem is conducting combination
selection between existing strains in Indonesia, e.g. blue-sapphire, bastar and paris. This experiment was aimed to identify
reproduction performance and growth rate of its seed produced from inter- and intra-strain mating of gourami. Gourami
broodstocks used in this experiment were obtained from different origin i.e. blue-sapphire and bastar strains came from
West Java Province while paris strain came from Central Java Province.
There were nine mating combination from three strains, i.e. BsBs (Bluesapphire m + Bluesapphire f), BsBt (Bluesapphire
m + Bastar f), BtBs (Bastar m + Bluesapphire f), BtBt (Bastar m + bastar f), BtPr (Bastar m + Paris f), PrBt (Paris m +
bastar f), PrPr (Paris m + Paris f), PrBs (Paris m + Bluesapphire f), BsPr (Bluesapphire m + Paris f). Each pairs of male
and female with a ratio of 1:1 were stocked separately in a 25-m2 pond. There were three replication of each mating. They
were fed with balanced pellet diet at a rate of 2% of biomass per day and taro leaves at a rate of 1% of biomass per day.
After they have spawned, their containing-egg-nests were then transferred to hatchery. The observed parameters including
reproductive potency performance i.e. fecundity, hatching rate, weight and length of larva and survival rate. The collected
data were statistically analyzed by SPSS Software. During 2 months period of observation, it was found that three pairs
of combination mating, i.e. BsPr, PrBs and BtPr, had not spawned yet. The weight and length of 10-days seed and their
survival rates were ranged from 0.028 to 0.039 g and 0.9 to 1.09 cm for individual weight and length, respectively, and were
not significantly different between combination mating. Highest hatching rate and fecundity, i.e. 98.78% and 20,486 eggs,
respectively, was achieved by BtBt mating pair (Fig.1).
Fig. 1. Hatching rate and fecundity of combination mating

of gourami in Indonesia.
575
A UNIQUE TROPICAL PHOTOSYNTHETIC BACTERIUM ISOLATE AS PROBIONT IN

MARINE AQUACULTURE
Justus B. Setjadiningrat*, Fitri Fegatella and Antonius Suwanto

Probiotic application in aquaculture is aimed to restrain disease outbreaks, improve environmental quality, and to maintain
animal fitness and survival. Recent reports have emerged regarding promising results of probiotic application in hatchery
or outgrowth ponds. It is expected that the usage of probiotic as an alternative to antibiotic or disinfectant application in
aquaculture will increase in the future.
We have isolated a total of 22 photosynthetic bacteria from tropical Indonesian coastal water samples. Following various
screening procedures, one isolate was selected as the probiont candidate owing to several advantageous characteristics.
This isolate, a facultative anaerobic photosynthetic bacterium with a dark-red coloration, shows ability to grow well in a
salinity range of 14 to 30 ppt. The maximum cell yield across this salinity range is relatively constant at 6-7 x 108 CFU/ml.
Based on the 16S rRNA sequence it is closely related to Rhodobacter sp, a member of the anoxygenic purple-nonsulfur
bacteria able to utilize organic sulfide H2S under anoxic condition. Under laboratory condition, this isolate demonstrated
reduction of H2S concentration both under phototrophic (with light 10 W/m2) and dark conditions. Within 24 hr period,
H2S reduction level was 50-70% under light, and 35-40% under dark. In addition, this photosynthetic bacterium is able
to suppress the growth of pathogenic Vibrio harveyi strain MR5339 as much as 1000-folds when both bacteria were co-
cultivated for 7 days.
The characteristics possessed by this photosynthetic bacterium isolate, i.e. flexilibity in wide salinity range, ability to
eliminate H2S, and growth repression of V. harveyi, are key parameters in the development of effective probiotics in marine
or brackish water aquaculture.
576
PRODUCTION OF BLUE SWIMMING CRAB Portunus pelagicus JUVENILES IN PONDS IN

DIFFERENT STAGES
I. Setyadi, B. Susanto, and Haryanti.

P.O. Box 140
Singaraja, Bali. Indonesia. 81101
Blue swimming crab, Portunus pelagicus is one important species in coastal waters and is exported to USA, Japan and
Singapore in canned meat. The alternative way to meet increasing demand of swimming crab is culture in ponds. The
experiment on mass seed production of blue swimming crab has been conducted in 2003, followed by culture development
for grow out of juveniles in pond in different stages of megalopa and crablet stages. The experiment was conducted
at Pejarakan pond, Bali and was aimed to determine survival and grow out of swimming crab juveniles in ponds. The
experimental animals used were megalopa and crablet stages as treatments A and B. There were six plots with 500 m2 area
each with density of 5 ind./m2. The experimental animals were fed with commercial feed and the experiment was executed
in three months. The results showed that averages survival rate was : 13.96 ± 2.22 %; body weight : 67.96 grams, carapace
length 4.62 cm; carapace width 10.10 cm, yielded 71,54 kg in treatment A and in treatment B the survival rate was : 20.43 ±
0.95 %; body weight : 30.43 grams; carapace length 3.74 cm; carapace width 7.50 cm, yielded 46,57 kg. Statistical analysis
showed that survival rate in treatments A and B were not significantly different (P>0.05).
Table 1. The result of blue swimming crab culture in pond with different initial stages.
577
DETERMINATION OF NORMAL VALUES OF BLOOD SERUM ENZYMES OF Acipenser

persicus
Shahsavani.Davar* and Mohri.Mehrdad
Department of Clinical Science

University Mashhad
Mashhad, Iran
davar@ferdowsi.um.ac.ir
shahsavani2002@yahoo.com
Serum enzymes are used for diagnosis of fish diseases and disorders. However, the objective of this study are: To obtaine
of six enzymes in Acipenser persicus. In spring 2003, blood samples were collected in Torkaman harbour of Iran, from
coudal pudendal artery of 32 Acipenser persicus included 15 male and 17 female fishes, respectively. Samples were carried
beside ice bag to laboratory. Serum enzymes were measured by autonanalyzer. Data were analyzed by using t- student
statistical method and correlation between this 6 enzymes analysed by Pearson correlation. Results in hole population, male
and females fishes were as follows:
SGOT= 294/59±61/26 IU/L, 282/06±5748 IU/L, 305/64±64/04 IU/L

SGPT= 5/96±1/27 IU/L, 5/65±1/29 IU/L, 6/25±1/22 IU/L
ALP= 74/68±13/59 IU/L, 78/06±9/52 IU/L, 71/70±16/08 IU/L
LDH= 20118/43±507/55 IU/L, 2002/00±559/03 IU/L, 2032/94±474/54 IU/L
CPK= 6878/70±1832/63 IU/L, 5991/42±1659/77 IU/L, 7609/41±1674/16 IU/L
ACP= 16/06±2/71 IU/L, 15/84±2/70 IU/L, 16/28±2/71 IU/L
It was concluded that there were significant difference in CPK enzyme between female 7609/41±1674/16) and male
(5991/42±1659/77) fishes, respectively. There wrer significant correlation between AlT and ACP enzyme values
respectively.
578
NOTES
579
TOTALAMMONIA NITROGEN REDUCTIONAND STRESS RESISTANCE ENHANCEMENT

OF Penaeus monodon USING A Bacillus sp. IN A PROTOTYPE HATCHERY
M. Shariff *, Ng Chi Foon, Sanjoy Banerjee and Fatimah Md. Yusoff
Aquatic Animal Health Unit

University Putra Malaysia
43400 UPM Serdang, Malaysia
shariff@vet.upm.edu.my
A study was conducted on the effect of Bacillus licheniformis AB69 in reducing total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) of hatchery
water and enhancing resistance to reverse salinity stress of Penaeus monodon in a prototype shrimp hatchery system.
Five treatments consisting of tanks with, 1) Bacillus sp. and sugar (BS), 2) Bacillus sp., bioballs and sugar (BBS),
3) bioballs (B), 4) no bacteria and bioballs as control (C) and 5) control with sugar (CS) were setup in triplicates.
Water quality parameters (TAN, temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH and salinity) were measured every 3 days. Reverse
salinity stress test was done when P. monodon reached PL15 stage. Bacterial population in water was also determined by
total plate count performed on day 1, 13, 19 and 22 of the experiment. Ammonia nitrogen in all treatments, except
treatment with bioballs, were significantly lower than the control tank. Treatment of Bacillus, bioballs and sugar had
the lowest mean TAN of 0.64 mg/l and control 1.99 mg/l. Results of reverse salinity stress test showed that survivality
was significantly higher (p<0.05) in PL15 exposed to B. licheniformis AB69 in combination with bioballs and sugar
(70%) compared to the control (45%). This study illustrates that the use of B. licheniformis AB69 could decrease TAN
concentration in hatchery tanks. In addition, the PL15 showed tolerance to stressful condition.
Fig. 1. Total ammonia-N levels in different treatments.

580
PATENTING ACTIVITY IN THE INDIAN FISHERIES SECTOR

Sunitha N and Arpita Sharma *
Central Institute of Fisheries Education

Deemed University
Indian Council of Agricultural Research
Fisheries University Road, Seven Bungalows
Versova, Mumbai - 4000 61
arpita_sharma@yahoo.com
India is fourth largest producer of fish in world and ranks second in production of inland fish. Fish and fish products have
emerged as largest group in agricultural exports of India. India’s share in world fisheries export hovered around 2% in
value terms and 1.12 to 1.86% in quantity terms. International trade of fish and fishery products has, in varying degrees,
been influenced by various agreements concluded since establishment of the WTO. Role of patents in international trade
in fisheries sector in post TRIPS era assumes importance. Different technologies in the livestock and fisheries enterprises
will receive protection by breeder’s rights, patents, trademarks, geographic appellations, copyright and industrial design or
a combination of different IPRs depending upon nature of technology.
Present study is on number of patented technologies in fish processing technology, fishing technology and aquaculture.
Study also interprets innovative activities with regard to patent statistics. Patents were documented from Indian patent
specifications indexed as 82 XIV (4): Fish and Fishing and 83A3 XIV (5): Food preparation–meat, fish and eggs. From
1995-2000 documentation was done from Gazette of India, Part III, section 2 and websites www.indiapatents.com and
www.indiastat.com were searched. Analysis of documented patents reveals average number of patents granted per year has
grown after independence (1947-1970) at rate of one/year. After introduction of Indian Patent Act 1970, average number
of patents granted/year grew at rate of three/year. In post WTO era (1996-2000) average number of patents granted/year
grew at rate of six/year. Over years (1913-2000) while processing technology (recording a maximum of 83 patents) and
aquaculture (31 patents) has shown a steady increase in patenting activity, but it has steadily declined for fishing technology
(37 patents). Results indicate an aspect of less innovation in fisheries sector as reflected by patent statistics. However, there
has been a shift towards increased patenting activity in post TRIPs era particularly by domestic applicants.
581
A SEROLOGICAL TECHNIQUE FOR DETECTION AND QUANTIFICATION OF WHITE

SPOT SYNDROME VIRUS IN PENAEID SHRIMP
Eleanor F. Shepard*, Javier Robalino, Adrienne C. Metz, Gregory G.Warr, Adrian C. Grimes, Paul S. Gross,
Robert W. Chapman and Craig L. Browdy
Marine Resources Division

South Carolina Department of Natural Resources
331 Fort Johnson Road
shepardn@mrd.dnr.state.sc.us
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is one of the major diseases of penaeid shrimp and has caused catastrophic loses to
the shrimp industry worldwide. Concerns regarding its economic impact on commercially important aquaculture stocks
as well as potentially environmentally damaging effects upon wild shrimp have prompted a major research effort on this
virus. One aspect of this has been the development of molecular and serological tools to detect and quantify viral infection.
Previous studies have implicated vp28, a major structural envelope protein of WSSV, in viral infectivity. Recombinant
vp28 was expressed and a panel of polyclonal (rabbit) and monoclonal (mouse) antibodies was developed. The monoclonal
antibodies were reactive with vp28 in both ELISA and western blot analysis. An antigen capture assay was optimized and
comparisons between rvp28 and infected tissue homogenates revealed a high sensitivity level, comparable to that obtained
with PCR of viral DNA. The use of this tool to study the prevalence of the WSSV virus in shrimp and its stability and
infectivity is illustrated.
582
JUVENILE TILAPIA Oreochromis niloticus x O. aureus REQUIRES DIETARY MYO-INOSITOL

FOR MAXIMAL GROWTH
Shi-Yen Shiau* and Shu-Lin Su
Department of Food Science

Keelung 202, Taiwan, ROC
syshiau@mail.ntou.edu.tw
The effects of dietary myo-inositol on relative weight gain and hepatic inositol concentration of tilapia. An eight-week
growth experiment was conducted to estimate the dietary requirement of myo-inositol (MI) for juvenile hybrid tilapia. MI
was supplemented at 0, 150, 250, 350, 450, 600 and 1,200 mg/kg diet in the basal diet providing of 0, 167, 259, 367, 479,
612 and 1,253 mg MI/kg diet. Basal diet without MI but with succinylsulfathiazole to suppress intestinal bacteria synthesis
was included for comparison. There were total of 8 experimental diets. Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of tilapia
(mean initial weight 0.51 ± 0.01 g). Fish fed diets with ≥ 367 mg MI/kg diet had significantly (P < 0.05) higher weight
gain, followed by fish fed 259 mg MI/kg diet and lowest for fish fed the unsupplemented control diet. Fish fed diets with
≥ 367 mg MI/kg diet had higher feed efficiency than fish fed the control diet. Supplementation of dietary inositol did not
affect survival of tilapia. The myo-inositol concentrations in liver were highest in fish fed ≥ 479 mg MI/kg diet, followed
by fish fed 259 and 167 mg MI/kg diets and lowest in fish fed the control diet. Hepatic lipid concentrations were higher
in fish fed diets with 367 mg MI/kg diet than fish fed diets with ≤ 259 mg MI/kg diet. Weight gain percentage and the myo-
inositol concentrations in the liver for the different treatments were analyzed by broken-line regression and indicated that the
requirement for dietary myo-inositol in growing tilapia is about 400 mg/kg diet. Addition of an antibiotic to basal diet did
not affect the growth and hepatic inositol concentration of tilapia, suggesting that the intestinal microbial synthesis was not a
significant source of inositol for tilapia.
583
CAGE CULTURE POTENTIAL OF RAIBOW TROUT Oncorhyncus mykiss IN PHEWA LAKE

OF POKHARA NEPAL
Rabindra K. Batajoo and Madhav K. Shrestha*
Institute of Agriculture Animal Science (IAAS)
Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal
madhav_shrestha2003@yahoo.com
Raibow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is cultured in raceways in temperate region of Nepal. Commercial production of this
fish has not yet expanded due to lack of road accessible sites where free-flowing cold water is available. Phewa lake is
subtropical lake with 520 ha area and lies in Phoraka valley. Cage culture of carps is the major practice used in this lake.
Winter temperature of lake water drops below 20°C. A study was carried out to explore the possibility and potentiality
of rainbow trout culture in floating cages in Phewa lake during winter season (27 November 2002 to 13 April 2003).
Five different stocking size, 20-29 g (T1); 30-39 g (T2); 40-49 g (T3); 50-59 g (T4) and 60-69 g (T5)) of rainbow trout
were stocked at density of 12 fish/m3 in 8 m3 (2m x 2m x 2m) sized cages. The experiment was laid out in a completely
randomized design with three replicates in each treatment. Fish were fed twice daily with 37% CP content pellet feed at
the rate of 3% body weight.
Water temperature at fish stocking was 20 0C, which lowered down to minimum of 14.5 0C and increased to 23.5 0C at
harvest. Increasing stocking size increased harvest size of fish. Stocking size of 60–69 g (T5) produced highest harvest size
(140 g) in 137 days. The growth rate was 0.5–0.6 g/d. Survival ranged from 52 to 76 %. Low survival was also due to fish
escape from the cages as some were found in open lake. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) ranged from 2.8 to 6.9. There was
no significant difference in daily weight gain and survival rate of rainbow trout among all treatments (p>0.05). Growth
rate of the rainbow trout decreased during the last 15 days of the experiment (after end of March) when water temperature
increased above 20 0C. Dissolved oxygen of Lake Phewa ranged from 5.1 to 9.0 mg/L for four months from December to
March. The study showed that rainbow trout is possible to grow in cages in Phewa lake for about four months from the
last week of November to March. However, it is suggested to stock about 100 g sizes to harvest the market of above 160
g size.
Table 1. Stocking and harvest size, growth and survival of rainbow trout in cage culture during winter
season in Phewa lake (Mean±SE).
584
EFFECTS OF SALINITY ON POPULATION GROWTH OF ROTIFER Brachionus

rotundiformis
Hendra F. Sihaloho, Takashi Kitagawa, Jhon H. Hutapea, I Gusti Ngurah Permana and Akio Nakazawa
Bogor Institut of Agriculture
freddyhendra@excite.com
The Rotifer Brachionus rotundiformis was cultured in five salinities (7, 14, 20, 27, and 34 psu) on six hole microplate.
Population growth became the highest in the salinity at 14 psu and showed a trend that growth increase with a decline in
salinity. The daily growth rate at 7, 14, 20 psu were beyond twice and at 14 psu was 3.2 times higher than 34 psu.
The rotifer is widely used as initial food in the seed production of various marine fishes. In this experiment, effects of
salinity on population growth of S-type rotifer was investigated.
This experiment consisted of two phases of a preliminary acclimation culture period and a culture experiment period.
The experiment was held by block design. Acclimation culture was carried out in five salinities (7, 14, 20, 27, 34 psu)
on ten erlenmeyer flasks inoculated 100 rotifer/ml for six days. N. oculata and dry beaker’s yeast were fed to the rotifer
everyday. Feeding amount of N. oculata and dry beaker’s yeast were 23.8 x 106 ± 1.2 x 106 cell/ml, and 0.7 g/106 rotifer in
a day respectively. Then as the culture experiment, ten individual newly hatched rotifer was selected from each acclimation
culture flask and inoculated into six hole microplate.
Five ml of culture water (N. oculata density 5 x 106cell/ml) was added into each hole and adjusted in five salinities (7,
14, 20, 27, 34 psu). This procedure was repeated every day. The experimental period was four days and the intrinsic rate of
natural increase (r) and Daily growth rate (g) was converted from the following expressions.
r = ln (Nt/No) / t
g = (er – 1) x 100%
n = Density of rotifer
t = Culture days
The result of the experiment is shown in Figure 1. The population growth of rotifer became the highest in the salinity 14
psu with daily growth rate (g) 165.3 %. The population growth showed a trend that increased with a decline of salinity. The
daily growth rate at 7, 14, 20 are twice higher than that of 27, 34 psu, and 14 psu was 3.2 times higher than 34 psu. From
LSD test can be concluded 7, 14, 20 psu was not significantly diffrent however, 7, 14, 20 psu were significantly diffrent
from 27, 34 psu on 90 % confidence level.
According to Koiso and Hino (2001), the daily growth rate of L-type rotifer incerased remarkably at range from 34 to
20 psu, and this experiment also showed a similar result. It was considered that using lower salinity water than natural
seawater was effective in rotifer culture.
Figure 1. Intrinsic rate of natural increase

and Daily growth rate of S- rotifer
585
POTENTIAL OF CATFISH POND WATER RE-USE IN AQUAPONIC CULTURE

Daniel Sikawa* and Amararatne Yakupitiyage
Aquaculture and Aquatic Resources Management Program

School of Environment Resources and Management
P.O. Box 4
Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120
Thailand
dsikawa@yahoo.com
Potential reuse of catfish earthen pond water for hydroponic vegetable production is said to be limited by high concentration
of total suspended solids due to pond soil erosion, and problems of build up of nutrient concentrations due to phytoplankton,
and pond sediments as major sinks of nitrogen and phosphorus. Little is known about suitable plant growth media using
water from a catfish earthen pond. This study investigated the effect of pond water filtration and growth media on nutrient
removal, growth and production of Lettuce, Lactuca sativa L. using hydroponic units constructed on top of a catfish earthen
pond surface.
A settling tank and a tank holding 20 m of ¼ inch mesh size of netting material (Rakocy, 1993) were used for removal
of solids from the pond water. Aerators were placed in a water holding tank before the water was pumped to the Lettuce
hydroponic units. The experiment was laid in a 3 × 2 factorial design with 3 replicates. Gravel (2.5 cm), builder’s grade
fine sand (0.25 –0.1 mm) were used as plant growth media compared to no growth media, only using styrofoam sheets to
hold the plants. The experiment was laid in a 3 × 2 factorial design with 3 replicates. Wooden trays (100 cm × 100 cm × 12
cm) with a plastic lining at the bottom were used to hold the growth media and were placed on a bamboo bridge across the
pond surface. The pond (226 m2) was stocked with 8,000 hybrid catfish (Clarias macrocephalus x Clarias gariepinus) with
an average weight of 6.23 ± 0.2. The fish were fed with pellet feed containing 30% crude protein. Lettuce was transplanted
onto the wooden trays for 54 days, fertilized with pond water after 25 weeks of fish stocking.
The results showed that filtration increased availability of nitrogen (NO3-N) and therefore growth and yields were significantly
higher (p<0.05) in plants supplied with filtered water, (Table 1). N content in lettuce plant tissue was significantly higher
(P<0.05) in plants grown in gravel. Phosphorus content was reduced by filtration (32%) and consequently P content of
lettuce plant tissue was higher in plant supplied with unfiltered pond water. P content was significantly higher (P<0.05) in
plants grown in sand medium. Lettuce grown on sand medium had the highest (P<0.05) yield. There was no interaction
between filtration and culture substrate (P>0.05).
Table 1. Observed lettuce yields (t ha-1)

586
STUDY ON SPAWNING PATTERN OF MUD CRAB, Scylla paramamosain UNDER

LABORATORY CONDITION
Iin Siti Djunaidah*, Lisa Rulianty and Etty Riani
Center for Brackishwater Aquaculture Development

Jepara, Indonesia
iinsd@telkom.net
It has been identified by Keenan et al. (1998) that there are four species in the genus of Scylla. Studies in mud crab, however,
were so far conducted mostly based on the work with Scylla serrata. Among the mud crab species, S. paramamosain is the
important mud crab existing in several places of the Indonesian waters. The information of reproductive performance of this
species is very limited and not well documented. For successful breeding program of mud crab, study on the reproductive
performance of S. paramamosain need therefore to be conducted.
Spawning pattern as one of the parameters of reproductive performance of mud crab was studied at the laboratory of Center
for Brackishwater Aquaculture Development, Jepara and Veterinary Research Center, Bogor, Indonesia during period of
May to August 2003. A number of female broodstock of S. paramamosain originated from Jepara waters were eyestalk
ablated and reared in cement tanks of 5.0 x 2.0 x 0.8 m until they reached a certain maturity stage. Two samples of ovaries
were taken from each stage of maturity (Estampador, 1949; John and Sivadas, 1978). Those ovaries were fixed with
Buffered Neutral Protein (BNF), then analyzed histologically (Kent, 1985). The same way was also done for ovaries of
wild mud crab developing naturally.
Histological observation of the mud crab ovary demonstrated that egg yolk globules developed during maturing stage,
distributed in the periphery of oocytes of the non eyestalk ablated mud crab female, and distributed from the periphery of
oocytes toward the oocytes nucleus of the eyestalk ablated mud crab female. Oocytes size increased during the mature
stage of ovary either in the eyestalk ablated or non ablated female, distributed to the whole surface of oocytes of the eyestalk
ablated female and more concentrated in the periphery of oocytes of the non eyestalk ablated female. After spawning,
many oocytes became atretic. It can be concluded that all oocytes of mud crab S. paramamosain are spawned in one period
of spawning (total spawner).
587
SPAWNING SEASON OF NAPOLEON WRASSE Cheilinus undulatus IN CAPYIVITY
Bejo Slamet*, T. Sutarmat, A. Prijono, Tridjoko, N. A. Giri and A. Gufron Arif

PO Box 140
ingaraja 81101
Bali, Indonesia
Observation on spawning season of napoleon wrasse in captivity was carried out to know the spawning affectivity based on
seasons, number of eggs, fertilization rate and hatching rate. Female of 4.5-10 kg in body weight (BW) (Total length (TL)
60-97 cm) and male of 9-13 kg in BW (TL 90-110 cm) were stocked at ratio 18:6. Concrete tanks of 100 m3 capacity with
aerator system and running water of 200-300 % per day were used for holding and spawning the brood stock. Spawning
was observed at Gondol Research institute for Mari culture from August 2000 to January 2005. The result showed that
napoleon wrasse had capability to spawn on all years around with peach season on March to May and September to
November. Number of eggs from spawning ranged from 200,000 to 13,000,000 eggs per month or 100,000 to 1,000,000
eggs per individual per month (Figure 1). The eggs and oil globule diameter ranged from 620 to 680 μm and 120 to 145
μm, respectively; with 55-70% of fertilization rate and 45-65% of hatching rate. Incubation time of napoleon fish was 14-16
hours at water temperature 27-30 o C and salinity 32-33 ppt.
Figure 1. Number of eggs of napoleon wrasse, Cheilinus undulatus from natural spawning per month
in captivity on August 2000 to January 2005.
588
SPAWNING AND CULTURE STUDIES WITH COBIA IN SOUTH CAROLINA

T.I.J. Smith*, A.D. Stokes, J.T. Tomasso, M.R. Denson, W.E. Jenkins and H.L. Atwood
Marine Resources Research Institute

South Carolina Department of Natural Resources
smitht@mrd.dnr.state.sc.us
During 2001-2004, studies focused on factors affecting development of cobia (Rachycentron canadum) aquaculture.
Broodstock were collected from Port Royal Sound during their annual spring spawning migration. Some recently captured
adults spawned naturally in tanks while others could be hormone-induced to ovulate and spawn. Adults held in 3.7 m
diameter indoor tanks for 1-3 years were reconditioned using photothermal manipulation and then hormonally-induced to
volitionally spawn in tanks. Earthen ponds were shown to be suitable as nursery systems for production of juveniles (≤
37 cm TL). However, predatory insects and birds impacted survival. The effects of salinity on growth and survival were
examined under controlled laboratory conditions. No differences existed among the 30, 15, and 5 g/L salinity treatments
with respect to blood plasma total protein, but fish reared at a salinity of 5 g/L exhibited significantly reduced hematocrit
(25% vs. >30%) and plasma osmolality values (318 vs. >353 mmol/kg) relative to fish reared at higher salinities. During
a low-temperature experiment, median-lethal temperature was 12.1+0.36 C and all juveniles were dead by the time the
temperature reached 10.4 C. Feeding ceased between 16-17 C. Fish exposed for 96 h to nominal < 32 mg/L nitrite-N
survived suggesting that concentrations normally found in aquaculture systems should not be deleterious. In summary, cobia
can tolerate short-term exposure to low salinity and low temperature environments without mortality, however, moderate to
high salinities and warm temperatures are required for sustained growth and health of this species. In SC, enclosed heated
facilities will be needed to produce food size fish.
589
DIET OF Farfantepenaeus paulensis UNDER PEN CULTURE IN PATOS LAGOON ESTUARY,

BRAZIL
Roberta Soares*, Sílvio Peixoto, Wilson Wasielesky and Fernando D’Incao
Laboratório de Maricultura, Departamento de Oceanografia

Fundação Universidade do Rio Grande - FURG
CP 474, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil, CEP: 96201-900
robertabsoares@yahoo.com.br
The culture of Farfantepenaeus paulensis using pen enclosures (fenced areas) in the Patos Lagoon estuary has been
investigated as an additional income for local fishermen. During the culture period (summer months), shrimp have access
to a variety of natural food items, including detritus, plant material and animal prey. Artificial feed is also provided but the
contribution of natural and commercial feed to the diet of F. paulensis is not known. Therefore, the present study aimed to
investigate the diet of F. paulensis reared in pen enclosures in the Patos Lagoon estuary.
Three 50 m2 experimental pens (8 m diameter and 2 m height) were stocked with 26 juvenile (0.90 ± 0.02 g body weight) /
m2. Shrimp were fed twice daily (9.00 h and 21.00 h) with commercial diet. Pen reared shrimp were sampled for stomach
content analysis at about 10 days intervals during 2 months. Five shrimp from each pen were collected at two day times
(12.00 h and 14.00 h) and two night times (24.00 h and 2.00 h). The proventriculus contents were placed over a counting
chamber gradated in 1 mm squares and examined through a stereoscopic microscope. The abundance of each food item
was estimated by the area occupied in the chamber. Stomach contents were classified in 5 categories: prey; plant material;
detritus; pellets and minerals.
F. paulensis showed an omnivore feeding behavior. Despite daily supply of feed pellets, natural food comprised the major
part of the shrimp stomach contents. Among prey organisms, polychaetes and tanaids were the main groups observed.
Consumption of detritus and plant material reduced as shrimp grew. Intake of feed pellets improved significantly in the
second month of culture (i.e. 5 g mean shrimp weight), thus it might be possible to reduce the initial input of commercial
feed.
Fig.1. Volumetric representation of food items and vacuity in

F. paulensis stomach contents in day and night samples from
each sampling time. Empty stomachs were not considered.
590
EVALUATION OF L-ASCORBYL-2-POLYPHOSPHATE (AAPP) AS A DIETARY ASCORBIC

ACID SOURCE FOR GREAT STURGEON Huso huso
Bahram Falahatkar*, Mehdi Soltani, Behrooz Abtahi, Mohammad R. Kalbassi and Mohammad Pourkazemi
Fisheries Department
P.O. Box 13145-1783
Tehran, Iran
falahatb@modares.ac.ir
Ascorbic acid is one of the most labile vitamins and is easily oxidised by air, heat, oxidising enzymes and multivalent
cations. Loss of supplemented ascorbic acid in fish diets during processing and storage has been reported. More stable
ascorbic acid derivatives with vitamin C activity, like phosphate derivates, are now widely used in fish feeds. Most cultured
fish require vitamin C because they are unable to synthesize it, but controversy surrounds the ability of primitive teleost
fish to synthesize ascorbate. The purpose of this experiment was to determine the effects of different levels of vitamin C on
growth, tissue chemical composition and physiological status in juvenile great sturgeon (Huso huso).
Juvenile great sturgeon with weighing 38±0.5g (mean ± S.D.) were randomly distributed to each tank as groups of 55 fish
in 18 tanks and fed the experimental diets in triplicate for 16 weeks. The kind of vitamin C was L-ascorbyl-2-polyphosphate
and added to the diets at 0, 100, 200, 400, 800 and 1600 mg kg-1. The biomass for each tank was determined at 4-week
intervals during the experimental period and the weight and fork length of the fish were measured. Morever, the water
temperature and the oxygen were recorded as 20±4.7°C and 6.85±0.5 mg l-1. Weight gain (WG), feed conversion ratio
(FCR), and hepatosomatic index (HSI) were also calculated. For comparing various growth performance, one-way ANOVA
and LSD used as a post hoc test were performed by SPSS.
Over the 16 weeks of the experimental period, mortality was low (from 0 to 10.9% per tank) and not affected by dietary
treatment. Most of growth parameters of juvenile great sturgeon fed the experimental diets were not significantly (P> 0.05)
different, but significant different observed in weight gain and final mean weight. FCR and HSI did not show any significant
difference(Table 1).
Since sturgeon fishes are capable to synthesize vitamin C and regarding the results of this study accompanied by finding
resulted from other researchs (Papp et al., 1995; Moreau et al.,1999), it is recognized that applying vitamin C in great
sturgeon feed is necessary to prevent mortality and increase escalate the resistance versus variable environmental
circumstance and growth improvement.
TABLE 1. Effects of vitamin C on some growth performance in great sturgeon after 16 weeks.
591
LIFE HISTORY AND FECUNDITY OF OFSPRING FROM SELECTED SMALL SIZE EGG
BEARING FEMALE OF THAI-SS ROTIFERS Brachionus rotundiformis Tschunugunoff
Agus Somamihardja* and Amrit. N. Bart

P.O Box 4
Klong Luang, Phatumthani 12120
Thailand
agus.somamihardja@ait.ac.th
Rotifer (Brachionus sp) is one of the most important sources of live food for marine fish and crustacean larviculture.
However, rotifers size is remain too large for the newly opened mouth stage of some marine finfish larvae. Ultra small
egg bearing females (90-120 µm) were reported and studies have been carried out to develop smaller body size rotifers
population. Study on characteristics of small size egg bearing females present in SS strain rotifers was conducted.
Small size egg bearing females (120±6 µm in lorica length, and 99±7µm in lorica width) was selected by a series of sieving
through 70 µm. Offspring size; fecundity and life history then identified. It revealed generally they showed shorter life span
and lower lifetime fecundity (Table 1).
In another study, average size of population derived from mass and individual selection was compared. Mass selection was
conducted by developing population through continuously developing rotifers which was passed through 70 µm screen net.
Individual selection was carried out by developing a single or a few selected small size egg bearing female. No different in average size
was observed among initial population with the population derived from mass and individual selection (approx. 1 month), (Figure 1).
TABLE 1 Life history of offspring derived from

small size egg bearing females.
FIGURE 1 Histogram of rotifer size (LL=lorica

length, LW=lorica width) from initial population,
and population derived from mass and individual
selection.
592
PEARL CULTIVATION WITH INDIAN Pinctada margaritifera
Dr. Ajai K. Sonkar
Chairman, Pearl Aquaculture Research Foundation

557/470, Old Katra
Allahabad 211002
India
maritech@sancharnet.in
A research project initiated in January 2004 at North Bay near Port Blair, Andaman & Nicobar Islands.
In the experiments several thousands of oysters were operated from the collection of natural stocks, it was recorded that
shape of those oysters was deformed and growth was obstructed because most of them were found in the congested crevices
and splits of the coral rocks that caused inadequate growth of its body that offered substantially small region that restricted
the bigger sizes than 8mm of nuclei implantation. And flatness of the shell too reduces the cavity between the valves.
Uncommonly the mantle tissue of the Indian black lip oysters were found extra active, it use to shrink muscularly while
opening the valve for surgery that causes a high rate of rejection of graft tissue and implanted nucleus. To overcome from
these tribulations some experiments were performed with the variation and amendments in basic surgical technique, and the
result received were exceptionally encouraging, more than 90 % of oysters produced pearls with the mortality rate of zero;
new technique enable to implant bigger sizes of nuclei. Detailed facts and figures will be discussed in the paper.
Indian margaritifera produces quite different colors of pearls with a wide range, silvery copper to silvery gold, silvery
green to light lavender etc.
In other experiments abalones and conchs are operated with astonishing results, which will also be the part of the paper.
593
INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION BETWEEN ASIA AND EUROPE: ASEM AQUACULTURE

PLATFORM
Jean Dhont and Patrick Sorgeloos*
Laboratory of Aquaculture and Artemia Reference Center

Ghent University
Rozier 44, 9000 Gent, Belgium
asemaquaculture@ugent.be
Background
In 1996 a new Asia-Europe partnership was set up by governments from ten Asian nations and fifteen European nations with
the objective of strengthening the relationship between the two regions. This Asia-Europe Meetings (ASEM) emphasize
the key role of intensified science and technology cooperation in strengthening economic links between Asia and Europe.
Specific areas of common interests and priorities for future S&T cooperation were identified: forestry, water management,
clean production technologies and sustainable aquaculture.
What is the Platform about?

The ASEM Aquaculture Platform brings together scientists, technologists and industrialists from various ASEM countries
with the aim to work out an action-oriented agenda for scientific co-operation. This Platform is not in itself a funding
instrument but an enabling mechanism for equal partners. Main activities are workshops and the dissemination of
information through a website.
The Workshops
With a series of 6 thematic workshops we wish to formulate recommendations on future directions in research, trade and
production between the two regions. This should lead to new alliances or reinforce existing ones between EU and Asia
partners for joint research, trade policies and production methods.
To do so, the workshops are bringing together key players from both regions and from the different sectors involved to
think together and reach consensus on tangible action points. In other words, the workshops should generate action rather
then words/text.
More information on: ASEM: europa.eu.int/comm/external_relations/asem/intro ; ASEM Aquaculture Platform:

www.asemaquaculture.org; AquaChallenge: www.aquachallenge.org/
594
RESEARCH FUNDING OPPORTUNITIES FOR YOUNG SCIENTISTS FROM DEVELOPING

COUNTRIES: A PRESENTATION OF IFS
Ingrid Leemans* and Patrick Sorgeloos
International Foundation for Science

Stockholm, Sweden
ingrid.leemans@ifs.se
International Foundation for Science (IFS) supports scientific capacity building in developing countries. It gives research
grants and supporting services to young scientists at the beginning of their research careers. IFS was established as a non-
governmental organisation in 1972, is funded by more than 15 donor organisations and has provided over 5,500 grants to
researchers in 100 countries.
IFS identifies promising young scientists from developing countries and supports them in their early careers to help them
become established and recognised nationally and internationally. Grants are approved through a careful selection process,
relying on a broad network of world-renowned scientists who assess the scientific and developmental value of all proposals.
They provide suggestions and feedback to both successful and unsuccessful applicants.
Research Fields Supported

Grants and supporting services are provided for research projects in areas such as agriculture, animal health and production,
forestry, aquatic resources, food science, natural products and water resources. Researchers from natural science and
social science disciplines are encouraged to apply. Proposals must address biological, chemical, physical, sociocultural or
economic research topics that are important for the conservation, production or renewable utilisation of biological or water
resources.
Application forms are available from the IFS web: www.ifs.se
Who Qualifies for IFS Support

An applicant for an IFS Research Grant must be a citizen of a developing country and at the beginning of his/her research
career, preferably under 40 (special criteria for Chinese and Sub-Saharan African applicants - see the IFS web for details)
and hold an MSc or have equivalent research experience. The research must be carried out at a national university, research
institute or research-oriented NGO in a developing country in Africa, Asia/Pacific, or Latin America/Caribbean.
Types of IFS Support

• research grants (up to USD 12,000) for the purchase of equipment, expendable supplies, fieldwork activities, etc.
• purchase and delivery of equipment on behalf of grantees
• promotion of scientific networks and links to other scientists
• travel support for grantees to present their work
• mentorship by senior scientists drawn from the IFS network of advisers
• IFS-organised scientific meetings, international workshops, and training courses
• an award scheme for grantees
Scientific Programme Coordinator for Aquatic Resources at IFS: Ingrid Leemans (ingrid.leemans@ifs.se)
595
WADDELL MARICULTURE CENTER FACILITIES AND PROGRAMS

Al D. Stokes*, Theodore I.J. Smith and Craig L. Browdy
Waddell Mariculture Center

P.O. Box 809
Bluffton, South Carolina 29910 USA
stokesa@mrd.dnr.state.sc.us
The Waddell Mariculture Center (WMC) has a national and international reputation for its aquaculture research and
technology development. This work includes identifying important marine species for food production and the use of
hatchery reared marine fish as a management tool to increase wild fish populations.
The center has been developing the next generation of shrimp farms for the state (closed intensive greenhouse system) to
provide new opportunities for South Carolina shrimp growers. In addition, marine fish farming practices developed at the
center to produce cobia (Rachycentron canadum) and red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) has been used to learn more about the
life history of these species and to develop tools needed to create stocking programs for recreational fishermen.
Although the center is focused on aquaculture research and technology development, the WMC center staff is involved in
public outreach and educational assistance programs. The WMC works with local communities and private landowners to
develop best management practices for coastal storm water systems, ponds and impoundments.
The WMC serves as the southern most costal region for the SCDNR Marine Mammal Stranding Network. WMC staff
responds to the needs of stranded or entangled marine mammals as well as turtles and injured birds. This coastal network
supervisor coordinates calls for assistance and manages local community volunteer support staff when dealing with dead
or injured animals.
The Waddell Mariculture Center is an active member of the Port Royal Sound Conservancy (PRSC) that consists of both
public and private organizations. Port Royal Sound is an extraordinary ecological system with a wealth of natural and
historical/cultural sites. The WMC is a regional stakeholder and will assist other members in the PRSC by providing
guidance and support to promote, enhance and study the natural resources of Port Royal Sound.
596
PHYTOPLANKTON IN REDUCING EMISSION OF GREEN HOUSE GASSES

Ita Sualia
Departmental of Aquatic Resources Management

ita_sualia@yahoo.com
While the increasing of deforestation in the world which about 50 million hectare annually, we cannot just hoping on
reducing emission of Green House Gasses (GHS) only by forest conservation or reforestry. And we also cannot avoid from
the increasing of population that will progressively increase also the space to various requirement live. Forest conversion
into the agriculture farm will affect to the climate, because of the decreasing of primary productivity and make-up GHS.
Whith the low primary productivity of agriculture plan, fiksasi CO2 will be decline. Meanwhile the usage the nitrogen
fertilizer which commonly use intensively will increase the flux of N2O in atmosphere by the inorganic process nitrifikasi
manure. The combustion of waste agriculture will result the metan gas into the air
Generally Phytoplankton have more efficient characteristic photosynthesis compared to various plant terrestrial and
represent one of the alternative to reduce carbondioxyda emission. It is visible from primary productivity result yielded.
According to Widjaya (2002) primary productivity for the plant is 46% carbon while algae yield 54% carbon. The result
of Chrismada research in 2003 that phytoplankton with the scale lab test that is using monoculture Chlorella vulgaris and
Ankistrodesmus convulutus can survive even the productivity increase in line CO2 which gone into 50x folding from normal
situation in the air that is 0,05 % until 2,5%. From test result carbondioxyda concentration that is tested can stimulate
productivity of phytoplankton.
597
ON SITE PROCESSING PLANT FOR Eucheuma sp.AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT IN

LOMBOK
IBM Suastika Jaya
Marine Aquaculture Development Center

Lombok, Indonesia
nsc_lokalombok@yahoo.co.uk
The important constrains of seaweeds aquaculture development are uncertainty quality for trading and price disparity
on farm level. Acceptable quality to the market and maximum price to the farmer are two sides of problems need to be
compromised. Post harvest processing unit has been operated to: 1) enhance and standardize the quality of the farmer
product before offering to the market; 2) gain some added value; 3) diversify the yield into various of end products. The
processing plant consist of: 1) pre-processing to separate the dirt and evaporate the humid content by means of mechanical
rolling; 2) Washing and drying by oven blower to obtain white color and almost absolute dried product; 3) grinding to get
fine particles; 4) extracting and precipitation to produce carrageenin.
Trading of raw materials of Eucheuma sp. yield which need certain quality standard (for moist and dirt content) could be
mediated by the unit. Dried yield by farmer (with various quality) sold to the unit and processed to obtain a quality standard
(moist about 35%, dirt less than 1%), before trading for export. They are able to process and prepare the raw materials 5
MT/ day with cost about USD 10/ MT. Whitening product for domestic market is not responded sufficiently. No constant
demand for this end product, while they are able to process 700 kg/ day. Extracting to produced carrageenin powder have
been applied for small scale capacity, i.e. about 15 kg powder/ day, but the buyer of this end product could not found yet.
So far, the quality assurance of dried harvest from the farmer due to processing unit might be increase the price on export
trading level, and then followed by the price on farm level. Simplify the processing technique allow to be applied by farmer
with low cost and provide direct impact to the price, so the farmers have spirit to extend the culture area.
598
SATIATION AND DIGESTION RATES OF MANGROVE SNAPPER FINGERLING Lutjanus

argentimaculatus
Made Suastika and Philip Teguh Imanto

Gerokgak, Buleleng Singaraja 81155
PO,Box 140
Singaraja 81101 Indonesia
gondol_dkp@singaraja.Wasantara.net.id.
Mangrove snapper has an economical value in domestic market as well for export; and production from culture activities has
been done for several years. Observation on satiation and digestion rates at fingerling stage was done in laboratory condition.
Mangrove snapper fingerling with range of body weight of 3,80 grams to 19,50 grams were used in this observation Nine
plastic tanks volume at 200 l were used to stock 10 individual /(cage inside every tank). After starvation for 24 hours, fish
were fed with chopped trash fish and the amount of eaten feed was recorded as satiation data, and in 4 hours feeding period
the amount was recorded as a feeding data. Satiation rate was analyzed from satiation data from every tank and compared
to data of amount of feed in the stomach from sampled fish taken from tank 1, 2, 3 and 4 (four samples from each tank),
Digestion rate was analyzed from feeding data and calculated to the satiation data.
The results showed that the satiation rate at juvenile stage of mangrove snapper followed the power regression line of
y=0.4503x-0.6472 meaning the bigger the juveniles, the satiation rate is lower or in other word the satiation rate decreased
in line with ages.
Digestion rate was found following the polynomial regression line meaning that the digestion activity was not the same
during the observation time, and from analysis of two linear regressions it was found that the flections point of digestion
rate occurred at 10 hours where digestion rate was at a level of 72%, meaning that digestion rate before 10 hours was
higher/faster and after that becomes slower. These results pointed out that a maximum feeding rate in fingerling size was
72% from satiation level and given twice daily.
599
MASSIVE PRODUCTION OF BROODSTOCK DESIGNATED OF HUMPBACK GROUPER

Cromileptes altivelis by SELECTIVE BREEDING IN THREE LOCATIONS : SITUBONDO,
LAMPUNG AND TAKALAR
Siti Subaidah, Achmad Buchari Muslim, Achmad Nur Mei Muhtar and Gemi Triastutik

PO Box 5
Panarukan – Situbondo
ibeth_bambang@yahoo.com
Lack of wild breeders has been reported in humpback grouper Cromileptes altivelis. Therefore, this study aimed to produce
a massive designated broodstock of humpback grouper C. altivelis and whether selective breeding could improve the
broodstock production. Genetic variability is important, because it has been known to fish fitness for short time and survival
populations for long time. In addition to, genetic distance is used to know phylogenetic relationship among populations.
Designated broodstock were reared in circular concrete tank with volume 16 m3 and water sirculation 24 hours with 4 inchi
pump. It was reared for 3 months with low density and fed with good diet. Afterward, it were reared at floating net
cages. Two thousand of healthy fingerling (TL : 6 – 7 cm) were used in this study, that were selected from early populations
amount 6000 fingerlings. The destination of selection would be to growth rate and morfologi. Samplings were carried out
every month. In the second and third year, 200 – 300 of broodstock designated with weight average 1,0 – 1,5 kg would
be produced. Genetic improvement were reported for hybridization betwen broodstock from Situbondo, Lampung and
Takalar. Genetic variability would be analysed with D-loop mtDNA.
After 3 months, of 2000 fingerlings, there were 34 deformity fish (1,7 %) whereas there were 468 fish (23,4 %) has had
a poor growth rate. Those, which had high growth rate (1000 fish) were reared in floating net cages and 500 fish were
reared in tank as control. After 5 month in floating net cages, 284 fish of 11 month old broodstock designated (BW:170
g and TL:22,25 cm) had been produced. In the same metode, Lampung Sea Farming Development Center could produce
101 fish (BW:500 – 600 g, TL:60 – 70 cm, 28 months old) and 253 fish (BW: 250 – 350 g, TL:26 – 37 cm, 17 month old).
Where at Takalar Brackishwater Aquaculture Development Center, 9 fish (BW:910 g, TL:33 cm , 29 month old) had been
produced. The decrease of haplotype variation of wild population to hatchery population at Situbondo were 0,0473 and
Takalar were 0,0315. The limited amount of broodstock would caused higher loses for alel and genetic variability would be
decreased. Our studies concluded that selective breeding would be effective if the initiate amount of population is elevated.
According age and genetic distance data, hybridization between Situbondo broodstock and Lampung broodstock would
enable to carried out.
Fig. 1. Genetic distance for three humpback grouper

populations (Situbondo, Lampung and Takalar) .
600
AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH MANAGEMENT AND BIOSECURITY MAINTENANCE IN

AQUACULTURE: THE PRINCIPLES
Rohana P. Subasinghe* and Michael J. Phillips
Inland Waters and Aquaculture Service

Fishery Resources Division, Fisheries Department
00100 Rome, Italy
rohana.subasinghe@fao.org
Owing to the significant problems that the shrimp farming sector has been facing over the years, avoiding disease and
managing health is considered as one of the most important aspects of shrimp aquaculture. Years of experience in dealing
with shrimp aquaculture health management issues, opportunities and challenges clearly indicate that the approach for
effective avoidance of diseases in shrimp aquaculture should be based on a holistic approach consisting of both on-farm and
off-farm management strategies including well defined biosecurity protocols. The holistic approach goes beyond the limits
which a farmer or a farmers group could effectively operate, thus requiring appropriate national, regional and international
policies, strategies and treaties and adequate compliance to those to address such short comings.
Almost half a decade of work of the Consortium on Shrimp Aquaculture and the Environment, consisting the Food and
Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO), the Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific (NACA), the World Wide
Fund for Nature (WWF) and the World Bank (WB) managed to develop some management principles which could be used
in controlling disease in shrimp aquaculture worldwide. These principles range from safe trans-boundary movement of
animals to experimenting on domestication of important species, and address the importance of maintaining biosecurity
through various interventions aimed at all parties and actors responsible for the wellbeing of the sector.
THE EFFECT OF PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF FISH MEAL BY MEAT AND BONE

MEAL IN PRACTICAL DIETS OF MANGROVE RED SNAPPER Lutjanus argentimaticulatus
JUVENILES
Slamet Subyakto*, Saadiah Ibrahim, Regvil R. de Jose, Ek Heng and Win Aun

slamet_subyakto@yahoo.com
This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of partial replacement of fish meal by meat and bone meal in practical
diets of Mangrove Red Snapper (Lutjanus argentimaticulatus) juveniles. Fish meal (FM) and at varying percentage (%)
of replacement by meat and bone meal (M+BM) were the major component used as an experimental feed diets, they were
control diet (100% FM), 10% replacement CWPM, 20% replacement CWPM and 30% replacement CWPM .
The study was conducted at the SEAFDEC AQD Feeding Experiment Laboratory at Tigbauan, Iloilo City. The fishes with
an initial mean weight and length ranging from 1.81-1.93 grams and 4.0-6.4 cm were used in this study, which were taken
from the SEAFDEC AQD finfish hatchery. The fishes were fed upon the diet at satiation at approximately 10-8% of the
total body weight per day, three times daily for 28 days.
As a conclusion, which may be drawn from this present study, that meat and bone meal can be replaced up to 30% of
the fishmeal protein for mangrove red snapper without affecting the growth rate, feed conversion, survival and also cost
effective.
601
USE OF SOYBEAN MEAL AS DIETARY PROTEIN SOURCE FOR HUMPBACK GROUPER

Cromileptes altivelis: THE EFFECT OF Bacillus sp. SUPPLEMENTATION
Slamet Subyakto*, Veni Darmawiyanti, Febriko. Sapto Dwiyanto and I. Putu Kompiang

This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of Bacillus sp supplementation in humpback grouper Cromileptes
altivelis feed formula that used of soybean meal as source of protein. The study was conducted at Feeding Experiment
Laboratory of Situbondo Brackishwater Aquaculture Development Center at Situbondo, East Java.
Our experiment used four isonitrogenous diets, which were different source of protein in the formulation. There were four
experimental diets namely diet contain squid meal (A); diet contain soy bean meal without squid meal (B); diet contain
soy bean meal and Bacillus sp supplementation (C) and diet contain combination of soy bean meal, Bacillus sp and yeast
supplementation (D), respectively. The initial of body weight of the fish was 4.05±0.13 gram/individual. The fishes were
fed upon the diet at satiation, three times daily for 60 days.
Based on this experiment, our study concluded that the effect of Bacillus sp supplementation in humpback grouper feed
formula that used of soybean meal as source of protein (C) was no statistical difference (P<0.05) to feed that content of
squid meal (A).
THE EFFECT OF PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF FISH MEAL BY CIRRIMEN WASTE

PRODUCT MEAL IN PRACTICAL DIETS OF HUMPBACK GROUPER
Cromileptes altivelis JUVENILES
Slamet Subyakto*, Veni Darmawiyanti and Sugeng Joko Purnomo.

This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of partial replacement of fish meal by cirrimen waste product meal
in practical diets of humpback grouper Cromileptes altivelis juveniles.
The study was carried out at the Feeding Experiment Laboratory of Situbondo Brackishwater Aquaculture Development
Center at Situbondo, East Java. Fish meal (FM) and at varying percentage (%) of replacement by cirrimen waste product
meal (CWPM) were the major component used as an experimental feed diets. They were control diet (100% FM), 25%
replacement CWPM, 50% replacement CWPM, 75% replacement CWPM and 100% replacement CWPM
The initial body weight of the fish was 41.86±0.18 gram/individual. Experimental fish were fed upon the diet at satiation,
three times daily for 60 days.
Our experiment suggested that cirrimen waste product meal could replace up to 75% of the fishmeal protein for humpback
grouper juvenile diet.
602
SYSTEMATICS: A PREREQUISITE FOR THE SUSTAINABLE CONSERVATION OF WILD

POPULATIONS OF FRESHWATER ORNAMENTAL FISH. A CASE STUDY WITH THE
ASIAN AROWANA
Sudarto*, Martien van Oijen and Laurent Pouyaud

Jl Perikanan
PO Box 06
laurent.pouyaud@ird.fr
Over the past few decades, Scleropages formosus Müller & Schlegel, 1840 has acquired a special status in most Asian
countries as a very popular but extremely expensive aquarium fish, which as led to overexploitation and its inclusion in the
list of endangered species threatened with extinction.
From a detailed morphological and genetic analysis performed on various wild populations of the Asian arowana, we
recently demonstrated that Scleropages formosus was in fact composed of four distinct species with various ecological
trends. These results clearly emphasize the need for a reconsideration of the conservation status of Scleropages formosus
sensu lato.
As an example, the Super Reds and the Golden Reds which were previously considered as colour varieties of S. formosus,
represent two distinct species (respectively S. legendrei and S. aureus) with cryptic geographic distributions highly
dependant on the nature and quality of the habitat (i.e., small lakes of tannin stained black waters with low pH values).
Field observations made since 2000 revealed a rapid decline of their wild populations as a conscequence of logging
activities and subsequent water quality modifications (rise of pH and turbidity). As S. legendrei and S. aureus cannot adapt
to such ecological modifications, they must be rapidly considered as critically endangered species following the IUCN
classification.
By opposition, the two other species (previously recognised as the Silvers and the Greens) could be maintained in the
endangered category as their habitat consisting of white and clear water in major river drainages throughout Borneo and
South-east Asia seem less directly vulnerable.
In order to guide further programs in conservation and aquaculture, we will give a practical species key determination
followed for each species by an appraisal of their diversity in coloration, distribution and ecological features.
603
EVALUATION OF AZOLLA MEAL AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO SOYBEAN MEAL

IN JUVENILE Penaeus monodon DIETS
Agung Sudaryono*, Shin-ichi Teshima, Manabu Ishikawa and Shunsuke Koshio
Aquaculture Study Program

Diponegoro University
Jl. Hayam Wuruk 4A
Semarang, Central Java Indonesia
agungsud@telkom.net
A growout trial was conducted to evaluate the potential of azolla (Azolla pinnata) meal as an alternative protein source
to soybean meal in diets for juvenile Penaeus monodon. Five isonitrogenous (40% crude protein) diets formulated by
replacing 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% of soybean meal protein by azolla meal protein were fed to shrimp (mean initial weight,
0.49+0.03 g) three times daily ad libitum at an initial feeding allowance of 10% total body weight per day for 42 days.
A completely randomized design was used in the study and shrimp were stocked at a density of 10 animals/70L-tank in
triplicates. Results of the study showed that an increase of dietary replacement levels of soybean meal with azolla meal did
not give any significant effects ((P>0.05) on weight gains (1.89−2.06 g), survival rates (99−100%), feed conversion ratio
(FCR, 2.0−2.8), protein efficiency ratio (PER, 0.89−1.24), and apparent protein utilization (APU, 44−57%). Apparent dry
matter digestibility (ADMD) and apparent protein digestibility (APD) of all test diets were also not significantly different
(P>0.05) with a range of 76.2−77.0% for ADMD and 79.7−82.0% for APD. There were no significant differences (P>0.05)
in pellet water stability during the first 3 hours immersion for all diets (<9.8% feed loss), however the highest inclusion
level of dietary azolla meal (100% replacement) showed a worse water stability than the other diets after 3 hours immersion
period. The experiment of feeding preference showed that both soybean and azolla meals based diets resulted in a similar
feeding preference value ((P>0.05) with 40% for azolla meal and 51% for soybean meal. It was found that, in this study,
up to 100% protein of soybean meal can be replaced with the protein of azolla meal in formulated diets for juvenile
Penaeus monodon reraed under laboratory conditions without any adverses in growth, feed efficiency and feed digestibility
performances. The use of azolla meal to replace soybean meal protein may be able to reduce the feed costs for Penaeus
monodon aquaculture.
TABLE 1. Mean (±SD) initial weight, weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein
efficiency ratio (PER) and survival of juvenile P. monodon fed all experimental diets for 42-days
and apparent protein utilization (APU), apparent dry matter digestibility, and apparent protein
digestibility (APD) of the diets.
604
EFFECTS OF SALINITY, TEMPERATURE, AND FOOD VALUE OF FOUR MICROALGAE

TO OYSTER Crassostrea iredalei LARVAL GROWTH
Achmad Sudradjat
Research Center for Aquaculture

Jl.K.S.Tubun, Petamburan VI
crifidir@indosat.net.id
Published accounts of Crassostrea iredalei are only of its distribution in the Philippines. In Indonesia, this species is known
to occur on the coast of South Sulawesi as well as in Banten. Fine filtration of water was carried out using Sartorius capsule
filter cartridge (1.2 µm and 0.2 µm) and sterilization was achieved by passing the water through an ultraviolet light unit. All
cultures were kept in constant temperature baths. Experiments of 8-days (for temperature and salinity trials) and 10-days
(for diet trial) duration were duplicated in 500 ml glass beakers with larvae density of 104 per litre. Seawater was changed
every 48 h. The algae, were added to the glass beakers at a rate of 100 cells/µl; cell density of Chaetoceros calsitrans was
250 cells/µl. Using thermostat chambers, 5 temperatures were tested, ranging from 14o to 34o in 5 steps. Four salinities were
used, they ranged from 10 to 35%o in 5 %o steps. For environmental condition trial, I. galbana as food was used. In diet
trials, 4 species of algae were tested e.g. I.galbana, I. galbana T-ISO, P. lutheri, C. calcitrans and a mixture of algae,T-
ISO/C. calcitrans.
The optimum salinity range for growth of larvae was recorded at 20 – 30 %o at which the mean shell length was 85.1
– 87.7µm. The highest survival rate was recorded at salinity of 25 – 30 %o, it was 91.6 – 92.7 %. There were significant
differences in larval growth between temperature treatment. The optimum temperature for larval growth was at 24o – 29o
C, with survival rate of 91.6 – 93.0 %. P. lutheri and I. galbana proved to be of equal value as diet for larval growth, with
survival rates of 89.4 – 90.6 %. The best algal food was I. galbana clone T-ISO, which resulted in mean shell length 107.7
µm and survival rate 86.7%.
Table 1. Mean shell length and survival rate of

D-larvae at different salinities over 8 days.
Table 2. Mean shell length and survival rate of D-
larvae at different temperature over 8 days.
Table 3. Mean shell length and sutvival rate of D-

larvae at different diets over 10 days.
605
HATCHERY TECHNOLOGY ON THE BREEDING AND FRY PRODUCTION OF GROUPERS

IN INDONESIA
Ketut Sugama* and Adi Hanafi
Central Research Institute for Aquculture Indonesia

Jl. K.S Tubun
Petamburan VI, Jakarta 10260 Indonesia
sugama@indosat.net.id
Interest in culturing the various species of Groupers has always been around, fuelled by high on-farm price. In Indonesia
current ex-farm price ranged from US$ 9-12 for the tiger grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) whereas prices for Barramundi
cod (Cromileptes altivelis) reach US$ 30-38. The recent upward trend in production is attributed to advancement in
hatchery seed production and improvements in nursery techniques. The interest in grouper farming has not only provided
jobs for many coastal communities, but also established secondary servicing industries such as hatchery technology, feed
manufacturing, product processing, transportation and marketing.
This paper describes the present status of hatchery technology for the breeding and fry production of groupers in Indonesia,
such as Tiger grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus), Estuarine grouper (Epinephelus coioides) and Barramundi cod
(Cromileptes altivelis), based primarily on the work have been carried out in Gondol Research Institute for Mariculture and
Private Hatchery in Lampung. Broodstock are maintained in tanks (60-150 MT capacity) on land and fertilized eggs are
obtained by natural spawning. Broodstock are fed by mixed fresh squid and trash fish (mainly Sardinella sp.). For larval
rearing, eggs instead of hatched larvae, are mainly stocked in the rearing tank. Feeding of super small (SS-type) rotifers for
very early larvae and feeding of artificial diets for late larvae and juveniles improved larval survival. The recent advances
are in the seed production of the Tiger grouper, estuarine grouper and Barramundi cod, hatchery breed grouper fry are well
accepted by farmers. There are now 75 groupers hatcheries (55 small/backyard hatcheries, ten medium, nine large/complete
and one intensive hatchery which hold broddstock. The total production of grouper fry in 2003 was 4.20 million juvenile for
tiger grouper, 1.13 million for Barramundi cod and 350 thousands juveniles for others groupers. In addition to the groupers
mentioned above, corral trout and napoleon wrasse being targeted for development.
606
EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT CARBOHYDRATE SOURCES ON THE GROWTH AND

FEED UTILIZATION IN ASIAN CATFISH Pangasius djambal
Ningrum Suhenda*, Zafril Imran Azwar and M. Sulhi

Jalan Sempur No. 1 Bogor Indonesia
brpbat@telkomnet.com
Among 12 pangasiids species which are recognized in Indonesia, Pangasius djambal reaches large size (more than 20 kg.
fish-1). The succeed in artificial propagation and fry rearing including feed aspects are offering new possibilities of seeds
availibility for fish farmers.
Carbohydrates are the least expensive nutrient of dietary energy both for human and domestic animals but their utilization
by fish varies by species. The study was conducted to evaluate the utilization of some sources of carbohydrates in Pangasius
djambal. Fifty fingerlings averaging 4.95 g individual body weight were stocked in each of 15 aquaria filled with 100 liters
of water. In aquaria, water was recycled using a closed system and each aquarium was equipped with water heater. The fish
were fed daily for four weeks with diets containing different carbohydrate sources such as corn meal, cassava meal, rice
bran, wheat flour and one diet without carbohydrate source. The diets were formulated to contain all essential nutrients
necessary for growth. The daily nutrients allowance were the same for all diets, 16 g protein. kg-1. day-1, 7.5 g fat. kg-1. day-1
and 25 g NFE. kg-1. day-1 except for non carbohydrate diet the NFE allowance was 5 g. kg-1. day-1. The feed was given in
crumbled form three times a day at 8.00; 12.00; and 16.00 hours.
The growth and feed utilization in Pangasius djambal are stated in Table 1.
There were no significant diferencies (P>0.05) among treatments for individual weight gain, protein efficiency ratio, and
daily growth rate. Pangasius djambal fed with non carbohydrate diet reach the best feed conversion ratio (0.77) but those
for diets with carbohydrates have the same value. There were significant differences (P<0.01) for protein and fat retention
values. The lowest fat retention (28.98%) was found for corn meal diet and this value not different with cassava and rice
bran diets. This study indicated that among carbohydrates diets wheat flour diet has the highest protein retention (48.30%)
and followed by cassava meal (47.97%), rice bran (45.01%), and corn meal (41.60%) diets. Base on the observed data,
carbohydrates were well utilized by P. djambal which were gave the same value for weight gain, protein efficiency ratio and
daily growth rate compare with those for non carbohydrate diet. The survival rates were 100% for all treatments.
Table 1. Growth performances and feed utilization in Pangasius djambal fed with diets contain different
carbohydrate sources
607
GROWTH AND FEED UTILIZATION OF Scylla serrata RECEIVING REPEATING CYCLE

OF FEED DEPREVATION
Purnama Sukardi*, Edy Yuwono and Isdy Sulistyo
Program Kelautan dan Perikanan

Universitas Jenderal Soedirman
Purwokerto, 53122, Indonesia
purnamas@unsoed.ac.id
The effect of fasting (ration level and fasting frequency) on the culture performance of juvenile crabs Scylla serrata was
examined to determine whether fasting frequency would stimulate compensatory growth.
A total of 160 crabs (mean weight 40-50g, carapace length 5-6cm) were stocked into 16 blue fiberglass 490 L tanks at
a density of 10 crabs per tanks and maintained in an individual tube at salinity at 20-30 and temperature at 25-30 ºC in
recirculating water system for 8 weeks. Crabs were fed with high (7.5% BW day-1), medium (5% BW day-1), low (2.5%
BW day-1) ration and fasted every Monday and Thursday. These feeding regimes compare control fed ad libitum every day
(without fasted).
The result showed that the survival was 88.75- 97.5 % and total feed consumed was significantly different (P<0.05), low-
ration-fed crab had smallest mean feed consumed compared to medium, high and control-fed crabs. However, the specific
growth rate (SGR) was not significantly differences among the treatments and control (P<0.5).
Feed Efficiency (FE) was not significance differences (P>0.05) among treatments and control and tended to increase with
decreasing food consumption.
Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) was not significantly differences among fasting crabs (P>0.05). Low and medium ration-
fed crabs with fasting period were significantly difference (P<0.05) compare to control, where low and medium had lower
FCR value of 1.05, 1.20, respectively, and control (2.26%). However, high ration-fed crabs with fasting-period was not
significance difference (P>0.05) to the control.
Protein Efficiency Ration (PER=weight gain/weight protein fed) was significantly difference among treatments (P<0.05)
and control, low ration-fed crabs were higher (1.91) than that of medium (1.42) and high ration-fed crabs (1.37). All
treatments with fasting-period crabs were significantly higher compare to control (0.73).
Low ration-fed crabs with fasting-period had Apparent Net Protein Retention (ANPR) (18.97) significantly higher (P<0.05)
than that of medium (10.52) and high (9.24) ration-fed crabs, control (5.42), as well. However, medium and high ration-fed
crabs and control were not significance different (P>0.05).
All fasting crabs with low, medium and high ration-fed had apparent net energy retention (ANER) values (10.1, 9.47, 10.1,
respectively), significantly higher (P<0.05) than control (ad libitum-fed crabs) (5.95).
608
BREEDING OF INDONESIAN CRAYFISH Cherax sp.

Y. Sukmajaya* and E. Mudjiutami

bbats@telkom.net
Indonesia is tropical country with a lot of variety of the fish in the world and among the freshwater fish, there are various
species of the Crustacean that only live and reproduction in the river, lake or swamp of the certain natural habitat region.
Based on the attempt to establishment in the aquaculture development sector, The Sukabumi Freshwater Aquaculture
Development Center (SFADC) under The Ministry of Marine Affair and Fisheries has been conducted the domestication
and culture activities in associated with various native freshwater crayfish or freshwater lobster.
Since 2003, SFADC has been conducted domestication and culture the Huna Baliem (Cherax monticola) originated from
Wamena region, Papua and also The Huna Biru (Cherax albertisii) originated from Manokwari region, Papua are due to
naturally more than 30 gram in brooder size respectively.
The result from the biological characteristic studies showed that 5-6 days after rearing in the various typically batch 50-
60% of the natural broodstock started to adapt on the new environment with water temperature 22-24 0C, pH 6.8-7.4,
Dissolved Oxygen 3-5 ppm, Alkalinity 40-60 ppm CaCO3 and Hardness 60-70 ppm CaCO3 . And 3 months after rearing
result in the first brooder with 250-300 seed per individual.
In the 2004, the SFADC conducted some studies of the various activities such as technically development of the larva and
seed production in the small-scale field, grow out until bring about size consumption and the domesticated broodstock.
The dissemination of the crayfish has already been conducted through two activities. First, conducted the seed restocking
of the Huna Baliem to the Baliem river and the second was collaboration between SFADC and local government to do
application of the training course consist of staff and fish farmer that carried out in Papua province.
PERFORMANCE OF INDIAN AND EXOTIC CARPS IN COMPOSITE FISH CULTURE

N. Sukumaran

Alwarkurichi 627412
Tamil Nadu, India
nsuku@rdiffmail.com
Freshwater aquaculture in India has been carried out from time imemmorial as an art rather than as scientific way. By
the introduction of composite fish culture, a technique of culturing Indian and exotic carps with four, five and six species
combination, the fish production has been increased tremendously in an unit area of water body. Experiments on composite
fish culture of Indian major carps (catla, Catla catla; rohu, Labeo rohita and mrigal, Cirrhinus mrigala) and exotic carps
(Silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix; Grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella and Common carp, Cyprinus carpio,
Bangkok strain) were carried out in earthen ponds of size ranging from 0.05 to 0.15 ha with varying ratio of species at
stocking densities of 5000 – 6000 Nos./ha. The net fish production ranged from 4704 to 8445 kg/ha/yr. In a few experiments,
the milkfish Chanos chanos, was included as additional component, which contributed 6.3 % of the total production against
its stocking ratio of 9.8 %.
The performance of individual species was analysed computing all the individual data acquired from various experiments
irrespective of stocking density and stocking ratio. It is observed that among the surface feeders the silver carp, performed
better than catla in all the experiments irrespective of the stocking ratio. Among bottom feeders, mrigal performed better
than the common carp in all experiments, whereas rohu showed the least growth rate even though they were stocked at low
stocking ratio.
609
EVALUATION OF THE BIOCHEMICAL, HAEMATOLOGICAL AND IMMUNOLOGICAL

CHANGES IN A FRESHWATER FISH Cyprinus carpio INFECTED WITH Aeromonas
hydrophila
N. Sukumaran*, M. Jeyalakshmi and V. Pratheepa

Alwarkurichi- 627412, India
nsuku@rediffmail.com
Almost all fish pathogens are capable of independent existence out side the fish. If the fish’s capacity to resist infection is
reduced, microorganisms already present in the tissues, or in the gut or in the environment will be able to invade and induce
clinical diseases.
The freshwater fish, Cyprinus carpio was infected with a dose of 4.226×104 ml-1 cells of the pathogen Aeromonas hydrophila,
to study the biochemical, hematological and immunological changes induced by the pathogen. A control group was also
maintained by administrating 1 ml of saline. After infection with the pathogen blood and tissue samples were taken in every
5 days interval by sacrificing the test fish to assess the changes in blood protein, blood sugar, serum cholesterol, muscle
glycogen, muscle protein, muscle lactic acid, liver glycogen and antibody level.
The blood protein content of the experimental fish infected with Aeromonas hydrophila increased till the 10th day (40± 0.45
mg/ml), whereas the muscle protein content decreased. Blood glucose was found to be in a increasing trend up to 5th day
(33.2± 0.25 mg/ml) and subsequently it decreased on the forthcoming days. The serum cholesterol level in the infected fish
was observed to be in a decreasing trend up to 10th day. The muscle glycogen content in the infected fish increased up to
15th day (146±0.65 mg/ml) and subsequently the level decreased, up to 30th day, whereas the liver glycogen was noticed to
be in a decreasing trend. The lactic acid in the experimental fish was found to be increasing up to 20th day. The antibody
production was at peak up to 10th day and subsequently decreased. It was found that the effect of stress on the experimental
fish was more on the first five days detected by increased blood sugar level, RBC count and WBC count.
From this study it is evident that Aeromonas hydrophila affected the homeostasis of the fish till the 10th day after that the
fish were able to overcome the stress induced by the pathogen and maintained its equilibrium.
610
EFFICIENCY OF MICROALGAE, Spirulina platensis ON THE GROWTH OF FRESHWATER

PRAWN Macrobrachium rosenbergii
N. Sukumaran* and R. Neeraja

Alwarkurichi- 627412 India
nsuku@rediffmail.com
In general, animal proteins in the form of fishmeal, animal meal, silkworm pupae meal etc are incorporated in fish feed
including freshwater prawn feed. Due to high price and non availability of the above sources of animal protein, now a days
the nutritionists are looking for high quality protein from plant or other sources. In this context the micro algae, Spirulina,
which is rich in protein plays an important role in substituting animal protein in fish and prawn feeds.
To assess the effect of Spirulina platensis on the growth performance of freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii,
the feeds were prepared with various levels of microalgae Viz., 10, 15, 25 and 45% and fed at 5% bodyweight of the
prawn for an epoch of 60 days. To appraise the growth performance of prawns, various bio-growth parameters such as
food consumption rate, food assimilation rate, metabolic rate, specific growth rate, gross growth efficiency, net growth
efficiency, food conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio were studied for every 15 days interval.
The maximum food conversion rate (55.82± 4.554 mg/g/day) and food assimilation rate (55.29± 4.453 mg/g/day) was
found to be the best in prawns fed 15% Spirulina diet. The highest metabolic rate of 40.62± 1.25 mg/g/day was achieved
in prawns fed 45% Spirulina diet. Specific growth rate (3.65± 1.061 %), gross growth efficiency (32.5 ± 1.061 %) and
net growth efficiency (32.86± 2.222%) was noticed to be the best in the case of prawns consumed 15% Spirulina diet.
The highest protein efficiency ratio value of 0.65± 0.040 was recorded by prawns fed 15 % Spirulina diet. The freshwater
prawns, which consumed 15 % Spirulina incorporated diet, recorded the best value of food conversion ratio of 2.73±
0.202.
From this study it is clear that the prawns fed with diet having 15% Spirulina diets showed the optimum growth performance
cumulative index of 9.92, when compared with the prawns which consumed diets with various other levels of Spirulina
platensis.
611
GENETICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES OF TWO DIFFERENT VARIETY

OF SEAWEED Kappaphycus alvarezii
Sulaeman*, Andi Parenrengi, Emma Suryati and Andi Tenriulo

Jl. Makmur Dg. Sitakka 129
Maros 90512, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
Two different colors of seaweed, Kappaphycus alvarezii have been farmed in Indonesian waters for many years. Some
scientists refer to the difference in coloration of K. alvarezii as different variety but the farmer in Jeneponto, South Sulawesi
believe that, that difference is just caused by environmental condition and the interchange of green and brown coloration
could be happen during cultivation. Here in this paper we call them as “green variety” and “brown variety” according to
their color. This study aimed to compare the two varieties both genetically and morphologically.
The samples for genetic analyses were collected from farmed of K. alvarezii in Pinrang Regency, South Sulawesi. The
samples were preserved in TNES-Urea buffer prior to the DNA extraction using Phenol-Chloroform method. Five universal
primers i.e. Ca-01, Ca-02, P-40, P-50 and DALRP were selected to obtain the DNA genetic marker in differentiating the
green and brown varieties.
In order to compare the coloration pattern during cultivation and the growth performance of both varieties, the field
experiment was performed in seaweed farm area in Pinrang Regency, South Sulawesi during dry season (August-September
2004). K. alvarezii was cultivated in “tie-tie” system manifested in floating long line. Each thallus is attached to the line by
random. The color change and the growth rate are recorded every two weeks and lasted after 45 days.
The result of genetic assessment showed that the five selected primers were revealed different RAPD banding pattern for
both varieties. P-50 primer demonstrated the greatest amplification in differentiating the RAPD fragment between green
and brown variety. Fragment 900bp is consistently generated in green variety but not amplified in brown variety (Figure 1).
This genetic difference is supported by the result of the field study. The coloration pattern of green and brown variety was
fixed. No interchange in color was happening during one crop cultivation. Further, the growth data showed that the daily
growth rate of green variety is significantly higher than the brown variety (P<0.05).
612
THE INFLUENCES OF IMPLANTATION OF 17α -METILTESTOSTERON ON FERTILITY

OF MALE BAUNG CATFISH Mystus nemurus
Sularto*, R.R.S.P.S. Dewi, J. Subagja and I. Khasani

Jalan Raya 2 Sukamandi, Subang 41256
Indonesia
Baung catfish (Mystus nemurus) is one of the potential commodities in Indonesia. Unfortunately, there are still any problems
in its culture, like in availability of sperm. In this experiment, we try to solve this problem by inducing gonadal maturation
with implantation of 17α metiltestosteron. The aim of this experiment was to investigate the influence of implantation of
17α -MT hormone pellets on sperm productivity of baung catfish.
Eighty male broodstocks were used in this experiment, collected from Sukabumi Hatchery. The average individual weight
of broodstock was 187 – 338.5 g or 21.1 – 27.5 cm length. The broodstock were about two years old. The broodstock
were then reared in the four floating net cages of 2 m x 2 m x 1.25 m size that placed in the earthen pond. Following two
weeks acclimatization period, the broodstock were implanted with17α-MT hormone pellet at its dorsal part. Five dosages
of hormone i.e.: 0 (control), 100, 200, 300, and 400 μg/kg were applied as treatment, each treatment were replicated four
times.
The results showed that 17α-MT hormone influenced on gonad maturation and sperm productivity of baung catfish. The
effective dose was 200μg/kg, six weeks after implantation. Volume of sperm increased 170% more than control, after
each treatment was injected by ovaprim. Fertility of sperm were 27.65% (0 μg/kg), 42.4% (100 μg/kg), 79% (200 μg/kg),
43.95% (300 μg/kg), and 39.5% (400 μg/kg), which hatching rate 14.6% (0 μg/kg), 42.4% (100 μg/kg), 69.7 (200 μg/kg),
43.5% (300 μg/kg), and 32.5% (400 μg/kg).
Table 1. Fertility of sperm and hatching rate

of Baung catfish
613
REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF BLUE SHRIMP Litopenaeus stylirostris

BROODSTOCK REARED IN POND
Bambang Sumartono*, Damar Suwoyo, Maskur Mardjono and Anton Mardianta

badc@indo.net.id
Blue shrimp Litopenaeus stylirostris is one of two introduction shrimp which are officially released by Indonesian
government (Directorate General of Fisheries Aquaculture) as an alternate species for brackishwater aquaculture. The
development of blue shrimp culture in Indonesia quite slow compared with Litopenaeus vannamei. The reasons for this
are lack of the seed and unstable International market price. The present study was conducted to have the reproductive
performance of blue shrimp Litopenaeus stylirostris broodstock, where were reared from market size (~20 g) to broodstock
size (~ 45-70 g) in pond. The market size shrimp which reared in broodstock pond were second generation of Hawaiian
SPF blue shrimp. Closed and modular systems, applied of probiotic and biosecurity were done to have maximum growth
and quality of the broodstock. The pond rearing period of the market size shrimp to broodstock was 255 days. The weight
of female and male used for reproduction were 57 ± 8 g and 43 ± 3 g, respectively. Feeding and water quality management
followed the shrimp hatchery standard procedures were established by the government. The spawners were maintained in
5 m diameter concrete circular tanks with flow through water, 200-300 % per day. Water temperature on the mating and
maturation tank was maintained at 27-29oC by using air conditioning set in broodstock room.
Reproductive performance was measured over a 121 day period, include ovarian maturation, fecundity, hatching rate,
percentage of prawns that spawn, spawn per prawn, latency period (number of days from ablation to spawn) and mortality.
Results showed that ovarian maturation occured 12 days post ablation in water temperature tank 29oC, but no fertilized
eggs. Decreasing water temperature tank to 27oC resulted better fertilization. Of the 100 spawner, 223 spawners were
ovarian matured within 121 days observation.
TABLE 1. Reproductive performance of Litopenaeus

stylirostris female.
614
REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF THE WHITE SHRIMP Penaeus merguiensis

BROODSTOCK CULTURED IN POND UNDER CAPTIVE ENVIRONMENT
Bambang Sumartono, Damar Suwoyo, Maskur Mardjono and Joko Sumarwan

badc@indo.net.id
The International shrimp industry is under increasing pressure to reduce its dependence on wild broodstock. Recently,
in many regions the wild shrimp broodstock showed the decreasing of quantity and quality. Using of under controlled
shrimp broodstock production for reproduction in hatchery is urgent to eliminate the disease outbreak. White shrimp
Penaeus merguiensis is high economic fisheries commodity for shrimp pond culture. On the same size, market price of
this shrimp comparable or even higher than black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon. As diversity species for shrimp pond
culture business, white shrimp Penaeus merguiensis is prospective commodity. Reproductive performance of white shrimp
Penaeus merguiensis reared in pond were observed, since there is no information on this issue. The white shrimp broodstock
were cultured in one pond with blue shrimp broodstock. Total number of white shrimp broodstock, therefore, was a few.
Initial weight of the shrimp seed were 10~15 g, where were collected from the sea and main canal (wild seed). Biosecure
treatment, probiotic applied, closed and modular systems were done during grow-out shrimp in pond. It needed 235 days to
reach the broodstock size (± 40~70 g). Reproductive performance of female was measured over a 52 day at hatchery. The
spawners were maintained in 5 m diameter concrete circular tanks with flow through water, 200-300 % per day.
Prawns were fed at feeding rate 20 % of prawn biomass per day with the frozen squid, mussel and blood worm 4 times a
day (06.00; 12.00; 18.00 and 24.00 h), with 40%:60% day and night proportion. Unused feeds and faeces were siphoned
out of tanks prior to feeding. Eyestalk ablation was done after 1 week broodstock transferred to the hatchery. The male and
female broodstock weights were 38 ± 3 g and 65 ± 7 g, respectively. Ratio of the male and female in breeding tank was
1:2.5. Ovarian maturation was examined externally using a submershible flashlight. The low number of spawn per female
may be related to the unproperly ratio of male and female subsequent to number of male from the broodstock pond was
very limited.
TABLE 1. Reproductive performance of Penaeus

merguiensis female.
615
FATTY ACID PROFILES OF CYCLOPOID COPEPOD NAUPLII Apocyclops panamensis AND

THE EFFECTS OF SALINITY CHANGE
Gede Suwarthama Sumiarsa*, Ronald P. Phelps and D. Allen Davis

P.O. Box 140
Singaraja 81101
Bali, Indonesia
gedess@hotmail.com
Lipid and fatty acid profiles were described for copepod nauplii Apocyclops panamensis from fertilized brackish water
ponds, and after being acclimated to full-sea water salinity. Mean total lipid content of copepod nauplii collected from
ponds fertilized with inorganic fertilizer combined either with alfalfa meal, rice bran, wheat bran, and a combination
of these fertilizers ranged from 5.66 ± 0.15 to 7.76 ± 0.27 %. Non-polar lipid fraction of pond copepod nauplii was a
significantly higher percentage of the total lipid content (74.5 ± 1.8 - 93.5 ± 1.0 %) compared to those of polar lipid (6.5
± 1.0 - 21.3 ± 1.8 %) (P = 0.000). DHA/EPA ratio in neutral lipids ranged from 1.8 ± 0.2 - 2.0 ± 0.1 with no significant
differences in three fertilization regimes. DHA was 27.5 ± 0.56% of the neutral lipids and EPA 14.8 ± 0.8 %. Acclimation
of copepod nauplii for six hours from brackish to full-sea water salinity reduced their lipid content and individual dry
weight significantly. Mean total lipid content was reduced 44.2 %, non-polar lipid was reduced 46.9 % and polar lipid was
reduced 24.4 %. Acclimation altered the DHA/EPA ratio, in the neutral fraction the ratio increased 26.3% but in the polar
fraction it decreased 25%.
GENETIC IMPROVEMENT OF AFRICAN CATFISH Clarias gariepinus WITH BACKCROSS

STRATEGY IN INDONESIA
A. Sunarma*, M. A. Nurhidayat and Maskur
Sukabumi Freshwater Aquaculture Development Center

Jl. Selabintana 17 Sukabumi 43114 Indonesia
sunarma@yahoo.com
African catfish (Indonesian name: Dumbo catfish, Clarias gariepinus) introduced to Indonesia in 1985 and cultured by fish
farmer especially in Java Island. Good performance Dumbo catfish either growth or survival rate compared to local catfish
(Clarias batrachus) increased aquaculture productivity on fish farmer level. Unfortunately, massive seed production of
Dumbo catfish with uncontrolled broodstock management such as inbreeding case was occurred due to decreases of seed
quality. Inbreeded-Dumbo catfish can be identified on decreases of growth and survival rate and increase of fluctuating
asymmetry. A study on fluctuating asymmetry showed that Inbreeded-Dumbo catfish seeds originated from some production
region in Java Island have high asymmetry and abnormality (Nurhidayat, 2000).
Some of strategies could be done to improve of Dumbo catfish seed/broodstock quality such as hybridization and
selection, gynogenesis, transgenic or backcross. Quality improvements on Dumbo catfish broodstock have been done
at Sukabumi Freshwater Aquaculture Development Center (Sukabumi FADC) with backcross strategy. The researches
including production of backcross broodstock (year 2000), progeny test of backcross broodstock and its seed (year 2001)
and application of backcross broodstock production (year 2002 – 2004). The research result a new variety of catfish called
SANGKURIANG catfish. SANGKURIANG catfish has better growth and reproduction characteristics than inbreeded-
Dumbo catfish.
SANGKURIANG broodstock has higher fecundity 33.33% and older first gonad maturity than inbreeded-Dumbo.
SANGKURIANG seed has higher growth rate 43.57% and 14.61% than inbreeded-Dumbo at 5 – 26 days and 26 – 40
days seed rearing, respectively. SANGKURIANG mature production result higher growth rate 11.36% and 16.44%
than inbreeded-Dumbo at 0 – 200 gram/fish and 200 – 700 gram/fish, respectively. On marketable size production,
SANGKURIANG reach Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) 0.8 – 1.0.
616
MUCOUS SAMPLES AS DNA SOURCES FOR NON-LETHAL DIAGNOSIS OF KOI

HERPESVIRUS (KHV) IN COMMON CARP Cyprinus carpio
Agus Sunarto*, Isti Koesharyani, Lila Gardenia, Hessy Novita and Taukhid
Fish Health Research Laboratory

Jl. Ragunan 20, Pasar Minggu
agussunarto@hotmail.com
Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is the main species cultured in Indonesian freshwater aquaculture with annual production
of 75,322 metric tones. Since March 2002, Indonesian carp culture is facing a serious epizootic due to Koi herpesvirus
(KHV), which has caused severe economic loss and significant social impact. As of December 2003, losses were estimated
at U$15 million, with total fish mortality of up to 80-95%. External pathological signs exhibited by diseased fish include
excessive mucus production on the body and gills, swollen and necrotic gill filaments and discolored patches on the gills.
The outbreaks have spread to most part of Java, Bali, Nusa Tenggara, Sulawesi, Kalimantan and Sumatera islands. The
epizootic nature of the disease and its potential spread to neighbouring Asian countries, the current economic impact, the
potential threat to the production of this important food fish group, the potential trade and economic implications of these
high value species are significant and require urgent implementation of containment and control procedures.
Current diagnostic methods for this disease are invasive, requiring dissection of the fish to collect gills for polymerase
chain reaction (PCR) test or histopathological analysis. In order to identify the presence of KHV in fish without having to
dissect the animal, we developed a PCR-based method using mucous samples as the DNA source. Thirty adult fishes with
average weight of 433.10 (±70.77) grams were used in this study. The DNA was extracted using a commercially available
DNA extraction kit followed by amplification with primers specific that produced amplicon of 484 basepairs. To verify the
sensitivity and specificity of the test we analyzed samples of gills from the same fish by PCR and histopathology, and found
100% agreement. The results showed that mucous is a valuable tool for non-lethal diagnosis against KHV. The application
of non-lethal diagnosis techniques against KHV in high value koi carp and screening carp broodstock was discussed in the
paper.
617
LESSONS LEARNED FROM KHV OUTBREAKS AND NEED FOR PRACTICAL

APPROACHES TO EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE
Agus Sunarto*, Darnas Dana and Budi Prayitno

Jl. Ragunan 20, Jakarta 12540 - Indonesia
agussunarto@hotmail.com
Koi and common carp (Cyprinus carpio) are economically important commodities in Indonesian freshwater aquaculture,
as a high-value ornamental fish and foodfish, respectively. Since March 2002, Indonesian carp culture is facing a serious
epizootic due to Koi herpesvirus (KHV), which has caused severe economic losses and significant social impact. As of
December 2003, losses were estimated at U$15 million, with total fish mortality of up to 80-95%. The outbreaks have spread
to most part of Java, Bali, Nusa Tenggara, Sulawesi, Kalimantan and Sumatera islands. The rapid spread and potential
threat of the disease to the production of these important fish species requires urgent implementation of containment and
control procedures.
The Government of Indonesia (GoI) had quick response to KHV outbreak including organizing local disease task force,
reporting the outbreak to OIE and seeking assistance from international agencies. The last has lead to the formation of
NACA’s Task Force and FAO’s Technical Cooperation Programme, which deal with identification the causative agent
of the disease and building capacity programme, respectively. Soon after the first outbreak, GoI also immediately issued
various regulations to prevent wider spread of KHV and to minimise economic losses on koi and common carp culture.
The Degrees declared Java and Bali Islands as an isolated area of the disease and moving koi and carp from Java and Bali
Islands to other islands are strictly prohibited or should follow quarantine check for KHV. In addition, importing koi and
common carp is permitted only from KHV-free countries. However, the circumstances make the law enforcement is the
major constraint.
It is learnt from the outbreak that GoI is still face significant challenges in the implementation of emergency response to
disease outbreak. This is mainly due to inadequate national capacity and public awareness. There are three major needs on
establishing an emergency preparedness and response in Indonesia. First, development of well-documented contingency
plan, which include legislation framework, institutional arrangement with clearly designated responsibilities and financial
resources and technical standard operational procedures (SOP) dealing with disease emergency. Since there are various
institutions with different mandate dealing with fish disease in Indonesia, the institutional arrangement (both in national
and province/district level) with emphasis on sharing power and responsibilities is fundamental. Second, develop of an
effective early warning system through improvement of technical capability of emergency team in the area of risk analysis,
epidemiology, diagnostic, surveillance and information system. Third, improve emergency response to disease outbreak,
including establishment and stringent implementation of SOP for disease mitigation, containment, prevention and control
measures. Capacity building and public awareness campaign on emergency preparedness and response is essential to
properly manage disease emergencies.
618
THE USE OF KRILL Euphausia superba, NORTHERN KRILL Thysanoessa inermis AND
COPEPOD OIL FROM Calanus finmarchicus AS REPLACEMENTS FOR FISHMEAL
AND OIL IN DIETS FOR ATLANTIC SALMON Salmo salar AND ATLANTIC HALIBUT
Hippoglossus hippoglossus
Jorma Suontama* and Rolf Erik Olsen
Feed, Feeding and Quality in Fish

Institute of Marine Research, Matre
N-5984 Matredal, Norway
jormas@imr.no
The volume of carnivorous aquaculture production has increased significantly over the past few decades. Traditionally,
fish-meal and –oil have been used as protein and lipid resources. However, according to the UN’s Food and Agriculture
Organisation these resources are being exploited to the highest possible level, and in many seas beyond the sustainable
level. Thus, a further growth in the carnivorous aquaculture industry relies on the availability of new feed resources.
One alternative solution may be to exploit resources at lower tropic levels, where there are large unexploited amounts of
zooplankton, amphipods and krill. A moderate outtake could supply the aquaculture industry with raw materials far into
this century.
Data will be presented showing the effect of substituting fish protein with protein from Antarctic krill and Thysanoessa
inermis or replacing fish oil with lipids from Calanus finmarchicus on Atlantic salmon and Atlantic halibut. Results will be
discussed with regard to feed properties, utilisation, digestion and growth performance.
No adverse effects on growth were noticed when either feed protein or lipids were replaced with krill and zooplankton.
Krill enhanced growth of both Atlantic salmon and Atlantic halibut but to different degrees. In salmon, growth was highest
during early phases of feeding, while in halibut, krill appeared superior at all times. Substituting fish oil with oil from
Calanus finmarchicus did not influence growth rate of Atlantic salmon. These findings support to use oil rich in n-3 PUFA
and protein from zooplankton as an alternative marine feed ingredient in carnivore aquaculture.
Fig 1. Specific growth rate in Atlantic salmon fed Northern krill Thysanoessa
inermis
619
THE USE OF TAURINE IN THE HIGH DEFATTED SOYBEAN MEAL IN DIET ON THE
GROWTH OF HUMPBACK GROUPER JUVENILE Chromileptes altivelis
D. Yaniharto, M. Agus Suprayudi*, Ing M, Dedi J, Ophirtus S, T. Takeuchi and H. Matsunari
Departement of Aquaculture
Bogor 18860 Indonesia,
kikit01@yahoo.com
This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of taurine in the high defatted soybean meal in the diet of humpback
grouper juvenile, Chromileptes altivelis. Six experimental diets containing iso-nitrogenous (41%) and iso-energy (3700
kkal/kg) were prepared. The main protein source of diet A come from fish meal (FM). Diets B, C, D and E, FM were
substituted by defatted soybean meal (DSM) at the level of 10%, 20%, 30% and 40%, respectively. Diet F was the same to
the diet E. Except diet F, taurine was added at the level of 0.5% in all diets. All treatments were triplicates.
Humpback grouper juvenile, with initial mean weighs of 3.16±0.1 g were used in this experiment and adapted to the
experimental diet for one week before starting the feeding trials. Grouper juvenile were held in aquariums (60x40x45
cm) with the stoking density of 10 fishes. Fish were fed the experimental diets at satiation levels, three times daily (07:00,
12:00, 17:00). Fish were held at in the experimental condition for 60 days. Aquariums cleaning were carried out in every
14 days. Seventy percent of the water was changed every day to keep the water quality in good condition. During larval
rearing, water temperature was maintained at 30±±0.5oC with a heater connected to thermostat. Salinity was maintained
at 33±±1 ppt.
Fish fed diet B (FM) showed lower daily growth rate (DGR) compared to fish fed diet A, but higher when being compared to
the rest. Moreover, fish fed diet E (40% FM replaced with SBM with taurine addition) showed the same DGR with fish fed
diet D (30% FM replaced with SBM), but higher than that of fish fed diet F (40% FM replaced with SBM without taurine
addition). Protein and lipid retention (PR and LR), and feed efficiency (FE) have showed the same tendency to DGR. It is
concluded that increasing DSM content reduced growth performance of humpback grouper juvenile and the addition 0.5 %
of taurine in the diet containing high DSM (Diet E) improved growth performance humpback grouper juvenile.
THE INCIDENCE OF STREPTOCOCCOSIS IN NILE TILAPIA Oreochromis niloticus FARM

IN INDONESIA
Hambali Supriyadi*, Desy Sugiani and Dayat Bastiawan
Fish Health Laboratory

Jl. Raya Ragunan No.20
Jakarta Selatan 12540
Indonesia
hambali_s@yahoo.com
The incidence of Streptococcus iniae infection on nile tilapia has been discovered during fish diseases monitoring in
central fish culture in all over Java. Four isolates of Streptococcus iniae have been collected.. The isolates were: GM2.4
was isolated from Central Java, Y2N7 and Y2N9 were isolated from Yogyakarta and S1N8 was isolated from Serang.
Sensitivity test of some antibiotics (Neomycin, Enrofloxacin, Oxytetracycline and Chloramphenicol) against the four
bacteria mentioned have been done sensitivity disk test and Minimum Inhibitory concentration (MICs) test. The result
indicated that Neomycin was effective against Isolates Y2N7 and Y2N9, Enrofloxacin effective for isolates GM2.4, Y2N7
and Y2N9, Oxytetracycline effective against isolates Y2N9 and S1N8, meanwhile Chloramphenicol was not effective
against the four isolates. The result of pathogenicity test indicated that two isolates namely S1N8 and GM2.4 were
relatively pathogenic on nile tilapia. The immunogenicity test of those isolates have been also performed, and the result
indicated that isolate of GM2.4 was more immunogenic as compared with the others.
620
STRESS RESISTANCE, GROWTH, AND FEED EFFICIENCY OF GIANT GOURAMY

Osphronemus gouramy, Lac. FED ON DIETS CONTAINING TRIVALENT CHROMIUM
Eddy Supriyono*, Sri Hastuti, Ing Mokoginta and Subandiyono
Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences
Bogor Agricultural University (IPB)
Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor 16680
eddy_supriyono@yahoo.com
This research was carried out to study the resistance on decreasing ambient temperature stress, growth, and feeding
efficiency of giant gouramy (Osphronemus gouramy, Lac.) fed on diets containing four levels of trivalent chromium. The
fish with average body weight of 25.0 ± 2.2 g were reared for 40 days and fed with the diets, that were diet A (0.0 ppm
Cr+3), B (1.5 ppm Cr+3), C (3.0 ppm Cr+3) and D (4.5 ppm Cr+3). The feed given during the rearing period was weighted
to measure its total weight consumed. At the beginning and final rearing periods, the fish body weight was measured to
calculate its growth. At the final rearing periods, the fish were subjected to a stress treatment by moving them into water,
that had water temperature 9�C lower than their previous living media, for 5 minutes. Then the blood sugar of the fish was
measured at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, and 18 hours post-stress. The results showed that fish fed on diet containing supplement
chromium of 1.5 ppm Cr+3 exhibited the best resistance to decreasing ambient temperature stress, and therefore, produced
greatest growth and feeding efficiency values.
APPLICATION OF PROBIOTIC ON HUMPBACK GROUPER Cromileptes altivelis SEED

PRODUCTION
Agus Suriawan, Santoso Djunadi, Muhammad Mulyadi and Wiwin Mukti

agus_suriawan@yahoo.com
Appropriate probiotic application improves water quality by decomposing organic and inorganic matter. Therefore, addition
of probiotic could reduce the use of water during grouper larva rearing. It could be useful for small scale hatchery.
The aim of this study was to know effect of probiotic application on humpback grouper (Cromileptes altivelis) fry production.
The other objective was to overcome problem of water availability on larva rearing of humpback grouper. In our study, we
used a commercial probiotic contains Bacillus sp.
This study used completely randomized design of four treatments, i.e. control (0 ppm); 5 ppm probiotic, 10 ppm probiotic
and 15 ppm. Probiotic application was done every day throughout larva rearing period (40 days). Survival rate of larval and
Vibrio sp loading in rearing water were determined.
The result of this study revealed that use of probiotic at 10 ppm increased larval survival from 3.2 to 32.6%. Our study also
indicated that this probiotic could reduce the Vibrio community in larva rearing water. The Vibrio sp loads in probiotic used
water ranged from 0.16 – 0.18 x 104 CFU/ml while in control ranged from 0.4 – 0.6 x 104 CFU/ml.
621
EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENT CHROMIUM ON THE UTILIZATION OF VARIOUS LOCAL

CARBOHYDRATE RESOURCES ON THE NILE TILAPIA Oreochromis niloticus GROWTH
Yanti Suryanti*, Zafril I. Azwar, Kusdiarti and Yann Moreau
Research Instalation of Freshwater Ornamental Fish

Jalan Perikanan, Pancoran Mas, Depok 41152
yanti.suryanti@cbn.net.id
Contributes almost 60% of production cost, feed has an important role on the fish culture. In Indonesia, most of the raw
materials of feed are imported causing a big impact on the fluctuation of price. Therefore, effort it is urgently needed to
improve protein efficiency through a better of utilization of carbohydrate. Objectives of the present study are observing
the effect of supplement chromium on three local carbohydrate resources (cassava, rice brand, corn meal). The study
used Nile tilapia with 50 g sized kept in 1 m3 concrete tank using the density of 50 fish per tank. Chromium was given 6
ppm for treatment and without chromium as control during three months rearing period. Weight was observed biweekly,
plasma glucose was checked after 24 hours fasting (initial time = 0), continued 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8 hours after feeding.
Adding chromium did not significantly improve performance when cassava or rice brand are used (Table 1). With corn
meal, chromium supplementation leads to higher growth and lower energy retention which may indicate a better utilization
of carbohydrate for energy supply. Plasma glucose was slightly affected by chromium being lower when corn meal was
used.
Our result suggest that chromium addition seems not worthy using common Indonesian feedstuff such as cassava or rice
brand.
Table 1. Performance of Nile tilapia growth fed with different carbohydrate resources during three months rearing
period.
*Note: A. Feed with carbohydrate from cassava; B. Feed with carbohydrate from rice brand; C. Feed with carbohydrate
from corn meal.
622
SPONGE BIOACTIVE FOR BACTERICIDE, FUNGICIDE AND ANTIBIOFOULING IN

COASTAL AQUACULTURE
Emma Suryati, Rosmiati and A. Parenrengi
Riset Institute for Coastal Aquaculture

Jl. Makmur Dg Sitaka No 129. Maros
Sponge is one of the biological coral reef components suspected to produce bioactives used for many purposes similar
to pesticide and drug. This study was aimed at finding out the potency of sponge bioactive for bactericide, fungicide
and antibiofouling in coastal aquaculture. Sponges were collected from spermonde waters, South Sulawesi, Indonesia.
Bioactive were extracted according to the Schematic diagram of sponge bioactive fractionation at Figure 1.
Auletta sp was the most active sponges to inhibit bacteria Acinetobacter sp (28.1-29.4 mm), Callyspongia pseudoreticulata
to inhibit Pseudomonas sp (26.4-31mm) and Halichondria sp to inhibit Vibrio sp (Table 1)
Thionella sp was the most active sponges to inhibit aspergilus fumigatus, aspergilus sp, Fusarium solani and Fusarium sp
isolated from fish and shrimp diseases (Table 2).
Clathria sp was the most active sponges as antibiofouling with 24-hr LC50 27.99 ppm (Table 3).
Chemical compounds of sponge bioactive were classified by color reaction on TLC and identified by spectroscopic
methods.
Table 2. Inhibition zone (mm) of bioactive extracted

from sponge against fungi isolated from diseased fish
and shrimp
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of sponge bioactive

fractionation.
Table 1. Inhibition zone (mm) of bioactive extracted from Table 3. List of name, compounds, activity and LC50-24 (for
sponge against bacteria isolated from diseased fish and antibiofouling)
shrimp
623
EFFECT OF FEEDING REGIME AND WATER TREATMENT ON MASS SEED PRODUCTION

OF BLUE SWIMMING CRAB Portunus pelagicus
B. Susanto* and I. Setyadi
Reseach Institute For Mariculture, Gondol – Bali

PO Box 140
Singaraja. Bali. Indonesia 81101
The experiment was conducted to know the influence of feeding regime and water treatment on mass seed production of
blue swimming crab larvae. The experiment was done in concrete tank of 3 m3 provided with aeration system with initial
larva ( zoea-1) density of 75 ind/l and water exchange of 10-30 %/ day. Feeding treatment in zoea-1 to megalopa stage were
rotifers, Artemia nauplii and commercial feed. Dose and feeding frequency are shown in Table 1.
Water treatment applied was chlorination with dose of 25 ppm for 24 hour and neutralized with sodium thiosulphate
0,175 ppm and filtered through filter bag. The results of this experiment showed that feeding regime of rotifers, Artemia
nauplii, and commercial feed gave the highest survival rate of 46,96 %, and charapace length (CL): 1.60-1.75 mm and
metamorphosis to megalopa stage occurred on day eight. Chlorinated water treatment gave survival rate of 38,33 %. and
metamorphosis to megalopa stage occurred on day nine to ten.
Table 1. Dosage of rotifer Artemia naupli and commercial feed given during larval rearing of blue
swimming crab.
624
STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF ARTIFICIAL DIET ON GROWTH OF TIGER GROUPER

Epinephelus fuscoguttatus CULTURED IN FLOATING NET CAGE
Tatam Sutarmat*, Nyoman Adiasmara Giri, Wawan Andriyanto and Adi Hanafi

PO Box 140
Singaraja 81101
Bali, Indonesia
ravibiotech201320@yahoo.com
Tiger grouper is also called brown marbled grouper, carpet cod, flowery cod and blotchy rock cod in English. This fish has
been widely cultured in South East Asia. During this grouper culture how ever, many problems did occur. If trash fish are
used as food, the difficulties mentioned above have to be well managed. For constant supply of trash fish, site selection is
crucial, intense work for preparation, unstable food quality and high risks of infecting pathogens. The world trend of feed
type for cultured fish is toward dry pellets from moist pellets and trash fish. Infact, successful fishculture farms of salmon,
seabream and seabass use only dry pellets. The development of grouper dry pellets should enable the establishment of
sustainable grouper culture systems.
This study purposed to evaluate trial of utilization of artificial diets for tiger grouper cultured in floating net cages.The
experiment was carried out at Gondol Research Institute for Mariculture. Tiger grouper juveniles with average body weight
of 200 grams were cultered in three floating net cage of 2x2x2 m3 at stocking densities of 120 fish/cage. In cage-1(A) the
fish were fed with moist pellet, cages-2(B) fed with commercial pellet and cage-3(C) fed with chopped row trash fish to
satiation and reared for 3 months. The results of this study showed that body weight gain and specific growth rate, were
not significantly different among treaments. Feed conversion ratio obtained in moisture pellet, commercial pellet and trash
fish were 3.50; 1.59 and 5.04, respectively. Survival rates were not significantly different among treatments (93.3; 96.7 and
90.0%) (Table 1.). Grow-out of tiger grouper in floating net cage fed with moist pellet, commercial pellet and trash fish
was economically feasible.
Table 1 Growth,and production of tiger grouper fed with trash fish, moist pellet and dry pellet.
625
RECENT PROGRESS OF JAPAN-INDONESIA COOPERATION ON AQUACULTURE

Sulistiono*, Dedy Jusadi, Subiyanto and Seiichi Watanabe

Bogor, Indonesia
Cooperation on the fisheries biology and aquaculture between Indonesia (c/o. DGHE; Diponegoro University;) and Japan
(c/o. Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology-formerly of Tokyo
University of Fisheries) was established in 1994. The program was provided by more than 150 scientists, and involved
more than 20 universities from those countries. Four main program of the cooperation was done such as scientist exchange,
cooperative research, international symposium (seminar, workshop), and student exchange.
Cooperative research was implemented by those universities such as Bogor Agricultural University and Tokyo University
of Marine Science and Technology with main topic of study on the estuarine ecosystem for fisheries purposes in 1994,
2001, 2002, and 2003. International symposium and workshop were performed in 1997, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005 in Japan
and Indonesia. Scientist exchange has been carried out since 1994-2005.
Future perspective of the cooperation should be developed especially for cooperative research such as crustacean biology
and culture, biotechnology, disease etc. International publication should be more developed by establishing a journal
organized by those countries. Other prospective should be performed are cooperative supervision, short training for
laboratory technician/official and student exchange.
SOME BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF BUTINI FISH Glossogobius matanensis IN LAKE

MATANO, SOUTH SULAWESI, INDONESIA
Sulistiono*, Irma, Luci Christina Hutabarat, Soetikno Wirjoatmodjo, Seiichi Watanabe and Masashi Yokota

Bogor, Indonesia
ecep_s@bima.ipb.ac.id
Study on the some biological aspects of butini fish Glossogobius matanensis was conducted in Lake Matano, South
Sulawesi from March 2002 to April 2003 using samples collected by experimental gill net (mesh-sized 0.75, 1, 1.25 and
1.5 inches). Objective of this study is to investigate some biological aspects of that fish including gonad maturity and food
habits. Maturity, gonado somatic index (GSI), fecundity, oocytes diameter, index of stomach content (ISC) and index of
preponderance (IP) were investigated.
Fish samples (N=392) sexed to be male (168) and female (224), varied in total body length (79-332 mm). Maturity and
gonado somatic index (GSI) varied according to month sampling and size. Mature and maturing gonads were mostly found
each month. Therefor, higher value of the index seem in July and March (for male), and July and October (for female).
Fecundity of the fish varied from 16011 to 13518. Oocyte dimaters of maturing and mature gonads varied from 40 to 670
µm. Nine kinds of food were found in their stomach contents such as shrimps, crabs, fish, insects, worms, gastropods,
part of organisms, debris and unidentified organisms. Main food of the fish was shrimps (IP 53.8% for male and 59.2%
for female). Index of stomach content varied monthly for male (0.006%-3.2%) and female (0.003%-3.691%). The highest
index of stomach content of male fish was in May (0.825 for male and 0.439 for female), while the lowest one was in
February (0.045% for male) and April (0.023% for female).
626
EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT LEVEL AND DOSE OF DIETARY PROTEIN ON THE GROWTH

OF MILK FISH Chanos chanos (Forsk) FINGERLING
Erwin Suwendi*
Bogor Agricultural of University
e_suwendi@hotmail.com
A few last years when shrimp culture had been going down, most of the shrimp farmers convert to milk fish culture. The
main reason of them were the milk fish culture has lower risk in which harvest failed than shrimp. The operational cost
needed was not as much as the shrimp culture. Moreover, most of former intensive shrimp culture containing high organics
matter. Its can be used to growth plankton for natural feed. However to accelerate the growth of milk fish, artificial feed was
required. In the other hand, to be effective feed developments must consider on the nutritional requirements of the cultured
species in terms of their energy, protein, lipid, vitamin, and mineral. Formulation of well-balanced diets and their adequate
feeding are the most important for successful aquaculture.
A feeding trial was conducted to determine the optimum level and dose of dietary protein on the growth of milk fish
(Chanos chanos Forsk.) Fingerling. The average initial weight of milk fish fingerlings is 0.003±0.005 gram. Fingerlings of
milk fish were fed semipurified diets containing 40%, 45%, and 50%, and with doses of 5%, 10%, and 15%. The fingerlings
were fed to satiation three times a day for 28-day rearing time. To keep the water quality well, water exchange was done
approximately 60% of total water volume. To weight the mass of fingerlings were done once in 7-day. The results showed
that the biomass of fingerlings content increased. There was no significant differences in survival rate among treatments.
Based on the evaluation of feed efficiency, biomass, and total length, it can be concluded that milk fish fingerling requires
50% level and 5% dose of dietary protein.
Table 1. Composition of diets for milkfish

fingerling.
Table 2. Result of treatment
The Result of treatments 40% (5%,10%,15%)

and 45% (5%,10%,15%) are lower than 50%,
so I appeared the level 50% with doses of 5%,
10%, and 15%.
627
EFFECT OF DIETARY LIPID CONTENTS ON GROWTH OF ESTUARY GROUPER

Epinephelus coioides JUVENILES
Ketut Suwirya, Nyoman Adiasmara Giri, Agus Prijono and Muhamad Marzuqi

P. O. Box 140
Singaraja Bali 81100
Indonesia
gondol dkp @singaraja.wasantara.net.id
At present, estuary grouper (Epinephelus coioides) breeding has been succeded and need to continue to support mariculture.
One of the important factor is feed research for estuary grouper to anticipate its culture. Important feed component for
carnivorous fish is lipid.. Utilization of lipid by fish reduces the use of dietary protein in metabolism. Another important
factor for lipid is fatty acid composition of lipid sources used in feed.
Lipid is dietary component for energy and essential fatty acid sources. Requirement of lipid for fish varies depending on
species and size. The present study was conducted to evaluate the levels of dietary lipid on growth of estuary grouper
juveniles Epinephelus coioides. Twelve fish of 5.0 ± 0.3 grams in body weight were reared in 30 liter tanks for 77 days
with flow through water system. Temperature and salinity of the rearing water ranged between 28 - 30oC and 31 - 33
ppt., respectively. The levels of lipid in the test diets were 0.0%, 3.0%, 6.0%, 9.0%, 12.0%, and 15.0%. The results of
experiment showed that dietary lipid affected growth and feed efficiency of estuary grouper juveniles (Table 1). Juveniles
of estuary grouper fed diets with 3.0% - 12.0% dietary lipid had higher growth rate than fish fed diet without lipid, but
increasing dietary lipid level from 12.0% to 15.0% reduced the growth of fish (P<0.05). The optimum level of dietary lipid
for estuary grouper juveniles was 12.0%.
Table 1. Specific growth rate and feed efficiency of estuary grouper juvenile fed different dietary lipid levels.
Mean in column with the same superscript are not statistically different (P>0.05).
G= ((ln Wt – ln Wo)/t, where G = Specific growth rate, Wo = Initial body weight, Wt = End of body
1
weight, t = period of experiment (days).

628
EFFECTS OF LIGHT INTENSITY ON EARLY LIFE DEVELOPMENT AND DIGESTIVE

ENZYME ACTIVITIES IN GILTHEAD SEA BREAM Sparus aurata L.1758 LARVAE
Cüneyt Suzer*, Kürşat Firat and Şahin Saka
Ege University
35100 Bornova
Izmir, Turkey
suzer@sufak.ege.edu.tr
In this study, effects of light intensities on animal husbandry (mainly growth and survival) and main digestive enzyme
activities (proteases, amylase and lipase) were studied in gilthead sea bream Sparus aurata larvae during the first month
of life. Three different light intensities (10, 30 and 100-lx for group A, B and C) were compared in triplicate and green
water technique was carried out. In all groups, trypsin and chymotrypsin specific activities were firstly detected on day 3
related with mouth opening and slightly increased until 20 and 25 days after hatching (DAH) respectively, and after this
date specific activities of those decreased. Although, there was a significant difference between group A and other groups
(p<0.05), no differences were found between group B and C (p>0.05). Pepsin was detected on day 25 related with stomach
formation and sharp increased was determined until 30 DAH and then slight decrease was measured from this date and
no differences were found between all groups (p>0.05). Amylase was firstly determined on day 2 and increased to day 5.
After this date, slight decreases were measured in all groups and continued until end of experiments. The highest specific
activity of amylase was determined in group B and no significant differences were found between groups (p>0.05). Lipase
was firstly detected on day 4 and increased to day 10. Then, activity of lipase was decreased and increased until 25 DAH.
Slight decreases were found in all groups until day 30 and continued to end of experiments. No significant differences
were detected between all groups (p>0.05). At the end of the experiment, light intensity did not effect neither survival
nor larval development except group A treated 10 lx. The significant improvement in survival, larval development and
specific enzyme activities of larvae were determined in 30 lx treated group. It is thought that this phenomenon related with
optimizing animal husbandry under medium light intensity for S. aurata larvae.
Fig. 1. Growth of S. aurata larvae in groups

during the 30 day-experiment. Each mean
±S.D. is a pool of 30 larvae
Fig. 2. The specific activities of
proteases assayed whole larvae
homogenates in groups A (›),
B (ò) and C (ø). Results are
expressed as means ±SD (n=5).
629
STATUS OF HATCHERY AND FARM PRODUCTION OF COBIA Rachycentron canadum IN

VIETNAM, POTENTIAL AND CONSTRAINTS FOR DEVELOPMENT
Niels Svennevig
SINTEF Fisheries and Aquaculture

NO-7465 Trondheim, Norway
niels.svennevig@post3.tele.dk
Cobia or black kingfish (Rachycentron canadum) is an important species in the ambitious plan for development of marine
fish cage farming in Vietnam. By 2010 the Ministry of Fisheries targets to have an annual marine fish production of
200,000 tons. The presentation will present an overview of the cobia farming in Vietnam and the constraints and potential
for development.
Hatching of cobia was first achieved in 1999 at the Cat Ba research station outside Haiphong in the north, but does now
take place at several governmental hatcheries in the northern and northern central regions. The production of fingerlings
though successful (50-100,000 pieces) is not stable and therefore fingerlings are still imported from Mainland China and
Chinese Taipei.
Grow-out takes place in Ha Long and Bai Tu Long Bays in the north, at open coast of Nghe An Province in the northern-
central, in Van Phong Bay of Khanh Hoa Province in central and in bays of Ba Ria-Vung Tau Province in the south. The
farm structure is both small- and large-scale farms – i.e. family and corporate – targeting volumes from one to several
hundreds of tons. The technology applied range from traditional wooden raft cages to Norwegian style circular plastic
cages, and most farmers still use trash fish as the main feed resource.
While cobia earlier was an occasional fish in the market or seafood restaurants in Vietnam it is now often seen in major
cities and it seems that the Vietnamese market has adapted very fast to the new species. In the south and central the majority
of the production is exported towards Chinese Taipei and Japan reflecting the joint venture investment background of the
main producers.
630
THE SOCIO-ECONOMICS ASPECT OF MARICULTURE DEVELOPMENT AT

PEGAMETAN BAY, BALI
Dewi Syahidah*, Adi Hanafi, Tatam Sutarmat and Wawan Andriyanto
Research Institute For Mariculture

PO Box 140 Singaraja
Bali, Indonesia 81101
rossie_valentino@yahoo.com
The development of mariculture Floating Net Cage (FNC) in Pegametan Bay begun in 2001, after the success of seed
production for milkfish and grouper. Within three years, then there increase in number of farmers become 12 farmers and
increase in production of the capacity over than 70 tons/cycles.
The structure questioner has been prepared and used together as field of primary data. Data then tabulated and analyzed
using SPSS software.
The total harvest collected from farmers at least will be reach 3 tons as already agreed with the buyer. Running this effort,
farmers found many problems, i.e.: seed stocking, capital, fish diseases, labor and also management planning.
The initiative to form farmers communication forum coming from the institute and agreed by all farmers, named
“KOMPLET”. The regular meeting every month has several agendas: (1). Establish an organization with a leader, secretary
treasures, and members; (2). Prepare the short, intermediate and long term plan;(3). Discussing every problem encountered
by different members with technical or non-technical problem and find the best solution during the meeting; (4) Planning
of the market requirement, quality, quantity, continuity and price.
For the development of sustainable mariculture, it’s strongly recommended for:(1). Appropriate, site location, suitability
and carrying capacity ; (2). The co-management and area consideration should be conducted involving all farmers; (3).
Farmers organization should be form and regular meeting as an emergency meeting.
631
CURRENT STATUS OF BLUEFIN TUNA FARMING IN NORTH AMERICA

Paula C. Sylvia
Hubbs-SeaWorld Research Institute

2595 Ingraham Street
San Diego, California 92109 USA
psylvia@hswri.org
World production of farmed tuna amounted to approximately 40,000 metric tons (MT) in 2003-2004, providing roughly
over one third of the demand for the Japanese sushi and sashimi market. Currently, northern and southern bluefin tuna are
the primary species farmed (Thunnus thynnus, T. thynuus orientalis and T. maccoyii). However, bigeye tuna (T. obesus)
and yellowfin tuna (T. albacares) have been farmed in Mexico as well as Central America and are now considered as
alternative species for tuna farming, especially those in warmer water regions. Tuna farming or ranching began in the
1990’s, primarily in South Australia but has also existed on an experimental and commercial level in Japan for over thirty
years. Today, tuna farming exists on 7 continents, in 18 countries and in 14 oceans and/or seas around the world.
Almost exclusively, the production of farmed tuna in North America is conducted just south of the U.S. border in Mexican
waters. With a total of 8 permitted farms with a production potential of 3500 MT, Mexican tuna farming operations
currently represent almost 10% of world production. The majority of operations are located on the Pacific side of the Baja,
California peninsula. More detail on the specifics of these operations will be discussed.
There is currently no tuna farming conducted in U.S. waters. The U.S. east coast potential for tuna farming is limited by
the total tonnage of tuna allotted to just a handful of purse seine vessels. The small quota for these vessels, even combined
does not provide the economic incentive needed to initiate tuna farming in east coast waters. Conversely, the west coast of
the U.S., primarily southern California and Hawaiian waters hold great potential for tuna operations. Several projects have
been proposed and are currently going through various permitting phases.
Mexico and southern California are particularly inviting for tuna farming because of temperate weather conditions, an
abundant supply of locally caught feed and proximity to major, international airports. Additionally, three of the most
valuable tuna species, Bluefin, Bigeye and Yellowfin tuna are common inhabitants of these waters. Although the primary
market for tuna is Japan, the rapidly expanding market in the U.S. cannot be ignored. Accurate statistics are limiting,
however, in the U.S. alone, there is currently an estimated 45,000 MT demand for tuna, primarily for sushi and sashimi
but also for grilling. There is also a national mandate to expand aquaculture production in the U.S. and an emerging
offshore aquaculture industry to support this expansion. Tuna show enormous potential as a candidate species to support
this expansion, especially on the west coast of the United States.
632
MULTIFUNCTIONAL POND FARMING FOR SUSTAINABLE AQUACULTURE

L. Varadi, I. Szucs and E. Bekefi
Research Institute for Fisheries

Aquaculture and Irrigation
Hungary
varadil@haki.hu
Agriculture, forestry, fish farming, environment- and nature protection are important components of rural life. Pond fish
farming is a special sector of agriculture11 in Asia and Central-Eastern Europe since this type of food production activity
has similarities both to animal husbandry and agricultural land use, besides having important role in rural livelihood
and environment protection. Therefore, pond fish farming is a very complex activity which includes three main elements
according to the followings: food production; environment protection; and recreation.
A pond fish farm, which is a part of the rural economy also functions as valuable aquatic habitat, plays important role
in regional water- and landscape management, provides services for various recreational activities and contributes to the
preservation of cultural heritage.
The main characteristics of the sustainable pond fish farming model is summarized in the following:
• competitive aquaculture, which can meet challenges of global trade without being over-subsidized;
• well controlled and environment-friendly food production activity, which provides nutritious, healthy and safe food;
• activity, which may not focus only on fish farming but may include various services for recreation, environment-, water-,
and landscape management;
• fish production activity, of which type and intensity are always adapted to the given environmental conditions;
• aquaculture, which still contains ancient elements of food production (e.g. netting) and having rich cultural tradition;
• food production, which is based on the utilization of renewable energy resources;
• environment conscious farming practice, which also concerns the proper working conditions and health of the people
who work at the farm and live in the surrounding.
The study is analyzing the elements of pond fish farming summarized above through a cost-benefit analysis both on farm
and sector level giving special emphasis to positive and negative externalities.
633
ROLE OF ORGANIC MANURES ON PLANKTON DIVERSITY, NUTRIENT CONTENT OF

SEDIMENT AND FISH PRODUCTION OF DIFFERENT INTEGRATED FISH FARMING
SYSTEMS
T. Francis, N. Ramanathan and G. Sanjeeviraj
Fisheries College and Research Institute

Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University
Thoothukudi – 628008, India
t_franciz2000@ yahoo.com
A demonstration farm on different integrated farming systems were developed at Fisheries College and Research Institute,
Thoothukudi. Experiments were conducted in different integrated ponds using waste from cattle, pig, poultry and duck. All
the integrated ponds were stocked with carp seeds. Production of plankton , nutrient status of sediment and fish production
observed from different integrated fish farming systems. Supplementary feed was not given. The entire fish stock was
harvested from different integrated fishponds after 240 days of stocking carp seeds. Thirty-nine species of plankton were
recorded from all the four integrated ponds out of which 33 were Rotifers. Pig waste manured pond showed the highest
species diversity with a total of 30 species followed by cattle waste manured pond with 24 species. The level of organic
carbon was higher in all manured integrated ponds (0.25-0.47%) except in poultry waste pond ( 0.16%) during culture
operation. The nitrogen level was high in cattle waste manured pond (111 Kgs/ac.) followed by pig waste -manured pond
(102 Kgs/ac.) during fish culture operation. The level of phosphorus from integrated ponds ranges from 4.0 to 4.5 kgs/ac.
during culture operation. The fish production from the different integrated farming systems were studied and analysed.
Production of 497 kgs/ 0.15 ha (3113 kgs/ha) of fish harvested from cattle waste manured pond. Total Production of 198
kgs /. 08 ha (2475 kgs/ha) of fish harvested from pig waste manured pond. Fish production of 168 kgs/.08 ha ( 2100kgs/
ha) and 204 kgs/.08 ha ( 2550 kgs/ha ) was obtained from poultry and duck manured pond. The present paper showed the
distribution of Rotifers, nutrient status of sediment and varying level of fish production from different integrated ponds.
634
NOTES
635
EVALUATING THE RISK OF CIGUATERA FISH POISONING FROM CONSUMPTION OF

REEF FISH GROWN AT MARINE AQUACULTURE FACILITIES IN HAWAI‘I.
Clyde S. Tamaru*, Bruce Anderson, Yoshistugi Hokama and Douglas Vincent
University of Hawaii Sea Grant College Program

2525 Correa Road, HIG 205
Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 USA
ctamaru@hawaii.edu
Ciguatera fish poisoning is the most common cause of fish poisoning worldwide and occurs following the ingestion of
fish containing ciguatoxins. The ciguatoxins are produced by the marine dinoflagellate, Gambierdicus toxicus that are
ingested by herbivorous reef fishes and bio-accumulate up the food chain. Aquaculture provides the potential to grow fish
in conditions that would prevent significant exposure to G. toxicus or its toxins through bio-accumulation. This would
allow the cultivation and sale of reef fish that would otherwise not be safe to eat. By examining aquaculture facilities for the
presence of G. toxicus and testing fish grown at these facilities for ciguatoxins, it is possible to evaluate the risk of ciguatera
fish poisoning from consumption of reef fish grown at these facilities in Hawai‘i.
Two aquaculture facilities in Hawai‘i (Cates International, Oahu and Kona Blue Water Farms, Hawai‘i) were collaborators
on this project as they currently produce fish species that have been implicated in ciquatera cases of fish caught from the
wild. Cates International currently produces Polydactylus sexfilis, commonly known as Pacific threadfin or moi, in open
ocean submerged net pens and Seriola rivoliana, or almaco jack or kahala is currently produced in land based tank systems
by Kona Blue Water Farms.
Grow-out facilities for both enterprises were surveyed for the presence of the marine dinoflagellate, G. toxicus. No signs
of the dinoflagellate were detected in the grow-out facilities at Kona Blue Water Farms. In contrast, G. toxicus could
be found on all three submerged sea cages operated by Cates International and levels that ranged between 32 – 1,921
cells G. toxicus/gram algae. The major algal species that was growing on the cages and associated with G. toxicus was
identified as Tolypiocladia glomerulata. The levels of the dinoflagellate are consistent with levels associated with the
leeward coast of the island of Oahu. Fish specimens from these facilities were tested using a membrane immunobead
assay for detecting ciguatoxin and related polyethers directly from fish tissue. A total of 40 individual Pacific threadfin
and 40 kahala intercepted through the normal marketing chain for both species were examined and none have been found
to possess the ciquatoxin.
These findings demonstrate that ciguatoxins are not present in S. rivoliana raised in aquaculture facilities even when G.
toxicus is present. This is not surprising given the controlled diets fed to caged fish and the lack of opportunity for these
fish to consume significant quantities of other fish in their immediate surroundings that could bioaccumulate the toxins. In
light of rising concerns being raised about the safety of consuming cultured fish, the results to date demonstrate that these
cultured fishes do not harbor the toxin and should boost consumer confidence that the home grown product are safe to be
eaten.
636
Blakeslea trispora, β-CAROTENE SOURCE FOR SHRIMP Penaeus monodon
Montakan Tamtin*, Sarayut Onsanit, Siriporn Luchai Chaiyakul, Supis Thongrod and Alexei Tjurenkov
Petch Buri Coastal Aquatic Feed Research Center

Coastal Aquatic Feed Research Institute
Petch Buri, Thailand 76000
mtamtin@hotmail.com
It is well known that the accumulation of astaxanthin carotenoids in shrimp tissue as well as other crustacean is of dietary
origin. Nontheless, dietary β-carotene is proved to be alternative sources of carotenoids which are readily bioconverse
to astaxanthin by shrimp. Therefore desired pigmentation could be achieved economically by feeding them with natural
β-carotene rather than synthetic astaxanthin. This project was aimed to observe the effect of Blakeslea trispora as natural
sources of β-carotene for Penaeus monodon on flesh coloration, growth, survival as well as immune response parameters.
A 10 weeks feeding trial was conducted in twelve of 50x90x40 cm3 aquaria. Twenty shrimps with the initial weight of
0.6 g were kept in each aquaria. Four experimental diets were prepared to contain different levels of β-carotene biomass
(Blakeslea trispora) at 0, 1.250, 1.875, 2.500 g per 1kg diet and obtained the analysis value of beta carotene at 0, 95,
136 and 175 ppm, respectively. At termination shrimps sample from all treatments were freezed dried and subjected to
astaxanthin analysis by means of Craft method. After 10 weeks of feeding trial, there were no significant difference in
mean body weight, percent weight gain, survival rate, FCR nor on microbial clearance ability of shrimps fed with all dietary
β-carotene supplementation. (p>0.05) except for the immune response in term of production of hemocytes which non β-
carotene supplemented diet gave the lowest value (p<0.05). Survival rate of non-supplemented shrimp, however, appeared
to be low (47%) compared to others (63-75%). β-carotene supplementation were significantly effected to the total yields
(p<0.05) and the non-supplemented shrimp shown the poorest result. Dietary β-carotene in all supplementation levels
resulted in significant deposition of astaxanthin (p<0.01) as well as visual enhancement of flesh coloration in shrimp. The
best astaxanthin accumulation as well as pigmentation was obtained from 136 ppm β-carotene level in diet.
The Blakeslea trispora biomass, therefore are suitable as natural β-carotene source for shrimp (P. monodon). Supplementation
of β-carotene could improved both yields and flesh coloration in P. monodon where supplementation of Blakeslea trispora
at 1.875 g per kg diet which supply 136 ppm of β-carotene level in feed provide the good result.
637
OSMOREGULATORY MECHANISM OF WESTERN ROCK LOBSTER Panulirus cygnus IN

INLAND SALINE WATER
Uras Tantulo*, Nicholas Jones, David Prangnell and Ravi Fotedar
Muresk Institute
1 Turner Ave.
Bentley WA 6102, Australia
uras_tantulo@yahoo.com.au
Western rock lobsters (Panilurus cyganus) are endemic to Western Australia. To date, the export market demand for the
species is met by capture fisheries alone. On the other hand, cage culture of rock lobster is a possibility and has been
practiced in central Vietnam. In WA, the cage culture of lobsters in coastal areas may be difficult due to competition from
other resource users. However, inland saline water (ISW) is abundant in WA, allowing the possibility of cage culture.
Before cage culture is attempted, it is important to understand the basic osmoregulatory mechanisms of lobsters when they
are exposed to the different ionic composition of ISW.
A trial was conducted to compare isosmotic points, serum osmolalities and osmoregulatory capacities (OC) of western rock
lobsters (97.5 ± 2.2 g) when exposed to inland saline water (ISW) and ocean water (OW) for 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes
at different salinities (16, 22, 28, 34 ppt). Isosmotic points of P. cygnus when exposed to ISW for the four exposure times
were 39.9; 36.5; 35.3 and 34.8 ppt, which were higher than the isosmotic points of lobsters exposed to OW (33.2; 34.2;
33.4; and 36.0 ppt). Serum osmolality in ISW and OW increased significantly (P < 0.05) with increase in salinity. The
serum osmolality was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in ISW at 16 ppt after 90 and 120 minutes of exposure than 30 and 60
minutes. The OC of the lobsters was significantly higher (P < 0.05) at 16 ppt in ISW than in OW from 60 minutes till the
end of the experiment (Table 1). These results indicate that western rock lobsters were more vulnerable to stress in ISW
than OW at 16 ppt. At higher salinities, the OC’s of western rock lobsters were comparable in both ISW and OW. Future
study should be directed towards determining the effects of long-term culture in ISW on survival and growth of the western
rock lobster.
Table 1. Osmoregulatory capacity (mOsm/kg) of western rock lobsters (Panulirus cygnus) after
exposure to ocean water (OW) and inland saline water (ISW) at different salinities and periods of
time. Data in the same column having different subscript letters (1,2) are significantly different at
level of 0.05.
638
BETTER MANAGEMENT PRACTICES (BMP) USED TO CONTROL WHITE SPOT VIRAL

DISEASE IN SEMI-INTENSIVE TIGER SHRIMP Penaeus monodon CULTURE PONDS IN
INDONESIA
Arief Taslihan, Supito, Erick Sutikno, Lideman and Richard B. Callinan
CBAD
Jl. Pemandian Kartini
PO Box 1
Jepara, Indonesia
arieftaslihan@yahoo.com
Validation trials were carried out for shrimp culture technology to control white spot viral disease (WSVD) in Penaeus
monodon. The technology level selected was small-scale, semi-intensive ponds at stocking densities of 10-14 postlarvae/
sqm. Five basic practices were selected as standard procedures to support better production. These included better soil
preparation, water disinfection, PCR screening of PL, water quality management using paddle wheels and use of reservoirs
with milkfish biofilters. A total of 25 ponds were used. Trials ponds were located in three different areas in Indonesia:
Jepara (Central Java province), Sidoarjo (East Java Province) and Pinrang, Pangkep and Maros (South Sulawesi Province).
Results revealed that 16 ponds succeeded in producing shrimp from 1.5 tons to 2.9 tons/Ha (equivalent) per crop, while 9
ponds failed due either to environmental disturbances or WSVD outbreaks. By contrast, nearly all ponds (> 90%) belonging
to farmers surrounding the trial ponds suffered WSVD outbreaks at 15 to 60 days of culture (DOC). Improvement of pond
bottom condition had a strong influence on a good harvest outcome. Application of PCR screening of PL also supported
success. Better pond preparation increased shrimp production by 900 kg/Ha/crop (two cases). Operation of paddle wheels
significantly improved oxygen concentration, controlled pond grass and improved water quality (6 cases). Some additional
treatments also supported success. These included application of probiotics, use of ground, dried mollusks, use of vitaminc
C and use of garlic. Of the failed ponds, 5 experienced natural disturbances rather than WSVD outbreaks. Specifically,
2 ponds were flooded by overflowing river water, 2 ponds experienced hypo-osmotic stress and one pond was operated
under acid soil conditions. Mass mortalities in the failed ponds occurred at 50 (Pangkep district), 70 (Jepara, Sidoarjo)
and 90 DOC (Maros). In the case of Pangkep validation ponds, transmission of WSVD may have occurred from adjacent
ponds that had experienced WSVD outbreaks 2 weeks earlier. With respect to water quality, nearly all ponds had problems
with phytoplankton over-blooms prior to difficulties (4 cases) and one pond experienced a very low dissolved oxygen
concentration. This series of field validation trials revealed that proper pond preparation, strict water management practices
and use of PCR screened PL could help to prevent harvest failure due to WSVD in P. monodon farms.
639
THE APPLICATION OF PCR AS CONTROL POINT IN SCREENING OF WILD CATH

Penaeus monodon BROODSTOCK TO PROVIDE SPECIFIC PATHOGEN FREE GRADE
FRY OF WHITE SPOTS SYNDROME VIRUS IN INDONESIA
Arief Taslihan*, Retno Handayani, E. Maftuti Nur, Abidin Nur II and M. Murdjani
CBAD
PO Box 1
Jepara, Indonesia
White spot disease is one of the most serious disease in culture of P. Monodon in Indonesia. Lost due to disease is predicted
up to IDR 2.5 thrilyun per year or equivalent to lost of 50.000 kg of shrimp. The source of the infection was presumably
from fry through vertical transmission from wild catch broodstock. The stressor also gave support for the incident of
outbreaks such as environmental deterioration, water quality fluctuation, sudden death of phytoplankton and pollution both
internal and external. A serious efford must be done to rise up shrimp production from pond culture. One efford that may
reliable to be done was the use of SPF fry. The result of previous study shrowed that 80% ponds stocked with PCR screened
PL’s achieved good production compare to pond stocked with non PCR screened PL’s which is only less than 20% success.
To produce SPF fry, screening of brood stock is arranged at the time of arrival at CBAD Jepara. There are three of source
of wild catch broodstock use in the study, which are Aceh, Pangandaran (West Java) and West Nusatenggara. The PCR tool
for screening was 2nd step nested PCR set up according to Lo et. al.. Based of the result of WSSV screening, prevalence
of broodstock to WSSV from three different area, Aceh, Pangandaran and West Nusatenggara are 9%, 33% and 40%. Fry
produced by WSSV-free broodstock were 100% free of WSSV throgh PCR tested. The procedure therefor is suggested to
be use in biosecurity to support the National Broodstock Programm in relation to SPF production of fry.
Table 1. Prevalence of broodstock to WSSV from 3 different area in Indoneis

640
DISSEMINATION OF SHRIMP CULTURE TECHNOLOGY TO ENHANCE ECONOMIC

IMPROVEMENT AND POVERTY ALLEVIATION FOR COASTAL SETTLEMENT
Arief Taslihan*, Supito, Lideman, Erik Sutikno, Derek Foster and Richard B. Callinan
CBAD
PO Box 1
Jepara, Indonesia
Outbreak of white spots disease syndrome affecting tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon during the last decade has significantly
reduced economic status for community in the coastal region. The situation has let some social disorder such as increasing
of jobless people, and destructive activities for mangrove area and the increase of criminal cases. Thousand of ponds
had leaved by farmers became unproductive and tend to be idle causing the increase of such disease such as Malaria in
several areas. Some economic activities related to shrimp farming such as cold storage, hatcheries, and feed industries
had also collapsed. In other hand, shrimp culture technology based on research to control white spots disease outbreaks
has already produced and proven to be very effective. Some efforts to disseminate the technology has been done, through
demonstration ponds and training of farmer however the result has still unsatisfied. In collaboration with ACIAR project,
a dissemination program has been set up with emphasized on positioning farmers as central of the activities. In the model
of ACIAR-DGF dissemination program, farmers were placed as researchers back uping by scientist, extension worker,
technician and laboratory. Prior to field validation trials, some training has been conducted such as training for farmers,
technician and laboratory staff. After completing the training session, field validation trials being conducted hereafter. The
pond validation trial took placed. at participating farmer’s pond at three different areas, which are Central Java, East Java
and South Sulawesi. Each of farmers has opportunities to conduct tree consecutive trials at different season. The result of
the program found that at the first trials, even the pond make success to produce shrimp nearly no farmers are interest and
trying the technology. When the second trials proven gave the same success, two farmers are already interested and they
are willing to adopt the technology. Continuing the third cycle of validation trials, 8 farmers are interested and willing to
self funded shrimp culture. The result was interesting, as compare to validation trials usually do in Indonesia that only one
trial, which farmers are not involved so much. Based on the activities could be concluded that replication (repeated) of
validation trials is needed to give farmer’s attractiveness and to give opportunities in long term learning process. This model
of dissemination is likely suitable for Indonesian farmers in disseminating the technology..
641
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND TOTAL ORGANIC MATTER ON PATHOGENICITY

OF KOI HERPES VIRUS INFECTING COMMON CARP Cyprinus carpio
Taukhid*, Tuti Sumiati and Isti Koesharyani

Jl. Ragunan 20
Pasar Minggu – Jakarta 12540, Indonesia
taukhid_taukhid@yahoo.com
Since March 2002, episodes of mass mortality have occurred in cultured Cyprinus carpio in Indonesia. DNA-based
diagnostic technique was used to corfirm aetiological agent, and the disease was clearly caused by Koi Herpes Virus
(KHV). Outbreak and severity of the disease mainly were triggered by environmental factors such as water temperature
and probably total organic matter in the water. A Research with the aim to know the effect of water temperature and total
organic matter on pathogenicity of the disease has been conducted in laboratory level. The first research is manipulation
of three different levels of temperature namely: (A). 22 - ≤ 26 oC, (B). 26 - ≤ 30 oC, and (C). 30 - ≤ 34 oC. Fifty positively
KHV-infected common carp were reared in fibre tank with the volume of 150 L and, four replicate was applied for each
treatment. Minimum-maximum water temperature was monitored daily. The second research is manipulation of three
different concentration of total organic matter (TOM) namely: (A). 0 – 4,99 ppm, (B). 5,0 – 9,99 ppm, (C). 10,0 – 14,99
ppm, and (D) 15,0 – 19,99 ppm. Forty positively KHV-infected common carp were reared in glass tank with the volume
of 100 L and, three replicate was applied for each treatment. Maintaining of TOM level was regularly monitored 3 days
interval. Results of the research revealed that range of water temperature and TOM level gave significant different on
cumulative mortality of fish test. Mean of cumulative mortality of each treatment at temperature experiment are: 94% in
group A, 71% in group B, and only 23% in group C. Mean of cumulative mortality of each treatment at TOM experiment
are: 62% in group A, 74% in group B, 90% in group C, and 97% in group D. PCR test of randomized fish sample taken
from the population before the research performed shows that fish test positively infected by KHV.
642
IMPORTANCE OF GILL DEVELOPMENT IN POST LARVAE OF L. vannamei ON SURVIVAL

AT FARM
Nyan Taw*, Januar Pribadi and Yudi Budiyanto

nyan.taw@cpbahari.com
Sustainable production at shrimp farm is very much dependent on high quality post larvae. There are a variety of post
larvae quality assessment methods which are now being used. However, these assessments provide information on the
animal’s condition at the time of determination maybe at the source – hatchery. As far as for P. monodon, existing methods
appear to be sufficient. However, with ever emerging new viral diseases, the need for better assessment method is essential.
Introducing of Pacific white shrimp (L. vananmei) in 2001 (Nyan Taw, et.al, 2002) has also brought in technologies which
could also be used in culture of P. monodon. One of the objective assessment methods for quality L. vannamei post
larvae, according to McIntosh (per comm.) is development of gill. During early period of introduction of L. vannamei
into Indonesia survival was low, and in many cases even after the SPF L. vannamei was introduced. This has prompted a
study to check on gill development not only of L. vannamei but also P. monodon in relationship to post larvae age, size and
survival (SR) stress test at hatchery and farm.
L. vannamei gill is fully developed at PL 9 – all three gill branches fully developed. Survival from stress test for two hours
with 100 ppm formalin was higher at hatchery than at farm site. This maybe due to stress during transportation which took
approximately 10 hours and the water (normal treated production pond water) used. At hatchery PL 6 survival rate over
80% whereas only just over 40 % was recorded at farm site. However, PL 8 survival rate was over 80 % and at PL 10
survival increased to 100% at both hatchery and farm site. Similar trend with acceptable level of survival rate was also seen
with salinity stress test at hatchery and farm. In comparison, for P. monodon, the gill is fully developed at PL5 much faster
than L. vannamei. Using the results from the study, L. vannamei PL 10 (PL length 8.0 mm) is considered strong enough
for stocking in ponds.
Fig. 1 L. vannamei PL10-

developed gill.
Fig. 2 L. vannamei- gill development & stress test.
643
THE ROLE OF R&D AND COMMERCIAL TRIALS ON EFFICIENY AND PRODUCTIVITY

OF LARGE INTEGRATED SHRIMP FARM
Nyan Taw* and Saenphon Chandaeng
PT. Central Pertiwi Bahari (CP Group)

Technologies start from basic science and develop for commercialization through research and development. Shrimp
aquaculture studies were initiated in North America and Japan, and commercialized in Asia. Shrimp culture technology as
compared to fish culture is still in infancy stage. However, in recent decade, a number of breakthroughs have been apparent,
especially on genetic improvement of L. vannamei and P. stylirostris. However, the link between available technology and
commercial industry is still as yet to be materialized.
PT. Central Pertiwi Bahari (CP Group) in Lampung, Indonesia is one of the largest integrated shrimp farms in Asia with
over 3,100 farmer commercial production ponds. The facilities under Technology Development Division are R&D, Trials
and Company commercial ponds. The facilities consist of over 130 ponds of various size, shape and construction types
and a nursery. In addition 301 commercial production ponds are available for commercial trails. The responsibility of the
division is to find sustainable and efficient technology suitable for application at farmer commercial ponds. There have
been many studies especially on efficiency, productivity and quality for P. mondon and L. vannamei, using various systems
(flocs, high density, low density, partial harvest, poly-culture, aeration, etc.), pond sizes (2,000 to 20,000 m2) and shape
(square, rectangular & round) and construction (earthen & HDPE lined). Potential shrimp species such as P. stylirostris
and P. japonicus are also in our study programs. On quality of shrimps such as red head, bruises, etc. in L. vannamei and
mushy meat, tail rot, etc. in P. monodon, the Division works closely with Central and QA Laboratories. A number of
technologies have already been successfully transferred for application at farmers’ ponds.
Figure 1. Technology transfer strategy of Technology Development

Division.
644
INDONESIA SHRIMP PRODUCTION

Nyan Taw

Indonesia is one of the largest producers of farmed shrimp in Asia. The potential for development is high as the country has
many islands with ideal environmental conditions, which are still as yet to be exploited. Shrimp aquaculture industry took
off from mid 1980s and still expending regardless of many issues – technical (viral diseases), environmental (antibiotics),
health (traceability) and social (antidumping). Recently with introduction of SPF Pacific white shrimp (L. vannamei), the
development appears to be more aggressive.
The size of farms in Indonesia vary from small scale to large farms with over thousands of production ponds, integrated
with hatchery, feed mills, processing and, cold-storage and marketing facilities with traceability and biosecurity. The
technologies are mainly based on conventional (for P. monodon) system but now with introduction of L. vannamei, has
adapted to recently known technologies. The technologies in practice are from simple conventional to zero water exchange
(bacteria floc) with high aeration (energy input). The productivity has also increased to a record of nearly 50.0 mt/ hectare
for L. vannamei. However, a normal production was between 10.0 and 15.0 mt/ hectare. In Indonesia’s shrimp production
through aquaculture has been increasing reaching ------- mt in 2004.
Present presentation provides a sustainable shrimp farming practice of Charoen Pokphand (CP) group large integrated
shrimp farm at Lampung, South Sumatra. The farm managed to achieve over the annual targeted production of 35,000 mt
in year 2004.
645
INCIDENCE OF BRUISES AND BLACK MARKS IN L. vannamei: FACTORS INVOLVED

AND POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS
Nyan Taw* and Kastitonif
PT. Centralpertiwi Bahari (CP Group)

In shrimp farming, producing quality shrimp is crucial. Amongst shrimp species cultured in Indonesia, Pacific white shrimp
(L. vannamei) has been introduced only recently, in 2001. At present, the species has adapted well in the Indonesian
environment and production of the species has become stable (Nyan Taw, et.al, 2002; Nyan Taw & Rudyan Kopot, 2004).
However, as efficiency of the species has intensified, constraints concerning quality have surfaced. One of the major
problems in terms of quality was a high incidence of black (melanized) bruises on the shrimp shell and in rare cases,
encysted within shrimp flesh, which is termed as black mark. Initially, black mark was thought to be a human health issue.
This issue was cleared after a thorough laboratory study. Bruises, black bruises and black marks are caused by melanized,
hemocyte-infiltrated surfaces or puncture wounds (D. Lightner, pers. comm.)
A field study was conducted on incidence of bruises, black bruises and black marks during commercial culture operation
and at harvest and considering different post larval stocking densities (70 to 130 PL/m2) and pond construction types (high-
density/poly-ethylene lined and earthen) and culture operation systems (minimum water exchange and bacteria flocs).
Sampling of shrimp for each pond started from DOC (Day of Culture) 35 and continued weekly with a minimum of 400
specimens taken per pond. However, at harvest a minimum of 2,000 specimens per pond was taken. High incidence was
significantly correlated (P<0.05) with older DOC, either in earthen or semi-HDPE ponds. Animal density also had an affect
on the incidence of bruises and black marks. It was significantly higher (P<0.05) at high density (100pcs/m2) than at normal
density (70-80pcs/m2). However, in the bacterial floc system, a lower incidence was observed even at high density (130pcs/
m2). This indicated that good, non-pathogenic bacteria in pond water could somehow reduce the incidence. At present the
solution to control the incidence in normal culture systems is to use molasses to promote good bacterial growth and to use
HDPE lined ponds.
Fig 1. Bruises, black bruises & black marks at different Fig 2. Bruise, black bruise & black mark incidence
animal densities and in different pond types. during culture operation - stocking density (70-80
pcs/m2)
646
STUDIES ON POLYCULTURE OF L. vannamei AND P. monodon
Nyan Taw*, Saenphon Chandaeng, M. Handoyo Edi and Wayan Suaryanto

Polyculture has been in practice using different species mainly for efficiency in utilizing either space or feed. The species
selected are generally different in habitat or feeding habit, the animal can be from same genus or even different families but
should not be competitors. Polyculture of L. vannamei and genetically improved all male tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)
was also experimented in low salinity groundwater and zero discharge during winter months to avoid losses due to WSSV
with success (McMahon, et.al., 2001). In Indonesia, there are information concerning with polyculture of L. vannamei and
P. monodon. However, success or failure of the polyculture using the two species cannot be technically verified. Since the
two species have different habitat and feeding habit, the possibility of utilizing the whole pond water volume in term of
space and feeding, seems promising. Six earthen production ponds (approximately 0.4 to 0.5 ha) were used with two ponds
(duplicates) with same stocking densities for the two species: L. vannamei: P. monodon – 60 PL/m2: 10 PL/m2, 50: 20 and
40: 30. P. monodon post larvae were directly stocked in pond first. SPF L. vannamei post larvae were nursed in nursery for
21 days before stocking in ponds already stocked with P. monodon. Each pond had a standard 10 to 11 HP paddle wheel
aerators stationed to have circular current flow to accumulate waste into the center of pond. The ponds had a central drain
facility where the waste was siphoned out occasionally. The basic environmental parameters such as salinity, temperature,
pH, DO and alkalinity determined. The environmental conditions were within normal limits during the culture operation
period. The performance on productivity for both species is promising. The result of the studies is given in table 1. The
results indicated that the two species if stock at appropriate density and timing, the two species can coexist and hence
resulted in high productivity.
Table 1. Performance of polyculture, L. vannamei and P. monodon - average duplicate (2 ponds).

647
SUCCESSFUL REMOTE SETTLEMENT OF EYED SILVER- OR GOLD-LIP PEARL

OYSTER Pinctada maxima LARVAE
Joseph J. U. Taylor

Gatot Subroto Timur
atlaspacific@atlaspacific.com.au
cipindo@cipindo.com
Remote settlement and cold storage transport of eyed larvae is successful with a number of commercially important
temperate bivalve species. Similar techniques could lead to increased efficiency and cost savings for the South Sea Pearl
industry if proven viable for the Silver- or Gold-lip pearl oyster Pinctada maxima.
Six attempts to transport eyed larvae under cold storage conditions were made involving three sites in Indonesia (Table 1).
In preparation for transport, larvae were packaged in 45 micron mesh, wrapped in damp toweling and sealed in oxygen
filled plastic bags. For transport, larvae were stored in polystyrene boxes. The temperature was maintained at 5 to 8°C
during transport and the total time for transport was between 28 and 32 hours. On arrival at destination, larvae were re-
immersed in filtered seawater and health was inspected. It was noted that the larvae required 15 to 20 minutes re-immersion
in filtered seawater before any activity was observed.
Successful settlement was achieved in every attempt (Table 1). Survival through metamorphosis to age 45 days was variable
(Table 1). Larvae transported for batch 4 were of poor quality as evidenced by the failure of those left at Alyui Bay to
survive metamorphosis. All batches successfully survived beyond 6 months of age and batches 1 and 2 were seeded for
pearls in the second-half of 2004.
The advantages of this technique to P. maxima producers are many and include the ability of several hatcheries to work
together in order to improve and expand production at reduced cost. Hatcheries with different peak times for production
could work together to extend their respective seasons and better target the best times for natural spawning and quality egg
production.
Table 1. Survival results for 45 day old P. maxima

following cold storage transportation of eyed larvae:
A = West Papua; B = Nth Bali; C = Nth Maluku
648
LINEAGE AND PEARL QUALITY FROM SILVER- OR GOLD-LIP PEARL OYSTERS

Pinctada maxima
Joseph J. U. Taylor*, Jens Knauer, Claire Taylor and Jan Jorgensen

Jalan Sekar Jepun V/21, Gatot Subroto Timur
atlaspacific@atlaspacific.com.au
cipindo@cipindo.com
Pearl value increases exponentially with quality. Shape is one of the major determining factors in pearl quality and hence
value, round pearls being of far greater value than any other shape (Figure 1). As a result, the ultimate aim of any pearl
producer is to maximize the percentage of round shaped pearls.
In order to determine whether or not lineage has a role to play in determining pearl quality, two cohorts of P. maxima were
monitored throughout the cultivation period from the larval stage until pearl harvest (a period of four years). Cohort “A”
was the result of spawning selected Silver-lip oysters that originated from the Aru Islands of south-east Indonesia. Cohort
“B” was the offspring of oysters from the Raja Ampat Islands of north-east Indonesia. Broodstock used to produce cohort
“B” all had gold/yellow-lipped nacre. Both cohorts received identical treatment throughout the cultivation period and were
grown at a commercial pearl farm at Alyui Bay, West Papua in Indonesia.
The results following harvest demonstrated significant differences in the quality of pearls produced, particularly in terms of
shape. Cohort “A” produced rounder pearls then cohort “B” (Table 1). This preliminary study demonstrates that significant
differences in pearl quality can arise due to lineage. Clearly, improvements in pearl quality and value could result through
a process of selective breeding.
Figure 1. Value of pearls from P. maxima according Table 1. Percentage differences in pearl shape
to shape for two cohorts of P. maxima. Figures in a
column with different letters are significantly
different (P<0.05)
649
ISOTHERMAL AMPLIFICATION TO DETECTION OF INFECTIOUS HYPODERMAL

AND HEMATOPOIETIC NECROSIS VIRUS (IHHNV) IN Litopenaeus vannamei
Ping-Hua Teng*, Chen Su, Fu-Chun Lee, Hung-Wen Chien and Man-Shu Chen
Farming IntelliGene Technology Corporation

No.2-1, 7th Road
Taichung Industrial Park
Taichung 407 Taiwan
dahang@ms9.hinet.net
Infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV) is a single-stranded DNA virus that causes development
and growth abnormalities in the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. In the present studies, immunohistochemistry and
polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are commonly used for IHHNV detection. Here we described an isothermal amplification
approach named rolling circle amplification (RCA) for the detection of IHHNV in L. vannamei. RCA is an isothermal
DNA amplification technique that uses a circular oligonucleotide probe (C-probe) for IHHNV detection and exponential
amplifies the c-probe sequence through primer extension. Our studies found that RCA can achieve over 109 amplification
with a relatively similar sensitivity to PCR. RCA offers many advantages, for example, no thermocyclers and technicians
are required during operation, thus simplified the procedure and shortened the detection time. All these points see RCA to
be a potential diagnostic tool that characterised by rapidity, simplicity and sensitivity.
650
BABYLON SNAILS - EMERGING AQUACULTURE SPECIES IN VIETNAM Babylonia

areolata (Link, 1807)
Nguyen Thi Xuan Thu and Mai Duy Minh
Research Institute for Aquaculture No.3

thuabmm@dng.vnn.vn
Babylon snail is potential species in Vietnamese aquaculture due to the economic value and completed technique in
reproduction. The high domestic and international market price of 150,000-240,000VND/kg due to high demand and
shortage of exploitation encouraged building completed technical process for reproduction and grow out of Babylon by
Research Institute for Aquaculture No.3 (RIA3).The economic value, simplification of technique and the advantages of
natural resource lead to a new strategy in aquaculture - the Babylon culture. Babylon can be cultured in centre provinces of
Vietnam due to advantages of environment. The stability of temperature and salinity is optimal for living of snails in ponds
and especially in cages.
Seed supply comes mainly from hatcheries. The artificial seeds of 1 cm shell length can be used for grow out. Production
cycle from eggs to seeds of 1 cm in shell length is approximately 2 months and a half. Survival for planktonic and crawling
is 50% and 15% respectively. The planktonic larvae feed on micro algae, common powder for shrimp while crawling stage
feeds on meat of crab, oyster, fish.
Seeds of 5000 pieces /kg get marketable size of 120-140 pieces/kg after 4-5 months in sea cage culture and 5-6 months in
pond culture. Survival rate between stocking and harvest is 70-90% and 60-85 % in sea and pond culture respectively. Two
crops/ year in the south but one in north due to the cold winter. Stocking rate is 100-200 pieces/ m2 in ponds and 400-700
pieces/ m2 in cage. The density lowered with period culture. Production per crop/m2 4-6 kg in cage and 6-8 tons/ha in pond
respectively. Daily feeding and (trash fish) food conversion is 1: 7. To produce a ton of product for two crops/ year, two
fulltime labours for a raft or a pond required.
The number of hatcheries right now is mainly in centre of Vietnam about 30. The current annual hatchery production is
about 40 millions and should be 60 million in coming year. The annual grow out production is roughly 200 tons from
most artificial seeds and some from wild. The scarcity of wild source and higher demand both China and domestic market
will promote the culture. Culture of Babylon will increase steadily under Research Institute for Aquaculture No.3 (RIA3),
Ministry of Fisheries Vietnam control.
651
REARING NORTHERN BLUEFIN TUNA Thunnus thynnus L. IN THE ADRIATIC SEA
Vjekoslav Tičina*, Ivan Katavić, Leon Grubišić and Vlasta Franičević
Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries

Šetalište I. Meštrovića 63 (P.Box 500)
21000 Split, Croatia
ticina@izor.hr
Technology of northern bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) aquaculture in the Adriatic Sea originated from southern bluefin
tuna (Thunnus maccoyii) aquaculture experiences gained in Australia. Eventually, the investments by Croats living in
Australia made enable a rapid increase of northern bluefin tuna (BFT) aquaculture also in the Adriatic Sea. The first
development program was established in 1996 and the first 39 MT of gutted and gilled bluefin tuna product were exported
to Japan. Today, two different operational modes in BFT aquaculture are practiced and should be distinguished on the basis
on duration of rearing periods. Firstly, BFT rearing for periods of several months (< 1 year) with principal aim to increase
fat content in the flash, and consequently increasing its price on market in Japan, are known as “tuna fattening”. Secondly,
BFT rearing for periods a couple of years (>1 year) with principal aim to increase BFT product biomass without increasing
fishing mortality rate of the natural stock, should be referred as “tuna farming”.
As well as for other culturing organisms such as eels, groupers and yellowtails, BFT aquaculture is also implemented as
capture-based aquaculture. Due to the fact that no aquaculture that depends on seed fish from natural stocks can be considered
as a fully sustainable aquaculture activity, BFT farming activities at this stage could be understood as a needed step toward
its sustainability. At this stage BFT farming facilitate researches and enable experiences gaining that are essential for
development of economically feasible BFT aquaculture with fully controlled fish life cycle. The first encouraging results
are obtained in Japan, where farming of juvenile BFT (150-500 grams), for 3-4 year rearing period, have been practiced
since 1970. However, such a progress is facing with two main obstacles. Firstly, environmentalists are saying that BFT
farming and fattening have disastrous effects on marine environment, and that are incompatible with other sectors such as
tourism. Secondly, biologists are worried that young tuna placed in cage before its sexual maturity does not contribute to
recruitment of natural stock. Before mentioned groups, being against BFT farming, have already created negative public
opinion that often confuse politicians and decision makers. Everyone is aware that natural BFT stock is endangered, and
that more effective combined measures to prevent over-fishing and to enable stock rebuilding (i.e. protection of spawning
fish aggregations) are needed.
Due to the fact that northern BFT farming technology is still in initial development stage, additional improvements of
zootechnical measures (i.e. feeding) are needed to minimise its adverse impact on environment. Additionally, positive
attitude towards such a practice (as a legitimate way to increase capturing fish biomass (limited by allocated TACs) and/or
adding product value is needed. Furthermore, more accurate estimations of quantity of BFT catch landed and quantity of
captured BFT for farming purposes are needed to avoid confusion in fishery statistics.
652
PROFILE OF WATER QUALITY IN CIRATA RESERVOIR, WEST JAVA, INDONESIA

Murtiati*, K. Simbolon, Ciptoroso and Jaelani

bbats@telkom.net
Reservoir is usually built as the electric power and irrigation recently. It also has other potentials such as source material for
drinking water, aquaculture, recreation area, transportation and domestic activity for human being. Intensive aquaculture
using floating net is very popular and develop well especially in West Java. The development of aquaculture using floating
net is estimated that because of using a over feeding, the floating nets produce a higher pollution waste than fish production.
The decomposition result from this pollutant produce compound which can change the water quality status of reservoir and
eutrofication. Therefore, the monitoring with the objective to detect the water quality status of Cirata reservoir was carried
out by Sukabumi FADC.
This monitoring was conducted diurnally, in three location are : Jangari, Gandasoli and Tegal Datar. Water samples for
other chemical analysis was taken at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 meter depth. The sampling periods every two week, at May until
June 2004. The water samples were collected by using Kemmerer Water Sampler and the basic water quality parameters
were measured directly after the water samples brought to the surface. Water samples is collected for the analysis of water
quality parameters such as water temperature, pH, Dissolved Oxygen, fee CO2, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), BOD,
N-NH3, N-NO2, N-NO3, total phosphate and total alkalinity.
The result of monitoring shows that profile Cirata reservoir has degradation of water quality. The improvement of free-
ammonia (N-NH3) and carbondioxyde (CO2) toxicity, COD, BOD and the low of dissolved oxygen (DO) at night at
the water surface of Cirata reservoir are the cause indicators of fish mortality in floating net cages, particularly at the
dry season. Between three location water samples, Tegal Datar (Purwakarta district) is the best water quality more than
Gandasoli (Bandung district) and Jangari (Cianjur district).
653
SURVIVAL AND PLASMA OSMOLALITY OF BLACK SEA BASS Centropristis striata

EXPOSED TO LOW SALINITIES
J. R. Tomasso*, T. I. J. Smith, S. P. Young, J. H. Bisesi, V. L. Restrepo and J. S. Wise

Clemson University
Clemson, SC 29634 USA
jtmss@clemson.edu
The black sea bass (Serranidae: Centropristis striata), a temperate reef species, is of interest to aquaculturists on the east
coast of the United States. The objectives of this study were to determine the lower salinity tolerance of juveniles and to
determine if manipulating calcium concentrations in dilute sea water would increase tolerance to low salinity.
Fish (15.2 ± 3.60g; mean ± SD) were exposed to various salinities for 7 days (24-25 C). All fish exposed to nominal ≥ 8 g/L
sea salt survived. All fish exposed to nominal ≤ 6 g/L sea salt died. Plasma osmolality was related to salinity in fish exposed
to salinities up to 15.3 g/L (second degree polynomial; r2=0.939) after which it appeared to level off (Figure).
It appears that black sea bass do not osmoregulate well below salinities of about 15 g/L, although they are capable of
surviving at ≥ 8 g/L sea salts. During the conference, we will also report on ongoing studies to determine if manipulating
the calcium concentrations in dilute seawater may enhance the ability of black sea bass to survive and osmoregulate.
654
TANK PRODUCTION OF Litopenaeus vannamei IN LOW-SALINITY WATER AUGMENTED

WITH MIXED SALTS
A. Sowers, H. Atwood, C. Browdy and J. R. Tomasso*

Clemson University
Clemson, SC 29634 USA
jtmss@clemson.edu
The successful inland pond culture of Litopenaeus vannamei depends on having a good understanding of environmental-
ion requirements of the animal and being able to economically provide the requirements. Previous studies have investigated
the sea salt requirements of L. vannamei and attempted to replace sea salts with less expensive mixtures of chlorides of
sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium. The objective of this study was to compare the production characteristics of L.
vannamei when cultured in 20 g/L sea salt, 2 g/L sea salt, and 1 g/L sea salt + 1 g/L mixed salts (688 mg/L sodium chloride,
21 mg/L potassium chloride, 138 mg/L calcium chloride, 151 mg/L magnesium chloride).
Shrimp (initial weight = 1.0 g) were stocked at a rate of 100 animals per square meter into outdoor, recirculating systems
(total volume ~ 38,000 L) and cultured for 52-53 days. Animals were fed daily a 35% protein commercial shrimp diet. At
harvest, survival (P = 0.1733), final mean weight (P = 0.1365) and feed conversion ratios (P = 0.5020) were not significantly
affected by treatment (Table 1). However, total harvest weight was greater for the 20 g/L sea salt treatment (P = 0.0429).
The results of this study demonstrate that L. vannamei can be cultured to a sub-market size in environments containing
as little as 1 g/L sea salt with the addition of other salts. However, total harvest weight will be less than in 20 g/L sea salt
(~20% less in this study).
Table 1. Production characteristics (mean ± SD) of Litopenaeus vannamei. 20 g/L = 20 g/L sea salt, 2
g/L = 2 g/L sea salt, 1 + 1 g/L = 1 g/L sea salt + 1 g/L mixed salts.
655
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT STOCKING DENSITIES OF POSTLARVAE AT THE SEA

FLOATING NET CAGES ON PERFORMANCE OF TIGER SHRIMP Penaeus monodon IN
GROWING PONDS
Syarifuddin T., M. Mangampa and M. Atmomarsono

Jl. Makmur Daeng Sitakka
Maros South Sulawesi
Nursery phase between hatcheries and growout ponds in mainly needed for mortality prevention of young postlarvae in the
rearing ponds and in the hatcheries when over supply of supply postlarvae during of culture time. This research was aimed
at finding out the best stocking density of postlarvae during phase of ploating net cages. Stocking densities of postlarvae
(PL12) tested here were 2,000 pcs/m2 (A), 3,000 pcs/m2 (B), and 4,000 pcs/m2 (C). These juveniles were transferred to
growing ponds after 6 weeks. Twelve 250-M2 ponds were used randomly for the three different juveniles (A, B, and C)
and on control (D direct stocking of PL12), with three replications each. The results showed that stocking density of 2,000
pcs/m2 and 3,000 pcs would not affect significantly (P > 0.05) on shrimp production and survival rates, but stocking density
of 4,000 pcs/m2 (C) decreased significantly (P < 0.05) its production and survival rate (Table 1). However stocking density
of 2,000 pcs/m2 and 3,000 pcs would significantly (P < 0.05) save the feed used in the grow out ponds. Based on their daily
growth rate, tiger shrimp juveniles grew faster than postlarvae. The results suggest that using juveniles would save not only
the feed, but also the rearing period.
Table 1. Shrimps, P. monodon performance of the all treatments.

656
STAKEHOLDERS INVOLVEMENT IN NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IN

SHRIMP FARMING SECTOR: A CASE STUDY OF VIETNAM
Tran Van Nhuong
Research Institute for Aquaculture No.1

Ministry of Fisheries of Vietnam
vie97030.ria1@fpt.vn
The importance of stakeholders’ involvement in natural resource management is well recognized by the international
community. However extents of stakeholders’ involvement depend on economic, social, environmental and institutional
context of countries and regions. This paper will discuss a case study of Vietnam on stakeholders involvement in natural
resource management in shrimp farming industry, emphasizing right based approaches. Findings presented in this paper
is part of outputs of the PORESSFA project on Policy Research for Sustainable Shrimp Farming in Asia funded by the
European Commission. The paper first reviews Vietnam’s concepts on property rights and stakeholders involvement in
management of natural resources (land, water, biodiversity) used in shrimp farming sector. Then it will illustrate how
rights to natural resources are defined and allocated to involve stakeholders. Finally the paper will discuss implications for
current settings of individual and collective rights to natural resource management and measures to secure stakeholders
involvement.
THE TEXAS AQUACULTURE INDUSTRY

Granvil D. Treece
Texas A&M University

Sea Grant College Program
2700 Earl Rudder Frwy. South, Suite 1800
College Station, Texas 77845 USA
g-treece@neo.tamu.edu
The Texas Aquaculture Industry produces approximately 11,300 metric tons (25 million pounds) of products annually,
worth a farm gate price of $US37 million, and the industry continues to grow and diversify. The aquaculture industry makes
a total economic impact of over $US100 million to the state’s economy, considering all the spin-offs from the industry such
as: jobs (on farms, in shrimp and fish processing, packaging, cold storage, shipping, and in retailing seafood); agricultural
products (corn, wheat, soy beans, and other products used in feeds); and restaurant sales. The largest aquaculture production
crop in the State is channel catfish (5,200 metric tons worth $6.9 million in 2004). The second largest production crop and
most valuable crop is Litopenaeus vannamei, the Pacific White Shrimp, which set a record production in 2003 at 4,081
metric tons, worth US$18 million. In the last 13 years, the Texas shrimp aquaculture industry produced 27,664 metric
tons of shrimp with a farm-gate value of $US171 million, generating a $US 513 million economic impact on the state’s
economy.
With some coastal shrimp farms converting to hybrid striped bass production, there are now 485 hectares of hybrid striped
bass production in the state, with an estimated 900 metric tons of fish annually. There are three red drum (Sciaenops
ocellatus) facilities on the Texas coast with 185 surface hectares, producing an average of 1,300 metric tons annually, worth
$US 6.3 million. One farm donated 30,000 redfish to the state’s inland fisheries stock enhancement program in 2004 for
recreational fishing at 3 inland power plant cooling lakes. Several tilapia farms in the state produce around 300 metric tons
of fish annually.
The Texas Aquaculture Industry also has a large aquatic plant or water garden industry, with very large ornamental fish
sales. The annual water garden retail revenue generated in the state is estimated at US$7 million. There is also great
potential for offshore aquaculture in the Gulf of Mexico.
Additionally, the state has strong aquaculture research and extension programs, and has a strong support organization, the
Texas Aquaculture Association (TAA). More information can be obtained about them and the industry on the TAA web
site at www.texasaquaculture.org.
657
cDNA CLONING AND FUNCTIONAL STUDY OF GONAD-INHIBITING HORMONE (GIH)

FROM THE EYESTALK OF Penaeus monodon
Supattra Treerattrakool*, Siu-Ming Chan, Sakol Panyim and Apinunt Udomkit
Insititue of Molecular Biology and Genetics

Mahidol University
Salaya Campus
Nakhon phathom 73170, Thailand
g4638537@ student.mahidol.ac.th
The gonad-inhibiting hormone (GIH) is a member of the CHH/MIH/GIH neuropeptide family of crustacean that plays
important role in the control of reproduction. Although GIH is shown to inhibit gonad maturation in crustacean, the detailed
mechanism of its function is still unclear. Two possible mechanisms of GIH action on vitellogenesis in female have been
proposed: GIH may inhibit vitellogenin synthesis or the uptake of vitellogenin into the oocyte. In this study, the cDNA
encoding GIH from the eyestalk of the black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon was cloned by using the combination of reverse
transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and rapid amplification of cDNA ends techniques. The degenerate
primers were designed based on the amino acid sequences of prepro-GIH from Metapenaeus ensis, Hormarus americanus
and Nephrops norvedicus for cloning the 3’ region of GIH cDNA by 3’RACE strategy. Eight out of 213 recombinant clones
contained the nucleotide sequences similar to that of other GIHs. This 3’ sequence was used for cloning the full-length GIH-
like cDNA. Nucleotide sequence analysis showed that the length of this GIH-like cDNA is 861 bp with an open reading
frame consisting of a coding sequence of 288 bp. The amino acid sequence deduced from this cDNA consists of 17 amino
acids for a putative signal peptide and a putative mature peptide region of 79 amino acids that showed the characteristic of
type II of CHH/MIH/GIH peptide family and high homology to the Mee-GIH of the Metapenaeus ensis. This neuropeptide
is thus tentatively called Pem-GIH. Currently, the function of gonad-inhibiting hormone of this peptide is being investigated
by using the RNA interference technique. This is the first report describing the identification of GIH peptide in P. monodon.
The results from this study should shed light on the understanding of GIH in controlling ovarian maturation of the female
broodstock that could be applied for improvement of the black tiger shrimp production in the future.
658
OBSERVATION ON GONAD MATURATION OF FIRST GENERATION (F1) IN HUMPBACK

Tridjoko, Suko Ismi, Eri Setiadi and Fris Johnny

Bali, Indonesia
Humpback grouper, Cromileptes altivelis is one of the most expensive grouper, especially in Southeast Asia. The seed
production of humpback grouper had been conducted at Gondol Research Institute for Mariculture in 1996. However,
there is no data in related to gonad maturation and fecundity of humpback grouper, especially in first generation (F1).
The purpose of this experiment was to know the gonad maturation and spawning of first generation of humpback grouper
(Cromileptes alitvelis). This experiment was consisted of two groups (A and B) and both of A or B groups were conducted
in circular concrete tank with water volume of 75m3. Each tank was stocked 40 fishes with the body weight was ranged of
500 – 1000 gram/fish and total length was ranged of 28-38 cm. Group (A) was fed trash fish, squid, and vitamin mix, while
group (B) was fed artificial diet. The rate of water exchange was conducted continuously which ranged of 300-500% per
day. The result showed that fish could spawn after rearing for ± 31 moths (Table 2). During the experiment period, water
temperature and salinity were monitored weekly which ranged of 28.4-31.7 C and 30.2-34.4 ppt, respectively.
Table 2. Histological observed of gonad development on humpback grouper Cromileptes altivelis

659
THE EFFECT OF CLAY SOIL ADDITION IN SANDY POND BOTTOM ON WATER

QUALITY AND SHRIMPS Penaeus monodon AND Penaeus vannamei PRODUCTION IN
COASTAL AREA, JOGJAKARTA PROVINCE
Bambang Triyatmo*, Iwan Y. B. Lelana and Kamiso H. N.
Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture

Jogjakarta, Indonesia. 55281
bangtri@faperta.ugm.ac.id
The coastal area of Jogjakarta Province commonly covered

by sandy soils. The Penaeus monodon have been cultured in
the ponds in the area since 2000, while Penaeus vannamei
were cultured recently. The dikes of ponds in that area were
permanent construction. The objectives of this research were to
know the effects of clay soil on the water quality and shrimps
production.
The ponds bottom were covered with plastic layer and sandy
soils were put on top of it (about 20 cm height). Since the sandy
soils are unfertile, therefore clay soil were added at about 5-10
cm height to enrich the soil fertility. The pond size were 60
x 60 m2/pond. Two ponds were stocked with P. monodon
larvae and the other two with P. vannamei. The shrimps were
cultured for ± 3.5 months. They were fed with shrimp pellet
feed. Observation were made on water quality and shrimps
production.
Result of the experiment indicated that water quality of the

ponds were generally suitable for shrimp culture either in sandy
pond bottom with clay soil or without clay soil added. The
transparency, dissolved O2 and plankton density of ponds water
in sandy ponds bottom with clay soil added were more fluctuate
than in sandy ponds bottom without clay soil (Table 1). The
fluctuation of plankton density showed the quality or fertility
dynamic of the ponds water, that affected the transparency and
dissolved O2 of the ponds water. The fluctuation of the water
quality during the culture affected the shrimps production. The
productions of P. monodon and P. vannamei from sandy
bottom ponds with clay soil added were lower than from sandy
bottom ponds without clay soil added (Table 2). It seemed that
the plankton density affected the shrimp production. Results
indicated that P. vannamei productions were about 3.5 times
than the P. monodon productions
660
ARTIFICIAL PROPAGATION OF INDIGENOUS FISH Cirrhinus microlepis, Leptobarbus

hoevenii, Labeo chrysophekadion AND Osteochilus melanopleurus IN THE MEKONG DELTA
OF VIETNAM
Trinh Quoc Trong*, Dang Van Truong, Thi Thanh Vinh, Dinh Hung, Hoang Quang Bao, Pham Dinh Khoi
and Nguyen Minh Thanh
AIMS (Aquaculture of Indigenous Mekong Fish Species)

Vietnam Sub-component
An Thai Trung Village
Cai Be District
Tien Giang Province, Vietnam
aimscaibe@hcm.vnn.vn
Studies on artificial propagation of four indigenous fish species, Cirrhinus microlepis Leptobarbus hoevenii, Labeo
chrysophekadion, and Osteochilus melanopleurus have been conducted at Cai Be Centre in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam.
Wild brood stock was collected and kept in earthen ponds. Broodstock conditioning was implemented and all fish matured
in captivity.
The hormones and doses used to induce spawning were similar for three of the species, but differed for Cirrhinus microlepis
(Table 1).
(PG, pituitary gland extract; LH-RHa, Luteinising Hormone-Releasing Hormone analogue; DOM, Domperidon; HCG,
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin)
Following hormone injection, the fish were kept in spawning tanks with flow-through water. After stripping and fertilization,
incubation took place in Zuger jar incubators. The newly hatched larvae were nursed in concrete tanks for 20 days. Thereafter
they were moved to earthen ponds for further nursing until fingerlings.
This is the first time induced spawning of these four indigenous fish species is successfully carried out in Viet Nam. It
is expected that the results will contribute to enhance the culture of indigenous fish in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam by
providing aquaculturists with artificial reproduction and nursing techniques so that seed production can be diversified.
Table 1. Hormones applied for induced spawning in four indigenous fish species
661
BIOCHEMICAL AND SEROLOGICAL DIVERSITY OF Streptococcus iniae STRAINS

ISOLATED FROM FARMED BARRAMUNDI, Lates calcalifer IN AUSTRALIA
Reiny A. Tumbol* and Andrew C. Barnes
Centre for Marine Studies

The University of Queensland
Brisbane, Qld, Aus 4072
reinytumbol@yahoo.com
The commercial production of barramundi Lates calcalifer is expanding throughout Australia. Recently, outbreaks of
bacterial diseases have limited the intensive production of this fish. The Gram-positive bacteria Streptococcus iniae has been
associated with outbreaks of disease in barramundi around Australia and has also been reported to cause human infections.
Despite the increased clinical significance of S. iniae in barramundi farms around Australia, studies on characterization and
epidemiological relationship of isolates of the bacteria from different species are very limited. This study was conducted
to describe the biochemical, molecular and serological characteristics of S. iniae isolates from a number of farms with
streptococcosis outbreaks. Fifteen strains of S. iniae were examined, including 5 strains from Western Australia, 10 from
Queensland, and 3 from the US. All cultures were beta-haemolytic when grown on Columbia agar plates supplemented
with 5% defibrinated sheep blood. Identity was confirmed by Gram staining and by PCR using primers derived from the
lactate oxidase gene. Amplification of genomic DNA from all isolates produced a single amplicon of 870 base pairs using
the Lox1 and Lox 2 primer set. Biochemical characterisation was performed using the API 20 STREP system (bioMérieux,
Marcy L’Etoile, France). The biochemical profiles of the isolates in this study were very similar. The only differences being
in the reaction to arginine dihydrolase (positive for only 3 isolates). However, ADH reaction has previously been reported
to be variable (Barnes et al., 2002) and reflects the API 20 Strep system (Barnes and Ellis, 2003).
Antisera against western Australian isolates and Queensland isolates were raised in juvenile barramundi by intraperitoneal
injection of formalin killed whole culture emulsified in Freund’s incomplete adjuvant. After 900 degree days, fish were
euthanised and exsanguinated through the caudal vein. Serological cross reactivity was determined for the isolates.
References:
Barnes, A. C and A. E. Ellis. 2003. Variation in arginine dihydrolase activity in Streptococcus iniae may be an artefact of
the assay. Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathology 23(4):163-166.
Barnes, A. C., F. M. Young and M. T. Horne. 2003. Streptococcus iniae: serological differences, presence of capsule and
resistance to immune serum killing. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 53 (3): 241-247.
662
EFFECTS OF PERIPHYTON SUBSTRATES AND ADDITION OF FRESHWATER PRAWN

Macrobrachium rosenbergii ON POND ECOLOGY AND TILAPIA Oreochromis niloticus
PRODUCTION
M. Sharif Uddin*, M. Kaniz Fatema, M. Abdul Wahab and M. Ekram Azim

Faculty of Fisheries, Bangladesh Agricultural University
sharifbd64@yahoo.co.uk
An experiment was conducted for 130 days at the Fisheries Field Laboratory, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU),
Mymensingh to investigate the effects of periphyton substrates and addition of freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium
rosenbergii) on the pond ecology and production performance of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in earthen ponds. The
experiment had 2x2 factorial design: monoculture of tilapia at 20,000 fingerlings ha-1, with and without substrates and
polyculture of tilapia at 20,000 fingerlings ha-1 and prawn at 20,000 postlarvae ha-1, with and without substrates. Twelve
ponds, each with an area of 75 m2 and a depth of 1.5 m were assigned randomly to four treatments with three replications.
Bamboo poles (mean diameter 5.5 cm and 5.0 poles m-2) were posted vertically in ponds under substrate treatments.
There were no discernable differences (P>0.05) in water temperature, dissolved oxygen, nitrate-nitrogen, ammonia-
nitrogen and chlorophyll a of pond water due to added substrates and/or addition of freshwater prawns to the tilapia ponds.
However, significant differences (P<0.05) were observed in case of secchi depth, pH and phosphate-phosphorus. Above the
bottom-water interface, gross photosynthetic activity, carbon fixed and energy fixation were 0.33 l-1, 1.06 mgl-1and 13.70
KJ l-1, respectively, with significantly higher values (P<0.05) in polyculture without substrate. Whereas they did not show
any significant differences in the surface and middle water samples. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) for
sedimentation rate among treatments. A total of 43 genera of phytoplankton and 17 genera of zooplankton were identified
from the pond water. Phytoplankton population was mostly dominated by Chlorophyceae (21 genera), whereas zooplankton
population was dominated by Crustacea (9 genera). There was no significant difference in the total abundance of plankton
among the treatments. Periphyton community consisted of 40 genera of phytoplankton and 6 genera of zooplankton, where
phytoplankton population was mostly dominated by Chlorophyceae (20 genera) and zooplankton by Rotifera (6 genera).
Addition of substrate and prawn into tilapia ponds significantly (P<0.05) increased growth and production of both species.
The study suggested that addition of high valued prawn to periphyton-based tilapia ponds resulted in higher fish production
without affecting the pond ecology, which might be a promising option for low-input ecological aquaculture systems.
663
HARVESTING/SLAUGHTERING STRESS EFFECT ON MEAT QUALITY OF REARED

BLUEFIN TUNA Thunnus thynnus
Roberto Ugolini*, Bianca Maria Poli, Giuliana Parisi, Paola Lupi, Massimo Mecatti, Giulia Zampacavallo
and Valentina Vigiani
CIRSPE (Centro Italiano Ricerche Studi per la Pesca)

Via De’ Gigli d’Oro 21
00186 Roma, Italy
rugolini@cirspe.it
The market price of bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) depends on shape, fat contents, colour and meat consistency, all
parameters strictly connected to feeding quality and quantity, rearing and killing stress factors and refrigeration times and
handling/storing conditions after death. High levels of stress at death can significantly affect meat quality, influencing the
price of each tuna in the Japanese and USA markets, that can vary from 8 to 33 Euro/kg (farm gate/producer prices) for the
fresh product. It is therefore important to reduce stress factors in order to achieve a good price. The present trial was carried
out to evaluate the harvesting/slaughtering stress effects on reared tuna meat quality, through the examination of the most
important stress and quality parameters changes during early post mortem.
About 350 tons of bluefin tuna were captured by surrounding net, transferred and stocked in 4 cages (50 m diameter; 20
m depth) at the Vibo Marina tuna farm (Mediterranean Sea) and reared from June to December, to produce both fresh and
frozen product. Fish were fed a mixed diet (anchovies, mackerels, sardines, herrings) in the range of 1-5% b.w. according
to water temperature (12-28°C). Some tunas (n. 6; 167.2±45.1 kg trunk weight, 234.7±16.9 cm standard length, 62.8±5.6
cm head length, 225.7±60.0 kg estimated total b.w.) were killed on the same day, one by one, using a diver gun fitted with
hunting cartridges. The following haematic and muscle stress and quality indexes were evaluated from each specimen at
death and after 4, 5, 6, 8 hours, until 23 hours after death: cortisol, glucose, lactic acid; muscle pH, ATP and its catabolites,
lactic acid, isometric contraction and colour (method CIE L, a, b).
Some differences among the tunas, killed in sequence on the same day, were detected. Less stressed tuna showed the best
values of haematic cortisol and lactic acid and muscle pH, ATP, ATP/IMP, lactic acid, colour and inosine. On the contrary,
the same indicators clearly indicated the stress condition in the last killed tuna and when problems occurred at catch.
Interesting aspects on post mortem biochemical processes and body temperature emerged. Significant correlations of lactic
acid with pH of the muscle (-0,93) and Hue (-0,82) occurred. On the whole, muscular indexes like ATP, ATP/IMP, AEC
and pH were negatively correlated with lactic acid, IMP, hypoxanthine, L and Hue and their high level indicated a better
quality. Less stressed tunas achieved better prices, confirming the importance of killing tuna correctly both for ethic reasons
and to preserve the quality of the flesh.
664
THE ECONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE OFAQUATIC BIOTECHNOLOGY INTHE PRODUCTION

OF CHANNEL CATFISH Ictalurus punctatus X BLUE CATFISH Ictalurus furcatus EMBRYO
Gloria M. Umali* and Rex A. Dunham

Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station
Auburn University
Auburn, AL 36849
umaligm@acesag.auburn.edu
World fish stocks decline while worldwide fish requirements rise. Aquaculture will bridge the gap between supply and
demand only if certain challenges such as protection of native populations, improvements in growth, disease resistance, and
production efficiency, to mention a few, are addressed. Biotechnological techniques play an important role in addressing
these challenges.
The use of hybrid between female channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus and male blue catfish Ictalurus furcatus (CB hybrid)
in the catfish industry is an example of biotechnological application in aquaculture. The CB hybrid is more robust than
the current commercially produced channel catfish, making it more desirable to farmers as a commercial culture species.
CB hybrid production is beneficial to food fish producers. Moreover, it results in spillover benefits to processors because
the carcass yield efficiency converts to higher dressout percentage. Overall, commercial production of the superior quality
CB hybrids translates to a more efficient, competitive, and sustainable catfish industry. However, utilization of CB hybrid
among producers is low due to lack of fry for fingerling production necessary for grow-out to food fish.
Although it is apparent that improvement in hybrid technology boosts productivity of producers and processors, the real
measure of benefit is the economic efficiency and profitability of this technology. This study examines the effect of various
production factors on the cost of hybrid fry production and evaluates the overall profitability of producing hybrid fry.
665
GENETIC DIVERSITY OF TWO POPULATIONS OF YELLOW GROUPER Epinephelus

awoara IN SOUTH CHINA SEA BASED ON RANDOM AMPLIFIED POLYMORPHIC DNA
(RAPD) ANALYSIS
S.K. Upadhyay, Su Yong-Quan, Wang Jun, Ding Shao-Xiong and S. Chaturvedi
Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Diseases and Breeding

College of Oceanography and Environmental Science
Xiamen University
Xiamen 361005, Fujian, P.R.China
satyaxm@yahoo.com
Groupers have consistently been proved highly vulnerable to anything other than light levels of fishing pressure. This is
largely due to their biological characteristics. This study demonstrated the sensitivity of the random amplified polymorphic
DNA (RAPD) for genetic variation in two populations (Xiamen and Guangdong) of yellow grouper Epinephelus awoara
from South China Sea. Twenty random primers were employed to generate RAPD markers. Different RAPD profiles were
observed and evidence is presented that RAPD markers constitute useful tools for accurate taxonomic identification of
Epinephelinus awoara which is the first prerequisites to understand genetic information.
Estimate genetic diversity of E.awoara by RAPD analysis i.e. mean of observed number of alleles (Na), effective number
of alleles (Ne) and Nei’s gene diversity (H) was found to be 1.6563, 1.4169 and 0.2915 respectively for Xiamen populations
whereas same was 1.4824, 1.2713, 0.2167 respectively for Guangdong populations. Our results provide evidence for a
loss (10.5%, 11.3%, 25.7% respectively for Na, Ne, H) of genetic diversity in an exploited fish populations of Guangdong.
Microsatellite analysis also have been done for same population. These results revealed evidence for a loss of genetic
diversity in an exploited fish population of Guangdong. This also suggests that commercial fishing may result not only
in selective genetic changes in exploited stocks but also in reduced genetic diversity caused by genetic drift. The loss of
genetic diversity may be particularly pronounced during the initial stages of exploitation, and investigations in the advanced
stages of exploitation history may be less likely to detect significant changes in allelic diversity. This can be evidence into a
genetic and demographic context and to investigate the wider implications of our study for commercially exploited grouper
species.
Therefore, fish stocks of several million individuals may be in danger of losing genetic variability in the long term, and
so genetic diversity should become a management consideration in many exploited species of groupers. Considering that
more than half of all marine fisheries are based on fully exploited or overexploited stocks, fishing may have already caused
a considerable loss of overall biodiversity.
666
COMPARISON OF METHODOLOGIES FOR MEASURING THE DEGREE OF SOYBEAN-

INDUCED ENTERITIS IN ATLANTIC SALMON Salmo salar L.
Paula A. Urán*, Jasper Van Houcke, Jan H. Rombout, Wolfgang Koppe, Ramon Fontanillas, Johan W. Schrama
and Johan A. Verreth
Animal Sciences Group, Wageningen University,

Marijkeweg 40
6709 PG Wageningen, The Netherlands
paula.uran@wur.nl
In most studies on soybean-induced enteritis qualitative histological observations are used. Recently a semi-quantitative
method was developed. In this method the degree of various aspects of the enteritis are scored on a scale from 0 to 5. As
for histological assessment, the semi-quantitative method might be subjective and thus person dependent. To determine
this aspect, two quantitative tests based on morphometrics were developed and then compared with the semi-quantitative
method. The quantitative measurements were: 1) the ratio between the width of mucosal folds to the width of the lamina
propria and 2) the number of goblet cells per 100µm.
Solvent-extracted hipro Soybean meal (SBM) at three levels of inclusion (0%, 10% and 20%) was fed to Atlantic salmon
for a period of 8 weeks after a 2-week adaptation period. Histological slides of distal intestine were assessed using samples
taken at days 7, 21, and 57.
Semi-quantitative analysis of the slides showed the common development of enteritis due to soybean: widening of the
mucosal folds, disappearance of supranuclear vacuoles, an increased number of goblet cells and eosinophilic granulocytes,
widening of the lamina propria and alterations in the connective tissue. This analysis showed a high correlation between
two independent observers, ranging between r=0.60 and r=0.86.
In Figure 1, the comparison between the two quantitative methods (number of goblet cells and the ratio mucosal fold/
lamina propria width) and their related semi-quantitative method (resp., classification of the goblet cells and of the lamina
propria) is shown. Both types of methods gave similar results. For both methods the interaction between diet and time was
present (for goblet cells P<0.01 and for lamina propria P=0.05). This was also reflected by the high correlation between the
semi-quantitative and quantitative methods (for goblet cells r=0.88, P<0.01 and for the lamina propria r=0.78, P<0.05).
The quantitative method showed a large within sample variation. Consequently, a large number of observations per
sample are required. Based on the lower labour intensiveness and the relative high correlation between observers the
semi-quantitative method is preferable for assessing soybean-induced enteritis in Atlantic salmon, compared to the applied
quantitative methods.
Figure 1. The relation between the semi-quantitative analysis of A. the goblet cells and, B. the lamina
propria. The triangles, squares and diamonds represent day 7, 20 and 57, respectively.
667
REPLACEMENT OF FISH MEAL WITH POULTRY OFFAL MEAL (VISCERA) IN DIETS

FOR GROW-OUT OF HUMPBACK GROUPER Cromileptes altivelis
Usman*, Rachmansyah, Samuel Lante, Kamaruddin and Taufik Ahmad

Jl. Makmur Dg. Sitakka No. 129
syah@indosat.net.id
Humpback grouper (Cromileptes altivelis) is a carnivorous marine fish which successfully hatchery propagation has recently
been developed. In spite of disincentive slow growth rate for culturing the fish, its high value, up to $US90/kg in the live fish
markets of Asia, make the fish be an economically attractive aquaculture species. However, as in most cultured high-value
species, feed constitutes a significant portion of the operating cost. Fish meal (FM) has traditionally been mayor ingredient
in fish feed because of its protein quality and palatability. However, increasing demand, high cost and uncertain availability
of fish meal, have resulted in nutritionists studying alternative sources to replace fish meal in fish diet. Poultry offal meal
(POM=viscera) is one the most promising candidate for partial or total replacement of fish meal in fish diets.
Feeding trial was conducted to examine effects of partially replacing FM in diets with POM on growth performance of
humpback grouper. Fifteen net cages of 1x1x1.2m, each containing 12 humpback groupers with initial weight of 285±20g,
were set up randomly in seawater. Five isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets were formulated to contain 50% FM (66.40%
crude protein) (control diet), 8% POM (65.77% crude protein) + 42% FM, 16% POM + 34% FM, 24% POM + 26 FM and
32%POM + 18%FM. The fish were fed twice daily to satiation for 140 days. The fish fed the diet containing 32% POM
shown significantly lower (P<0.05) specific growth rate than the fish fed the control diet or the diet containing 8% POM,
but not significantly different (P>0.05) from that of fish fed the diet containing 12 to 24% POM (Table 1). Weight gain,
feed efficiency, protein retention, total feed intake and survival rate did not differ significantly (P>0.05) among treatments
except for fish fed the diet containing 32% POM shown significantly lower (P<0.05) weight gain, feed efficiency and
protein retention than the fish fed the diet containing 8% POM. This results suggest that up to 24% fish meal in the diet for
humpback grouper grow-out can be replaced by POM.
TABLE 1. Performances of humpback grouper fed diets containing different levels of poultry offal meals (viscera) as fish
meal replacement. Means in the same row followed by the same superscript are not significantly different (P>0.05).
668
WEANING TIME AND OPTIMUM Moina sp. CONCENTRATION AS LIVE FOOD FOR
Pangasius djambal LARVAE
Retna Utami*, Evi Tahapari and Ningrum Suhenda
Researh Institute for Freshwater Fish Breeding and Aquaculture

Indonesia
Pangasius djambal is one of native species of Indonesian pangasiid catfishes. The fish has become a new species for
fish culture in Indonesia since the researchers at Research Institute for Freshwater Fisheries (RIFF), Sukamandi had
successfully produced P. djambal fry in hatchery in late 1990’s. However, it needs Artemia nauplii to produce the fry
and the operation became expensive for the Indonesian farmers. Alternatively, Moina sp can be used as the initial food
for P. djambal larvae. Experiment to know the weaning time and optimum Moina sp concentration for P. djambal larvae
was carried out at Sukamandi, Indonesia. The first experiment was conducted to gain the information of optimum Moina
concentration. In this experiment 160; 180; 200 and 220 Moina/l were given to P. djambal larvae reared for 20 days in
aquarium of 20 l of water with density of 10 larvae/l. The initial body weight and length of larvae was 2.62 ± 0.64 mg and
8.0 ± 0.4 mm, respectively. The result showed that the concentration of 220 Moina/l gave higher growth and survival rate
relatively than other treatments (Table 1.). Weaning time of Moina given at 0; 2; 4; 6; 8; and 10 days before formulated diet
were treatments of the second experiment. P. djambal larvae of 3.16 ± 0.81 mg body weight and 8.2 ± 0.3 mm body length
were reared in recirculation system of 30 litre fiberglasss containers with density of 10 larvae/l. The rearing was done for
20 days. Two (2) day weaning time of Moina before formulation diet resulted higher final body weight and body length and
survival rate than other treatments (Table 2.).
Table 1. Mean body weight, mean body length and survival rate of P. djambal larvae at different of
Moina concentration.
Table 2. Mean body weight, mean body length and survival rate of P. djambal larvae by different treatment
of weaning time (days) by Moina.
669
PERFORMANCE OF FINGERLING OF Pangasius hypopthalmus, Pangasius djambal AND

THEIR HYBRIDS REARED IN NET CAGES
Retna Utami*, Sularto, Bambang Gunadi and Didik Ariyanto
Researh Institute for Freshwater Fish Breeding and Aquaculture

Indonesia
Patin siam Pangasius hypopthalmus was introduced in Thailand to Indonesia in 1972. The fish became one of the important
cultured species in Indonesia in the early 1990’s because the fish has high fecundity, can tolerate low oxygen concentration
and accepted by the people. On the other hand, patin jambal Pangasius djambal is native to Indonesia and has been
successfully spawned in hatchery in the late 1990’s. Patin jambal is high growth fish with white meat but has low fecundity
and is not tolerant to low oxygen concentration. To gain the good characteristics for culture of the two species, hybridization
was done between P. hypopthalmus (hy) f and P.djambal (dj) m(hydj), and between P.djambal f and P.hypopthalmus m
(djhy).
A 6 -week rearimg trial was conducted in 12 mini floating cages of 1x1x1 m3 to culture one-month old fingerlings of
P.hypopthalmus (hyhy), P.djambal (djdj), hybrid of P.hypopthslmus and P.djambal m (hydj) and hybrid of P.djambal f and
P. hypopthalmus m (djhy). The fish were stocked with density of 500 fish/cage and fed with commercial pellets of 28%
crude protein.
The results showed that the hybrid of P.djambal f and P. hypopthalmus m (djhy) had the best performances of growth and
survival rate compare to P.hypopthalmus (hyhy), P.djambal (djdj) and the hybrid of P.hypopthslmus and P.djambal m (hydj)
(Table 1.).
Table 1. Initial length, final length, initial weight, final weight, and survival rate of P.hypopthalmus
(hyhy), P.djambal (djdj), hybrid of P.hypopthslmus and P.djambal m (hydj) and hybrid of P.djambal f
and P. hypopthalmus m (djhy).
670
PARTIAL OR TOTAL REPLACEMENT OF FISH MEAL BY TUNA MUSCLE BY-PRODUCT

POWDER ON GROWTH AND PHOSPHORUS LOADING IN JUVENILE RED SEA BREAM
Chrysophrys major DIETS
Orhan Uyan*, Shunsuke Koshio, Shinichi Teshima, Manabu Ishikawa, Fady Raafat Michael, Md. Shah Alam
and Arthur Panganiban

Shimoarata 4-50-20
Kagoshima 890-0056, Japan
orhanuyan@hotmail.com
The present study was performed to evaluate tuna muscle by-product powder (TMP) as an alternative protein source to fish
meal (FM) in juvenile red sea bream, Chrysophrys major. Seven experimental diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and
isocaloric to contain 47 % crude protein: 100 % MF, 75 % FM + 25 % TMP, 50 % FM + 50 % TMP, 25 % FM + 75 % TMP,
100 % TMP, 25 % FM + 75 % TMP + inorganic phosphorus, 100 % TMP + inorganic phosphorus. All dietary treatments
representing FM replacement were arranged in a completely randomized design with three replicates per diet. Fifteen fish
were reared in circular polypropylene tanks of capacity 100 L, maintained in a flow-through seawater system and fed at
near satiation, provided daily at 8:00 and 16:00 for 50 days. Results indicate that TMP can replace 50 % of FM protein with
no adverse effect on weight gain and survival rate of C. major juveniles. Higher inclusion levels resulted significant decline
in growth performance. Phosphorus concentration of the diets decreased with increasing inclusion level of TMP. Inorganic
phosphorus supplementation to the diets containing lower P concentration did not show any improvement on growth. The
present study has demonstrated that the use of TMP substantially lowers the level of FM required in juvenile red sea bream
diet. Phosphorus retention and other phosphorus related analysis are in progress and results will be presented.
POLICY INFLUENCE IN SUPPLY AND DEMAND OF AQUACULTURE PRODUCTS: AN

OVERVIEW
Raymon van Anrooy*
Fishery Planning Analysts

Fishery Policy and Planning Division (FIPP)
Food and Agriculture Organization
00100 Rome, Italy
raymon.vananrooy@fao.org
This paper intends to provide an overview on how policies related to macro-economics, marketing, aquaculture, and farm-
level policies can influence the supply and demand for aquaculture products. There are a number of policy measures
that have proven to be important for economically, socially and environmentally sustainable aquaculture development
and sectoral growth. Some cases are presented to substantiate the positive implications of selected policy measures for
the sector. Nevertheless, the lack of coherence between policies, limited transparency and only partial harmonization of
policies often constrains growth and hampers the sustainable development of the sector. The importance of increasing
policy coherence and harmonization is stressed. The paper further provides examples of specific policies related to the
aquaculture sector and also farm-level policies and their impact on small-scale producers.
671
THE IMPACT OF EXPORT MARKETS AND THE RISE OF DOMESTIC SUPERMARKETS

ON FOOD SAFETY, THE ENVIRONMENT AND THE POSITION OF SMALLHOLDERS IN
EAST ASIA
Maarten Siebe van Wijk*, Irmen Mantingh, Orawat Kaew, Garry Milwain, Xiaoyong Zhang, Rik van den Bosch,
Pham Van Hoi, Tran Huu Cuong, Marcel Stallen, Amanda Allbritton, JinXiu Yang, Xinhong Fu
and Regina Engels
Agriculture Economics Research Institute (LEI)

Wageningen UR
PO Box 29703
2502 LS the Hague
The Netherlands
siebe.vanwijk@wur.nl
The process of market liberalisation in many East Asian countries (e.g. China and Vietnam) has led to more export of
perishable products such as shrimps, fruits and vegetables. At the same time rapid urbanisation and the opening of the
domestic retail markets for 100% foreign owned companies, has resulted in the entry of international wholesale and retail
chains. These two forces lead to a larger demand for high quality products, especially with regard to food safety. This rise
of modern supply chains is currently reshaping farming systems, production technology and the organisation of supply
chains.
Based on research projects carried out in Vietnam, China and Thailand we show some of the impacts of these changes
on both the environment and the position of small farmers. On the one hand the demand for safer products can have
positive impacts on the environment, consumer and producer health, but on the other hand it might exclude thousands of
smallholders, who cannot meet requirements of modern supply chains. The traditional wet markets will keep on existing
next to supermarkets, but their market share in retailing will decline rapidly. This decreases opportunities for smallholders
to sell their products, unless they reorganise themselves or find other opportunities outside their small farm. These other
opportunities should not be overlooked, as modern supply chains will generate a lot of employment, but the main question
is who profits and who loses?
In this article we will present several cases of both domestic and export vegetable supply chain systems in China, Vietnam and
Thailand. For each of these supply chains we compare the impact of quality, environment and the position of smallholders.
One case describes how smallholders and an interdisciplinary research team are cooperating to try to meet the requirements
of the modern supply chains.
Through a review of the literature and secondary sources we compare the situation of the described cases in vegetable supply
chains with aquatic product supply chains. Both are confronted with the same challenges for food safety, environmental
impact and position of smallholders. The comparison results in conclusions about what stakeholders in both sectors can
learn from each other.
672
COMMUNITY-BASED REGULATION AND CERTIFICATION IN SHRIMP AQUACULTURE
Peter Vandergeest
YCAR-270 York Lanes

York University
4700 Keele Street
Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3
pvander@yorku.ca
This paper presents research in the South of Thailand on how shrimp aquaculture is currently being regulated at the local
level, which demonstrates that the most effective regulatory institutions are currently local government and informal local
practices, which can be called community-based regulation. The paper compares these existing practices with certification
and code of conduct initiatives for shrimp farming. Certification for shrimp farming is part of a broader trend towards
commodity-specific regulatory regimes, and the basic approach is based on templates that circulate among certification
systems more broadly. What is notable is that these templates have weak provisions for including local government and
people in the regulatory regime in a meaningful way. The lack of provision for meaningful local participation in setting
standards and monitoring has the effect of excluding the most effective regulators of shrimp farming, as well as those on
whose behalf certification is often supposed to be enacted. The paper finishes with some explanations for this exclusion,
and arguments for why promoters of certification might want to involve local communities and governments.
673
REVIEW ON COMMON CARP CULTURE IN EUROPE

János Bakos, Zsigmond Jeney and László Váradi*
Research Institute for Fisheries, Aquaculture and Irrigation

Anna liget 8
Szarvas, H-5541 Hungary
varadil@haki.hu
Europe is the most important region in the production of common carp outside of Asia, where the main common carp
producing countries are the Russian Federation, Ukraine, Poland, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, France and Bulgaria.
Extensive and semi-intensive pond culture methods are typical both in mono- and polyculture. The environmental impact
of the traditional, natural-like methods is minimal, and fish ponds may also serve as nutrient trap in many cases. Common
carp production usually takes place in rural areas with suitable aquatic resources, therefore, pond culture of common
carp contributes to the rural livelihood of many regions of Europe. Besides food production, coloured carps also reared
for ornamental purposes and common carp is a major sport fish throughout Europe. Live gene banks of common carp
have been maintained in major carp producing countries, like Hungary, Czech Republic and Poland. National breeding
programmes led to genetically improved strains of this species. Common carp was used as model animal in many studies of
aquaculture sciences, which resulted in relatively wide range of knowledge of this species. Technologies on common carp
breeding and rearing have also been transferred to many developing countries of the world.
In Europe cyprinids are the fourth most important species groups of aquaculture production by volume (following salmonids,
mussels and oysters), however common carp (which represents more than 80% of cyprinids) is the most significant species
of the inland aquaculture in Central and Eastern part of Europe. The total production of common carp dropped by some 48
% from 1990 to 1991 due to the political and economical changes in Central-Eastern Europe. Since 1997 common carp
production shows a gradual increase and the total production reached 126 524 tons in this region by 2002. The share of
common carp was about 31% of the total freshwater aquaculture production in Europe in 2002, when trout and common
carp make up about 75% of the total freshwater aquaculture production.
Although the popularity of common carp as food fish shows decline in Europe, the main reason is that fish is mainly
marketed alive. Less than 25% of the produced market size fish is processed in Central-Eastern Europe, and common
carp remains a traditional Christmas meal. The development of processing technologies and thus the eradication of the
intramuscular bones in the flesh could result in a breakthrough in carp production and marketing in Europe. The image of
carp could also be improved together with the changes in consumer’s perception. A growing segment of the consumers give
more preferences to species, which are reared in natural-like environment and feed low on the food chain. Common carp is
an ideal species for organic fish production. The organic carp production is only few hundred tons in Europe for the time
being, however the area of organic pond fish farms, where the main species is common carp, is gradually increasing. Taking
also into account the importance of common carp as a popular sport fish, which is produced by fish farms, it can be expected
that economical sustainability of common carp aquaculture will be improving in Europe in the coming years.
674
Perkinsus spp AND Bonamia ostreae INFECTIONS IN THE ASIAN OYSTER Crassostrea
ariakensis MAINTAINED IN A FULLY CONTAINED AQUACULTURE SETTING
Gerardo R. Vasta*, Mohammad R. Alavi, Eric J. Schott, José A. F. Robledo, Keiko Saito, Satoshi Tasumi
and Wolf T. Pecher
Center of Marine Biotechnology

University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute
701 East Pratt Street, Suite 236
Baltimore, Maryland 21202 USA
vasta@umbi.umd.edu
Protozoan, bacterial, fungal and viral epizootics are significant detrimental factors for the successful exploitation of natural
and cultivated stocks of shellfish from coastal areas of the USA. In particular, the American oyster, Crassostrea virginica,
has been reduced to such low numbers in the Chesapeake Bay that the introduction of the Asian oyster C. ariakensis is being
considered by the industry, and state and federal agencies. To assess the potential for C. ariakensis to harbor and transmit
oyster parasites and pathogens, we maintained oysters in a fully contained aquaculture facility to monitor prevalence of
Perkinsus marinus (Dermo), P. andrewsi, P. atlanticus, Haplosporidium nelsoni (MSX), and Bonamia ostrae during a
period of 15 weeks. Animals (n= 150) were two-year old triploids (Oregon strain) from hatcheries in Maryland (Piney
Point) and Virginia (VIMS). These sites employ flow through systems using Chesapeake Bay waters that are endemic for
P. marinus and potentially contain other oyster protistan pathogens. Parasites were detected by genus- and species-specific
PCR, and in selected cases, their identity confirmed by sequencing of amplicons. At the beginning of the experiment,
Perkinsus spp. and B. ostrae prevalences were 66% and 3%, respectively. MSX was not detected in any of the animals
tested. After 11 weeks, C. ariakensis displayed Perkinsus spp. at greater than 80% prevalence. These levels of infection
were maintained or increased for an additional 4 weeks. Prevalence of B. ostrae remained low (<10%) during this time.
Oyster mortality continued throughout the study (18%, cumulative). One hundred % of the dead animals tested positive
for Perkinsus spp., and infection intensities were higher than in the infected live animals. Water collected from tanks in
which animals were maintained, tested positive for Perkinsus spp. To examine the capacity of C. ariakensis hemocytes or
plasma to kill or inhibit proliferation of Perkinsus spp, P. marinus trophozoites were exposed in vitro to oyster plasma or
hemocytes (at six infection ratios) for 24 and 72 hours.The parasite’s ability to proliferate after the exposure was assessed
by culture in nutrient medium for four weeks, with weekly measurements of cell densities. The results suggest that although
the exposure time increases the killing of P. marinus by C. ariakensis hemocytes at very low parasite numbers (1:16; P.
marinus trophozites: C. ariakensis hemocytes), a small proportion of the parasite survives, and eventually proliferates
when transferred to culture medium. If the parasite is present at higher ratios (1:4), it survives the exposure to C. ariakensis
hemocytes and plasma, and proliferates as well as the unexposed controls. Our results suggest that similarly to C. virginica,
C. ariakensis is unable to kill all infecting P. marinus trophozites, and that under stressful conditions P. marinus infection
intensity and prevalence may increase. To the extent that these findings can be extrapolated to the proposed introduction of
C. ariakensis to Chesapeake Bay, they suggest a degree of susceptibility to endemic parasites.
675
POLICY ISSUES FOR PROMOTION OF PRODUCT COMPETITIVENESS IN ASIAN

SHRIMP FARMING
C.Vasudevappa*, D. Seenappa, Y. Basavaraju, Y.S. Arun Kumar, Denis Bailly, Pascal Raux, Fabienne Kervarec
and G.Y. Keshavappa
University of Agricultural Sciences

Bangalore - 560 065, India
cvasu@vsnl.net
The shrimp farming sector is a major component of aquaculture industry because of its good quality and high export
demand. In most shrimp producing countries, the industry has witnessed boom, burst and stabilization during the last one to
two decades. The farming sector is on the pathway of sustainability in some of the South East Asian countries but continues
to suffer from hardships associated to many issues related to technological, environmental, social, non tariff barriers, legal,
policies etc. In most of the shrimp producing countries, off late, issues related to antidumping, low price in export market
have resulted in tough competition among shrimp producing countries which necessitated the efforts to bring in product
competitiveness and product added value through well established industry governance in order to position itself in the
global market.
The research paper highlights the perception of different national stakeholders (Farmers, farmer’s association’s, tutorials,
input agencies, exporters, research managers, hatchery managers, administrators and policy makers etc) from India,
Bangladesh, Thailand and Vietnam operating at different levels in the shrimp sector- The various issues were addressed
through consultative meeting to bring in product competitiveness and value addition through out the supply chain in
National forums on policy issues. The issues related to major technological bottlenecks viz., disease management, pond
hygiene, input management, R&D needs, knowledge transfer, supportive mechanism to promote collective action through
public policy were discussed to formulate supportive policy guidelines to facilitate formulation of appropriate policy frame
work and legislations for providing better governance targeting sustainable growth of the sector.
676
TECHNOLOGICAL CHALLENGES FOR AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT IN

NORTHERN NAMIBIA: THE INLAND AQUACULTURE CENTRE PROJECT
Enrique Vega*, Xosé Luís Rodríguez, Eleuterio Rodríguez and José Maria Martínez
Inland Aquaculture Centre

Omahenene Outapi
Republic of Namibia
evega@cetmar.org
The IAC Project is the main instrument for technological transfer in aquaculture from Galicia (Spain) to Namibia.
Institutional commitments and, particularly, a contract agreement between the parties constitute the framework of this
cooperation project.
Aquaculture is a brand new concept in Namibia. Data available and bibliography are scarce so, any step ahead implied the
obtaining of basic experimental data. All kind of prospecting studies on geographic, physicochemical, socio-economic and
environmental conditions were done to evaluate its opportunity and to determine suitable locations.
Freshwater reserves in the Caprivi Region, Kavango and Kunene rivers and the Cuvelai system in the North of Namibia
were checked. The lands and the abandoned ponds of an ancient fish farm in Omahenene beside the Calueque Canal
supplied by the Kunene River were upgraded and new infrastructures built in order to establish the IAC.
Therefore, the Inland Aquaculture Centre is in place and the IAC Project is currently running with the main objective to
contribute to food security through the sustainable development of extensive inland aquaculture systems, and the provision
of the equipment, know-how and training to ensure its sustainability.
The technological challenges are directly linked to the adaptation of aquaculture technology to the socioeconomic and
environmental conditions of the North of Namibia.
Firstly, native species of fishes were studied and three of them were the target of experimental trials: Tilapia rendalli,
Oreochromis andersonii, and Clarias gariepinus.
Secondly, several trials for these species were done. On the one hand testing in laboratory and hatchery; on the other hand,
intensive, semintensive and extensive systems were checked to improve the growth rates and adaptability for aquaculture
conditions.
Thirdly, a genuine technology, simple and specifically adapted to Namibia was used. A training programme in aquaculture
is developed to transfer know-how and skills to Namibian technicians. Otherwise, extension and training materials are
being prepared to support fish farmers’ production simultaneously to fingerlings distribution.
Fourthly, the IAC Project running provides feedback to adapt aquaculture management at institutional level, particularly
in training and fish farming extension. Furthermore, an original management system was developed to control at real time
the whole management of the IAC.
Finally, all actions are designed to contribute to aquaculture sustainable development beyond the IAC Project in
socioeconomic and environmental terms.
677
TAXONOMIC STATUS OF THE INDIAN PEARL OYSTER Pinctada fucata (Gould)
T.S.Velayudhan and N.R.Menon
Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute

Ernakulan North P.O, P.B. 1603
Cochin 682018, Kerala, India
tsvelyudh@yahoo.com
Pearl oysters that produce pearls comes under the genus Pinctada and the most important species under this genus are
Pinctada maxima, P. margaritifera, P. m. galtsofei, P .mazatlanica, P. fucata and P .radiata. These oysters produce finest
pearls and there are several other species such as P. chemnitzii, P. sugillata, P. atropurpurea and P. anomioides which are
not available in fishable quantity with less commercial value in respect of pearl and pearl production. Winged pearl oyster
Pteria penguin, P. formosa, P. sterna and P. colymbus produce pearls very rarely while window pane oyster Placuna
placenta produce seed pearls of very small size (Shirai, 1994).
Since the pearl oysters produce pearls of different colours and shape. The study on the taxonomy, distribution, abundance
and dimensional variations among species are most important.
Out of the twenty eight species of pearl oysters that are known from the different parts of the world, seven species are
known from the Indian coasts viz. Pinctada fucata (Gould), Pinctada margaritifera (Linnaeus), P.chemnitzii (Philippi), P.
sugillata (Reeve), P. anomioides (Reeve) and P. atropurpurea (Dunker), Pteria penguin ( Jameson ) (PLATES I - VI). The
most important works on the taxonomy of Indian pearl oysters are those of Prashad (1932), Hynd (1955), Rao (1970), Rao
and Rao (1974) and Velayudhan and Gandhi (1987). Foreign works have been reviewed by Gervis and Sims (1992).
Pearl oysters enjoy a worldwide distribution and the distribution of pearl oysters has been given by Hynd (1955), Alagarswami
(1991), Gervis and Sims (1992) and Shirai (1994).
678
STUDIES ON MORPHOLOGY AND ANATOMY OF THE INDIAN PEARL OYSTER Pinctada

fucata (Gould)
T.S.Velayudhan and N.R.Menon
Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute

Ernakulan North P.O, P.B. 1603
Cochin 682018, Kerala, India
tsvelyudh@yahoo.com
Jameson (1901) stated on the identity and distribution of pearl oyster species of Pinctada are difficult to separate form one
another by hard and fast line owing to the absence of well marked diagnostic characters and the extraordinary geographical
and casual variations. For achieving satisfactory results in the production of cultured pearls, it is absolutely essential to have
a precise knowledge of the morphology, and the anatomy of the animal. If the animal is subjected to operation, the foot,
gonad, viscera and the gonad play a very important role in the production of a pearl but the gonad has got another vital role
in the production of eggs and sperms and nourishment of the pearl sac.
Herdman (1904) has given an excellent detailed account of the anatomy of Indian pearl oyster Pinctada vulgaris (= P.
fucata). Hynd (1955) and Kuwatani ( 1965 a, b) also contributed to our understanding of the pearl oysters of Australian and
Japanese waters, in addition to throwing light on the functional role of digestive and reproductive organs.
For the study of the anatomy and morphology of the pearl oyster, fresh healthy P. fucata (DVM 57 ± 1 mm) collected
from the farm of CMFRI at Tuticorin was used. To study the anatomy and morphology, 30 animals were narcotized using
menthol (to avoid tissue contraction) and preserved in neutral formalin. The animals were dissected out aseptically and
each organ was carefully examined and thoroughly studied. In some cases live animals were also examined. For the arterial
system dissections, Alizarin Red stain was injected through the auricles to locate the arteries and veins. For studying the
nervous system, the narcotized pearl oysters were kept in dilute picric acid solution for ½ hour.
In all the cases, the slides were examined and photomicrographs were taken with the help of Erma scope and computerized
prints were taken with the help of Zeiss binocular microscope with digital camera attachment under different magnifications
from 5 x to 100 x (oil immersion objective). For morphological studies the detailed drawings of the dissected organs were
drawn and for anatomical studies prepared slides were examined, photographed and printed as mentioned above. The
details of shell characters have already been explained in detail in another paper.
The foot is a highly mobile, tongue shaped organ capable of great elongation and contraction (PLATE I B). The byssus
gland organ (PLATE II B) is lodged at the proximate end of the foot upon the ventral aspect. The byssal gland lodges the
common root (PLATE II B) of a bundle of stout laterally compressed bronze green fibres, the byssal threads.
The results of this study are in agreement with the description of the anatomy of P. vulgaris by Purchon (discussed in
Kuwatani, 1965 a) who compared the anatomy of P. vulgaris and P. martensii and of Herdman (1904). Herdman (1904)
described the anal papillae of Margaritifera vulgaris are five fold. Shiino (1952) had drawn the structure of the anal
pappilae of P. martensii (Dunker). In P. fucata (Gould) the anal papillae is trifold. In M. vulgaris there are three nerves
enervating from the pedal ganglion wherein P. fucata (Gould) in the present study had 4 nerves. Herdman (1904), Shiino
(1952) noticed the renogenital aperture respectively from M. vulgaris and P. martensii. In P. fucata (Gould) the aperture
is very difficult to trace but during spawning at the anterior part of the gill attachment through which sperms and eggs are
released from a vertical slit. Kuwatani (1965 a) differentiated the stomach of P. martensii from P. vulgaris. According to
him, in P. vulgaris the left intestinal groove arise from the pouch lead to the origin of the groove. In P. martensii, the groove
however is at the point of coming to the tongue from the major typlosole in the second embayment, and the rejection tract
connects with the way of groove. Chellam (1983) stated that the stomach content of P. fucata contained straight hinge
stage bivalve larvae from 27.5 to 115 µm in Dorso Ventral axis and 37.5 to 125 µm in Antero – Posterior axis. The larvae
with umbo ranged in size from 162.5 to 232.5 µm in Dorso ventral axis and 200 – 275 µm in Antero – posterior axis. In P.
martensii the charcoal particles taken into the esophagus were 30 µm and 17.5 µm respectively. It is inferred of this study,
the stomach width as well as the oesophagus is larger in P. fucata.
679
SIMILARITIES BETWEEN MICROBIAL AND PERIPHYTIC BIOFILMS IN

RECIRCULATING AQUACULTURE SYSTEMS
Marc C.J. Verdegem*, Ep H. Eding, Vicky Sereti and Johan A.J. Verreth

Department of Animal Sciences
P.O.Box 338
6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
marc.verdegem@wur.nl
Periphyton mats have a lot in common with biofilms and therefore could also carry out tasks performed by biofilms. In
recirculating aquaculture systems, the first goal of bacterial biofilters is the removal of ammonia and nitrite. In trickling
biofilters ammonia removal rates vary between 0.33 and 0.54 g TAN m-2 d-1. Similar removal rates were obtained by
periphyton mats grown on bamboo poles (Figure 1) under light conditions. Under dark circumstances 0.14 – 0.17 g TAN
m-2 d-1 was removed by the periphyton mats. Assuming a 12 hour light, 12 hour dark light regime, potentially the periphyton
mat can remove 430 mg TAN m-2 d-1.
By trapping organic and mineral matter biofilms and periphyton mats have a clarifying effect on the water column. The
3-dimensional canopy of periphyton mats effectively traps particulate matter and breaks it down with great efficacy due
to the tight coupling between autotrophs, heterotrophs and nitrifyers in the mat. In ponds, periphyton mats distributed
homogenously through the water column negatively contributed to the overall pond oxygen budget. Therefore, in
recirculating systems, periphyton mats should be well aerated, specially under dark conditions.
The sedimentation unit and bacterial biofilter in a conventional-RAS were replaced by a periphyton mat (Figure 2). The
periphyton-based-RAS performed equally well as the conventional-RAS, maintaining good water quality, while having less
need for water renewal due to high NO3 levels. More nutrients were retained in the periphyton-based-RAS.
Figure 1: Ammonia removal

rate under dark and light
conditions with periphyton
mats grown on bamboo.
Figure 2: layout of a conventional

and periphyton-based recirculation
system.
680
THE EFFECT OF INITIAL WEIGHT COMPOSITION AND HETEROGENEITY ON

GROWTH AND BEHAVIOUR OF AFRICAN CATFISH Clarias gariepinus
Catarina. I. M. Martins*, Margaret Aanyu, Johan W. Schrama and Johan A. J. Verreth

P.O. Box 338
6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
catarina.martins@wur.nl
It is generally accepted that disrupting social hierarchy by size grading allow the smaller fish to grow better. However, many
studies have shown a negative or no effect at all. This raises the question whether other factors besides social hierarchy are
responsible for the increase in weight variation over time. Despite the studies made on the consequences of size sorting
on growth performance, little is known about the underlying behavioural causes/consequences of the observed effects.
Therefore, the main objective of this study is to investigate the influence of initial weight composition and heterogeneity
on performance and behaviour of catfish by comparing 3 groups with homogeneous weight (light, middle-weight and
heavy) with a control group of heterogeneous (mixed) fish. Two thousand fish with an average weight of 8.2 ± 1.2 g were
fed restrictively at 20 g.kg-0.8.d-1. After 8 weeks fish were individually weighed and manually selected. Four treatments
were established: homogeneous light (HL, 66.5 – 94.9g), homogeneous middle (HM, 125.4 – 154.9g), homogeneous
heavy (HH, 184.5 – 214.1g) and a heterogeneous group containing one third of each group mentioned above (HET, 65.2
– 214.3g). Each treatment contained three replicates with 36 fish each. Selected fish were tagged to examine individual
growth trajectories. For 27 days fish were fed ad libitum. Fish behaviour was studied using video cameras on day 2, 4, 8,
11, 15, 18 and 26. Five behaviours elements were monitored (swimming, resting, air breathing, waiting-in- feeding-area
and speed of eating).
Relative growth rate, feeding level and feed conversion ration did not differ significantly between all the treatments and
when similar-weight fish were compared in different treatments. However, behaviour differed significantly between the
treatments (Table 1). These results suggest that social hierarchy is not playing a major role in explaining differences in
growth performance of African catfish. However, feeding motivation seems to be an important factor, with heavier fish
exhibiting a higher feeding motivation by swimming more, spending more time on the feeding area and eating their meal
faster than lighter fish.
Table 1. Behaviour of African catfish as affected by the experimental treatments (HL = homogeneous light; HM =
homogeneous middle; HH = homogeneous heavy; HET = heterogeneous) before and during feeding.
Data are shown as the mean ± SD (n = 3 replicates/treatment, each replicate is the mean of day 2,4,8,11,15,18 and 26)
abc
Means within a row lacking a common superscript differ significantly (P<0.05)
681
ALIEN OR INDIGENOUS FISH SPECIES FOR SMALL SCALE AQUACULTURE

DEVELOPMENT IN CAMBODIA?
Ouk Vibol* and Niklas S. Mattson
# 186, Norodom Blvd.,
PO. Box 582
Phnom Penh, Cambodia
aims1@online.com.kh
In Cambodia, small-scale aquaculture increasingly contributes to rural livelihoods. Alien species such as the Chinese Major
Carps and Tilapia are dominant species in small-scale aquaculture. Small-scale aquaculture farms are not secure and the fish
often escape. Environmental risk may be reduced by switching to culture of indigenous species. In Cambodia, indigenous
species for small-scale aquaculture have been the subject of research and development since 2000.
This paper describes a survey of small-scale fish farmers culturing indigenous fish species in the Mekong Basin in Cambodia,
and compares the results with existing data on culture of exotic species. The objective is to evaluate the economic feasibility
of small-scale aquaculture of indigenous fish.
The results indicate that indigenous species are well suited for Cambodian small-scale fish farmers. Although the growth
of some indigenous species is slower than comparable exotic species, the survival rate, market demand and price is
considerably higher.
682
AQUACULTURE OF BLUEFIN TUNA IN THE MEDITERRANEAN: ORGANIC

PARTICULATE WASTES AND IMPACT ON BENTHIC COMMUNITIES
Rubén Vita-Barberán* and Arnaldo Marín
Departamento de Ecología e Hidrología

Facultad de Biología
Universidad de Murcia
30100 Espinardo-Murcia, Spain
rvita@um.es
The tuna farming industry is presently expanding rapidly on a worldwide scale. Much of the data required for an adequate
assessment on the environmental impact of tuna farming remains unknown. A better knowledge of these constraints is
urgently required.
Field studies were carried out in the Mediterranean, where large bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) are fattened for a relatively
short period of time after capture in the wild by purse seine fleets, in order to improve the oil content of the flesh.
The deposition of particulate matter such as uneaten feed and faecal matter from cages has been identified as one of the
main causes of the negative environmental impact of aquaculture. A study was conducted to evaluate the particulate organic
waste output originated by tuna farming through direct measurements in the field with sediment traps. The settling rate of
particulate wastes was approximately 14 times the background level. Results of the present study showed that tuna fattening
produced 5.8 mg N kg fish-1 day-1 and 9.2 mg P kg fish-1 day-1 in particulate wastes. The study suggests that particulate
waste output from tuna fattening is qualitatively and quantitatively different from that produced in the culture of other
Mediterranean fishes such as sparids.
The underlying sediments may become enriched under the net cages. This may have important consequences for sediment
biogeochemistry with relatively local impacts. Another study was carried out to identify changes in sediment characteristics,
macrofaunal assemblages and the spatial and temporal scale of environmental impact due to tuna farming activities. The
sediment analyses, analyses of benthic community and toxicity tests carried out in the present work indicated there was a
lightly affected zone that extended approximately 220 m around the farm. Dramatic impact was only detected under the tuna
cages. Whole-sediment toxicity test using sea urchin larvae demonstrated great potential for assessing the environmental
impact of marine farms. The fallow period produced partial remediation of the area affected, except in the sediment directly
underneath the cages, where the succession towards unpolluted communities was incomplete.
683
SEASONAL AND ANTHROPOGENIC INFLUENCES ON THE ECOLOGICAL AND

PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF OYSTERS: THE ROLE OF ADAPTIVE RESOURCE
MANAGEMENT IN SW FLORIDA ESTUARIES
Aswani K. Volety*, S. Gregory Tolley, Michael Savarese, Erin Rasnake, Lesli Haynes, James T. Winstead,
Tomma Barnes, Peter H. Doering and Robert Wasno
Florida Gulf Coast University

Fort Myers, Florida 33965 USA
avolety@fgcu.edu
Ecosystem restoration and management seek to repair or improve a suite of desired environmental conditions for a specific
ecosystem. Alterations in freshwater inflow, resulting from watershed development and water management practices, have
impacted salinity and water quality within southwest Florida estuaries. For example, in the Caloosahatchee estuary, where
oyster abundances have declined precipitously from historic values, altered hydrology including unnatural high and low
water deliveries to the estuary have been identified as key stressors. To investigate the effects of seasonal changes and
watershed management on oysters, condition index, reproductive patterns, disease incidence of Perkinsus marinus, spat
recruitment, juvenile growth of oysters were investigated monthly from five locations in the Caloosahatchee Estuary,
Florida.
Comparison of observed salinities and freshwater flows suggests that releases of 1000 CFS decrease salinities by 3.6-6.0
ppt at the locations sampled. Results indicate that oysters in the Caloosahatchee estuary spawn continuously from April-
October, a period that coincides with freshwater releases into the estuary. Upstream, sub-tidal locations exhibited good
spat recruitment, low disease intensity, and higher juvenile growth rates compared to downstream, intertidal sites. High
freshwater flows during summer either flush out oyster larvae and spat from areas with suitable cultch and/or reduce
salinities to levels that are unfavorable for spat settlement and survival. Abundance, biomass, as well as diversity of reef-
resident organisms increased downstream, and appeared to be unrelated to the density of living oysters present. In addition,
measures of biodiversity were higher during the dry season.
We predict that freshwater releases in the range of 500 to 2000 CFS will result in optimum salinities for oysters and oyster
reef-resident organisms downstream in the Caloosahatchee estuary. Results further suggest that well-timed freshwater
releases into the Caloosahatchee River may lower P. marinus infections to non-lethal levels in oysters, thereby increasing
survival. Limited freshwater releases during winter coupled with decreased releases in summer should result in suitable
conditions for survival and enhancement of oyster reefs in the Caloosahatchee River. These results suggest that the responses
of both oysters and oyster-reef organisms can be a useful tool for managing Southwest Florida estuaries. This project
illustrates a collaborative approach between resource managers and scientists in regulating water quality conditions that
sustain and enhance oyster reefs in the Caloosahatchee estuary. Similar approaches are being used in setting water quality
targets in various SW Florida estuaries using oyster responses.
684
ORGANIC CARP PRODUCTION IN HUNGARY

Gabor Voros, Lévai Ferenc and Laszlo Varadi
Gálosi Bárka Kft.

varadil@haki.hu
There is long history of carp culture in Hungary. Besides the indigenous common carp, the Chinese carps, which were
introduced to the country in the sixties play important role in pond fish farming. The share of common carp and Chinese
carps in the total production of market size fish was 67% and 18% in 2003 respectively. The presently applied pond rearing
technologies are natural-like methods, which are based on the utilization of natural food. Thus, the basic conditions of
organic farming are readily available in pond fish farms.
There has been a strong competition on the market of various fish and fish products in Europe, which also effects the fish
market in Hungary, especially after the joining of the country to the European Union. Freshwater fish and fish products
should be competitive with import fish products and non-fish food products such as poultry. The relatively low market
value carp, which in many cases goes to the market alive, is loosing its market importance. However, fish species feeding
low on the food chain and reared in natural-like conditions, and the applied traditional pond technologies meet the basic
requirements of nature protection, animal welfare and organic production. Therefore a perspective direction of the future
development of pond carp farming is the production of organic carp.
Organic fish farming is relatively new in Hungary, which started only five years ago. “Gálosi Bárka” and „Aranyponty”
fish farms were those pioneer farms, who started organic fish farming, mainly common carp, on an area of 69 ha and 50 ha
respectively. There are four other fish farms with a total area of about 4600 ha, where transition has just been completed.
“Hortobagy” fish farm itself is going to produce organic silver carp on an area of about 3200 ha. The farm is located on a
natural reserve area, where the basic conditions for organic farming are available due to the needs for natural-like farming.
The Hungarian certifying agency is the “Biokontrol Hungaria”, which has elaborated the standard for organic fish farming,
taking into account IFOAM directives and the “NATURLAND” (German) and “ERNTE” (Austrian) standards for organic
fish production.
Based on first results and experiences of organic fish production in Hungary it can be said, that traditional ponds provide
good conditions for organic fish production. The main obstacle was the unavailability and high price of organic feed
(mainly various cereals), which is used in many cases for supplementary feeding. Some farms started the production of
their own organic feed, however efforts have been made to increase the availability of natural food in the ponds. It seems
that organic fish can be sold more successfully in special stores for organic food rather than on conventional fish market.
Since the market for organic food is still limited in Hungary, organic fish is going to be sold mainly in Western Europe. It is
essential however to produce value added products and distinguish them clearly from conventional fish products. In order to
maintain and strengthen credibility of organic fish production, Hungarian organic fish farmers established the Association
of Organic Fish Producers.
685
EVALUATION OF PRODUCTION PERFORMANCE OF GIFT STRAIN OF TILAPIA

Oreochromis niloticus IN POLYCULTURE WITH COMMON CARP Cyprinus carpio AND
WITH TWO MAJOR CARPS Catla catla AND Labeo rohita
Wahab, M.A.*, A.J.M. Rakibullah, M.S. Uddin and O.A. Masud

wahabma@bdonline.com
To evaluate the production performance of GIFT strain of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in polyculture with common carp
(Cyprinus carpio) and with two major carps (Catla catla and Labeo rohita), an on-station trial was conducted at the Fisheries
Field Laboratory, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh. Three treatments: (1) GIFT monoculture, (2)
GIFT-common carp polyculture (GIFT-CC) and (3) GIFT-catla-rohu polyculture (GIFT-C-R) were tested in this experiment
with a stocking density of 20,000 ha-1. Water quality analysis showed that the mean values of water temperature, secchi and
nitrate-nitrogen were not significantly different among the treatments. Significant differences (P<0.05) were observed in
case of dissolved oxygen, pH, total alkalinity, phosphate-phosphorus, ammonia-nitrogen and chlorophyll a.
A total of 38 genera of phytoplankton and 16 genera of zooplankton were identified from the pond water. Phytoplankton
population was mostly dominated by Chlorophyceae (17 genera), whereas zooplankton population was dominated by
Crustacea (9 genera) over the experimental period. There was no significant difference in the abundance of plankton among
the treatments except Euglenophyceae and Cyanophyceae, which were significantly higher (P<0.05) in treatment 2.
Benthos population was dominated by Chironomids in treatment 1 (71.53%) and 3 (72.79%) and by Oligochaets in treatment
2 (47.33%). The abundance was significantly higher (P<0.01) in treatment 3 (6943.21 m-2) than treatments 1 (4167.90 m-2)
and 2 (922.22 m-2).
Survival rate of tilapia ranged between 83.54% and 93.75%, with the highest survival in treatment 3. Survival rates of
common carp, catla and rohu were 92.92%, 90.83% and 99.17%, respectively. Highest specific growth rate (2.32% bw d-1)
and weight gain (105.89g) of tilapia were found in treatment 3. The total gross and net yields in treatments 1, 2 and 3 were
1.55 and 1.41 t ha-1, 2.23 and 1.81 t ha-1, and 1.90 and 1.37 t ha-1, respectively, with significantly higher (P<0.05) yield in
treatment 2. The net economic returns in treatments 1, 2 and 3 were 26,750, 27,375 and 4,250 Tk ha-1, respectively, with
significantly higher (p<0.05) economic returns in treatments 1 and 2. Considering the production and economic benefit, the
best performance was observed in treatment 2, GIFT- common carp polyculture.
686
ENHANCING FEED NUTRIENT THROUGH Lactobacillus plantarum, Rhizopus oligosporus

AND Neurospora sitophilia BIOPROCESS AND ITS EFFECT ON FRESHWATER FISHES
Rita Rostika Wahyudi, M. Andri Wiratman, Herdi Mandani Subana and Setia Nugraha
Fisheries Deparment, Agriculture Faculty

Padjadjaran University
West Jawa
ritarostika@plasa.com
One of methods to enhance feed quality is involving microorganism through fermentation. Fermentation is biochemical
process on organic substrate through enzymatic reaction. The enzymes excreted by microbes.
Fermentation can change characteristic caused by nutrient destruction. One advantage of that process is complex organic
matter such as protein, carbohydrate and lipid change become more simple molecule and easy to digest. Other than that,
fermentation produces volatole matter which can improve flavor, texture and shelf life.
Three experiments about fermetation time using Rhizopus oligosporus, Lactobacillus plantarum and Neurospora sitophilia
of fish feed stuff have been conducted. The feed stuff was given to red nile tilopia (Oreochromis niloticus) fry and red bally
pacu fish (Collosoma macrophemum). The growth of the two fish was observed.
The results of the experiment showed that treatment with 30 % R. oligosporus, can increase body weight and feed efficiency
of red tilapia fry. Bioprocess with C. plantarum for 3 days gave highest growth rate of 3,675 % of red tilapia, and its feed
conversion was 2,531. Feed introduced by N. sitophilia for 3 days gave growth rate of 0,98 % red bally pacu fish.
687
Litopenaeus vanamei IN CHINA: PERFORMANCE AND IMPACTS ON SHRIMP

PRODUCTION AND BIODIVERSITY
Wang Qing-Yin and Yang Cong-Hai
Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute

106 Nanjing Road
Qingdao 266071
P. R. China
qywang@public.qd.sd.cn
White shrimp Litopenaeus vanamei was introduced experimentally into China in 1988, and successful artificial propagation
was achieved in hatcheries after 1992. In 1998, specific pathogen free (SPF) stock was introduced from Hawaii, and
spawners and postlarvae were introduced in commercial scale since then. Nowadays, there are 1000-plus hatcheries supply
PL of L. vanamei in China, of which most distributed in Guangdong and Hainan Provinces of southern China. In 2003, the
yield of L. vanamei from seawater farming ponds was 300 000 tons which accounted for 63% of the total marine shrimp
farming production. While 210 000 tons of L. vanamei were reported from freshwater farming ponds in the same year. It
was estimated that annual production value of L. vanamei reached $1 billion. L. vanamei has been proved to be one of the
most important maricultural species in China in terms of production scale and economic value.
L. vanamei is a species adapted to higher stocking density in farming practices. In southern China, two crops could be
harvested. Production usually was 7.5-15 tons/ha/crop. In Shandong, Hebei and Liaoning Provinces of northern China,
where suitable water temperature allows 100 days’ farming activity for this species, one crop of good harvest may be
achieved. Greenhouses or small-scale ponds covered with plastic film were used to culture L. vanamei in early spring
or later autumn in northern provinces to ensure stable supply of fresh living shrimp to the market. In protected farming
facilities, the biomass of L. vanamei may reach 5kg/m2/crop, in some cases even higher.
The positive impact of L. vannamei introduction to China is evident, especially after WSSV-caused shrimp farming industry
collapse after 1993. L. vannamei introduction increased a new species to the shrimp farming industry. New ideas such as
biosecurity and healthy cultivation were introduced, new farming modes and techniques were developed and implemented
in farming practice. This has been regarded as one of the most important reasons why the shrimp farming industry develops
steadily even if the disease problems still seriously jeopardize the industry. However, the negative impacts also were
stressed such as possible pathogens, known and/or unknown, were introduced together with the shrimp. Using underground
water to culture L. vannamei in inland areas might result in environmental problem. Impact of escaped L. vannamei to the
local ecosystem also should be evaluated in a long term.
688
RECENT ADVANCES IN MICROALGAE BASED RECIRCULATING PRODUCTION

SYSTEMS
Jaw-Kai Wang
Member, National Academy of Academy of Engineering and Professor Emeritus

Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering
University at Manoa, Hawaii, USA
jawkai@hawaii.edu
Current R&D on aquaculture water re-use are largely devoted to bacteria-based systems, while microalgae-based water
re-use system development has been neglected. A bacterial component in a water re-use system dedicates itself entirely
to excessive nutrient removal. In contrast, a microalgae-based system produces microalgae that can be used to produce a
second crop, such as bivalve seed or Artemia, which can generate income.
The basic treatment process of the algae based systems is algal photosynthesis. The algal cell population is maintained
at a young age, preferably at the log-log growth stage, either through direct harvesting of the algal biomass or by control
of system hydraulic detention time. Recent advances in microalgae based recirculting systems came from two distinctive
systems: The Clemson University’s Partitioned Aquaculture System (PAS), and University of Hawaii’s Microalgae Based
Integrated Production system.
In 2004, the Clemson University Partitioned Aquaculture System (PAS) was combined with a Suspended Culture, Extended
Aeration, Nitrification/De-nitrification (SEA-N) reactor for control of ammonia-nitrogen concentration in a shrimp culture
system fed at sustained levels approaching 750 lb feed/acre day, at a shrimp carrying capacity in excess of 250 shrimp/m2.
The combined process was operated in the 2004 growing season for culture of the Pacific White Shrimp (Litopenaeus
vannamei) at densities ranging from 250 to 300 animals/m2. Feed application rates reached 750 lb of 35% protein feed/
acre day, with projected standing crops ranging from 20,000 – 25,000 lb shrimp/acre.
The microalgae based integrated recirculating systems developed at the University of Hawaii has seen successful commercial
application. The original pilot integrated oyster/shrimp production system designed and built with USDA SBIR grants by
Aqauculture Technology, Inc. was purchased, in 1996, by Kona Bay Oyster and Shrimp company which was later renamed
Kona Bay Marine Resources Company (KBMR). With additional investment, KBMR has become the leading producer
of shrimp brood stock in Hawaii, winning the Governor’s Exporter of the Year award in 2004. The use of Cheatoceros in
the KBMR system as the predominant species has afforded the system considerable resistance to bacteria bloom, which
insured that its system produces healthy brood stock.
Consierable modification was necessary to adopt the University of Hawaii system to the Northern Taiwan conditions. The
shrimp ponds in Taiwan are mostly earthen, and shrimp viruses have been ubiquitous. To reduce the sediment problem the
production has been divided into multiple stages and allow a shorter growout stage in the earthen ponds. The difficulty to
maintain a steady microalgae bloom led to design modifications that incorporate a separate rearing facility and circular
raceways, in addition to the existing shrimp growout ponds. The circular raceways are capable of removing settled particles
quickly and maintaining good water quality. They first serve as shrimp nursery sites to stock post larvae until certain size.
After the juvenile shrimp are moved to the growout ponds, the circular raceways could then be stocked with Artemia nauplii
to produce the adults.
The Fisheries’ Machinery and Instrument Institute of the Chinese Academy of Aquaculture Sciences has embarked upon
an project to develop a microalgae based integrated shrimp production system for China.The first phase: the design of a
laboratory system, is near completion and the system is scheduled to be completed by May 2005. The second phase: design,
construction and operation of a pilot system in Southern China is scheduled for 2006.
689
EARLY GROWTH IN FAMILY LINES OF THE PEARL OYSTER Pinctada martensii
Wang Aimin*, Shi Yaohua, Gu Zhifen, Li Dengfeng, Wang Yan, Qu Yanbo and Ye Hui
Ocean College
Hainan University
Haikou, Hainan 570228
Peoples Republic of China
aimwang6@hotmail.com
The establishment of family lines can be used for selective breeding and in the development of linkage maps using molecular
markers for particular traits. We established eight different genetic families of the pearl oyster, Pinctada martensii, according
to the source of parents. Group I included 3 families produced from oysters collected from India, Group S comprised 3
families of wild oysters from Sanya (China), while Group H comprised 2 families produced through the hybridization of
Indian male oysters with Sanya females.
Comparisons of early growth among three family groups have shown the advantage of heterosis for both increases in shell
length and total weight and thus hybridization between different geographical populations is thought to be an effective way
to improve Chinese cultured pearl oyster populations.
TABLE 1. Multiple comparison (LSR) of shell length among 3 family groups.
TABLE 2. Multiple comparison (LSR) of total weight among 3 family groups.

690
EVALUATION OF GROWTH AND ECONOMIC TRAITS OF CHINESE-INDIAN F1

HYBRIDS OF THE PEARL OYSTER Pinctada martensii
Wang Aimin*, Li Dengfeng, Gu Zhifen, Wang Yan, Shi Yaohua, Ye Hui and Qu Yanbo
Ocean College
Hainan University
Haikou, Hainan 570228
Peoples Republic of China
aimwang6@hotmail.com
Pearl oyster culture is a very important industry in Southern China and mostly occurs in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan
Provinces. Although China is among the worlds largest producers of marine pearls, quality can still be improved. To try
to improve pearl quality we have investigated growth and pearl quality in F1 hybrids of Chinese (SW- Sanya wild stock)
and Indian (IC-India cultured) pearl oysters. Hybrids (SI) of SWf x ICm showed faster growth than SW stocks, LC (Liusa
cultured ) and XC (Xinchun cultured) pearl oysters. LC and XC pearl oysters are common cultured populations in China.
Hybrids of SWf x ICm also showed greater shell depth than IC. Nacre colour in SWm x ICf hybrids (IS) was better than
that of SW, LC, and XC. The hybrids (IS) were thought to be suitable as saibo donors.
691
NOTES
692
EFFECT OF SIZE, GENDER AND PHYSICAL FACTORS ON BEHAVIOURAL RESPONSE

AND SHELTER ACQUISITION IN FRESHWATER CRAYFISH UNDER THREAT FROM A
FINFISH PREDATOR
Prayadt Wangpen* and Glen J. Whisson
Department of Applied Biosciences

Muresk Institute, Curtin University of Technology
PO Box 1063 Bentley Delivery Centre
prayadt_w@hotmail.com
Predation is a major structuring force in aquatic ecosystems that usually results in mortalities. The mechanisms that influence
the success of predators require further examination as they relate to both natural and artificial systems, where predation
can result in lower production and reduced profitability. An artificial system of current interest to inland farmers is crayfish
polyculture. Studying a decapod’s behaviour and competition for shelter while under the threat of predation is important
to understanding the nature of both intra- and interspecific interactions in multi-species systems. This knowledge will also
assist in the management of natural aquatic systems that have been altered by human translocation of non-native species.
Examples of such translocations in Western Australia include the yabby (Cherax albidus); silver perch (Bidyanus bidyanus)
and redfin perch (Perca fluviatilis). The behavioural plasticity of these translocated animals will determine their success in
out-competing native aquatic species such as the marron (Cherax tenuimanus). The research presented here investigated the
impact of size and gender of silver perch on the shelter acquisition of native marron and non-native yabbies. The findings
from this research will allow aquaculturists and aquatic resource managers to better understand factors contributing to the
displacement of crayfish species in both natural systems and crayfish polyculture systems.
693
REDSTART: A COMMUNITY-BASED APPROACH TO FISHERIES ENHANCEMENT

Robert Wasno*, John Stevely, LeRoy Cresswell and Tomma Barnes
Florida Sea Grant Extension Program

3406 Palm Beach Blvd.
Fort Myers, FL 33916 USA
rmwasno@ifas.ufl.edu
Red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) supports an important recreational fishery in Florida, USA (commercial harvest was
banned in the early 1990’s). Significant public funds, particularly in Texas and Florida, have been directed towards stock
enhancement based on release of hatchery-reared fish. REDstart represents an innovative, community-based approach
to utilize citizen volunteers to assist researchers and resource managers in developing a red drum stock enhancement
program in southwest Florida REDstart is a fisheries enhancement program consisting of biologists, sport anglers, and
local volunteers concerned with the sustainability of local fisheries. REDstart is a way of enhancing game fish stocks
by releasing hatchery-reared fish. Genetically compatible fry will be raised in captivity to 20-25 cm and tagged before
release. Project success will also be evaluated using genetic tagging protocols developed by the Florida Fish and Wildlife
Commission. The program was developed under the auspices of the Florida Sea Grant Extension Program, with technical
guidance provided by a Science Advisory Board.
Although there are a number of important public resource management and research partners (South Florida Water
Management District, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Sanibel-Captiva Conservation Foundation, Florida Fish and Wildlife
Commission, Mote Marine Laboratory, City of Sanibel, Lee County Parts and Recreation Department), the program
is driven by volunteers. A total of 35 volunteers have contributed a total of 4,250 documented hours for fund-raising,
facility construction, maintenance, and operation. Funding form volunteer efforts (e.g. fishing tournaments) has totaled
$42,118. The Facilities located on Sanibel Island in southwest Florida include tow tans with a capacity of 98,410 liters with
appropriate life support systems. The current potential production is 25,000 fish grown to a cumulative weight of 27,500
kg. The facility is a grow-out facility, Phase I juveniles (2.5-5.0 cm) have been provided by the Florida Fish and Wildlife
Commission. To date, the volunteer workforce (under the direction of the local Sea Grant Extension Agent) has proven to
be highly motivated and proficient. Detailed water quality and fish health assurance protocols have been established. Water
quality data and progress reports will be posted on a future web site. Progress and success to date suggest that community-
based public/private partnerships may be able to significantly augment public stock enhancement programs.
694
RECENT PROGRESS OF JAPAN-INDONESIA COOPORATION ON AQUACULTURE

Sulistiono, Dedy Jusadi, Subiyanto and Seiichi Watanabe*

Bogor, Indonesia
ssatoh@s.kaiyodai.ac.jp
Cooperation on the fisheries biology and aquaculture between Indonesia (c/o. DGHE; Diponegoro University;) and Japan
(c/o. Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology-formerly of Tokyo
University of Fisheries) was established in 1994. The program was provided by more than 150 scientists, and involved
more than 20 universities from those countries. Four main program of the cooperation was done such as scientist exchange,
cooperative research, international symposium (seminar, workshop), and student exchange.
Cooperative research was implemented by those universities such as Bogor Agricultural University and Tokyo University
of Marine Science and Technology with main topic of study on the estuarine ecosystem for fisheries purposes in 1994,
2001, 2002, and 2003. International symposium and workshop were performed in 1997, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005 in Japan
and Indonesia. Scientist exchange has been carried out since 1994-2005.
Future perspective of the cooperation should be developed especially for cooperative research such as crustacean biology
and culture, biotechnology, disease etc. International publication should be more developed by establishing a journal
organized by those countries. Other prospective should be performed are cooperative supervision, short training for
laboratory technician/official and student exchange should be performed.
THE RELATIONSHIP OF SHRIMP EXPORT AND PRICES IN ASIA: AN ECONOMETRIC

ANALYSIS OF INDIAN SHRIMPS
Premachandra Wattage
Centre for the Economics and Management of Aquatic Resources

University of Portsmouth
United Kingdom
p.wattage@port.ac.uk
The final price of shrimp is made up of two types of costs: the raw material input cost which has been shown in the farm
price and the marketing input which includes processing costs and the profit margins of all of intermediaries between
producers and consumers. It is assumed that the intermediaries attempt to minimise the truncation and menu costs, which
would ensure that prices at each end of the value chain were closely related in the long run. The cost of production of shrimp
is very low compared to the final market price that consumer pay, which makes the shrimp production, is more lucrative
industry in Asia and other developing world. In this paper the methodology used in testing for relationships between
export quantity and the final price in India will be presented. The aim of the investigation to be undertaken is threefold:
to determine whether there is relationship between prices and quantity produced; to determine if there is a relationship
between the prices and export quantity; and, subject to the results of the first two analyses, to determine whether there is any
externality that caused by the shrimp production which does not reflect in the prices. The results can be used in determining
the sustainable shrimp development policy in the Asian region.
695
OPERATING A LARGE INTEGRATED SHRIMP FARM FOR SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION

IN LAMPUNG, INDONESIA – THE CHALLENGES
Wayan Agus Edhy*, Achmad Wahyudi and Nyan Taw

Operating a large integrated shrimp farm, with over 3,500 commercial production ponds (0.5 ha in size) at two cycles a
year, for sustainable production is very challenging. At every level either in management or technology, teamwork and
synchronization is essential. PT. Central Pertiwi Bahari (Charoen Pokpland group) shrimp farm is located on the eastern
coast of south Sumatra, Indonesia and is one of the largest shrimp producers in Asia (Heerin, 2003). In addition to the
production ponds, the farm has over 130 ponds of various type and size for R&D and Trials. The farm’s integrated
complex – hatchery, feed mill, power plant, processing/cold storage facilities, and container vessel – support the production
of commercial ponds. Operation of production ponds are also supported by a well-equipped laboratory and with recent
technologies developed by R&D and Trials (Nyan Taw, et. al, 2002; Nyan Taw & Rudyan Kopot, 2004).
Seawater source is from the eastern coast parallel to the farm. The main supply canal is filled by a tidal current flow from
the main gate with a one-way flow locking system. The farm is operated on module base – where each module consists of
between 40 and 60 ponds. Over 80 percent of the production ponds are high-density poly-ethylene lined. Each module has
its own independent reservoir complex. Initially, modules were constructed for close water re-circulation system. However,
from mid 2001, due to diseases the system was changed to semi-close minimum water exchange system to minimize
spreading of (mainly WSSV and white feces) diseases. Initially, P. monodon was the sole species cultured but starting from
mid 2002, L. vannamei was introduced. Culture strategies evolve with changing technologies, such as with seasonal WSSV
occurrences and from close re-circulation to semi-close minimum and to zero water exchange bacteria floc system, and also
by introducing SPF L. vannamei. Bio-security is considered high priority and applied at every level of the culture system.
The farm’s commercial pond (normal harvest) productivity is also increasing for both species, for P. monodon - from about
3,700 mt/ha to 6,400 mt/ha, whereas for L. vannamei - from 8,000 mt/ha to nearly 16,000 mt/ha and to as high as 22,000
mt/ha (bacteria flocs). The farm also has to deal with many issues - antibiotics, environmental, traceability, antidumpting
and recently bioterrorism.
Fig. 1. CPB progressive technologies for efficiency.

696
REALTIME WATER QUALITY MONITORING & RECORDING SYSTEM (DO, pH,

WATER TEMPERATURE, DIGITAL MICROSCOPE)
Dieter R. Wenst*
S4P Co., Ltd.

99/107 Moo 5
Tasak Muang
Nakhon Si Thammarat 80000
Thailand
s4p.dieter@thai.com
Water conditions in the rearing pond deteriorate through the production cycle due to uneaten food, animal excretion,
etc. Generally, dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, water temperature, water color, ammonia, salinity, alkalinity and nitrate are
parameters which have to be observed regularly.
These parameters are observed by using either scientific equipment or the farmers experience. Parameter results based on
the farmers experience tend to be deficient and can be harmful for the rearing pond.
An automatic, remote controlled realtime system has the advantage of setting margins for the pond parameters as well
triggering acoustic alarms and stores the recorded data for further analysis. A triggered alarm, for example, can also start
an aeration device or other devices.
The system can (in basic configuration) network up to 31 addressable measuring points to a PC. Measuring points are
daisy-chained together and require a unique address. The connecting cable between the most distant measuring point and
the data processing unit (PC) can be up to maximum of 1200 metres.
One addressable measuring point handle pH, DO and water temperature and send the data on request (pre programmed
interval) to the data processing unit (PC).
The data processing unit compares the incoming data stream from the measuring points with the margins for each parameter,
which is set by the operator.
A digital microscope can also connected to the data processing unit (PC). A versatile zoom lens (standard) provides a
magnification of between 25x and 175x without replacement. There is also a middle-range zoom lens (magnification 150x
to 800x) and a high-range zoom lens (magnification 450x to 3.000 x) available.
The high-resolution lens and optical edge enhancement function (software) ensure a higher reproduction ability than a
conventional microscope. The observed images can be recorded on the PC hard disk. The recorded images can be viewed
at any location in the world (for instance at a laboratory), if the PC is connected to a LAN/WAN.
697
APPLICATION OF ULTRAFILTRATION FOR WATER QUALITY MAINTENANCE

IN SHRIMP AQUACULTURE
I G. Wenten
Department of Chemical Engineering

Institut Teknologi Bandung
Jl. Ganesha 10 Bandung – Indonesia
igw@che.itb.ac.id
The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimates that a half of the world‘s seafood demand will be met by
aquaculture in 2020. One of the popular aquaculture activities is shrimp farming that especially widespread throughout the
tropical countries. Several countries such as Thailand, Philippines, Taiwan, India, Ecuador and Indonesia produce more
than half of total shrimp production from aquaculture in the world. Aquaculture in Indonesia has been practiced for a long
time and marine shrimp culture has been practiced for the last two decades. The black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon, is
the most widely cultured species. Unfortunately, almost entire shrimp culture production in the world is recently depressed
by diseases, particularly caused by viruses and bacteria. Antibiotics which have been generally used in large quantities, are
often ineffective in many cases because of the inappropriate antibiotic. Even, the antibiotics usage results in the increase of
virulence of pathogens. In addition, such treatment leads to the accumulation of undesired chemicals in shrimp body and
culture water. Hence, culture water quality have to be obviously controlled during the shrimp culture operation.
The fact that ultrafiltration (UF) membrane technology in the last thirty years have had an impressive growth confirming
their potential to the crucial water and wastewater treatment today and to sustainable industrial development. Better
improvement in ultrafiltration membrane material and module design allows the application of ultrafiltration for molecular
separations under low pressure. Recently, membrane technology has been considered as an alternative water treatment in
aquaculture. In this study, a cross-flow ultrafiltration with polyacrylonitrile (PAN) hollow fiber membrane is used to perform
the experiment. The experiment use membrane surface area of 210 m2 which produce 18,9 m3.h-1 of culture water. The UF
system consist of six industrial membrane modules schematically depicted in Figure 1. The system is completed by screen
filter mesh 200 as pre-fiter to remove particulate prior to entering the membrane modules. Feed and bleed operation mode,
in which a part portion of retentate is discharged, is applied for the system. The operating flux for membrane modules is set
by adjusting the feed pressure and filtrate flow valves equipped on the filtrate piping line. The productivity of membrane
module was monitored by evaluating the flux performance with respect to operation time (Table 1), while culture water
quality is measured according to APHA standard methods.
Integration of ultrafiltration (UF) technology with a shrimp aquaculture system can ensure stable water quality by removing
the particulate contaminants and pathogens from culture water. Combination of UF with existing shrimp aquaculture
system will provide cleaner and more chemical-efficient production with higher water quality. To increase the quality of
water input, the use of UF will surely retain the pathogen and generate highly free pathogenic water. As the UF pore size
still allowed ions to pass the membrane pore, the use of UF to treat seawater for shrimp culture does not alter water salinity.
For a better understanding of the technical and economical relevance of the developed ultrafiltration (UF) technology
on shrimp aquaculture, fundamental assesment are required to identify the influence of process parameters on system
behaviour during long-term operations.
Table 1. Experiment results
Figure 1. UF application in shrimp aquaculture system

698
IMPACT OF CAGE AQUACULTURE ON THE ENVIRONMENT AND THE ADAPTATION

OF EUROPEAN MONITORING SURVEY TECHNIQUES TO ASIA
Rune Palerud and Patrick White*
Akvaplan-niva AS
Polar Environment Centre
Tromso N - 9296, Norway
patrick.white@akvaplan.niva.no
There has been a rapid development of marine fish cage and fish pen culture in certain areas of South East Asia. There is,
however, a danger that this development will expand in an uncontrolled manner and lead to unsustainable production.
Recently there have been an increasing number of fish. These kills generally affect a large number of fisherfolk who are
culturing fish at the subsistence level. As a result, their main livelihood source has been adversely affected.
The reason for these kills is not yet fully known but could be due to eutrophication, over production in the areas, overstocking
of the cages and pens, toxic algae tide or algal bloom, poor production management, reduction of water refreshment by
poor zoning and regulation or other reasons.
Akvaplan-niva were the coordinators of the EU research project MERAMED entitled “Development of monitoring
guidelines and modelling tools for environmental effects from Mediterranean aquaculture” which adapted northern
European monitoring techniques for cage culture to the Mediterranean conditions. Following on this study, Akvaplan-
niva together with the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR) Philippines, are undertaking a Norwegian
Government funded environmental monitoring program of fish cages in risk areas (freshwater, brackish and marine) in the
Philippines. Part of this study will be the adaptation of existing and the development new monitoring techniques suited to
marine, brackish and freshwater aquaculture areas in the Philippines. The project will also adapt existing models to predict
aquaculture impact on the benthos and water recipient.
This paper will describe the monitoring methodology, techniques and equipment required for monitoring fish cage culture
areas. It will describe the impacts of cage farming found on the benthos and water column close to the cages. It will describe
the type of predictive models that are presently used in marine and freshwater areas.
The paper will present initial findings from the surveys undertaken in the Philippines, identify the indicator species of
aquaculture impact on the benthos. It will describe the differences in quantitative and semi-quantitative methods for
evaluating indicator species.
The paper will then discuss the potential ways of mitigating impact that could be implemented by the farmer, planners and
Local Governmental Units.
699
USE OF RIFAMPICIN-RESISTANCE AND GFP MOLECULAR MARKERS FOR SELECTION

OF PROBIOTIC BACTERIA TO CONTROL VIBRIOSIS IN SHRIMP LARVAE
Widanarni*, A. Suwanto, Sukenda and B. W. Lay
zairinm@indo.net.id
A rifampicin-resistance marker was employed as a reporter to select probiotic bacteria in vitro and in vivo. Bacteria were
isolated from tiger shrimp larvae and the hatchery environment and almost all probiotic isolates could inhibit growth of
pathogenic Vibrio harveyi. SKT-b isolate from Skeletonema was very effective in inhibiting V. harveyi and significantly
reduced larval mortality in pathogen challenge assays. At concentrations of 106-108 CFU/ml, it was not pathogenic to
shrimp larvae.
To analyze the mechanism of SKT-b disease suppression, especially with respect to competition for adhesion sites, we
constructed a recombinant V. harveyi carrying green fluorescent protein (gfp) gene as a molecular marker. We used a mini
Tn10 transposon containing gfp gene to insert gfp into the genomic DNA of stable V. harveyi transconjugants. One of these
called V. harveyi G3 (G3-Tn10gfp) produced green-fluorescent colonies and cells. Stability analysis and pathogenicity
assays showed that Tn10gfp was stably maintained in V. harveyi G3 that did not show altered pathogenicity. Thus, it was
employed for further adherence assays. Fluorescent V. harveyi G3 cells could be observed inside the digestive tract of
shrimp larvae. Its population was lower in the presence of SKT-b than in its absence, demonstrating possible competition
for adherence sites or for nutrition between V. harveyi and SKT-b.
700
BIOSECURITY AS A MANAGEMENT TOOL TO CONTROL SHRIMP DISEASES TO

IMPROVE PRODUCTIVITY OF A LARGE SHRIMP FARM
Bambang Widigdo* and Januar Pribadi

Jakarta 14430, Indonesia.
bambang.widigdo@cp.co.id
The threat of viral diseases (mainly WSSV, MBV and TSV) to Indonesian shrimp aquaculture continues until today. The
effect has been devastating for Indonesian shrimp farmers, affecting more than 90% of about 344,000 hectares of shrimp
farms (Widigdo, 2001). Biosecurity is a recent trend to prevent diseases outbreaks in shrimp aquaculture and has been
applied successfully on a commercial scale (Moos et. al., 2001; Horowitz and Horowitz 2003).
PT. Central Pertiwi Bahari (CPB), an integrated shrimp farm operates over 3,500 ponds (0.5 ha size ponds) in Lampung,
South Sumatra, Indonesia. It has initiated a biosecurity program since mid 2002. Biosecurity measures applied consist of
(1) changing from module based, closed recirculation water to a semi-closed minimum (zero) water exchange system, (2)
installation of physical barriers such as bird scare lines, crab fences, net screens (250 micron) at water intakes to prevent
viral carriers from entering ponds, (3) stocking of shrimp post larvae (PL) produced from strictly selected (P. monodon) or
SPF broodstock (L. vannamei), (4) restricting transfer of equipment between ponds/or modules, (5) stocking fewer ponds
during unstable weather periods (e.g., the rainy season) and stocking only at biosecured areas, and (6) applying strict
biosecurity for technicians or visitors crossing from one area to another.
Although the prevalence of WSSV-infected crustaceans has increased in the environment, yearly production of shrimp has
not decreased but increased steadily. P. monodon increased from approximately 3,300 kg/ha/crop in year 2000 to 6,400
kg/ha/crop in 2004 (stocking density 35-40 PL/m2). Similarly, for recently introduced L. vannamei, production increased
from an average of 8,000 kg/ha/crop in year 2002 to 16,800 kg/ha/crop in 2004 (up to July). The biosecurity protocols
implemented seem to be effective in preventing viral disease outbreaks and have also improved production performance
for both P. monodon and L. vannamei
Fig.1. Incidence of WSSV in the environment and

yearly production average at CPB Farm.
701
SELECTION OF NITRIFYING AND DENITRIFYING BACTERIA

FOR A BIOREMEDIATION AGENT IN SHRIMP POND
Tri Widiyanto, Antonius Suwanto, Bibiana WS Lay and Iman Rusmana
Research Centre For Limnology

Indonesia Institute of Science
Cibinong. Bogor. Indonesai
widiyanto_tri@.yahoo.com
Development of shrimp culture production has been decreased in recent decades. In Indonesia. research studying
microorganism that responsible for the nitrogen transformation in shrimp pond was very poor. Ammonia and nitrite. toxic
metabolites. will be converted to gaseous nitrogen by concoction nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria. 12 isolates of nitrifying
bacteria and 8 isolates of denitrifying bacteria were isolated from shrimp pond in Serang. Tangerang (Banten). and Kendari
(South East Sulawesi). Four isolates of nitrifying bacteria (ASRT1. ASRT2. ASLT2. and ASLT3) could eliminate ammonia
up to 93.13% - 99.02% (Table 1). The end products were nitrate and gaseous nitrogen. account for approximately 2.4
– 7.62% and 92.38 – 97.60% respectively. Three isolates of denitrifying bacteria (SDTT5. KDTM10. and KDTS3) could
reduce nitrate and nitrite within two days of incubation up to 90.6 – 99.4% and 100% respectively (Table 2). The end
product of the nitrate reduction was gaseous nitrogen. The concoction of SDDT5 – ASRT2. SDDT5 – ASRT 2. SDDT5
– ASLT 2. SDDT5 – ASLT3 isolates performed high activity in converting ammonia and nitrate into gaseous nitrogen. The
concoction could eliminate ammonia/nitrite up to 100% within 4 days of incubation. There was no accumulation of nitrit
in the cultures.
Table 1. Capabilities of Isolates

Nitrifying Bacteria to Eliminate
Ammonia on 7 Days Incubation.
*The First concentration of ammonia is

4.65 mM.
Table 2. Capabilities of Isolates Denitrifying Bacteria to Eleminate Nitrate on 2 Days Incubation.

702
RESEARCH ON SALINITY LEVEL OF REARING MEDIA TO THE HATCHING EGGS

AND SURVIVAL RATE OF BAUNG Mystus nemurus LARVAE
Ani Widiyati*, Nopiyan, Anang Hari Kristanto, Tri Heru Prihadi and Sidi Asih

Jl Sempur 1
ananghari@yahoo.com
Baung (Mystus nemurus), local name, is the open water fish distributed in Sumatra and Kalimantan and one of the
economical important fish in Indonesia. The success of induced breeding of baung required to handle the obtained eggs in
proper manner to get high hatching eggs percentage and survival rate of the larvae. This research was conducted in plasma
nutfah Cijeruk instalation, Bogor, Indonesia. The aim of the research was to evaluate the effect of different salinity to the
hatching eggs percentage and survival rate of baung larvae. Seven level of salinity rearing media were used namely 0, 1,
2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 ppt. Each treatment was repeated three times. Completely randomized design was applied to analysis the
experiment. The baung eggs were incubated in glass aquaria with size 20x20x 15 cm filled with 5 liter of water. Before
incubation in aquaria, the eggs were spread in kakaban,, made of dark horse hair- like fiber of the indjuk plant (Arenga
pinnata). Each aquaria had 100 sticked eggs on kakaban. The eggs hatched in 28 hour with water temperature 27-27.5 oC.
On survival rate experiment, The larvae were stocked in the same size aquaria. Each aquaria glass had 100 larvae. The
parameters observed were hatching eggs percentage and survival rate of the larvae. The supported parameters were specific
growth rate and water quality analysis. The resuls showed that the highest hatching egg was 85.67 % on salinity 1 ppt and
the lowest was 71.67 % on salinity 6 ppt. The orthogonal polynomial analysis gave the hatching eggs equation as quadratic
form Y = -0,6465X2 + 2,4861X + 78,948. From the equation, the maximum salinity was estimated 1.92 ppt with 81.34
% hatching eggs. The highest survival rate of baung larvae was 78 % on salinity 1 ppt and the lowest was 38 % on 5 ppt.
The orthogonal polynomial analysis gave the survival rate equation as quadratic form Y = -3,25X2 + 9,4026X + 70,119,
From the equation, the maximum salinity was estimated 1,45 ppt with survival rate 76,92 %.The highest specific growth
rate was 23.63 % on salinity 1 ppt and the lowest was 18.62 % on salinity 5 ppt. The orthogonal polynomial analysis gave
the specific growth rate equation as quadratic form Y = -3,068X2 + 0,8799X + 22,211, From the equation, the maximum
salinity was estimated 1,44 ppt with specific growth rate was 22,84 %. It was concluded that the appropriate rearing media
for eggs incubation and survival rate was 1 ppt. The salinity 1 ppt also gave the highest specific growth rate.
Figure 1. Baung (Mystus nemurus)

703
CULTURE TECHNOLOGY OF BAUNG Macrones sp. IN BUSINESS SCALE
Puji Widodo* and Sarifin
Loka Budidaya Air Tawar

Mandiangin Kalimantan Selatan
Jl. Tahura Sultan Adam Km 14 Kab. Banjar 70661
hitamputihku@hotmail.com
Baung (Macrones sp) is a type of local fish which have economic value as fish consume and potential to be developed in
area of Kalimantan. Others, Baung is enough liked by people because its meat is thick and tasty.
The market opportunity of Baung commodity is in sufficient good condition because of the big interest of the people for
the commodity at the price of Rp. 10.000,- up to Rp. 20.000,- /kg. For all these times, the people relied on the activity of
Baung catching in its natural habitat in order to fulfil the market demand. Yet, it is important to realize that continous fish
catching in its natural habitat will degrade its population and also endanger its existence. Therefore, the effort to culture
has to be done.
Breeding or culture business of Baung in ponds or cages can give a great opportunity for people to increase their income
and prosperity, so that the application of Baung culture technology in fish farmer can be growth in the future as good as the
culture of other introductory fish such as common carp, pangasius and oreochromis.
Breeding or culture activity of Baung in ponds or cages as one of the business alternatives can be determined as a sufficient
good result. Generally, the growth of Baung can reach a weight from 150 up to 350 gr in 4 or 6 months culture within
Survival Rate (SR) during the culture period for the treatment is 80% - 90%.
Food conversion value between 1,53 – 1,94 is relatively good because the fish has been able to take advantages from the
food for its growth.
From the business analysis point of view the value of Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) more than 1, it means that the culture of
Baung is recommended to be conducted and profitable as well with capital payback period from 0,7 up to 3 year.
To reach the growth of Baung optimally, the water quality of culture media is temperature 27 – 30 o C, dissolve oxygen 4
– 8 mg/L, and pH 7 – 8.
704
THE OPPORTUNITY OF SEA CUCUMBER Holothuria sp. CULTURE IN INDONESIA
Indriawan Widya Utama
Departement of Aquaculture
Indonesia
indriawan_wu@yahoo.com
Sea cucumber has a high economic values and great prospect because they have a lot of advantage. For example, recent
scientific research in China finding show that sea cucumbers and their processed products can cure certain forms of cancer,
such as lymphoma and breast cancer.
In some other countries, sea cucumber have been overfished and their natural resources sharply depleted. In order to increase
their production, the promotion of their cultivation has become an important part of mariculture activities. The main market
for sea cucumber is China and Japan. While there is a potential market for sea cucumbers, there has been relatively little
effort in Canada to develop the culture technology to rear them in a controled manner. A few trials were conducted for sea
cucumber culture, but no significant development to pilot scale and commercial projects has yet taken place. Considering a
potential sea cucumbers culture in Indonesia, the effective and efficient culture technology application is needed.
Of the many methods tried for the induced breeding of sea cucumber, only some have proved successful, while the rest had
only limited success. One of them is by combining dessication and flowing water.
This method is commonly used to produce sea cucumber larvae on commercial scale. The operation starts at about 17.00
hrs,
when the water in the temporary stocking tank is drained away and the spawners exposed to air for 30 – 60 minutes, after
which they are jetted with water for about 5 – 10 minutes. After about 1.5 – 2.0 hrs, the spawners move upwards, become
restless and toss their head from side to side frequently. The males begin to spawn first, followed by females about half an
hour later. As high as 95% fertilization rate can be obtained in this method.
In the aim of managing natural sea cucumber resources, the enhancement is needed, including three main aspects: (1)
protection of broodstock and their larvae; (2) release of larvae and transplantation of broodstock and (3) improvement of
ambient environment. These measures have proved successful in the enhancement of sea cucumber productivity.
Figure : Main internal anatomical features of a

sea cucumber.
705
PERFORMANCE OF GIFT STRAIN OF NILE TILAPIA Oreochromis niloticus IN CULTURE-

BASED FISHERIES IN NON-PERENNIAL RESERVOIRS OF SRI LANKA
W.M.H. Kelum Wijenayake*, Upali S.Amarasinghe and Sena S. De Silva
Kelaniya, 11600, Sri Lanka
hiranya_kelum@yahoo.com
In Sri Lanka, there are about 15,000 small village reservoirs with a cumulative extent of over 39,000 ha. These small
reservoirs dry-up annually for a few months. Development of culture-based fisheries in these reservoirs is envisaged in the
national fisheries development plan.
As there are no fast-growing freshwater fish species in indigenous fish fauna of Sri Lanka, which grows to a marketable
size within the water retention period of 7-9 months in reservoirs, hatchery-reared exotic fish species are used as stocking
material in these culture-based fisheries activities. In the present study, 15 non-perennial reservoirs in Sri Lanka were
stocked with bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis), common carp (Cyprinus carpio), catla (Catla catla), rohu (Labeo rohita),
mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigala) and GIFT strain of Oreochromis niloticus. Stocking densities of fish ranged from 218 to 4,371
fingerlings per ha and contribution of GIFT strain was 10%. As performance of GIFT strain of O. niloticus in culture-based
fisheries is not reported, present study was carried out.
Harvests in nine reservoirs consisted of stocked species plus naturally recruited tilapia from associated waterways. Fish
yields of all species ranged from 53.3 to 1,800.8 kg ha-1, which consisted of 0% to 27% of tilapia. Tilapia yield (GIFT strain
and naturally recruited tilapias) varied from 0 to 188 kg ha-1 in the 15 reservoirs. In the six reservoirs, where major carps
and only GIFT strain were caught (i.e., reservoirs without naturally recruited tilapias), range of tilapia yield was 0.6 to 5.0
kg ha-1. This was significantly lower than yields of major carps (Table 1). Specific growth rate (SGR) of GIFT strain ranged
from 1.01 to 2.46 % day-1. SGR of GIFT strain is appreciably lower than those of exotic carp species cultured. However,
due to high variability of SGR of different species, the differences of mean SGR were not significant (p>0.05). Percentage
survival of GIFT strain in non-perennial reservoirs is relatively lower than those of other stocked species in non-perennial
reservoirs (Table 1). From the result, it can be concluded that GIFT strain of O. niloticus is not suitable for using in culture-
based fisheries, stocked species of which are dependent on natural food sources in water bodies.
Table 1. Specific growth rate (SGR), percentage survival and yield of GIFT strain of O. niloticus and major
carps in non-perennial reservoirs of Sri Lanka.
706
STATUS OF FRESHWATER PRAWN Macrobrachium rosenbergii SEED PRODUCTION AND

CULTURE TECHNOLOGY IN THE MEKONG DELTA REGION OF VIETNAM
Marcy N. Wilder* and Nguyen Thanh Phuong
Fisheries Division
Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences
1-1 Ohwashi, Ibaraki Pref., 305-8686 Japan
marwil@jircas.affrc.go.jp
The Mekong Delta in the southern part of Vietnam covers 12% of the total area of the country and has great potential for
increased agricultural and aquacultural production. Along these lines, most of Vietnam’s freshwater aquaculture production
occurs in this region. In this context, the giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, was newly designated as
a major target species of the aquaculture sector by Vietnam’s Ministry of Fisheries in 1999. Aquaculture production is
currently just over 10,000 tons per year, but the Vietnamese government aims to increase levels to 60,000 tons/year utilizing
32,000 ha by 2010. Additionally, the Vietnamese government has implemented a new policy called “restructuring of
agricultural production and its products consumption” that allows the conversion of unproductive rice land to aquaculture
production, and this will thus make the culture of M. rosenbergii more important to the nation’s fisheries industry.
Before 2000, most commercial culture systems depended on juvenile prawns collected from natural water bodies, and
as a result, freshwater prawn culture remained fairly underdeveloped. However, the recent development of new seed
production technology based on the “modified static green water model” has led to the establishment of new hatcheries
in the Mekong Delta, with the production of post-larvae reaching 80 million PL/year in 2003, a nearly 80-fold increase
since the 1990’s. This paper presents an overview of research conducted between the Japan International Research Center
for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS) and Cantho University, focusing on the development of seed production technology
using the “modified static green water system” and reviews the current status of freshwater prawn culture in the Mekong
Delta. Starting in 1994, we carried out a series of studies focusing on a comparison of re-circulating and static rearing
systems, and examining the effects of rearing density, feed content and feeding regime, algal density, sources of saline
water and other factors on the development and survival of freshwater prawn larvae. Due to its simple management needs
and promising results, the modified static green water system was then selected for further development using suggested
stocking densities of 60-90 larvae/liter. In commercial operations in the Mekong Delta, seed production is usually practiced
using 500 liter or 1-ton tanks; feeding is done with Artemia and hand-prepared custard that is easily made on-site. The
modified static green water system performs as well, or better than previously existing larval rearing systems that include
re-circulating or open water models.
As a result of increased levels of seed production, prawn farming has also rapidly expanded. There are several farming
models that include prawn culture integrated with rice cultivation, or practiced alternatively with rice cultivation, pen
culture and fruit tree canal culture. Alternative prawn-rice culture shows the greatest productivity varying from 394-2,100
kg/ha/crop, and is therefore considered highly suitable for further expansion of the freshwater prawn farming industry in
the Mekong Delta.
707
NOTES
708
DIFFERENCE EFFECT DEPEND ON VARIOUS KIND OF PELLET IN DIFFERENT

ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTIC FOR Pangasius hypophthalmus GROWTH
Yoyo Wiramiharja*, Evi Rahayuni, Rina Hernawati and Shunji Toshida

Jl. Jenderal Sudirman No. 16 C
Thehok Jambi 36138, Indonesia
bbatj@indo.net.id
Observation of ‘patin” Pangasius hypophthalmus average body weight is 44.2-52.0 gram has a purpose to know the growth
with different feed and environment. Fish rearing at 55 days using cage (1x1x1 m) on the different environment (eutrophy
pond, oligotrophy pond, and Clearwater concrete tank). Fish test feed is various kind of pellet. Pellet A (tinking pellet, 26-
28% crude protein), Pellet B (tinking pellet, 23-26% crude protein) and Pellet C (floating pellet, 24% crude protein).
The results indicated that FCR in eutrophy pond is not different between three kind of pellet (Pellet A: 1.43, Pellet B: 1.47
and Pellet C: 1.53) but significantly affect in oligotrophy pond (Pellet A: 1.52, Pellet B: 1.57 and Pellet C: 2.15). The same
results showed on the Clearwater is a little bite significant (Pellet A: 1.72, Pellet B: 1.82 and Pellet C: 2.14). In generally
pellet A is indicated better than others. But the relatively results between pellet A and B, in addition for patin culture pellet
B more efficient because its price cheaper.
NORMAL GROWTH AND REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE BY Penaeus monodon

INFECTED WITH INFECTIOUS HYPODERMAL AND HEMATOPOIETIC NECROSIS
VIRUS (IHHNV)
Boonsirm Withyachumnarnkul*, Kanokporn Chayaburakul, Kallaya Sritunyalucksana, Gary Nash,

Timothy W. Flegel and Vichai Boonsaeng

Rama 6 Rd., Bangkok 10400, Thailand
boonsirm@asianet.col.th
Infectious hypodermal and hematopoeitic necrosis virus (IHHNV) infection is endemic for the black tiger shrimp Penaeus
monodon in Thailand. Despite one report from the Philippines claiming that IHHNV infection caused runt-deformity
syndrome (RDS) in P. monodon similar to RDS in the white Pacific shrimp Penaeus vannamei, no controlled studies on
the effect of IHHNV on P. monodon have been reported. Here we describe observations on several earthen ponds stocked
at a density of 10 pieces/m2 with P. monodon infected with IHHNV at variable prevalence (10-60%) as determined by
polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Routine paraffin sections of tissues from these shrimp stained with H&E rarely
showed typical IHHNV lesions with Cowdry type A inclusions commonly observed with IHHNV infection in P. vannamei.
However, in situ hybridization with an IHHNV specific DNA probe clearly revealed the presence of IHHNV in the tissues
of juveniles and adults. Average daily weight gain was monitored from the stage of postlarvae (PL) to the age of one year
or older and found to be more than 0.25 g/d. At four months of culture, there was no significant difference in mean body
weight (i.e., approximately 25 g) of shrimp groups from the same pond that were “normal” (i.e., free from IHHNV, WSSV,
YHV, GAV, MBV and HPV infection) or lightly, moderately and severely infected by IHHNV alone. Similarly at one year
of age, there were no significant differences among these groups for size (all above 8.5 inches) and body weight (all above
95 g). When adult shrimp from these groups were unilaterally eyestalk-ablated in a hatchery and reproductive performance
recorded, there were no significant differences in the number of eggs (more than 600,000) and nauplii (approximately
300,000) produced per spawner. From 49 batches of PL originating from IHHNV PCR-negative broodstock, 11 batches
were positive for IHHNV and 38 were negative. Eight out of 11 batches of PL from IHHNV-positive spawners were
IHHNV-positive and 3 were negative. The results suggested that IHHNV infection could be vertically transmitted but that
IHHNV infection neither retarded growth nor caused detrimental effects on reproductive function in P. monodon under the
rearing conditions used in the study.
709
INCREASED PROTECTION OF SHRIMP AGAINST WHITE SPOT SYNDROME VIRUS

BY ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF A MAJOR ENVELOPE PROTEIN: IS VACCINATION A
REALITY?
Jeroen Witteveldt*, Mariëlle C. W. van Hulten and Just M. Vlak
Laboratory of Virology
Binnenhaven 11, 6709PD
Wageningen, The Netherlands
jeroen.witteveldt@wur.nl
Since the 1990’s shrimp culture has been hampered by mass mortalities in ponds throughout the world. Penaeid shrimp
are affected by many infectious agents, mainly of bacterial and viral origin, and especially by white spot syndrome virus
(WSSV). The lattar has had a major impact on shrimp culture since its discovery in 1992 and it is still a major problem.
The only measures presently used to control WSSV are rigorous sanitation and adequate health management practices.
Alternative intervention strategies such as vaccination should be and are currently being explored.
Recent experiments in the shrimp Penaeus monodon revealed that oral administration of the major envelope protein VP28
overexpressed in bacteria results in high protection levels compared to control groups (Fig. 1). Though these results are
promising for the further development of a practical disease prevention strategy, the mechanism of the protection is unclear
and it is important to understand it from a biological viewpoint. Shrimp and crustaceans in general are thought to lack a
specific immune system and thus to be unable to recognize, let alone respond specifically to, foreign proteins. Nevertheless,
increased protection against disease has been observed by oral administration and intramuscular injection of WSSV
structural proteins and this has been called a quasi-immune response.
As long as the nature of these observed responses is unknown, we can only speculate on the processes involved. Is it
a specific immune response or is it the result of something different like competition for receptors? Another question
is whether the protection is durable. Experiments designed to tackle these questions and find answers to them will be
discussed.
Figure 1. Results of a WSSV challenge experiment where

the shrimp P. monodon was protected from disease by oral
administration of expressed VP28 protein.
710
THE USE OF INTENSIVELY CULTURED FISH AND HALOPHYTIC PLANTS FOR THE
BIOREMEDIATION OF COAL BED METHANE (CBM) DISCHARGE WATERS
John G. Woiwode, Ph.D., Principal Investigator
President, AquaMatrix International, Inc.

270 Veronica Lane, Suite D
P.O. Box 2437
Jackson, Wyoming 83001 USA
woiwodejon@cs.com
Vast volumes of water are a necessary though unwanted byproduct of the methane drilling process. The saline discharge is
widely viewed as an environmental liability. Discharges into classified streams are essentially forbidden. Indiscriminant
surface discharge causes soil salination and sodification. Our bioremediation hypotheses were: halophytic plants would
sequester significant amounts of sodium from the coal bed methane (CBM) discharge water, manures produced by fish
(commercially grown in this same CBM water) would enhance the process of sodium uptake in the halophytic plants,
and these manures would change the structure of the soil, reducing or eliminating salination impacts. The implications
are profound for the methane extraction industry and for landowners where the gas extraction and surface discharge (and
impact) is taking place. The results from our NSF funded experiment have exceeded our expectations. They include:
• Plants irrigated with CBM water sequestered an order of magnitude higher Na into the plant tissue (mg/Kg) than plants
irrigated with spring water.
• The plants irrigated with CBM and fish manures contained yet an additional 200-300% more Na/Kg than those fertilized
with inorganic fertilizer.
• Total sodium removal by four wing salt bush grown with CBM water and fish manures was 18.3 kg/acre, and 38.5 kg/
acre with malting barley.
• Soil remained below the target Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR) of 10 for all CBM irrigated treatments.
CBM discharge utilized with aquaculture effluent as surface irrigation on halophytic plants has demonstrated an economical,
environmentally synergistic, sustainable agronomic system. By sequestering sodium and other elements from the CBM
water as well as the consumptive use of that water, economically valuable salt tolerate crops effectively convert a pollutant
to a valuable natural resource. By using the CBM water to grow a fish crop, additional cash income can be generated from
the property and water. In addition, by utilizing the sodium and other ions as nutrients, the SAR and other condition factors
of the soil are maintained or even improved, a classic case of industrial ecology. CBM discharge/fish effluent utilized for
crop irrigation is consumptively used and thus does not become a regulated discharge that must otherwise be treated or
removed. EPA’s Best Management Practices prefer land application as crop irrigation and fertilization. Permitting for gas
exploration and recovery could potentially include a massive shift from “pollutant” to “agricultural discharge”.
We are expanding this concept: eight halophytic crops will be field tested this year in 128 15’ x 25’ plots, irrigated with
CBM water and fish manures. From these data, we anticipate modeling a surface discharge option for the regulatory
agencies and gas extraction industry.
711
IRAQ AQUACULTURE SUPPORTING CAPTURE FISHERIES: FOOD SECURITY FOR

MARSH ARABS
John G. Woiwode
Fisheries Scientist
AquaMatrix International, Inc.
270 Veronica Lane, Suite D
P.O. Box 2437
Jackson, WY 83001 USA
woiwodejon@cs.com
Marshland fishing was a primary economic livelihood for low-status tribes, mainly the Berbera; subsistence fishing, however,
has been practiced widely in the marshes, and fish products have been a primary food source. In 1990, the FAO estimated
that the total inland catch of fish in Iraq was 23,600 tons, with over 60 percent of this coming from the Mesopotamian
marshes. The native marshland fish populations were originally dominated by Cyprinid fish of the genus Barbus. Coastal
fish species in the Arabian Gulf also used the marshlands for seasonal spawning migrations and as nursery grounds for
both shrimp and fish. Fish were originally caught with tridents, but dwellers also used nets, although the size of the holes
decreased as the catches decreased. A combination of factors including upstream dams in Turkey and Syria, the Iran-Iraq
War in the mid-1980s and the building of the drainage system in the 1990s diminished the flow of water and nutrients into
the marshlands and led to a precipitous fall in fish catch. As the marshes were draining, some people used poisons to take
the final fish remaining in the drying ponds. With the drying of the marshes, the commercial fish trade virtually ceased. The
resultant situation caused a massive displacement of the indigenous Marsh Arab population.
Fish production increases will be achieved by reflooding the largest possible area and by keeping sluices open to maintain
fish migration and spawning. Fishery diversity and productivity will take years to return, but there are encouraging signs
that it can recover. With the reflooding of the Al-Hawizeh, Hammar, and Central marshes, people have returned to their
boats to fish, mostly with nylon gill nets and electric fishing sets. However, the catches in the newly flooded water were
disappointing in species, number and size. The resumption of fishing appears to be causing over-fishing and depletion of
fragile indigenous fish stocks, and a proliferation of undesirable species. New fishing practices have also raised issues of
rights to marsh access.
Aquaculture activities in Iraq were concentrated near Baghdad (rather than the southern marshes). The main species
cultured were common, grass and silver carps. USAID’s Marshlands program seeks to rehabilitate indigenous fish stocks
while aquaculture technologies such as artificial spawning of Barbus and husbandry of the carps are being introduced to
the Marsh Arabs to enable the fishing practices to resume.
Program objectives: Initiate restoration of the endemic Barbus sharpeyi in all three marsh areas by artificial spawning and
stocking of cultured fingerlings into the marshlands; encourage the sustainable management of marshlands fish species by
involving tribes in unhindered reproductive migrations of indigenous fish stocks; develop institutional fish culture capacities;
and pilot effective fish farming technologies of proven fish species (grass and silver carp) in suitable marsh locations. So
far, 16 B. sharpeyi broodstock have been collected for spawning this spring, and training of fisheries personnel has been
underway since November.
712
VIBRIO BACTERIN AND CARBOXYMETHYL β-1,3-GLUCANS PROTECT Penaeus

monodon FROM Vibrio harveyi INFECTION
Kanokpan Wongprasert*, Supattra Somapa Klannukarn, Kornnika Khanobdee, Prasert Meeratana,

Pattira Pongtippatee Taweepreda and Boonsirm Withyachumnarnkul

Rama VI Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
sckbp@yahoo.com
The aim of this study was to determine effects of a vibrio bacterin, with or without carboxymethyl β-1,3-glucans (CMBG),
on the protection of Penaeus monodon against Vibrio harveyi infection. It also aimed to determine the mechanism
underlying any observed protection. The study was carried out in 2 phases. In the first phase, healthy juvenile shrimp were
exposed to short-term treatment in concrete tanks and in the second phase, they were exposed to long-term treatment in
commercial ponds. In both phases, they were subsequently challenged with V. harveyi. In the first phase, the shrimp were
fed for 10 days with commercial pellets top-dressed with a formalin-killed V. harveyi bacterin alone, with CMBG alone or
with bacterin plus CMBG. They were then challenged with virulent V. harveyi and the relative percent survival (RPS) was
determined. The shrimp haemolymph was also examined to determine haemocyte counts, phagocytic index and bactericidal
and phenoloxidase activities. In the second commercial pond phase, shrimp groups were given the same feeds for two
months before challeng with virulent V. harveyi and calculation of RPS. Controls in both test phases comprised shrimp fed
with commercial shrimp pellets plus coated with un-supplemented coating material.. In the first-phase tank trials, shrimp
groups receiving bacterin alone, CMBG alone or the combination survived better than shrimp in the control group. After
10 days of treatment, total haemocyte counts and counts of haemocyte types (i.e., hyalinocytes, semi-granulocytes and
granulocytes) were significantly increased in the treated shrimp groups when compared to the control group. Levels of
phagocytosis, bactericidal activity of mixed cell and haemocyte fractions and prophenoloxidase activity of haemolymph
lysate supernatant fluids were also significantly higher in the treated shrimp groups. Treated shrimp groups from the
commercial ponds were also protected against V. harveyi when compared to the control group. For all the parameters tested,
there were no significant differences among the shrimp groups treated with bacterin alone, CMBG alone or combined
bacterin plus CMBG. Thus, either bacterin or CMBG could protect shrimp against V. harveyi challenge and this correlated
with stimulation of the shrimp cellular and humoral defense factors.
713
BREEDING FAST GROWING, TAURA VIRUS RESISTANT (TVR®) P. vannamei
James Wyban*, PhD, Brenda White-Noble and Donald V. Lightner
High Health Aquaculture, Inc.

Kona Hawaii
wyban@gte.net
Domestication and breeding of the Pacific White Shrimp, P. vannamei, is advancing rapidly and has lead to the rapid
worldwide spread of P. vannamei farming. Development of specific pathogen free (SPF) P. vannamei in the United States
in the 1990s lead to dramatic increases in US shrimp farming annual production. Subsequent breeding of P. vannamei
with resistance to Taura Syndrome Virus (TSV) reduced the impact of TSV problems in farming and further increased US
production. Ongoing breeding P. vannamei for fast growth has also contributed to increased production. Domestication
and breeding of P. vannamei have significantly improved the economics and reliability shrimp farming.
High Health Aquaculture, Inc. (HHA) is a world leader in shrimp domestication and scientific breeding. HHA initiated
its breeding program to develop fast-growing, Taura-Virus-Resistant (TVR®) P. vannamei in 1997. To date, seven
generations of selection were completed. Mean survival in TSV challenges of selected stocks has steadily improved with
each generation’s selection. Use of HHA’s TVR P. vannamei contributed to a 50% increase in production per year by the
US industry from 1999 to 2003.
In our 2004 breeding cycle, 12 shrimp lines were subjected to laboratory-challenge at UAZ using three strains of Taura
Syndrome Virus isolated from three locations: Hawaii, Belize, and Thailand. Mean survival of the 12 lines by each strain
were: Hawaii TSV = 95%, Thailand TSV = 98%, Belize TSV = 88%. As part of our breeding program to develop low
salinity tolerant shrimp, the 12 lines were grown at both 1 ppt and 35 ppt. Mean line survivals in virus challenge with Thai-
strain TSV at the two salinities were 98% and 97%. These results demonstrate that HHA’s TVR® stock is resistant to all
three strains of the virus tested and is resistant to Thai-strain TSV at low salinity.
714
BEHAVIORAL FEATURES OF ARK CLAM Scaparca inaequivalvis (Bivalvia: Arcidae) AND

PERSPECTIVES OF ITS REARING IN SUSPENDED CULTURE AT THE BLACK SEA
Irina.V. Yakhontova
Russian Federal Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography (VNIRO)

107140, 17, V. Krasnoselskaya
Moscow, Russia
dergaleva@vniro.ru
Indo-west-pacific bivalve mollusk Scapharca inaequivalvis (Bruguiere) invaded the Black sea at the beginning of 1980-
ies (Gomoiu, 1984) and since then has widely spread along north-western and north-eastern shores and also in Azov
sea (Revkov at al., 2002). This species has introduced itself to communities of sandy and sand-mud grounds, and now
forms locally trade aggregations. Bottom settlements of large Black sea bivalves (such as mussels, clams and oysters)
seriously suffer from prey gastropod Rapana thomasiana. In the world aquaculture practice the method of clams rearing
on the ground of intertidal zone. The purpose of this work was study of S. inaequivalvis behavior in respect of its possible
cultivation in suspended systems.
Experiments revealing peculiarities of S. inaequivalvis locomotion, burrowing and attachment to hard surfaces were held
in natural conditions and in laboratory at mussel farm in Magri village (near Sochi-city). Young mollusks (95 individuals)
with shell length from 8 to 19 mm and age less then 15 months were gathered from mussels collectors.
Burying in ground is not the obligate feature of S. inaequivalvis in experimental conditions. The highest movement activity
was marked within first 24 hours after settle to new substrate. Up to 50% of individuals never even made attempts to bury,
and for 6% the movement up was observed in tanks. Individual distribution relative to ground surface within first 72 hours
is presented in fig. 1. After 3 days movements nearly stopped.
The majority of young S. inaequivalvis has ensured bissus attachment to hard surface, even being submerged to the ground.
After 5 hours in new conditions 81% of mollusks were attached (76% - at the bottom, 5% - on tank walls). Within 24 hours
period this quota has grown up to 88%.
S. inaequivalvis does not aggregate in clumps but settle separately, it forms single bissal band, not a bunch of threads as
mussel, so the tie is not so solid. In the Black sea where intertidal zone is absent standard methods of clam cultivation are
not appropriate. Characters of S. inaequivalvis behavior and attachment allow to rear it on suspended substrates, in mesh
sacks and cages like scallops, but not on ropes as it is used for mussels.
715
A STUDY ON THE RELATIONSHIP AMONG SILVER CARP Hypophthalmicchthys molitrix,

Daphnia longispina AND PHYTOPLANKTON
Yao Weizhi*, Tang Hongyu and Su Shengqi
College of Fisheries
Southwest Agricultural University
Chongqing 400716, P.R. China
yaowz@swau.edu.cn
A study was carried out to biomanipulate phytoplankton by silver carp (Hypophthalmicchthys molitrix) and Daphnia
longispina in a fish pond with relatively high nutrient loading and phytoplankton density.
D. longispina were introduced to the fish pond to control excessive growth of phytoplankton. The results showed that
D. longispina grew steadily and could effectively control the excessive growth of phytoplankton�When silver carp
was introduced to the fish pond, the community structure and nutrient level in the fish pond changed significantly. The
pond became more eutrophic towards the end of the study. After the introduction of silver carp, D. longispina density
decreased rapidly�while the density of protozoa and miniature type rotifers increased. Phytoplankton biomass decreased
at beginning due to grazing by silver carp, then increased quickly. The concentration of chlorophyll a kept increasing after
the introduction of silver carp. The results indicate that stocking silver carp can stimulate phytoplankton growth in the
fish pond with relatively high phytoplankton density, which shows shading effects. Stocking silver carp also significantly
increased concentrations of total phosphorus and total ammonia nitrogen. The results also indicate that stocking silver carp
may increase eutrophication in shallow waters.
This study suggests that biomanipulation through introducing mega-herbivorous zooplankton such as D. longispina and
reducing silver carp stocking could be an effective mean to control excessive phytoplankton growth and improve water
quality in lakes.
716
MITIGATING THE EFFECTS OF HIGH TEMPERATURE AND TURBIDITY ON SEED

PRODUCTION OF NILE TILAPIA FROM HAPA-IN-POND SYSTEMS
Yang Yi*, James E. Rakocy and James S. Diana

School of Environment, Resources and Development
Pathumthani, Thailand
yangyi@ait.ac.th
A study, consisting of two experiments, was conducted at the Asian Institute of Technology (AIT), Thailand, for 95 days
for Experiment A and 113 days for Experiment B during May 2003-March 2004, to investigate effects of high temperature
and turbidity on seed production of Nile tilapia. Experiment A was conducted using a randomized complete block design
in a 300-m2 earthen pond of 1.6 m deep, and had three treatments with three replicates each: (A) 70-cm water depth in hapas
(control); (B) 100-cm water depth in hapas; and (C) 140-cm water depth in hapas. Experiment B was conducted using a
complete randomized design in six 200-m2 earthen ponds of 1.2 m deep, and had two treatments with three replicates each:
(A) without underwater walkways (control); (B) with underwater walkways.
Egg production was increased by about 72% and 96% in the 100- and 140-cm treatments, compared to the control. There
was no significant difference in mean individual egg weight among all three treatments (P > 0.05). Fertilization rates in
the two deeper treatments (37.49% and 42.05% in the 100- and 140-cm deep treatments, respectively) were significantly
higher than that (21.06%) in the control (P < 0.05), however, hatching rates were not significantly different among all
three treatments (P > 0.05). Lowering water temperature by using deep ponds is an effective way to increase reproductive
performance of Nile tilapia during the hot season.
The turbidity at the end of the experiment and its change throughout the experiment was significantly lower in the treatment
with walkways than in the treatment without walkways (P < 0.05), however, there was no significant difference in egg
production, fertilization rate and hatching rates between the two treatments (P > 0.05). Lowering turbidity and fouling
caused by egg collection through underwater walkways may not be effective in improving reproductive performance.
However, further research is needed on the effects of fouling on reproductive performance of Nile tilapia.
717
EXPERIENCES IN THE TILAPIA CULTURE AND MARKETING IN MALAYSIA

Yong Kim Thai
Managing Director, PKPS Farm Mart Pte. Ltd.

8th Floor, Plaza Perangsang
Persiaran Perbandaran
40675 Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan
Malaysia
yongkt@tm.net.my
This paper will cover the practical approach on running the large-scale, factory-like systems, commercial tilapia farm,
owned by the smart-partnership joint-venture between the Selangor Agricultural Development Corporation, a Selangor
State Government Agency and Farm Mart, a private sector, beginning in the year 2000.
WHY TILAPIA ? Why are we spending all this times talking about tilapia ? Apart from the true facts that tilapia is easy to
growth, hardy and strong diseases resistant, but the most important factors, to a businessman, the tilapia must be popular
demand by consumers and must be able to sell with a profit.
We will review the important factors that are contributed towards the success of running a sustainable and profitable tilapia
farm. The factors are management, working-staffs, broodstock management and quality fry production, feeding, control of
water quality, post-harvest handling and marketing of tilapia to the buyers and R & D programmes. And also it is important
to study the farm-site location and farm lay-out plan with systematic-flow.
Finally, a brief discussion on the technological challenges in the supply of quality fry and using bio-logical culture systems,
the potential to set-up the close cooperations between the large-scale tilapia producers and small-scale producers in
maximize the production outputs with lower costs of production.
DIETARY VITAMIN E REQUIREMENT IN GLASS AND JUVENILE JAPANESE EEL

Anguilla japonica
Gwang Yeol Yoo*, Younseong Heo, Se-min Choi, Xiaojie Wang, Sungchul C. Bai
Department of Aquaculture/Feeds and foods nutrition research center

599-1 Daeyoeon-3-dong
yky7011@msn.com
This experiment was conducted to study dietary vitamin E requirement in glass and juvenile Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica.
Five diets were formulated to contain 0, 15, 30, 60 and 120mg /kg diet alfa tocophenyl acetate (TA) in glass and juvenile
eel, respectively. Casein and defatted fish meal were used as the main protein sources in the semi-purified experimental
diets.
Prior to the start of the feeding trial, fish were fed vitamin E free diet for 2 week to adjust to the experimental conditions.
The feeding trial was conducted in a recirculated system with 60 L aquaria at a rate of 1.2 L/min. Supplemental aeration
was provided to maintain dissolved oxygen near saturation. Fish with average weight of 2.10±0.03g and 12.54±0.03g
(mean±SD), were randomly distributed to each aquarium as groups of 20 fish and fed the experimental diets in triplicate at
a rate of 3 to 6% of wet body weight per day for 12 weeks, respectively.
Weight gain, feed efficiency, and protein efficiency ratio will be measured at the end of the feeding trial. The vitamin E in
whole body will be analyzed and discussed later.
718
HDPE GEOMEMBRANE: A COST-EFFECTIVE LINER FOR SHRIMP FARMS

Guanlin You*
GSE Lining Technology Co. Ltd.

555 Rasa Tower, 26th Floor, Phaholyothin Rd.
Ladyao, Chatuchak,
Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
gyou@gseworld.com
Top quality High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) geomembrane is expanding its applications in large scale shrimp farms to
increase the shrimp production or to improve the operational management of ponds in this region in recent years. In brief,
the advantages of HDPE geomembranes in the shrimp farm lining system can be summarized as below.
• Raise the shrimp production
• Secure water containment
• Easy repair
• Enhanced water quality control
• Cleaning & disinfection capabilities
• Erosion protection
• Low turbidity
• Minimized pumping costs
• Consistent pond volume control
• Dissolved oxygen level control
• Smooth harvesting surface
• Rapid installation
• Low installation & maintenance cost
• Long life
• Reduce the risk of diseases
In addition to the HDPE geomembrane liner, GSE polyethylene accessory products offer the widest range of thicknesses,
and technologies designed to meet the most demanding aquaculture requirements:
• Liner Ponds
• Tanks
• Fry & Brood Tanks
• Net Pens
• Buoys
• HDPE Drains
• Raceways
• Hatchery Trays
• Drainage Nets & Composite
• Custom Fabrications
GSE HDPE geomembrane and the accessory products are being used at aquaculture facilities around the world to help
increase revenue, reduce risks, and control operating costs.
719
FISH FORK AND FEAR: SOME MARKETING IMPLICATIONS OF FOOD SCARES AND
OTHER THREATS TO PERCEIVED QUALITY
James A. Young
Professor of Applied Marketing

Department of Marketing
Scotland FK9 4LA
j.a.young@stir.ac.uk
Fish is widely regarded as a healthy food product and in more recent years has received increasing appreciation from many
sections of the world’s population. It is now widely accepted that the dominant share of the future rise in demand for fish
products will be supplied from aquaculture. The expanding range of species and volumes farmed, with corresponding
variations in production costs and market prices, has tended to focus attention on possible solutions to various production
issues centred on how to bring more product onto the market. Whilst there are undoubtedly significant challenges to be
overcome in meeting the forecast rise in demand for aquaculture products, there is arguably some danger that the industry
may be encouraged to overlook other possible threats to its goal of satisfying expanding market demand. In particular
it is suggested that the aquaculture sector needs to become more market oriented and to be more vigilant of the adverse
experiences which have been encountered within other food sectors.
Food scares have assumed an increasingly important role within the global food marketing environment and have become
an established part of the background ‘noise’ against which communications messages must compete. Food scares are
frequently carried as newsworthy events and given a prominent profile in the media, ensuring widespread attention and
often heightened credibility as a result. Whilst not exempt, fish historically has received comparatively little adverse
attention compared to many other agricultural products. More recently, aquaculture products and those from over-exploited
wild capture fisheries have come under the closer scrutiny of the media which has placed a greater need for the aquatic food
sectors to contend with, constrain and countermand the adverse reactions and damage that can follow in its wake.
Remedial action is often hindered through the imbalance in market power of the players in the supply chain and the
limitations of the promotion resources available to contest far-reaching adverse publicity. For many reasons, consumers
have become more sceptical of official information sources and other traditional channels of communication previously
used. Certification, labelling and the brand imagery, increasingly that of the supermarket, and other tools can play some
part in conveying and promoting alternative opinions but evidence suggests that this is not always done in the most effective
way. Consequently, consumers can be left confused and the aquatic food sector might have reason to be less certain about
consumers’ favourable evaluation of its offerings in future. The paper concludes with some thoughts on possible proactive
marketing actions that might be adopted to help improve aquatic product perceptions.
720
MEAT AND BONE MEAL AND HYDROLYZED FEATHER MEAL AS FISH MEAL
REPLACEMENT IN SHRIMP FEEDS
Yu Yu
National Renderers Association, Inc.

Hong Kong
nrahkg@nrahongkong.com.hk
Meat and bone meal (MBM) and hydrolyzed feather meal (FeM) potentially could be used as fish meal (FM) replacement
considering their nutrients profile, availability and price relative to FM. The most limiting nutrient for FM substitution
by these ingredients is lysine. Amino acids digestibility of MBM and FeM are generally lower than FM, and thus limits
the maximum substitution rate to 40% based on digestible amino acids (AA) profile as compared with the requirements.
However, the maximum substitution rate of MBM observed from growth trials was 60% for L. vannamei, and 80% for P.
monodon. Discrepancy could be due to under-estimated AA digestibility. Without the supplementation of crystalline AA
(lysine, methionine), the maximum substitution rate of FeM was 33%, and was improved to 66% with added AAs. When
MBM and FeM substituted for FM (up to 60%) in practical diets, neither ingredient affected feed consumption, survival rate
and eating quality of the shrimp. However, feed efficiency was generally deteriated by 5% with high rates of substitution
(>60%). Future improvements in the maximum substitution rate depend on the efficacy of AA supplementation, feed
attractants uses, and improvement in AA digestibility by various processing methods.
721
KBMR MICROALGAE BASED SHRIMP BROOD STOCK AND CLAM SEEDS INTEGRATED
RECIRCULATING PRODUCTION SYSTEM
Hai Yuan* and Jaw-Kai Wang
Vice-President for Operation

Kona Bay Marine Resources
Kailua-Kona, Hawaii
haiyuan@aol.com
Kona Bay Marine Resources, Inc (KBMR) is a marine biotech company located on the big island of Hawaii. Since 2003,
KBMR has become the leading shrimp brood stock producer in the US. In 2004, it receives the Governor’s Exporter of the
Year Award (Hawaii).
The emergence of KBMR as a premier shrimp brood stock producer is primarily due to the excellence of its microalgae
(diatom) based production system, which integrates the production of shrimp brood stock and clam seeds. The basic theory
was developed at the University of Hawaii at Manoa by Dr. Jaw-Kai Wang. Subsequently, Dr. Wang and Greg Jacob and
the company they formed, the Aquauclture Technology, received two SBIR grants from the US Department of Agriculture.
Wang and Greg designed and operated a microalgae based integrated shrimp and oyster production system. Aquaculture
technology (ATI) was acquired by Kona Bay Oyster and Shrimp company in 1966 which changed its name to Kona Bay
Marines Resources. Many improvements have been incorporated since 1996 into the original shrimp/oyster integrated
system.
KBMR production system includes four 50 feet diameter round shrimp tanks and four 30’ x 6’ rectangular clam seeds tanks.
The microalgae dominated by diatom are used to remove excess nutrients, which come from shrimp feed and animal waste,
from the system water and to feed clam seeds. By removing excess nutrients, the KMBR system has been able to maintain
less than 10% water exchange daily. The diatom, particularly Chaetoceros, also produces natural antibiotics that prevent
harmful bacterial bloom from developing in the system.
The KBMR integrated system produces two high valued crops at the same time. On the average it produces 25 pieces of
shrimp brood stock and 600,000 6 to 8 mm clam seeds per square meter of water surface area annually. The average FCR
for shrimp brood stock is about 2 to 1. The KBMR system requires minimum maintenance and is operated year round.
KBMR is currently under taking a major expansion to meet the increasing demands for its high quality products from
Thailand, Indonesia, China, Vietnam, Europe and US.
722
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON SEX DIFFERENTIATION OF CUPANG FISH Betta

Splendens Regan
Tristiana Yuniarti*, M. Jairin Jr., M R Toelihere

bbats@telkom.net
Cupang (Betta splendens Regan) represents an ornamental fish which is highly affectionate to the society in Indonesia.
Availability of large number and good quality of fish seed is an important developing fish culture. This may be attained
by improving the internal as well as external factors. Improvement of the external factor consists of environment and feed
requirement, while the internal factor consists of genetic improvement.
The period of sex differentiation in fish is highly affected by the species and environmental water temperature. Temperature
is a very determining factor in growth of embryos and larva’s. Temperature controls the molecular activity in metabolism.
The increase of temperature will be followed by fast absorption of egg yolk, fast growth and fast metabolism in unequal
acceleration.
The objective of this research is to study the period of sex differentiation under different water temperature on cupang.
This research was carried out from September until December 2002 in The Laboratory of Fish Reproduction and Genetics,
while histology of cupang fish larva on cupang was done in The Laboratory of Fish Health, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine
Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University. This experimental laboratory researches used the basic model of complete random
design (three treatments and five replicates). The treatments used were (A) larva rearing at temperature of 27 °C, ( B) larva
rearing at temperature of 29 °C, ( C) larva rearing at temperature of 31 °C.
Result of this research on different sexual differentiation period under different temperature on cupang fish revealed that:
(1) The onset and length of sex differentiation period of cupang fish affected by temperature; larva rearing at temperature of
27 °C, 29 °C and 31 °C resulted in different ovarian differentiation period i.e. from day 7 to 17, day 5 to 14, and day 4 until
12, respectively. (2) Temperature did not significantly affect the growth of cupang larva, while the optimum temperature
for survival rate of larva is 29 °C.
723
USE OF MARINE PERIPHYTON CULTURE IN IMPROVING WATER QUALITY IN

AQUACULTURE SYSTEMS
F.M. Yusoff*, H. Khatoon, M. Shariff and H.Matias-Peralta
Marine Science Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience

43400 UPM-Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
fatimah@ibs.upm.edu.my
Water quality is critical for survival, health and growth of aquaculture species, both at the hatchery and grow-out levels.
High nitrogen, phosphorus and hydrogen sulphide concentrations, and low oxygen levels in aquaculture waters are mainly
associated with food addition and excretion of organisms reared at high density. In order to maintain low nutrient levels,
large amount of water has to be exchanged frequently. This procedure in turn contributes to the eutrophication of aquatic
environment due to flushing of nutrient-enriched waters from aquaculture facilities. An alternative eco-friendly method is
to decrease nutrients by augmenting nutrient uptake using macroalgae or periphyton grown on substrates. In freshwater
aquaculture systems, biofilms can easily be developed by submerging suitable substrates in ponds. However, our studies
showed that in marine aquaculture ponds, periphyton grown on different substrates such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes,
plastic sheets, tiles and bamboo tubes could only last for the first two weeks of culture period. Our studies further showed
that after the second week of culture, polychaete started to form cemented layer on the substrates consisting of closely
packed calcareous tubes that prevented further growth of periphyton. To overcome bio-fouling problem that circumvent the
full development of periphyton growth, different periphyton species from ponds were isolated, purified and mass cultured
in the laboratory. Pure cultures of individual periphyton species (Oscillatoria, Navicula, Cymbella and Amphora) were
grown on PVC pipes for two weeks to achieve maximum biomass. The study showed that Oscillatoria, Navicula, Cymbella
and Amphora significantly reduced ammonia concentrations in aquaculture tanks by 90.55%, 58.4%1, 59.18% and 62.33%,
respectively. Similarly, nitrite and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) concentrations in the tank water were significantly
decreased (Fig.1). In addition to reducing toxic compounds in water, periphyton could also serve as natural food sources
for the cultured organisms. In hatchery tanks, the periphyton on substrates also served as refugium for the shrimp larvae
and thus increased their survival. Marine periphyton mass culture has the potential and flexibility to be used in different
aquaculture systems to improve the water quality and production.
Figure 1. Percent reduction of different nutrients by periphyton species.

724
COMPENSATORY GROWTH OF GREASY GROUPER Epinephelus tauvina RECEIVING

REPEATING CYCLE OF FEED DEPRIVATION
Edy Yuwono, Purnama Sukardi, and Isdy Sulistyo
Biology Faculty
Jenderal Soedirman University
Purwokerto 53122, Central Java, Indonesia
edy@unsoed.ac.id
Compensatory growth of greasy grouper Epinephelus tauvina receiving repeating cycle of fixed period of feed deprivation
followed by fixed period of re-feeding was investigated in tropical estuarine pond using net cage. Fish were purchased
from fishermen at Cilacap, Central Java, Indonesia and after acclimation in the cage for 2 weeks, 500 fish were randomly
assigned to four feeding groups. Each group consists of 5 net cages (1.5 x 2 x 1 m3) with 25 fish per cage. The control (C)
were fed daily. Fish in other groups were subjected to the following repeating cycle of food deprivation: fish receiving
repeating cycle of feed deprivation for one day followed by re-feeding for two and three days alternately (T1), fish receiving
repeating cycle of feed deprivation for one and two days alternately, followed by two days re feeding (T2), the fish receiving
cycle of food deprivation for one week followed by one week re-feeding (T3). All fish were fed with trash fish at 5% of
body weight at 0900 during feeding period. Change in body weight was examined each week, absolute growth rate, food
conversion ratio and survival rate were calculated at the end of the experiment.
Fish in T1 and T2 reached the similar weight as the control (C), whereas fish final body weight of T3 was significantly
lower than control (Table 1). The weight gain of control was the same as that of T1 and higher than that of T2 and T3.
Fig.1. shows that change of body weight in T1 is greater than control as form week 6 while that of T2 and T3 are lower
than control. However, absolute growth rate of T2 and T3 was the same as control. The absolute growth rate of T1 was
significantly higher than control and T3 but similar to T2. The feed conversion ratio of T2 was also better than other groups.
The survival rate of fish in the treatment groups was not significantly different from that in control. The results indicate that
compensatory growth occurred in greasy grouper receiving repeating cycle of feed deprivation. Such feed deprivation do
not affect survival rate.
Table 1. Growth, survival rate and feed conversion ratio of

greasy grouper Epenephilus tauvina receiving repeating
cycle of feed deprivation.
Data with different letters in the same row were

significantly different (P<0.05).
Fig.1. Weekly change of fish body weight (g) in control

(C) and treatments (T1, T2 & T3). Body weight of fish
in T1 is higher than control during week 6 to week 9
indicating over compensatory growth.
725
SEAWEED CULTURE IN BANGLADESH

Dr. Mohammad Zafar
Institute of Marine Sciences

University of Chittagong
Chittagong, Bangladesh
zafarims@yahoo.com
Culture of seaweed was carried out for the first time in the coastal areas of Bangladesh (St. Martin’s Island and Fauzdarhat
planted mangrove area) from February-May 2004. Four commercially important species of seaweed (Hypnea sp. & Caulerpa
racemosa at the St. Martin’s Island and Catenella nipae & Enteromorpha sp. at the Fauzdarhat planted mangrove area)
were selected for culture. Different types of culture systems like line, net, suspended rope and raft method were applied
at both culture sites. Seedlings of cultivated species were collected from natural sources. The growth rate was found to be
1.06 cm/day for Hypnea sp. and 1 cm/day for Caulerpa racemosa, 0.121 cm/day for Catenella nipae and 0.125 cm/day
for Enteromorpha sp.. Water temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, alkalinity and transparency ranged from 27.5°-
31.0°C, 24-36‰, 7.3-7.5, 2.15-3.80 ml/L, 108-120 mg/L and 35.0-53.5 cm at the St. Martin’s Island. At the Fauzdarhat
planted mangrove area, water temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen and transparency ranged from 30.0°-33.0°C, 6-
16‰, 6-7, 2.95-5.77 ml/L, 3.3-4.1 cm. The effect of low salinity decreases the growth rate of seaweed in the cultivated area.
Better growth was observed for Hypnea sp. in the net and suspended rope method and for Caulerpa racemosa in line and
net method at the St. Martin’s Island. The levels of protein, lipid, moisture and ash were estimated to be 10.75%, 5.17%,
76.26% and 7.37% accordingly in wet samples of Caulerpa racemosa and from the dry samples in Hypnea sp., the levels
of protein, lipid, moisture and ash were 13.35%, 3.59%, 21.76% and 17.78% respectively from the St. Martin’s Island.
From the Fauzdarhat planted mangrove area, the levels of protein, lipid, moisture and ash were estimated 13.84%, 1.64%,
78.03% and 5.52% from Enteromorpha sp. and 9.92%, 1.95%, 84.56% and 4.85% from Catenella nipae respectively. The
total seaweed culture system is fully supported with organic aquaculture approach in the experiment. Mass production
of seaweed culture may play a significant role to improve the livelihood of poor coastal communities along with better
economic growth of the country.
726
EVALUATING FACTORS AFFECT VIABILITY OF NEWLY HATCHED LARVAE OF THE

MUD CRAB Scylla Serrata
Chaoshu Zeng*, Jongchang Kim and Trevor Anderson

Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
chaoshu.zeng@jcu.edu.au
Significant variations in viability of larvae hatched from different females of the mud crab, Scylla serrata, have been
frequently noticed in hatcheries. This represents a major obstacle impeding the success of mud crab hatchery operations.
Using survival rate of newly hatched larvae to Zoea-II under an identical rearing condition and mean days of survival of
starved larvae as the indicators of larval viability, by correlating such indicators with a series of parameters of broodstock
crabs, newly extruded eggs and newly hatched larvae, present study attempted to identify factors that may play an important
role in determining larval quality.
The experiment was conducted over 2 years. More than a hundred female crabs were collected from Townsville, Queensland,
Australia and maintained in the laboratory under controlled condition (27~28ºC; 34~36‰ and natural photoperiod). These
crabs were fed and checked for spawning daily. Once a crab spawned, the berried female was incubated separately (~27ºC;
34‰ and L:D =16:8hr). Among those crabs, a series of physical and biochemical parameters, including date, size (carapace
width) and ovary maturation status of the crabs at the time of collection; duration of egg incubation; total protein; total lipid;
carbohydrate; ash; energy; size; wet and dry weight of newly extruded eggs as well as newly hatched larvae were measured
for 38 randomly selected crabs. Viability of newly hatched larvae was determined as the mean survival to Zoea-II of fed
larvae and mean survival duration of starved larvae. There were 5 replicates for both fed (larvae fed 60 ind./ml rotifers
daily) and starved larvae from each female and each replicate consisted of 30 larvae stocked in a 600 ml glass beaker.
Larvae were maintained under identical condition of 27+0.5ºC and L:D =16:8hr. Culture water was treated with 10ppm
tetracycline and changed daily.
The results showed that survival to Zoea-II of fed larvae and the mean survival days of starved larvae was positively
correlated (P<0.01). Among all parameters assessed, only total protein level of newly extruded eggs and newly hatched
larvae were positively correlated to larval viability (P<0.05). Meanwhile, when date of crab collection were grouped into
Dec. to Feb., Mar. to May, June to Aug. and Sept. to Nov., larvae hatched from crabs collected during winter (June–Aug.)
showed significant better viability (P<0.05).
727
EFFECTS OF BACKGROUND COLOUR OF CULTURE VESSEL ON THE LARVAL

SURVIVAL AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE MUD CRAB Scylla serrata
Chaoshu Zeng* and Abed G. Rabbani

Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
chaoshu.zeng@jcu.edu.au
In recent years, farming of the mud crab Scylla serrata has expanded rapidly in many Indo-Pacific countries. Despite
decades of research efforts, hatchery culture of mud crab larvae has not yet achieved commercial viability. Further research
is therefore needed for better understanding of larval culture requirements of the crab. Anecdotal observation suggested that
background colours of culture vessel could effect larval culture success, the current experiment was therefore conducted to
test the effects of background colour of culture vessel on larval survival and development of the mud crab. Newly hatched
larvae of S. serrata were reared in the culture vessels of five different colours; i.e. black, dark green, maroon, sky blue and
white. Survival and development of these larvae were monitored daily until all of them either reached juvenile crab stage
or died.
The results showed clear effects of background colour on larval survival. A general tendency of higher survival with darker
background colour was evident. In particular, overall zoeal survival of larvae reared in black vessels was significantly
higher than those reared in white ones. Background colour also appeared to affect larval development, larvae reared in
darker background colours generally had shorter development times and more synchronized moulting. Significant delay in
zoeal development was found in larvae reared in the white vessels.
Dark backgrounds possibly facilitated more efficient feeding, reduced settlement of larvae at the bottom of the culture
vessels and minimised stress. This result appears to be the first to demonstrate that background colour can significantly
affect larval survival and development of a crustacean species.
728
STUDY ON T-CELL LIKE LYMPHOCYTES OF OLIVE FLOUNDER Paralichthys olivaceus
Peijun Zhang*, Riqin Wu and Yongli Xu
Institute of Oceanology
Chinese Academy of Sciences
7 Nanhai Road
Qingdao, 266072 China
pjzhang@ms.qdio.ac.cn
The participation of peripheral T-cell like lymphocytes to teleost fish immunity has been proved by several research
publications. In order to develop an efficient method to improve the flounder immune ability for disease resistance we
carried out several experiments and observations to study the characteristics and functions of the flounder lymphocytes.
T-cell like lymphocytes were isolated from the peripheral blood, spleen and head kidney tissues of olive flounder. The cell
morphology was observed by scanning electronic microscopy and two types of lymphocytes, T-cell like and B-cell like,
were identified by the electronic microscope observation. The surface of T lymphocyte looks full of bumps and holes, while
B lymphocyte looks more smooth with tiny finger-like bumpiness.
Acid phosphatase staiming and 2-Naphthyl acetatase staining were performed for further identification of the T lymphocyte.
In addition, the Rosette Test of the flounder T-cell surface antigen with sheep red blood cells showed that the rosette formation
of flounder T-cell with sheep red blood cells can be observed, but its persentage was lower than 2%. The cross-reaction
of flounder lymphocyte with monoclonal antibody against human CD was performed to detect the TCR characteristic and
showed that no cross reactivity with T-cell antigen or B-cell antiger was found on the cell surface.
To further study the T-cell antigen receptors of flounder a pair of primers were designed according the homologous sequence
from Gene Bank. A DNA fragment of about 500bp was obtained by PCR amplification using the designed primers. This
DNA fragment was then sequenced and used for designing RACE primers. Total RNA was isolated from flounder head
kidney and used for further mRNA purification. A Marathon cDNA library of flounder head kidney was constructed by
using the Marathon kit. By using the designed 3’ RACE primer and 5’ RACE primer and the Marathon cDNA as template,
a full length of the flounder TCR ß–Chain DNA fragment will be amplified and sequenced in the further study.
729
CODE CONDUCT & CERTIFICATION A CHALLENGE TO THE LARGEST AQUACULTURE

COUNTRY OF THE WORLD – CHINA
Weizhong Zheng
Beijing Bio-Tech Co. Ltd.

Rm. 506, Huitong Business Building
127 Xuanwumen West St., Xicheng District
Beijing 100083, China
bjbiotech@sohu.com
China has been in the position of number one aquaculture during the last three decades. The growth rate of total aquaculture
production still remains about 10% each year. The pattern of aquaculture structure and operation terms is the similar with
most of developing countries in the world. The ultimate goal was to evaluate ways, in which the Chinese experience of
sustainable and lucrative aquaculture operations could benefit other countries.
Chinese aquaculture, same with the aquaculture in the developing countries, is facing several problems for sustainable
development and food safety. The pressure of the problems would be higher than aquaculture industrialized countries,
such as Norway, Chile and other European countries because family operating farms and small scale individuals and private
cooperative farms contribute most part of production. This production term is weak on utilizing the new technology;
upgrading farming facilities and standardizing the management due to owner’s education back ground, financial ability
and producing capacity. Therefore, the code conduct and certification system in the developed countries and aquaculture-
industrialized countries could be less practiced. How to use the experience of code conduct and certification system in the
aquaculture industrialized countries combing with local special situations to make the conduct and certification system in
the developing countries more practice is a challenge to China and also to all the developing counties.
Aquaculture provides not only a lot of employ opportunity to local society, but also is major economic contribution to
some areas, which is one of the most important facts to keep local society stable and security. To balance the aquaculture
economic development and environmental issue is not an easy job for the local government or single national government
because the aquaculture industry is quite globalization until now. Quite large percentage of aquaculture product is in the
international market cycle, and most important consumers are developed countries. Education is very important to the
farmers, it is also very important to the consumers as well since they will understand the situation of producing countries
and what efforts have been made by the producers in the very poor areas of developing countries. Without the contribution
and support from the market and final consumers, it will be very difficult to make the conduct and certification on real
practice and make the aquaculture sustainable development.
730
DIGESTIBILITY OF 19 KINDS OF PLANT PROTEIN FEEDSTUFFS FOR BLUNTNOSE

BLACK BREAM Megalobrama amblycephala Yih
Zhigang Zhou
Feed Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences

Beijing, P.R.China, 100081
zhouzhigang@caas.net.cn
The bluntnose black bream Megalobrama amblycephala Yih is widely cultured in China, and consumed about 800,000
tonnes formulated feed in 2003, which has received much attention on the research of alternative plant protein feedstuffs.
The purpose of present paper is to study the digestibility of typical plant protein feedstuffs (protein content in dry matter
>20%) for the species in China.
Juvenile bluntnose black bream (20.1±0.22 g) were raised in a recirculation aquaculture system under 26.0±1.0�, and
the feces were continuously artificially collected by sieve. 19 kinds of plant protein feedstuffs were tested: distiller dried
grain, corn gluten meal, single-cell protein, castor pomace, linseed meal, brewers dried grain, rapeseed meal, wheat germ
root, extruded soybean meal, corn distillers protein, cottonseed meal, sesame meal, soybean meal, brewer’s dried yeast,
peanut meal, rice protein meal, degossypolled cottonseed meal, pease protein meal, and wheat gluten meal. The protein
digestibility was calculated by both formulae as followed:(1) AD of ingredient (%)= Nt×ADt-0.7×Nb×ADb /(0.3×Ni), and
(2) AD of ingredient (%) (ADt- 0.7×ADb)/0.3, Where Nt is the nutrient content (% or kJ/g) in test diet, Nb is the nutrient
content (% or kJ/g) in basal diet, Ni is the nutrient content (% or kJ/g) in the test ingredient, ADt is the nutrient apparent
digestibility in test diet (%), ADb is the nutrient apparent digestibility in basal diet (%), and 0.3 is the percentage of the test
ingredient in test diet.
The results show that wheat gluten meal has the highest protein digestibility 106.8%, which is significantly higher than
other plant protein stuffs (p<0.05), while pease protein meal and distiller dried grain are significantly lower than other
(p<0.05).
Comparison of the protein digestibility between formulae 1 and formulae 2, the value by formulae 1 was lower than that by
formulae 2 in the ingredients of which protein content is less than 31.77% such as distiller dried grain, corn gluten meal,
and single-cell protein, while the value by formulae 1 was larger than by formulae 2 in the ingredients of which protein
content is larger than 31.77%. In these feedstuffs, significant difference existed in the protein digestibility by formulae 1
and by formulae 2 in the plant protein ingredients of distiller dried grain, rapeseed meal, wheat germ root, extruded soybean
meal, cottonseed meal, brewer’s dried yeast, peanut meal, pease protein meal, and wheat gluten meal (p<0.05).
It is concluded that soybean meal, brewer’s dried yeast, peanut meal, rice protein meal, degossypolled cottonseed meal,
pease protein meal, and wheat gluten meal are suitable plant protein feedstuffs for bluntnose black bream for their higher
digestible protein content (>42.0 % DM). Further biology evaluation trials are needed in feedstuffs selection for formulated
feed.
731
DIGESTIBILITY OF 26 KINDS OF ENERGY FEEDSTUFFS FOR BLUNTNOSE BLACK

BREAM Megalobrama amblycephala Yih
Zhigang Zhou*, Zenlin Ren and Hong Zeng

The bluntnose black bream Megalobrama amblycephala Yih is increasingly cultured with the output of 524,927 tonnes in
2003 (MOA) in China, which has received much attention on its nutritional research, especially in alternative feedstuffs
such as energy feedstuffs and protein feedstuffs. The purpose of present paper is to study the digestibility of typical energy
feedstuffs (protein content in dry matter ≤20%) for the species, and meanwhile discuss the potential ingredients for protein
concentration.
Juvenile bluntnose black bream (22.3±0.65 g) were raised in a recirculation aquaculture system under 26.0±1.0�, and
the feces were continuously artificially collected by sieve. 26 kinds of energy feedstuffs were tested: wild mung bean,
potato starch, silkworm manure, rice bran, solvent extracted, cassava starch, rice meal, rice grain, corn flour, barley grain,
wheat middling, wheat grain, millet grain, wheat shorts, apple pomace, sugar beet pulp, alfalfa meal, distiller dried grain,
sorghum grain, wheat bran, corn bran, rice bran, sunflower meal, palm meal, copra meal, corn germ cake, and tomato meal.
The energy digestibility was calculated by both formulae as followed:(1) AD of ingredient (%)= Nt×ADt-0.7×Nb×ADb
/(0.3×Ni), and (2) AD of ingredient (%) (ADt- 0.7×ADb)/0.3, Where Nt is the nutrient content (% or kJ/g) in test diet, Nb is
the nutrient content (% or kJ/g) in basal diet, Ni is the nutrient content (% or kJ/g) in the test ingredient, ADt is the nutrient
apparent digestibility in test diet (%), ADb is the nutrient apparent digestibility in basal diet (%), and 0.3 is the percentage
of the test ingredient in test diet.
The results show that millet grain, corn flour, barley grain, rice meal, wheat middling, wheat shorts, rice grain, wheat grain,
cassava starch, and solvent extracted rice bran have the higher energy digestibility (>65.0%) for juvenile bluntnose black
bream (p<0.05), in which millet grain is the best one 89.1%. Meanwhile, the silkworm manure is the worst one –22.9%
(p<0.05), and the energy digestibility of corn germ cake, sunflower meal, and corn bran are less than 30.0%.
Comparison of the energy digestibility between formulae 1 and formulae 2, the value by formulae 1 was larger than that by
formulae 2 except for silkworm manure, in which significant difference existed in the energy ingredients of potato starch,
cassava starch, rice meal, wheat middling, and millet grain (p<0.05).
In these energy feedstuffs, wild mung bean, solvent extracted rice bran, millet grain, alfalfa meal, wheat bran, sunflower
meal, palm meal, and tomato meal are the potential ingredients for protein concentration, with higher protein content
(>15%) and higher protein digestibility (>80%) at the same time.
It is concluded that rice meal, rice grain, corn flour, barley grain, wheat middling, wheat grain, millet grain, and wheat shorts
are suitable energy feedstuffs for bluntnose black bream for their higher digestible energy content (>12.0 kJ/g DM).
732
DIGESTIBILITY OF 23 KINDS OF ANIMAL PROTEIN FEEDSTUFFS FOR BLUNTNOSE

BLACK BREAM Megalobrama amblycephala Yih
Zhigang Zhou

The bluntnose black bream Megalobrama amblycephala Yih is widely cultured in China, and consumed about 800,000
tonnes formulated feed in 2003, which has received much attention on the research of alternative animal protein feedstuffs.
The purpose of present paper is to study the digestibility of typical animal protein feedstuffs (protein content in dry matter
>20%) for the species in China.
Juvenile bluntnose black bream (20.1±0.22 g) were raised in a recirculation aquaculture system under 26.0±1.0, and the feces
were continuously artificially collected by sieve. 23 kinds of plant protein feedstuffs were tested: shrimp by-product, dried
fish, intestine meal, bovine meat and bone meal, meat meal, poultry meat meal, silkworm pupa, fishmeal (1) (Shandong,
China), fishmeal (2) (Peruvian), white fishmeal (Russian), shrimp meal, feather meal (1) (Shandong, China), feather meal
(2) (Hebei, China), spray-dried blood meal (2) (Henan, China), hydrolysed feather meal (6) (Beijing, China), casein,
Feather meal (4) (Tianjin, China), hydrolysed feather meal (3) (Jilin, China), feather meal (5) (Shandong, China), blood
meal, cooker dried blood meal, spray-dried blood meal (1) (USA), and peptone. The protein digestibility was calculated by
both formulae as followed:(1) AD of ingredient (%)= Nt×ADt-0.7×Nb×ADb /(0.3×Ni), and (2) AD of ingredient (%) (ADt-
0.7×ADb)/0.3, Where Nt is the nutrient content (% or kJ/g) in test diet, Nb is the nutrient content (% or kJ/g) in basal diet,
Ni is the nutrient content (% or kJ/g) in the test ingredient, ADt is the nutrient apparent digestibility in test diet (%), ADb is
the nutrient apparent digestibility in basal diet (%), and 0.3 is the percentage of the test ingredient in test diet.
The results show that white fishmeal, blood meal, cooked dried blood meal , fishmeal (2), intestine meal, spray-dried blood
meal (2), and casein have higher protein digestibility (>90%) than other animal protein feedstuffs (p<0.05), while meat
meal, spray-dried blood meal (1), and feather meal (5) have the lowest protein digestibility (<50%) (p<0.05).
Comparison of the protein digestibility between formulae 1 and formulae 2, the value by formulae 1 was lower than that by
formulae 2, in which significant difference exist in the ingredients of shrimp by-product, intestine meal, meat meal, poultry
meat meal, silkworm pupa, fishmeal (1), fishmeal (2), spray-dried blood meal (2), casein, feather meal (4), hydrolysed
feather meal (3), feather meal (5), and blood meal (p<0.05).
It is concluded that fishmeal (2), white fishmeal, spray-dried blood meal (2), casein, feather meal (4), hydrolysed feather
meal (3), blood meal, cooker dried blood meal, and peptone (>70.0 % DM). Further biology evaluation trials are needed in
feedstuffs selection for formulated feed.
733
YEAST CULTURE SUPPLEMENTATION IN THE FEED OF HYBRID TILAPIA Oreochromis

niloticus×O. aureus IN CAGES: REPLACEMENT OF ANTIBIOTIC
Zhigang Zhou*, Debo Pan, Nick Zhen and Stuart Reeves
State Aqua-feed Safety Evaluation Center

Hybrid tilapia Oreochromis niloticus×O. aureus is a

widely cultured species in China with an output of
805,859 tonnes in 2003 (Ministry of Agriculture),
and has been the main export product of aquaculture.
Antibiotics such as Olaquindox etc., used in
aquaculture feeds as growth promoters, have been
gradually prohibited in recent years. Sound alternative
growth promoters are, therefore, being sought by the
diet manufactures in China. The purpose of the paper
is to test a yeast culture supplementation in the feed of
Oreochromis niloticus×O. aureus as a replacement for
antibiotics for stimulating growth in cages.
Four iso-nitrogen and iso-energy diets are formulated

(Tab. 1), which included 0g/t olaquindox+0g/t yeast
culture (CK), 70g/t olaquindox (T1), 5kg/t yeast
culture+70g/t olaquindox (T2), and 5kg/t yeast culture
(T3) in the diets respectively. The trial was conducted
in twelve 3.0m×3.0m×2.0m cages in one 0.33 ha
flowing-through pond in Hainnan province, P.R.China,
water depth maintained 1.5m and water temperature
was about 26�-33�, and lasted 56 days from Aug to
Oct 2004. Three cages were assigned to each diet and
100 fish (114.0±3.9 g) were raised per cage, fed to
apparent satiation three times per day by hand. The
results showed that (Tab. 2) although there were no
significant differences between these treatments in
the final body weight (FBW), the specific growth rate
(SGR), feed intake (FI), feed conversion ratio (FCR),
BW/BL3, slaughter index (SI), and hepatosomatic
index (HIS) (P>0.05), the FBW and SGR of T3 were
numerically higher than those of others, meanwhile,
the FCR and HSI were numerically lower than those in
other treatments. The results, although not statistically
significant and in need of repeating, indicated that the
yeast culture could be a good replacer of olaquindox in
Oreochromis niloticus×O. aureus. Further long-term
experiments are needed to confirm this hypothesis.
734
RAPD ANALYSIS OF THE JIAN CARP GENOMIC DNA

Jian Zhu*, Zaijie Dong, Jianxin Wang and Xinhua Yuan

9 Shanahui East Road
Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214081
China
zhuj@ffrc.cn
Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var jian) is a first Chinese artificial fish breed, was developed with family selection, inter-
line cross and gynogenesis. The breeding technology was awarded the national science and technology advancement.
Jian carp presents excellent character of fast growth, its weight increment is higher than other native common carp and
introduced breeds by 30%. In addition, since it demonstrates low feed coefficient, delicious taste, high flesh content, docile
temperament, strong disease resistance, wide adaptability and high catching rate, it’s convenient for different culture ways.
Studies on the molecular base of excellent characters of Jian carp by the RAPD technique. 15 random primers were used
to analyze the genome DNA of Jian carp. The results revealed that the similarity index within the population of Jian carp
was 0.9181±0.0738, the ratio of polymorphic loci was 0.4167 and average allelic heterozygosity was 0.1884. That result
indicated that the genetic variance within Jian carp was little. The molecular base of good characters of Jian carp was the
higher allelic heterozygosity in Jian carp genome.
SANITARY AND EPIZOOTIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF MOLLUSCS IN CROATIA

Snježana Zrnčić* and Dražen Oraić
Croatian Veterinary Institute

Department of Fish Diseases and Aquaculture
10000 Zagreb
Savska 143
Croatia
zrncic@irb.hr
Croatia has a long tradition of shellfish cultivation with great potential for expanding the production. The main cultivated
species are Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and European flat oyster (Ostrea edulis) with annual
production of about 3000 tons. The efforts are put to create the regulation for mollusc production control as well as
harmonize them with those set by EC and OIE. The sanitary and epizootiological control of production areas are main
parameters of the successful production and putting the shellfish to the national and international market. In the 1999. the
first Regulation laying down the health conditions for the production and the placing on the market of live bivalve molluscs
was issued by Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. Since 2000. there is a National monitoring programme set by the
same Ministry with aim to prevent the risks for consumers’ health and for the health of cultivated animals. The criteria on
which the monitoring programme was based consist of the location of the production areas, geographical and hydrological
peculiarities and veterinary zoning in the particular districts. Croatian Veterinary Institute takes part in the control of
microbiological quality and the residues of the metals, PCBs and pesticides as well as the control of epizootiological status
of the shellfish. The results of the mentioned analysis from past three years are presented in the paper. It is important to
point out that microbiological quality of the mussels and flat oyster from Croatian cultivation areas were satisfactory.
Cytological and histological examination of the mussels and oysters according to OIE Code and Manual revealed that flat
oysters are free of listed diseases while mussels are infected by Marteilia maurini, the parasite of unexplained correlation
to listed M.refrigens.
735
ADDENDUM
REARING CONDITIONS OF MARBLE GOBY Oxyeleotris marmoratus Bleeker LARVAE
Ambok Bolong Abol-Munafi*, Pham Thanh Liem and Mohd Azmi Ambak
Institute of Tropical Aquaculture

Kolej Universiti Sains dan Teknologi Malaysia
Mengabang Telipot, 21030 Kuala Terengganu
Terengganu, Malaysia
munafi@kustem.edu.my
Effects of different diets, temperature and probiotic bacteria on larval rearing of marble goby Oxyeleotris marmoratus were
studied in order to improve the growth and survival of larvae during the early larval stage (from hatching until 10 days
after hatching). In the treatments of different diets, the growth and survival rate were highest for the larvae fed with the
combination of green water and nauplii of copepods (0.14 mm.day-1 and 43.20%, respectively). Larvae fed with single feed
of Spirulina, rotifer, artificial diet or infusoria showed least growth and high mortality. Although algae did not support the
growth, the survival rate of larvae improved significantly when green water was given in combination with other feeds.
Growth and survival rates of the larvae were significantly affected when the larvae were reared at different temperature
of 24oC, 26oC, 28oC, 30oC, and 32oC. High daily growth rate was obtained in treatments at 28oC, 30oC, and 32oC which
were ranging from 0.11-0.12 mm.day-1 (different significantly compared to 24oC and 26oC). For the survival rates, best
results were at 28oC and 30oC which is significantly different compared to 24oC, 26oC, and 32oC (P<0.05). Consequently,
temperatures of 28oC to 30oC are recommended for larval rearing of this species.
The use of probiotic bacteria namely Photosynthetic bacteria (PSB) and Super probiotic Bacillus mix (Super PB mix)
greatly improved survival rates of the larvae (68.67% and 61.73%, respectively) when they were used in combination with
green water. These probiotic bacteria may contribute to improve the intestinal microbial balance of O. marmoratus larvae.
TABLE 1: Final total lengths, mean growth rates (MGR) and survival rates
(SR) of O. marmoratus larvae fed with different diets
736
THE EFFECTS OF THE TSUNAMI ON FISH STOCKS: PLANNED INTERVENTION AND

RECOVERY
Ram Boojh
Scientist-in-Charge
Center for Environmental Education North
Indira Nagar, India
ramboojh.yadav@ceeindia.org
December 26, 2004 provided a unique window into what happens in communities which are highly dependent upon wild
stock populations and net fishery practices for viability. In the wake of the tsunami, areas that had mangrove and coral reef
protection were found to be less severely damaged and biologically recover quicker than non-protected areas.
On January 18-20, 2005 in Ahmedabad India, the Center for Environmental Education hosted the “Education for a Sustainable
Future International Conference.” The strategy was to focus on collaboration, networking, inclusion of stakeholders at
various levels in interactive workshops develop a regional strategy for conservation and education. Recommendations
from the conference during a special session devoted to the tsunami identified that a majority of the regions hardest hit by
this natural disaster were fishing communities. Traditional fishing practices coupled with external commercial fisheries
tended to deplete local fishery stocks. In light of rebuilding these communities, suggestions were made to explore collection
and production capabilities for fish stocks utilizing sustainable techniques. Recently, FAO announced results of aquaculture
is being explored in some of these communities.
Current field study results will be displayed and discussed during this session pertaining to recovery from the Tsunami
demonstrating community learning regarding coastal development, coral reef/mangrove protected areas, and fostering
artisan fisheries for the improvement of sustainable production.
TAKING PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY FOR OCEAN HEALTH: THE WORLD OCEAN

NETWORK PASSPORT
Ram Boojh
Scientist-in-Charge
Center for Environmental Education North
Indira Nagar, India
ramboojh.yadav@ceeindia.org
The World Ocean Network (www.worldoceannetwork.org) has established through a coordinated effort amongst worldwide
public aquariums, natural history museums, science centers and other institutions a way to communicate the plight of the
ocean. As part of this, a multimodal process of informing the public coupled with practical actions is perceived to make
tangible differences in the conditions of our oceans and in the waterways feeding them.
The World Ocean Network Passport was devised as a way for individuals to be guided towards practical actions that
they could take and validate upon completion, providing pragmatic steps for saving oceans. The Passport was originally
envisioned for school children and adults to create a lifelong companion notebook with recognition by local institutions for
rewarding the environmentally sound individual actions. The Passport has now been translated into half a dozen languages
and has been distributed worldwide. A children’s passport is currently being created. The Passport identifies consumption
of sustainable fish and seafood product awareness as part of individuals’ responsible actions.
We are suggesting that all communities throughout the world can have students and adults engaging in these actions, which
in concert can make a tremendous difference in the plight of our aquatic ecosystems. Examples of the Passport as well as
demonstration of student activities throughout the planet will be provided during this session. Passports will be presented
to this session with the idea of expanding its use in Southeast Asia, Asia, Australia and New Zealand areas, which are so
dependent upon the ocean.
737
INNOVATION IN AQUACULTURE TOWARD SUSTAINABLE, SAFE AND IMPROVED

PRODUCTION - FEED, FISH AND TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
Anthony Leong
International Business major (senior)

University of Indiana
Bloomington, Indiana USA
info@grofish.com
Collection of available wild stocks of fish eventually leads to overfishing with improved productivity of catch technology.
Coastal fishing area limit laws, international waters, net size, net practice, fishing grounds, pollution impact, fishing
pressure and other factors affect the viability of fish stocks. Current consumer demands as well as projected needs have
driven fishermen to literally fish until there is no more stock and then change practices and species to one which is likely to
become the next candidate for overfishing.
Aquaculture allows for replacing the dependency upon wild populations, however, this process can also lead to increased
pollution, release of non-native stocks, introduction of top level predators, altering traditional food chains, and introduction
of virulent disease. With aquaculture, species susceptibility to single disease can wipe out entire production capabilities
over large areas and decreased resistance may be transferable to wild stock populations.
The pros of aquaculture versus the cons of aquaculture create a need for innovation towards providing sustainable, safe and
improved production. Examples of science’s new inventions for sustainable solutions to aquaculture production will be
discussed. This presentation will compare and contrast a number of cutting edge science technology and discussion will
be encouraged to have round table of ideas presented to find the best possible solutions to improving aquaculture fisheries
productions.
LARVAL REARING STUDY OF CAPTIVE BREEDING CLOWNFISH Amphiprion ocellaris

IN MALAYSIA
A. B. Abol-Munaf, Liew, H. J.*, M. A. Ambak and T. S. Chuah
Institute of Tropical Aquaculture (AKUATROP)

Department of Agriculture
Faculty of Agrotechnology and Food Science (FASM)
Kolej Universiti Sains dan Teknologi Malaysia (KUSTEM)
Mengabang Telipot, 21030 Kuala Terengganu
Malaysia
munafi@kustem.edu.my
Larval rearing of marine ornamental fish is relatively new in Malaysia. Clownfish, Amphiprion ocellaris was considered as
one of the most attractive, hardy and popular species in marine ornamental trade with high market demand. However, rearing
of clownfish larvae is time consuming, labor intensive and expensive on maintenance. The present research described the
first successful study on larval rearing of a small Pomacentridae, Amphiprion ocellaris in captive breeding in Malaysia.
This study was conducted in Marine Hatchery of KUSTEM, Malaysia. Three main experiments were carried out for 14
days (larval stage). These experiments were conducted to examine the effect of delayed feeding, different types of first feed
and rearing media on larval survival. The larval delayed fed for 3 days was showed more than 50% mortality, while delayed
fed for 4 days exhibited 100% mortality. This study demonstrated that larval should be fed immediately on the day after
hatching. Larvae fed on live food yielded the highest survival rate as compared to other artificial diets with 73.78%. This
experiment showed that larvae of Amphiprion ocellaris can only accept live feed as first exogenous food. The rearing media
test revealed that marine green water was the most suitable media used for larvae maintained compared to sea water and
artificial salt water. In this study, it was found that larvae of Amphiprion ocellaris should be maintained in green water and
fed immediately on the day after hatching by live food such as rotifer or copepods nauplii to yield high survival rate.
738
HATCHERY PRODUCTION STABILITY THROUGH USE OF PROBIOTICS AND

ELIMINATION OF ANTIBIOTICS
J. Paul Massam
Epicore BioNetworks Inc.

4 Lina Lane
Eastampton, NJ 08060, USA
epicore@magpage.com
It is a major task for a hatchery manager to achieve consistent production throughout the year, regardless of seasonal
and environmental conditions. In attempts to maximize production, managers turned to antibiotics. This gave rise to
undesirable consequences such as antibiotic resistance and serious environmental concerns.
Several advanced hatcheries began industrial scale investigations to test options to obtain production stability while
eliminating the use of antibiotics.
Nova is a hatchery in Belize belonging to the Ambergris Aquaculture, Ltd., group. Typical production instability is shown
in Nova data for the period 2001 to mid-2002, during which time the hatchery used both dry feeds and antibiotics.
From July 2002, Nova adapted probiotic technology to its specific hatchery conditions. Two other important factors were
included; use of liquid feeds and increasing the operating temperature to 32 - 34 °C. The liquid feeds comprised up to
90% of the diet during the mysis and zoea stages. The protocol adaptation process over the last five cycles of 2002 yielded
significant survival improvements.
Production results using the adapted protocol are shown for ten cycles during 2003. Throughout this time production stability
was achieved, with 67% to 81% survivals, an average of 74% for the year. This stability had hitherto been unattainable.
Further, use of antibiotics was totally eliminated with, beneficial, environmental effects.
Investment in adapting the use of efficient, probiotic technology yielded great benefits in both cost-efficiency and production
predictability.
739
APPLICATION OF CSIRO’S AQUACULTURE SITE SELECTION DECISION SUPPORT

MODEL TO EXISTING SHRIMP AQUACULTURE AREAS – PASURUAN AND KARAWANG
– AND TO VIRGIN AREAS – ACEH AND TANAH BUMBU, SOUTH KALIMANTAN - IN
INDONESIA
Ian McLeod, Nigel Preston, Seamus McElroy, Brian Long, Zakirman Ibros, Ai Geraldi Ganadikusumah,
Poltak Rio Franky and Solehudin Abdul Gani
CSIRO developed a computer tool for selecting land suitable for aquaculture in the 1990s. This model was used at two
scales, a broad scale to eliminate areas of low or no interest, and a second fine scale where additional information was
used to select the best sites within the originally defined area (Refs 1, 2). The current research represents an extension
of this approach as a planning tool for use in two scenarios: first, in an area which has undergone extensive aquaculture
development, but where there are now large areas which have been abandoned for aquaculture, and the second to identify
areas in a virgin landscape where there is little coastal development to date. The model uses critical topographic and
other physical features plus economic, social and legal characteristics of the aquaculture system under review to select
statistically the areas which have the greatest potential for aquaculture, followed by those which have good, moderate, low
and no potential for aquaculture within a distinct river basin. The results confirm the value of this model for assessing those
areas most suitable for aquaculture development at both the broad and fine, site specific, scales.
The paper outlines the approach and the various sources of data that are used to develop the model and describes in some
detail how the model can be used to select the best sites for different aquaculture species such as shrimp – under extensive,
semi-intensive and intensive cultivation systems in a range of sites – from virgin areas to abandoned shrimp farm areas
– in Indonesia. The fine-scale model uses cadastre (land title, plot size and location) information as the basic tile to attach
the different attributes to, each numeric attribute being an integer in the range of 0 – 4. Data used is obtained from a
wide range of different sources and ages. The model results were ground truthed to verify the accuracy of the model. The
results illustrate that the validated model is of real benefit for local government spatial planners, regulators and investors
in aquaculture, and uses land value to indicate the incremental value added by changing the land’s current use to that for
aquaculture, and where it is already being used for aquaculture, to chose the most appropriate level of intensity, given site-
specific environmental and social constraints.
740
PUBLIC AWARENESS AND CONSUMER RESPONSE – ACTIONS TOWARDS

COMPLIANCE
Seafood Watch Program Representative
Seafood Watch Program, Monterey Bay Aquarium

Monterey, California USA
jdianto@mbayaq.org
With increased consumer awareness of the health benefits of seafood products, seafood sales are at an all time high.
However, the public is also aware that our oceans are at serious risk through fisheries, polluting, and coastal development.
Fish meal, which is used to provide the protein resource for aquaculture feed, puts pressure at the base of the marine food
web. Offshore aquaculture allows for the dilution of waste, but is considerably less environmentally friendly than closed
systems that recycle waste/water and use polyculture to enhance overall efficiency. Consumers have indicated that they
would be willing to spend more money for identified products if the purveyors could insure environmental safety, quality
of the product, as well as availability. This increased income stream can be applied in a reverse order along the chain of
custody so that fishermen, distributors and retailers would also profit from identified better practices in fisheries production.
The World Ocean Network and its partners have identified a way to reach over 200 million people annually and have
created public informatics. Organizations who work with fishermen, fish farmers, distributors, and retailers are committed
to creating this financial mechanism. The availability of appropriate science, legal and practical techniques allows for the
consumer to financially motivate clients towards sustainability. Seafood cards are part of this equation as are Seafood
Watch, Seafood Choices Alliance (http://www.seafoodchoices.org/), Blue Ocean Institute (http://www.blueoceaninstitute.
org/1), and The Ocean Project.
In a nationwide assessment, The Ocean Project (www.theoceanproject.org) explored the public’s connections, values,
attitudes, and knowledge relating to the ocean. The survey found that Americans are unaware of the threats to ocean health
and they greatly underestimate their own role in damaging the oceans. The public values the oceans for their recreational
needs and have an emotional connection to it. However, their understanding of why we need the oceans is superficial and
their awareness regarding ocean health is low.
A key point that the assessment identified was the idea of the interconnectedness of life. The average person could envision
the ocean being unbalance and in jeopardy, which is interpreted as being bad. People connect the idea of ocean exploration
with Jacques Cousteau. This connection likely occurs because of the way that Mr. Cousteau presented the undersea with a
human touch, which allowed people to gain a positive attitude toward ocean life. However, there is a gap between concern
for ocean life and concern for ocean health/conservation.
Through this public awareness campaign, we will go beyond creating emotional connections to the ocean; we
will take the campaign to the next step by inspiring people to take action in their daily lives and seafood choices.
We believe that utilizing an intergenerational method will help to convey the message of the Sensible Seafood
Campaign and are in the process of creating a cartoon character and a corresponding message consistent with
engaging children and adults towards conservation.
741
SENSIBLE SEAFOOD CAMPAIGN OVERVIEW

Leonard Sonnenschein
hair, World Ocean Network Concrete Conservation Field Actions Committee

President, World Aquarium
St. Louis, MO 63103 USA
lsaquaman@worldaquarium.net
Seafood chosen wisely can be beneficial to the ocean environment; therefore every fish consumed makes a difference.
Our living seas are dwindling due to overfishing, pollution and coastal effects. People, through their seafood consumption
activities, can make a significant impact on the future viability of our oceans. Governmental and non-governmental
organizations ranging from fishermen to public aquariums to lawmakers and industry have banded together as the World
Ocean Network (www.worldoceannetwork.org) to engage the world populations to make a difference through their actions
toward the oceans.
The Concrete Conservation Field Actions Committee was established as part of the World Ocean Network to accelerate
efforts toward making real changes to protect our World’s Oceans and will officially launch on World Ocean Day (June
8, 2005) a communication strategy between scientists, governmental policymakers, non-governmental organizations,
consumers, producers, and distributors through regional coordinated meetings and educational exhibits:
a) to encourage and empower consumers to be able to make sustainable choices when buying seafood;
b) to turn purchases and actions into positive environmental changes and greater financial motivation for other stakeholders
levels;
c) to promote consumption patterns that maintain healthy ecosystem;
d) to eat fish that are not inherently vulnerable to overfishing;
e) to eat fish from well-managed fisheries and fish farms;
f) to promote the sharing responsibility in fishery management; and
g) to promote biodiversity in aquaculture.
Eight Geographic Coordination Zones have been established to elicit the best regional results through more direct
knowledge of the participants. Regional Coordinated Meetings (RCM) are defined as meetings combining interested
parties for continued discussions toward sustainable oceans for aquatic biodiversity. RCMs are being convened in each of
these zones in 2005-2006. Results from the first year of meetings will be presented at UNESCO’s Global Conference on
Oceans, Coasts and Islands, Paris, January 23-27th, 2006.
742
NEXT STEPS – WORKING TOWARD A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE

Chair, World Ocean Network Concrete Conservation Field Actions Committee

President, World Aquarium
St. Louis, MO USA
The idea that aquaculture would provide the balance to sustainable aquatic systems is still a dream. The lessons learned
from several decades of demonstration has proved that aquaculture is intertwined with the natural production system
through nutrients, pollutants, pathogens, release levels affecting wild stocks, economic research, and public awareness.
The Sensible Seafood Campaign of the World Ocean Network offers a way to build future awareness about oceanic health
along the chain of custody with the hope that awareness will improve the economics through making aquaculture and wild-
caught fisheries move more towards sustainable solutions for the ocean’s benefit.
The purpose of this session is to establish a baseline for what is currently known in the Southeast Asia and Australia and
New Zealand areas concerning sustainable seafood. The attendees of the World Aquaculture Society conference allows for
representatives of multistakeholder levels to share, listen and learn. We look forward to listening to the interactions in the
earlier talks to establish an agenda for measurable evaluation of the effects of these discussions through the participants
present as well as to create communication about the benefits of sustainable aquaculture, improved scientific monitoring
and increased public awareness on fishery stocks, fishery chain of custody and consumer understanding.
In ancient terms, if a fisherman could catch the fish, the fish were deemed to be there. In the latter half of the twentieth
century, the lesson of the cod taught us that a fishery can be overfished to the point of virtual extinction. Even with
modern measurement technology, legal limits which are controlled by long range planning of governmental entities still
are disjointed from actual stocks. Until there is better communication from the fisherman to the consumer and relatedness
to stock production factors, we will still be guessing as to what is sustainable. Coastal fishing area limit laws, international
waters, net size, net practice, fishing grounds, pollution impact, fishing pressure and other factors affect the viability of fish
stocks. Current consumer demands as well as projected needs have driven fishermen to literally fish until there is no more
stock and then change practices and species to one which is likely to become the next candidate for overfishing.
Aquaculture practices also affect the oceanic environment primarily through quantitative chemical production. This type
of water pollution is in part modulated by amount of feed added. Aquaculture is beginning to provide the supply side of
the production equation and in some circumstances relieving the pressure on wild stocks. By implementing techniques in
which cage types, species choices, feed quantity with adequate marketing, aquaculture will aide the fishery industry toward
sustainability.
743
PROMOTION OF ORGANIC METHODOLOGY AND ALTERNATIVE LOW FOOD CHAIN

SPECIES FOR AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION – SPECIES SELECTION AND REARING
TECHNOLOGIES
World Aquarium
St. Louis, MO USA
Low food chain (herbivorous) species such as carp have traditionally been very popular. Carp eat almost anything and can
be raised in intensive crops. Tilapia, hybrid striped bass and channel catfish have become the baseline product of seafood
which are also capable of being considered low food chain species. New species such as pacu, milkfish, bluegill and
prawn may prove as popular as higher food chain species such as swordfish. The aquaculture methodology necessary for
successful raising of current species and new species will be discussed.
Fish stocks have improved over time to allow for better feedlot conversion of the species from particular farming practices,
however with the hybridization of the species, many are more susceptible to already prevalent diseases. Therefore, more
common is the phenomena of wipeout of farm stocks due to single pathogens. Several ideas as to how various rearing
technologies can be applied to aquaculture to improve fry survival and stock maintenance will be presented.
Fish stocks that are generally more likely to be high level feed converters (carnivorous) are also more likely to be top level
food chain species and therefore if not fed continuously, penmates turn on themselves. The potential of using low food
chain species to which the palatability constant of white meat, ease of processing and price per pound makes use of low
food chain species more likely in the future. Low food chain species also are able to have better feed conversion rates with
lower protein dependency upon the feed thereby decreasing fishing pressure for supplying the fish meal and fish oil.
744
THE RIPPLE EFFECT OF FISHERY PRACTICES

World Ocean Network Representative
Nausicaa
Boulogne sur Mer, France
meeting@nausicaa.fr
Science, society and fishery representatives must come to an agreement towards applications for sustainable solutions,
aquaculture practices are part of the answer. The recent application of scientific knowledge has changed the closed-system
mentality of people’s fishery practices in the areas of conservation, pollution and culture. The message is clear: what we
do in our own sphere of influence does affect other areas.
Current aquaculture practices affect the oceanic environment in several ways including qualitative, quantitative, fish stock
and physical. The quality of food fed to aquacultured species itself is a vicious cycle because of the dependency upon the
high protein food utilization of fish meal and fish oil in order to achieve productive feedlot levels. General application
of additional micronutrients including minerals and vitamins further decreases the biodegradability of foods compared to
utilization of natural products. These additional nutrients increase the waste percentage and overall affect feed conversion.
It is because of suitability of continuous feeding that farms are able balance of the profit equation of feed versus labor
applied to final market yield, but replacement of labor with automated feeders in the final analysis yields field residues that
affect oceanic and downstream environments.
The effects of nets within an oceanic environment are the same for a river, pond and stream. These net pens allow flow
distribution of nitrates to other benthic areas which consequently affect “downstream” ecosystems. Just because an area
has a high water flow doesn’t negate the fact that chemical residues from this high flow area are not added to a net negative
effect somewhere else. Recent US legal identification of organic standards for aquaculture production which includes
effluent guidelines yields new reasons for fish farmers worldwide to consider altering their previous practices.
Communication submitted by the World Ocean Network which occurs between the scientists, fishermen, fish farmers,
legislators and the community, old and young alike affects the barriers to create better understanding and hopefully postured
actions such as wise fish consumption patterns which create positive economics along the chain of custody, support for
legislation which protects coastal zones, and improved productivity without negatively affecting the environment.
745
HAS THE PACIFIC WHITE SHRIMP Penaeus vannamei BEEN ESTABLISHED IN THE
WILD IN THAILAND?
Wansuk Senanan*, Nongnud Tangkrock-Olan, Suwanna Panutrakul, Prapasiri Barnette, Somtawin Jaritkuan,
Charan Wongwiwatanawute and Noppamard Niphonkit
Department of Aquatic Sciences

Faculty of Science
Burapha University
Bangsaen, Chonburi 20131 Thailand
wansuk@buu.ac.th
Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) has been introduced to Thailand as an alternative to black tiger prawn (Penaeus
monodon) aquaculture. We attempt to determine whether the introduced P. vannamei could establish a feral population in
the Bangpakong river system, an important system in eastern Thailand with high density of shrimp farms. This study is a
part of a larger study to evaluate potential ecological consequences of introduced P. vannamei. During January – March
2005, we sampled wild marine shrimp with commercial shrimp nets (6 m wide x 5 m deep x 25 m long with 2.5 cm mesh
size) in four stations within the Bangpakong river system (Bangkhla, Muang, Bangpakong districts and the river mouth).
Our preliminary results at two stations, the most upstream (Bangkhla; N 13º 42’ 41.6’’E 101º 10’ 45.5’’; n= 3 nets) and down
stream (Bangpakong; N 13º 29’ 13.3’’E 101º 00’ 56’’E; n= 18 nets) sites suggested that P. vannamei was already present in
the wild. Relative abundance of P. vannamei was higher in the upstream site (2-8% of total captured marine shrimp in all
nets) compared to the down stream site (1-3% in four of 18 nets). The size range of P. vannamei captured upstream was
3.95-11.96 cm (average 8.7±1.98 SD; n=18) and 6.58-9.70 cm (average 7.95±1.35 SD; n = 5) for the down stream site. P.
vannamei may prefer lower salinity habitat (19 ppt). Although P. vannamei captured might be escapees from aquaculture
farms, we observed smaller P. vannamei which might indicate population establishment. Our work in progress includes
analyzing the remaining samples, determining sources of escapees, assessing seasonal variation in relative abundance, and
determining gonad development of wild caught P. vannamei. This work will be the first to document and predict ability of
P. vannamei to establish a population in Thailand’s waters.
746
SUSTAINABLE FARMING SYSTEMS IN SUPPORT OF FOOD SECURITY - INTERNATIONAL

SCIENTIFIC COOPERATION IN SUPPORT OF IMPLEMENTATION
Cornelia E. Nauen
Directorate General for Research

European Commission
8, Square de Meeûs (SDME 1/20)
B-1049 Brussels
Belgium
cornelia.nauen@cec.eu.int
Growth in parts of the aquaculture industry has been very impressive, particularly over the last 20 or so years. A significant
part of that growth was in carnivores high in the food web and through appropriation of public or common property spaces,
raising concerns about sustainability and equity. Yet much of the volume growth was in organisms low in the food web
and through improved harnessing of natural productivity. Likewise the number of aquatic animal and plant species coming
under some form of control of parts of their life cycle has rapidly grown, though in much of the industry the scientific basis
still appears weak. Distributional effects vary widely across different social organisations. Inadequate integration between
and concomitant work on the four sustainability dimensions (ecological, economic, social and institutional) prevent the
high potential to contribute to greater food security from materialising more fully. Food security implies access of all people
to enough food of sufficient quality to lead healthy and active lives. While there is broad acceptance of codes of conduct,
such as developed as a result e.g. of the Bangkok Declaration, much remains to be done to device realistic intermediate
steps ensuring implementation for the generalised transition towards sustainable farming systems. Many of these would
benefit from research.
The current call for proposals of the European Communities’ international scientific cooperation programme (INCO) offers
funding opportunities for joint research and research coordination to address these issues focused on four thrusts or their
functional combination: (i) research in support of codes of conduct, including for aquarium fish; (ii) characterisation
and adding value to aquatic biodiversity with particular emphasis on structuring currently dispersed knowledge in public
repositories; (iii) sustainable feeds, farming system management and support to value chains attentive to resource poor
farmers and gender issues (as many farmers are women); (iv) development of policies in support of sustainable aquatic
farming systems. Particular emphasis is put on participatory research allocating sufficient resources to interaction with
social actors to ensure plausible problem-solving impact in society.
747
AGRICULTURAL PESTICIDE USE IN ASIA: THE POTENTIAL FOR IMPACTS ON

AQUATIC PRODUCTION SYSTEMS
Graeme Taylor
Institute Of Aquaculture
Stirling FK9 4LA
Scotland, UK
g.j.taylor@stir.ac.uk
The intensification of agricultural practices in Asia, over the past 50 years, has led to economic growth and higher productivity,
but a perceived continuing adverse impact on ecosystems. The Green Revolution saw many less developed countries adopt
an agricultural strategy which increased productivity through the introduction of high yielding crop varieties and external
inputs of chemical fertilisers and pesticides. In these countries, pesticides continue to be viewed as a both a guarantee
against crop failure and a means of maximising crop yield. However, little is currently known of the status of their use or
abuse and the fate and impact of pollutants entering these systems.
The majority of ecotoxicological studies on pesticide fate and behaviour have been conducted under temperate conditions.
Tropical terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems cover 25% of the land area on the surface of the Earth, generate nearly 60%
of the primary productivity of the planet and contain approximately two-thirds of the World’s flora and fauna. In Asia
the freshwater aquatic resource is also of vital importance for both agriculture and aquaculture production. Indeed, many
Asian agro-ecosystems are specifically designed to maximise the use of resources, and are closely adapted to local water
availability.
Assumptions of pesticide fate and effects based on data derived in temperate systems may be inaccurate for tropical systems.
This may also result in risk assessments using established methods, also derived in temperate systems, not accurately
reflecting potential risks. Some specific difficulties in assessing risks from pesticide contamination are the diversity and
complexity of specific agro-ecosystems, combined with varying agricultural and aquacultural practices, and the changing
spectrum of pesticides used in Asia. In terms of risks to aquatic produce, pesticide contamination may harm productivity
within aquatic systems. However, it may also represent a risk to human health for local consumers of aquatic produce, and
an economic risk for commercially grown aquatic produce, given export restrictions on products contaminated by pesticide
residues.
By focusing on specific examples of agro-ecosystems in Asia, this paper will attempt to highlight some of the concerns and
uncertainties relating to pesticide use in Asia, and their potential impacts on aquatic production systems.
748
TOTAL MERCURY IN BASS (Centropomus sp), BLACK CONCH (Anadara tuberculosa),

MANGROVE CRAB (Ucides occidentalis) AND SEDIMENT FROM MANGROVES OF
TUMBES, PERU
Jorge Echevarria, Acacia Alcivar-Warren and Adan Alvarado
Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud

Universidad Nacional de Tumbes
Tumbes, Peru
jecheva@terra.com.pe
The Tumbes river is an international river that originates in the mountain range of Ecuador and flows into the Pacific coast
of Peru. It is also one of the most important abiotic renewable resource in the Tumbes region in northwestern Peru and
needed for the survival of mangroves. Mercury is used for gold mining activities in the basin of the Tumbes river and
mining waste is dumped into the river contaminating the sediments up to 50 km down the river at high concentrations.
The objective of this study was to (1) determine the concentrations of mercury (Hg) in the sediment of mangroves from
Puerto Pizarro and El Bendito in Tumbes, Peru; (2) determine Hg concentrations in bass fish (Centropomus sp), black
conch (Anadara tuberculosa) and mangrove crab (Ucides occidentalis) collected from mangroves of Puerto Pizarro and El
Bendito in Tumbes, Peru, and (3) study the relationship between the levels of Hg found in the mangrove’s sediment and
the selected species.
A total of 5, 5 and 6 samples of Anadara tuberculosa, Ucides occidentalis and Centropomus sp, respectively, were analyzed.
Each sample contained 10, 8 and 3 pooled individuals per site, for a total of 50, 40 and 18 animals tested per site of Anadara
tuberculosa, Ucides occidentalis and Centropomus sp, respectively. Five samples of sediment were collected corresponding
to four portions of the mangrove’s sediment in each of the collection sites in Puerto Pizarro (Tumbes) and El Bendito
(Zarumilla), for a total of 20 portions analyzed per site. Mercury was determined using atomic absorption spectromic
(Matsunaga et al. 1976).
Results indicated that he average Hg concentrations reported in the sediment of Peru’s mangroves are somewhat higher
than those (0.055 ppm) reported in non-contaminated sites (Swedish Environmental Systems, 1978).
Hg concentrations found in the three species studied here suggest that Hg contamination in these areas is relatively small.
In general, Hg levels are higher than those reported in water and fish from non-contaminated areas (0.050 ppm) but they do
not represent a risk to public health according to the Environmental Protección Agency and Food and Drug Administration
of the United States. Although it appears that the Hg concentrations found in this study do not represent a treat to the biota
of the areas studied according to current internacional regulations, more basic research is needed to understand the effect
of chronic levels of Hg on the biology and gene expresion of these species.
749
DEVELOPMENT OF MICROSATELLITE GENETIC MARKERS TO ASSESS ECOLOGICAL

AND GENETIC RISKS CAUSED BY THE ACCIDENTAL RELEASE OF TRANSGENIC
SHRIMP, Penaeus vanamei and P. monodon
Dawn Meehan-Meola*, Zhenkang Xu, Leobert de la Pena, Jurgenne Primavera, Karen Alroy, Andrea Slate,
Alexandra Wolf and Acacia Alcivar-Warren
Environmental and Comparative Genomics Section

Department of Environmental and Population Health
Tigbauan, Iloilo, Philippines
acacia.warren@tufts.edu
The “Performance Standards for Safely Conducting Research With Genetically Modified Fish and Shellfish” (Document
No. 95-01), prepared by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Advisory Committee
(ABRAC), Working Group on Aquatic Biotechnology and Environmental Safety, were published on April 15, 1995. Since
then, research efforts to develop transgenic or genetically modified shrimp (GMS) have increased. It is expected that
advances in reproductive biotechnology as well as careful analyses of the impact of deliberate gene changes, deliberate
chromosomal manipulations, interspecific hybridization, and potential interference with natural reproduction would lead
to commercialization of these GMS. The potential effects of GMS on ecosystem structure and processes, however, have
not yet been addressed. Working towards this goal, we have begun to assess the impact to wild shrimp populations caused
by the accidental release of GMS into the marine environment. The first step towards this goal is to compile baseline
information on allele frequencies and genetic differentiation of the species along their natural range.
A reference database of innate, unique molecular genetic tags that differentiate among penaeid shrimp species is being
compiled. These tags include molecular and cytogenetic markers. A genetic marker panel has been developed consisting
of 18 simple sequence repeats (SSRs or microsatellite) and transposon genetic markers isolated from shrimp genomic
libraries. Twelve microsatellites originated from Penaeus vannamei and 6 originated from P. monodon. The P. vannamei
markers were selected one each from twelve different linkage groups (LG1-LG12) of the shrimp genetic map (ShrimpMap).
The P. monodon markers were selected from published data (Xu et al., 1999) and have not been assigned to a linkage
group. These markers are being used to examine the levels of genetic diversity in wild and cultured shrimp and to trace
pedigrees in breeding programs for the two species. Three of the ten microsatellites from P. vannamei (M1, TUMXLv9.77
and TUMXLv10312) have already been used to amplify unique alleles in wild P. vannamei of Peru, Ecuador, Panama,
Guatemala and Mexico and cultured SPF shrimp from the US Marine Shrimp Farming Program (USMSFP). The P.
monodon markers (TUZXPm4.82, 4.55, 2.41, 4.9, 4.45 and 4.85) were used to examine genetic differentiation in wild and
cultured P. monodon of Philippines and Thailand.
Preliminary results identified unique microsatellite alleles among wild populations of P. monodon from four geographic
regions of the Philippines. Unique alleles were also identified among wild populations of P. vannamei using the P. vannamei
markers and various country-specific markers were found. One marker, M1, could differentiate among shrimp from four
different provinces of Ecuador. Moreover, some of these markers differentiated the cultured SPF stocks from the USMSFP
from cultured P. vannamei stocked in shrimp farms in Phuket, Thailand. Work is underway to examine the utility of
these markers to differentiate among other wild penaeid species throughout their natural range using a larger sample size
collected on a 10-year period. These markers, along with cytogenetic markers being developed, will be used to assess the
potential risk to wild populations caused by the accidental release of GMS, for forensic analysis, to trace origin of imported
shrimp and address national and international biosecurity issues.
This work was partially funded by The Rockefeller Brothers Fund, USDA-CSREES, USDC-NOAA and SEAFDEC
750
GENETIC DIFFERENTIATION OF PENAEID SHRIMPS IN THE INDO-WEST PACIFIC

– A REVIEW
Ka Hou Chu*, Kwok Ho Tsoi and Zhaoxia Cui
The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
kahouchu@cuhk.edu.hk
The Indo-West Pacific (IWP) is a broad geographical province with the most diverse marine fauna. Many studies reveal
that populations of marine organisms including penaeid shrimps (family Penaeidae) are genetically structured over this
region. This paper reviews the literature on the genetic differentiation of Penaeus sensu lato which includes most of the
economically important penaeids in IWP. The genus was separated into six subgenera which have been raised to the genus
level, but this is not supported by results of molecular phylogenetic analysis. Based on mtDNA, species in Penaeus s.l. can
be separated into two clades, one of which consists of P. japonicus (in the monotypic subgenus Marsupenaeus) and species
in the subgenus Melicertus as a paraphyletic assemblage. The other four subgenera (including the two occurring in the
Western Hemisphere) make up another clade but whether species in the subgenus Penaeus are monophyletic is doubtful.
The study also suggests that Penaeus s.l. had originated in IWP.
Among Penaeus spp. in IWP, population genetic studies have been conducted for P. chinensis, P. monodon, P. merguiensis,
and P. japonicus. Studies based on mtDNA and microsatellites show that there is little genetic structure in P. chinensis
within its geographical range in northern China and Korea. Similarly, homogeneous populations of P. monodon in southwest
Indian Ocean indicate high gene flow over great geographical distances. In contrast, populations of P. monodon in the
Indonesian Archipelago are divided into three clusters and those in the Philippines are also fragmented, showing that
shrimp populations could be structured. Despite regional variations in population differentiation, a strong differentiation
exists between populations of P. monodon from the Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean. Such a biogeographic break in the
Indo-Australian Archipelago has also been demonstrated in P. merguiensis, as well as in other marine animals such as the
coconut crab Birgus latro and the starfish Linckia laevigata.
Studies on genetic differentiation have revealed cryptic diversity in Penaeus s.l. species. A 5% COI divergence between
the two P. merguiensis clades in Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean suggests the possible existence of two cryptic species,
although analysis of nuclear DNA markers does not support this view. Recent studies in our laboratory show that two
morphologically similar varieties of P. japonicus with different color banding patterns in the carapace exhibit COI divergence
of 6-7%. Subsequent analyses based on mt control region, AFLP and microsatellites clearly demonstrate the occurrence of
a cryptic Penaeus species in Southeast Asia that is distinct from P. japonicus in Japan and China seas.
Further studies on genetic differentiation in penaeid shrimps will provide scientific basis for conservation and aquaculture
of these species and contribute to the understanding of the phylogeography and evolutionary history of marine fauna in
IWP.
751
HEAVY METALS IN WILD BANANA PRAWN Penaeus merguiensis DE MAN FROM

CHANTABURI AND TRAT PROVINCES OF THAILAND
Suwanna Panutrakul*, Acacia Alcivar-Warren, Wansuk Sananan, Papasiri Barnett, Nongnud Tangkrad-Olan,
Sirikul Khamdech and Phacharakon Kerdthong
Department of Aquatic Science

Faculty of Science
Burapha University
Bangsaen, Chonburi 20131
Thailand
Heavy metals; Hg, Cd, Pb, Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn, in banana prawn (Penaeus merguiensis de Man) collected by gill net from
Chantaburi and Trat provinces have been studied. The prawn samples were divided into two main parts; head (cephalothorax)
and body before digested with concentrated nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide under pressure in a microwave digester
(CEM Mar5x). Trace concentrations of Hg were subsequently determined by Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometer. Cd, Cr,
Cu, Pb, Ni and Zn were determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer.
Results showed that levels of Hg, Cu, Zn and Cd in banana prawn collected from Chantaburi province are significantly
higher than those observed in Trat province. All of the heavy metals, except Hg, in the head part of banana prawn from
both provinces are significantly higher than the body part. Concentration levels of all metals studied were within the safety
limits for human consumption.
752
NOTES
753
WORLD AQUACULTURE 2005

Author Index
(Reference to Page Numbers)
Aanyu, Margaret 680 Aleem, Naseem 275

Aaserud Olsen, Siri 9 Alfaro, Andrea 277
Ababouch, Lahsen 10, 11, 12 Al-Gharabally, Hashem 27
Abinawanto, Abi 13 Ali, Fauzan 28
Abol-Munaf, A. B. 737 Ali, M. M. 541
Abol-Munafi, Ambok Bolong 735 Aliah, Ratu Siti 29
Abtahi, Behrooz 63, 590 Alig, Frank 99
Abu-Rezq, Tawfiq S. 14, 15 Alimon, Abdul Razak 310
Acosta-Salmón, Hector 16, 380 Alit, Anak Agung 30
Adiasmara Giri, Nyoman 382 Allan, Geoff L. 31, 170
Adiwidjaya, Darmawan 242, 243 Allbritton, Amanda 671
Affandi, R. 558 Allnutt, F. C. Thomas 164
Agh, Naser 48, 50, 54, 55, 263 Almatar, Sulaiman M. 32
Agustatik, Sri 569 Almeida, Jonas 221
Ahmad, Taufik 17, 18, 508, 667 Al-Musallam, Lamya S. 15
Ahmed, Gias 19 Alo, Micah 219
Ahmed, Nesar 20 Alston, Dallas E. 103
Ai Ly, Hoang 313 Álvarez-Borrego, Josué 206, 207, 208
Ajepe, Richard 183, 184 Amarasinghe, Upali S. 33, 330, 440, 705
Akbar, Syamsul 21, 253, 569 Amarullah, M. Husni 29
Akhondzadeh Basti, Afshin 22 Ambak, M. A. 537, 737
Akiyama, Dean M. 23 Amirkolaie, Abdolsamad K. 34
Akrajamorn, Anuttara 36 Amornsakun, Thumronk 35
Akter, Shamima 20 An, Cheul-Min 315
Al Amri, Issa 268 Anantasomboon, Gun 36, 497
Al Qodri, Ali Hafiz 38 Andamari, Retno 37
Al-Abdul-Elah, Khaled 24 Anderson, Bruce 635
Alam, Md. Samsul 26 Anderson, Trevor A. 56
Alam, Md. Shah 399, 670 Andriyanto, Wawan 624, 630
Alam, Md. Zahangir 274 Ángel del Río-Portilla, Miguel 208
Alam, S. M. Nazmul 25 Anindiastuti 38, 557
Alamgir, M. 136 Antoro, Suci 39
Alan, Geoff 482 Anwar, Khairul 40
Alavi, Mohammad R. 674 Anyanwu-Akeredolu, Betty 41
Albasri, Hatim 282 Appelbaum, Samuel 42, 43
754
Aquino-Silva, Maria Regina 44, 191 Azmi Ambak, Mohd 735

Ara, Yeasmin 20 Azwar, Zafril Imran 606, 621
Arai, Tomoko 385 Babet, Marie Claude 213
Araneda, C. 165 Bae, Jun-young 61
Aranguren, Antonio 100 Bahmani, Mahmood 63
Aranguren, Luis Fernando 543 Bahnan, Meliya 61, 62
Araújo, Ricardo 407 Bahrami Kamangar, Barzan 63
Arce, R. 212 Bahri, Syamsul 530
Ardi, Idil 282 Bai, Sungchul C. 61, 180, 234, 315, 316, 717
Areechon, Nontawith 239 Bailly, Denis 64, 331, 675
Arif, Gufron 587 Bakos, János 673
Arifin, Zaenal 45, 457 Baldock, Chris 65
Arimoto, Takafumi 46 Bambridge, Raquel 127, 128
Arisetiawan, Iwan 457 Banerjee, Sanjoy 579
Ariyanto, Didik 47, 669 Bang, In-Chul 66
Arjunkit, Chitra 360 Banu, A. N. Hasna 19, 67
Arnold, G. P. 151 Barber, David 132
Arnold, John 110 Barkat Kh., Edy 62
Arnold, Stuart J. 131 Barman, Benoy 69, 68, 242
Asem, Alireza 48, 49, 50, 55 Barnes, Andrew C. 661
Asih, Sidi 51, 702 Barnes, Michael E. 522
Askarian, Fatemeh 52 Barnes, Tomma 70, 683, 693
Aslianti, Titiek 30, 53, 504 Barnette, Prapasiri 745
Asmaragiri, Adi 587 Barros, José C. N. 209
Astuti, Heni 241 Bart, Amrit N. 245, 246, 247, 591
Astuti, Indri 61 Bartie, K. L. 120
Astuti, Wayan 53 Bartlett, Jason 321
Atashbar, Behrooz 54, 55 Bartlett, Tomas 221
Athauda, Saman B. 56 Bartley, Devin M. 71, 387
Atmomarsono, Muharijadi 225, 655 Basavaraju, Y. 331, 675
Atwood, Heidi L. 101, 588, 654 Basham, Candice 72
Aun, Win 600 Bastiawan, Dayat 619
Aungst, Randall 111 Batajoo, Rabindra K. 583
Avnimelech, Yoram 57 Battaglene, Stephen C. 73
Ayora, Elisa 211 Beaz, Daniel 74
Ayub, Junaidi C. 542 Beaz, Victoria 74
Ayyappan, S. 58 Bechtel, Peter J. 75, 77, 195, 465
Azar, A. 525 Beckwith, Julian 132
Azim, Ekram M. 59, 662 Begum, Anwara 78, 79, 136
Azim, Manuara 179 Behrozi, Sh. 293
Azizi, Aqil 60 Bekefi, E. 632
755
Belal, Ibrahim E. H. 80 Brown, John 99

Bell, J. Gordon 297, 298 Brune, D. E. 100
Bellais, Mereani 80, 126, 127, 128, 361 Buchanan, Jeffrey 108
Belliare, Corinne 129 Buchari, Achmad 599
Belmonte, Antonio 166, 211, 429 Budhiman, Agus 101
Bendiksen, Eldar Åsgard 298 Budi M., Sari 226
Benkendorff, Kay 354, 355 Budi Nursanto, Didik 240
Berg, Jan van den 91 Budiyanto, Yudi 642
Bergleiter, S. 81 Bueno, Mario A. 206
Bertone, S. 120 Buestel, Dominique 168
Beveridge, M. C. M. 59 Bui Thi Bang Hang 449
Bisesi, J. H. 653 Bullis, Robert A. 101
Biswas, Amal Kumar 82, 570 Bunasir 102
Blyth, Peter J. 84 Burger, Josh M. 548
Bochari Muslim, Achmad 85 Burke, Michael 321
Boguerouk, Andrei K. 86, 87, 88 Cabarcas-Núñez, Alexis A. 103
Bolasina, Sergio 89 Cabrera, Tomás 104
Bolland, A. 220 Cahyaningsih, Sri 105
Boojh, Ram 736, 736 Cai, Wan-qi 106
Boonsaeng, Vichai 311, 708 Calado, Ricardo 407
Boopathy, Raj 90 Callinan, Richard B. 172, 638, 640
Booth, Mark A. 31, 170 Camacho, Vic 99
Boromthanarat, Somsak 452 Carli, Chiara Veronica 312, 313
Bosc, Pierre 213 Carlsson, Nils O. L. 107
Bosma, Roel 91, 450, 451 Carman, Odang 232
Bossier, Peter 92, 375 Carragher, John F. 108
Bostick, Katherine M. 92 Carton, Guy 277
Bottazzi, Luigi 104 Casement, Daniel P. 276
Bourlatchenko, Irina V. 93, 94 Castles, Eduardo 104
Bovenhuis, Henk 113, 189 Cavalli, Ronaldo O. 484, 485
Boyd, Claude E. 95, 96 Cedano-Thomas, Yenelli 109
Boyd, Peter 533 Censkowsky, Udo 110
Brady, Philip 321 Chaiyakul, Siriporn L. 636
Brandsden, Matthew 73 Chakrabarti, Rina 111
Bridges, Christopher 166, 211, 429 Chamberlain, George 111
Briggs, Matthew R. P. 97, 98 Chamnanwech, Uraiwan 35
Brink, Danie 159, 287 Chan, Siu-Ming 657
Brito, Luis O. 209, 210 Chandaeng, Saenphon 112, 643, 646
Britz, Peter J. 285 Chapman, Robert 221
Broutoi, Francis 491 Chapman, Robert W. 581
Browdy, Craig L. 101, 221, 464, 581, 595, 654 Charngthark, K. 143
756
Charo-Karisa, Harrison 113 Colglazier, Joan 221

Chaturvedi, Sonal 665 Collins, Adrian 214, 482
Chayaburakul, Kanokporn 708 Collins, Craig 319
Chen, Ann 221 Coloso, Relicardo 363
Chen, Ching-Chun 265 Colt, John 278
Chen, Chu-Liang 339 Coman, Frank E. 131
Chen, Houng-Yung 115 Coman, Gregory J. 131
Chen, Jiann-Chu 114 Conceição, Luis E.C. 167
Chen, Man-Shu 649 Corbett Walter, Jean 132
Chen, Shinne 352 Corpron, Kenneth E. 133
Chen, Shulin 114 Corriero, Aldo 429
Chereguini, Olvido 116, 212 Corsin, Flavio 134, 135
Cheshire, Anthony C. 117 Cortéz, S. 165
Chien, Hung-Wen 649 Costa, Ecio F. 137, 138
Chien, Yew-Hu 118 Costa, Thomas 136
Chim, Liet 119, 491 Costa, Waleska M. 210
Chinabut, Supranee 120 Coutinho, Joana 441, 442
Cho, Kee Chae 342 Cowley, Jeff 321
Cho, Moonjae 479, 480 Craig, Steven R. 139, 140, 393, 394, 563
Cho, Nam-Kook 315 Cresswell, Roy 693
Cho, Sung Hwoan 121 Criado, José 455
Choi, Cheol Young 121 Crisostomo, David P. 141
Choi, Jin-Woo 344 Critchlow-Watton, C. 143
Choi, Kwang-Sik 122, 316, 357, 479, 480 Crocos, Peter J. 131
Choi, Sang-Duk 480 Crooijmans, Richard 189
Choi, Se-min 180, 234, 315, 717 Cross, Ismael 208
Choi, Yong Woo 316 Cruz-Suarez, Elizabeth 199
Choi, Yong-Suk 344 Cui, Shao-rong 473
Chou, Shiarn-Chiang 124 Cunha, Gilberto J. 144
Chouinard, Omer 122 Cuong, Nguyen Tu 134
Chrisanfova, G. G. 87 Cuthberson, Brandon 464
Christianus, Annie 123, 310 D. Madsen, Karl Iver 258
Chu, Ka Hou 370 da Cruz, Julio 228, 229
Chu, Yuan-Nan 124 Dana, Darnas 558, 617
Chuah, T. S. 737 Dang Van Truong 660
Chung, Sang-Chul 122 Darmawan, T. R. Ade 147
Ciptoroso 421, 652 Darmawiyanti, Veni 147, 601
Clarke, Steven M. 125 Davies, S. J. 218
Clay, Jason 92, 95, 125 Dávila, Miguel 495
Cochard, Jean-Claude 126, 127, 128 Davis, D. Allen 101, 148, 199, 534, 535, 615
Cochennec-Laureau, Nathalie 129, 130 Davis, W. 143
757
Day, Dafzel 237 Doolan, Ben J. 170

de Bruyn, Mark 386 Dores, Elsa 442
de Jose, Regvil R. 600 Douny, Caroline 305
de la Rosa-Vélez, Jorge 109 Doupé, Rob 482
de la Vega, Enrique 149 Dove, Michael C. 171, 172
De Lara, José 74, 150, 455, 496 Doyle, Roger W. 294
De Los Rios, Patricio 49 Drahos, David J. 391
De Metrio, G. 151 Drawbridge, Mark 175
De Muylder, Eric 152 D’Suze, Maria 104
de Oliveira Cesar, Jose Renato 153 Duijster, N. 34
De Silva, Sena S. 33, 154, 155, 200, 304, 330, 447, 705 Dunham, Rex A. 664
de Wet, Lourens F. 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162 Dunstan, Hugh 464
Deflorio, M. 151 Dunstan, R. Hugh 461
Defoirdt, T. 92 Duong, Le Thanh 360, 450, 451
Degnan, Bernard 149, 362 Duque, Matilde 104
del Río-Portilla, Miguel Ángel 206, 207 Durazo, Eduardo 175
Delabbio, Julie L. 163 Durben, Dan J. 522
Delghandi, Madjid 414 Dwita Lestari, Shanti 176
Demetrio, Gregorio 211, 429 Dwiyanto, Sapto 601
Dengfeng, Li 689, 690 Dybdahl, Rand E. 432
Denson, Michael R. 588 East, Iain J. 568
Dewi, Sri 308, 309, 612 Ebrahimzadeh Mousavi, H. A. 176
Dhar, Arun K. 164 Ebrahimzadeh, S. M. 293
Dharma, Lukas 224 Edi, M. Handoyo 112, 646
Dhont, Jean 375, 593 Eding, Ep H. 562, 679
Diana, James S. 716 Edwards, Peter 177
Diaz Herrera, Fernando 521 Edziyie, Regina 489
Díaz, Maria del Valle 166 Effendy, Saldyansah 178
Díaz, Nelson F. 165 E-Jahan, Khondker Murshed 179
Diez, J. 116, 212 Ekanayake, Prashani Mudika 180
D’Incao, Fernando 485, 589 El Naggar, Gamal 422
Ding, Shao Xiong 665 El-Bialy, Zizy 189
Dinh Hung 660 El-Dakour, Salim 24
Dinis, Maria Teresa 167 Elizur, Abigail 321
Djunadi, Santoso 620 Ellis, David 108
Do Thi Thanh Huong 449 Eme, Okorie 180
Doering, Peter 683 Engle, Carole 256, 505
D’Ollone, Christine 126 Ervik, Arne 9, 335
Domingues, I. 143 Etiawan, Iwan Aris 45
Dominy, Warren 196 Evans, Brad S. 181, 320
Dong, Zaijie 169, 734 Eversole, A. G. 100
758
Ezaz, Tariq 417 Fox, Joe M. 148, 199

Falahatkar, Bahram 590 Francis, David S. 200
Fandika, Isaac 182 Franicevic, Vlasta 651
Faruk, Md. Ali Reza 183 Franky, Poltak Rio 395, 739
Fashina-Bombata, Hakeem A. 183, 184 Friedman, C. S. 531
Fatema, M. Kaniz 662 Fry, James 190
Fauvel, Christian 211, 429 Fu, Xinhong 671
Febriko 601 Fujii, Tetsuo 201
Fegatella, Fitri 185, 250, 575 Fujita, Teruhide 202
Feisal, Fauzan 186 Fukuyo, Yasuwo 203
Felix, S. 187 Funge-Smith, Simon 204, 387
Fell, Evgeniy 467 Furuita, Hirofumi 318
Ferenc, Lévai 684 Fushimi, Hiroshi 333
Fernandes, João Batista K. 381 G. Laxe, Fernando 188
Fernandes, Milena 117 Galindo-Villegas, Jorge 205
Fernández, José M. 188 Gallardo, Wenresti G. 233
Fessehaye, Yonas 189 Gallardo-Escárate, Cristian 206, 207, 208
Fielder, Stewart 214, 482 Gálvez, Alfredo Olivera 209, 210
Filippova, E. K. 87 Ganadikusumah, Ai Geraldi 395, 739
Finley, Willa 190 Gani, Solehudin Abdul 395, 739
Finn, Ben 171 García de la Banda, Inés 116, 212
Fiorini, Murilo Pires 44, 191 Garcia, Antonio 166, 211, 429
Firat, Kürsat 628 Gardenia, Lila 616
Fitwe, Biniam 159 Garen, Pierre 126
Fitzsimmons, Kevin 192, 319 Gaumet, Frédéric 213
Fjalestad, Kjersti 414 Gavine, Fiona 214, 482
Fjalland, Jacob 134 Geramy, Ebrahim Hosseini Najde 263
Flegel, Timothy W. 36, 193, 194, 708 Germano, Napua 195
Flores, Edwin 132 Giacomini, M. 120
Focken, Ulfert 363 Gifford, Scott P. 461, 464
Fonseca, Marco 132 Girardi, Lorenzo 44, 191
Fontanillas, Ramon 666 Giri, Nyoman Adiasmara 215, 571, 624, 627
Fontenot, Quenton 90 Glencross, Brett 216
Foon, Ng Chi 579 Glendenning, David 533
Foote, Garth 277 Goddard, Stephen J. 268
Fornshell, Gary 256 Goldsmid, Ross M. 73
Forster, Ian P. 195, 196, 415 González, Ángel L. 150
Foster, Derek 640 Gonzalez, Pablo 192
Fotedar, Ravi 197, 198, 500, 637 Gonzalez-Reynoso, Luis 217
Fougerouse, Angélique 129, 130, 337, 361 Gooley, Geoff 214, 443, 482
Fowler, Robert R. 132 Gordin, Hillel 166, 211, 429
759
Goto, Takanobu 318 Han, Kyungmin 61, 180, 234

Gouveia, Antonio 218 Hanafi, Adi 235, 605, 624, 630
Graham, Peter A. 251 Hanafi, Mokhamad 236, 252, 253
Grahl-Nielsen, Otto 9 Handayani, Retno 639
Granja, Clarissa 526 Handoko, Dwi 237
Graves, Scott 219 Handoyo, Boyun 237
Gray, Scott 304 Hanggono, Bambang 238, 239, 240, 241
Griffiths, Don 448 Hanna, Peter J. 389
Grimes, Adrian C. 581 Hansen, Øyvind 414
Grisez, L. 220, 325, 336 Haque, Mohammad Mahfujul 242, 261, 556
Gross, Paul S. 221, 464, 581 Hara, Kenji 233
Groves, Sarah 222 Hardanu, Warih 242, 243
Grubisic, Leon 651 Harimurti Adi, Ceno 237
Gualdi, Laura 312, 313 Harisanto, Margasanto 548
Gudding, Roar 256 Harries, Simon 197, 198
Guerrelhas, Ana Carolina 223 Harris, Enang 243
Gultepe, Nejdet 264 Hartanto, Nono 21
Gunadi, Bambang 47, 224, 574, 669 Hartono, Philipus 244
Gunarto 225 Haryadi, Joni 282
Gunawan, Agung 112 Haryanti 226, 244
Guo, Jiin-Ju 353 Hasan, M. R. 541
Gurung, Tek Narain 440 Hasan, Mahmud 245, 246, 247
Gusti, Ngurah 226 Hasmawati 530
Gustiano, Rudhy 227 Hassan, Mohd Hilmi 274
Guterres, Horacio 228, 229 Hasson, Kenneth W. 164
H. N., Kamiso 659 Håstein, Tore 256
Habib, M. A. B. 541 Hastuti, Sri 620
Hadadi, Ahmad 230, 412 Hatanaka, Hiroyuki 201
Hadie, Lies Emmawati 231, 232 Haug, Lise 414
Hadie, Wartono 231, 232 Haumani, Gabriel 126, 129
Haffner, Philippe 129 Haynes, Lesli 683
Hafiz, Mohd Jamaludin 274 Heasman, Michael P. 171, 248
Hagiwara, Atsushi 233, 466 Hedayati, M. F. 250
Hall, Mike 149 Hedayati, Masoud 249
Hall, Steven 373 Hedianto, Yanuarso Eddy 13
Hamal, Haruna 178, 530 Hempattarasuwan, Nuttiga 401
Hamidreza, Tavakoli 521 Henderson, Jim 297
Hamilton, Don 132 Hendra, Ekasari 250
Hammed, Ayofe 183, 184 Heng, Ek 600
Hamzah, Azhar 499 Henry, Raymond P. 534, 535
Han, Gi-Myung 344 Heo, Moon-Soo 279
760
Heo, Younseong 234, 717 Ibrahim, Saadiah 600

Herbert, Brett W. 251 Ibrahim, Sakri 268
Hermawan, Agus 237 Ibros, Zakirman 395, 739
Hermawan, Tinggal 21, 252, 253 Ilham 178
Hernandi, Lilik 413 Imanto, Philip T. 269
Hernawati, Rina 510, 708 Immink, Anton J. 270
Hidayat, Fauzan 254 Ingram, Brett A. 271
Hilbrands, Aldin 255 Inoue, Yuya 82
Hinshaw, Jeffrey M. 256 Insan, Irsyaphiani 272, 282, 334
Hjeltnes, Brit 256 Irawan, Bambang 272
Ho, E. 325 Irma 625
Hoang Quang Bao 660 Ishikawa, Manabu 326, 399, 523, 670
Hoffman, Louw 162 Islam, K. M. Nurul 136
Høisæter, Tore 9, 335 Islam, Md. Shahidul 26
Hokama, Yoshistugi 635 Ismi, Suko 273, 658
Holdt, Susan 257, 258 Isnansetyo, Alim 273, 294
Holthus, Paul 259, 564, 567 Iturra, P. 165
Hong, Chung-Hee 122 Iwata, Nakahiro 314
Hong, Jae-Sang 479 Jaelani 421, 652
Horstman, Deon 260 Jairin, M. 722
Hosokawa, Hidetsuyo 205 Jalal, K. C. Ahmed 274, 537
Hossain, M. Motaher 262 James, Charles M. 14, 32
Hossain, Mostafa 261 Janssen, Johannes 68, 275
Hossu, Belgin 264 Jaritkuan, Somtawin 745
Howell, Christopher 111 Jayasinghe, U. Asanka D. 330
Hsu, Chen-Yu 265 Je, Jae-Young 318
Hsu, Chin-Yu 339 Jeffrey, Mathew L. 276
Hui, Ye 689, 690 Jeffs, Andrew G. 277
Hung, Le Thanh 266 Jena, Joykrushna 58
Hur, Jun Wook 340 Jeney, Zsigmond 673
Hussain, Muhammad Ijaz 365 Jenkins, Greg 214, 482
Hutabarat, Luci Christina 625 Jenkins, Wallace E. 588
Hutapea, Jhon Harianto 226, 267, 437, 584 Jensen, Erland 134
Hutchinson, Wayne 482 Jensen, Gary L. 278
Hutchison, Wayne 214 Jeong, Sang Chul 180
Hutoran, Marina 327 Jerry, Dean R. 181, 320
Huynh, Le Duyen 318 Jeyalakshmi, M. 609
Huynh, Tu 305 Ji, Seung-Cheol 279
Huys, G. 120 Jin, Chang-Nam 279
Hwang, Hyung-Gue 315 Jo, Jae-Yoon 280, 281, 315
Ibrahim, Fahad S. 268 Johan, Ofri 282
761
Johnny, Fris 283, 536, 658 Karim, Manjurul 292, 302, 360, 440
Johnson, Gerald R. 163 Karim, Md. Reazul 275
Johnson, Howard M. 284 Katavic, Ivan 651
Joko Purnomo, Sugeng 601 Kaukaew, Jirarat 467
Jones, Clifford L. W. 285, 286 Kawabata, Toyoki 314
Jones, Nicholas 637 Kawasaki, Hiroyuki 322
Jones, Paul L. 170, 200, 304 Kaymak, Uzay 91
Jonquières, Gérard 128 Kenway, Matt 321
Jordaan, Martine S. 287 Kerr, Phillip D. 304
Jorgensen, Jan 647 Kervarec, Fabienne 331, 675
Jory, Darryl 104 Keshavappa, G. Y. 331, 675
Jost, Werner 287 Kestemont, Patrick 305
Juárez, Lorenzo 288 Keyvanshokoh, Saeed 293
Jufrie, Fatahillah 289 Khan, Saleha 556
Julinasari, Dewi 244 Khang, Pham Van 134
Jun, Chen 290 Khanobdee, Kornnika 712
Jun, Wang 665 Khasani, Ikhsan 224, 308, 309, 612
Jung, Yong-Uk 279 Khatoon, H. 723
Jusadi, Dedi 291, 406, 625, 694 Khoda Bakhsh, Hamid 310
Kabangnga, Naftali 472 Kiatpathomchai, Wansika 311
Kabir, Md. Shamsul 292, 302 Kiattichaiprasop, Orawat 401
Kadarini, Tutiik 292 Kibria, Md. Ghulam 312, 313
Kadriah, I. A. K. 423 Kikuchi, Kotaro 314
Kaew, Orawat 671 Kilgen, Marilyn 90
Kahrs, Jim 490 Kim, Guen-Up 345
Kaiser, Horst 285 Kim, In-Bae 280, 281
Kajiwara, Keita 205 Kim, Jae-Won 315
Kalbassi, MohammadReza 293, 590 Kim, Jeong Ha 316
Kamal, Shameen 179 Kim, Jong Wook 346
Kamaruddin 667 Kim, Jongchang 726
Kamaruzzaman, Norhidayat 499 Kim, Kang-Woong 315, 316
Kamiso, Handoyo Nitimulyo 273, 294 Kim, Kyong-Min 315, 317
Kamonrat, Wongpathom 39, 294, 438 Kim, Kyoung-Duck 317
Kaneshalingam, S. 143 Kim, Min Suk 346
Kang, Do-Hyung 122, 357 Kim, Se-Jae 357
Kang, Hyun-Sil 279, 295, 296 Kim, Se-Kwon 318
Kang, Ju-Chan 234 Kim, Shin-Kwon 318
Kang, Kyoung-Im 296 Kim, Wan Soo 346
Kang, Yong-Jin 315, 316, 317 Kim, Youngchul 234, 316
Karalazos, Vasileios 297, 298 Kim, Yuna 316
Karim, Mahmudul 299, 300, 301, 303 King, Chad 319
762
Kirk, Kendall 100 Lambert, Christophe 479, 480

Kitagawa, Takashi 584 Langy, S. 130
Kitamura, Seigo 279 Langy, Sandra 80, 129, 168, 337, 361
Kjørsvik, Elin 513 Lante, Samuel 667
Klannukarn, Supattra S. 712 Latief, Syahrul 367
Klinbunga, Sirawut 438, 498 Lauer, Peter 117
Knauer, Jens 181, 320, 647 Laursen, Jesper 394
Knibb, Wayne 72, 321, 362 Lawrence, Addison L. 199
Ko, Young Wook 316 Lay, Bibiana W. 699
Kobayashi, Mayumi 322 Le Chevalier, Patrick 480
Koedprang, Worawut 39, 323 Le Pennec, Marcel 126
Koesharyani, Isti 324, 616, 641 Le Toullec, Audrey 213
Komar, Cedric 325, 336 Le Vay, Lewis 507
Komatsu, T. 59 Le, Ngoc B. 448
Komen, Hans 113, 189 Leal, Albino G. 210
Kompiang, I Putu 601 Leaño, Eduardo M. 353
Koppe, Wolfgang 666 Lebbos, Nada B. 553
Koshio, Shunsuke 326, 399, 523, 670 Ledu, Christophe 128
Kotler, Moshe 327 Lee, Anne M 347
Kousha, Armin 52 Lee, Bong-Joo 343
Kristanto, Anang Hari 51, 702 Lee, Chang-Hoon 344
Ku, Min-Chun 328 Lee, Chien-Chung 118
Kuanhong, Min 329 Lee, Chiu-Sha 114
Kularatne, Mohottala G. 330 Lee, Daniel O’C. 339, 341
Kumagai, Keita 435 Lee, Fu-Chun 649
Kumai, Hidemi 82, 560, 570 Lee, HaeYoung 342
Kumar, Y. S. Arun 331, 675 Lee, Jee-Youn 122
Kupka Hansen, Pia 335 Lee, Jehee 180, 279, 295, 296
Kurata, Michio 570 Lee, Jeong-Yeol 315, 340
Kurifuji, Kazuharu 279 Lee, Jung Ah 346
Kurniastuty 244 Lee, Kookkyung 357
Kurniawan, Ari T. 459 Lee, Kyeong-Jun 343
Kurokura, Hisashi 333 Lee, Pei-Yu 339
Kusdiarti 272, 334, 621 Lee, Sang-Min 317, 343, 344, 345, 348
Kusmana 18 Lee, Sang-Mok 121
Kutti, Tina 9, 335 Lee, Yong-Don 295
Kwon, Sung-Min 66 Lee, Young-Don 296, 343, 357
Labrie, Lauke 325, 336 Leemans, Ingrid 594
Lacuisse, Marc A. 167 Lelana, Iwan Y. B. 659
Lade, Jennifer 271 Lemaire, Pierrette 119, 491
Laining, Asda 472 Lemos, Daniel 349
763
Leong, Anthony 737 Lymbery, Alan 482

Lerkitkul, Thanompong 497 Maas, Azwar 475
Leschen, William 425 Macbeth, Michael 321, 362
Lestari Nura’ini, Yani 238, 239, 240 MacFarlane, Geoff 461, 464
Leung, PingSun 350 Madeali, Mun Imah 364
Levy, Peva 129, 130 Madsen, Karl Iver D. 257
Li, Yutao 498 Maftuti Nur, E. 639
Liang, Rong-Yuan 352 Maghuin-Rogister, Guy 305
Liao, I Chiu 265, 353 Mahardika, Ketut 244
Licon, Kate S. 164 Mahboob Rana, Shahid 365, 366
Lideman 638, 640 Mai Duy Minh 650
Liebert, Frank 354, 355, 356 Mai Soni, Fairus 367
Liew, H. J. 737 Mailliez, Jean-René 491
Lightner, Donald V. 99, 713 Mair, Colin 369
Lim, Lian Chuan 357 Mair, Graham C. 368
Lim, Na-Lae 357 Maisonneuve, Vivien 119
Lim, Sang-Min 315 Mak, Wai Yan 370
Lima, João P. V. 210 Makmur 508
Linares, F. 116, 212 Makridis, Pavlos 167
Lino, Pedro G. 551 Malcolm, Loy 371
Little, D. C. 59, 242 Malecha, Spencer 153
Little, David 68, 69, 270, 292, 297, 302, 360, 401, Mallick, Dwijen 372, 519
425, 503 Mamun, Abdullah-Al 427
Liu, Kuan-Fu 353 Manaffar, Ramin 55
Li-xia, Fu 106 Mandhani, Navneet 373
Lo, Cédrik 80, 127, 168, 337, 361 Maneeruttanarungroj, Cherdsak 498
Lobão, Vera L. 144 Mangampa, Markus 17, 655
Lobo, C. 116, 212 Mantingh, Irmen 671
Logarta, Hilario 228 Marcó, Lue M. 495
Long, Brian 739 Mardianta, Anton 613
Loo, Maylene 117 Mardjono, Maskur 458, 613, 614
López, Lus M. 175 Marin, Arnaldo 682
Lovatelli, Alessandro 469, 470 Marino, Giovanna 374
Lucas, Tim 362 Mariscal Lagarda, Martín 379
Lückhoff, Paul D. 160 Marques, Antonio 375
Lückstädt, Christian 363 Martarini, Diptarina 413
Lucky, Nahid 261 Martin, Joanna 397
Ludannyi, P. I. 87 Martinez Palacios, Carlos A. 376, 532
Luna, Ladislao 188 Martínez, José Maria 676
Lunger, Angela 393 Martínez-Cordero, Francisco J. 288, 378, 379
Lupi, Paola 663 Martínez-Fernandez, Erika 380
764
Martino, Ricardo C. 381 Meyer, Trevor 418

Martins, Catarina I. M. 680 Miao, Weimin 169, 398
Marzuqi, M. 215 Miao, Xiang-wen 473
Marzuqi, Muhammad 382, 627 Michael, Fady Raafat 399, 670
Masalo, Ingrid 460 Michel, A. 220, 325
Maskur 29, 615 Micke, Wade 108
Massabuau, Jean-Charles 491 Mifsud, Charlie 533
Massam, J. Paul 383, 738 Milstein, Ana 422
Masser, Michael P. 384 Milwain, Garry 401, 671
Masud, O. A. 685 Minarti Harahap, Irma 402
Masuda, Reiji 385 Minjoyo, Herno 402, 403
Masumoto, Toshiro 205 Mirzargar, S. S. 176
Mather, Peter B. 386 Misaghi, Ali 22
Matias-Peralta, H. 723 Mishra, Jeet 548
Matsunari, Hiroyuki 619 Miyake, Makoto Peter 404
Mattson, Niklas 387, 681 Miyashita, Shigeru 560
Mayasari, Novi 388 Moehlenberg, Flemming 257, 258
Maynard, Ben T. 389 Mohan, Ram 72
Mazzotti, Frank 70 Mohri, Mehrdad 577
McAndrew, Brendan 417 Mojazi Amiri, Bagher 63
McElroy, Seamus 229, 395, 739 Mokoginta, Ing 230, 291, 406, 619, 620
McGovern-Hopkins, Kathleen 390 Molina Dominguez, Lucía 407
McHatton, Sarah C. 391 Mondol, Md. Rashedul K. 26
McIntosh, Dennis 319 Monteiro, Carlos C. 551
McKillen, David 221 Montero, Daniel 407
McKinnon, David 392 Montes, Cesar 150, 455
McLean, Ewen 139, 393, 394, 563 Moore, Abigail 408
McLeod, Ian 395, 739 Moore, J. D. 531
McNevin, Aaron 95 Moore, Wayland 163
Mecatti, Massimo 663 More, William R. 409, 410
Medina, Antonio 166, 211, 429 Moreau, Yann 411, 412, 621
Meeratana, Prasert 712 Moretti, Lionel 491
Meiky, Manja 569 Moria, Sari Budi 37, 244
Melianawati, Regina 269, 396 Morita, Masaya 413
Mendoza, Lismen 495 Morrison, Kenneth 111
Menon, Ravindranadh 677, 678 Mortensen, Atle 414
Mente, Elena 397 Moss, Dustin R. 416
Merlo, Alejandro 208 Moss, Shaun M. 415, 416
Metz, Adrienne C. 581 Mota-Velasco, Jose C. 417
Meyer, Dan 132 Motikawa, Sandra 349
Meyer, Suyapa 132 Moura, Carlos A. F. 137
765
Mous, Peter 418 Narciso, Luis 441, 442

Mousavi, Behzad 419, 420 Naser, M. Niamul 262
Mowla, Runia 312, 313 Nash, Gary 708
Mudgundi, Amol 373 Nauen, Cornelia E. 746
Mudjiutami, Endang 421, 608 Nazari, R. M. 293
Muendo, Patricia P.N 422 Ndobe, Samliok 408
Muhtar, Achmad N. M. 599 Neeraja, R. 610
Muir, James F. 270 Neish, Iain C. 442
Mukti, Wiwin 620 Nelson, Stephen 99
Muliani 423 Neori, Amir 443
Mulis, Sahidan 21 New, Michael B. 444
Mulyadi, Muhammad 147, 620 Newman, Stephen G. 445
Muna, Nisa 424 Ng, Chee Kiat 123
Munasinghe, Helani 295 Ng, J. 220
Muñóz, Francisco 74, 150, 455 Ng, Wing-Keong 446
Murashkin, Valentin B. 86 Ngo, Thao T. T. 480
Murata, Osamu 560 Nguyen Anh Tuan 449
Murata, Yuko 318 Nguyen Thanh Phuong 449
Murdjani, Muhammad 238, 240, 639 Nguyen Thi Xuan Thu 650
Murphy, Brian R. 163 Nguyen Tu Cuong 135
Murray, Francis 425 Nguyen, Phuong 305, 448
Murtiati 652 Nguyen, Thuy 438, 447
Muslim 280, 281 Nhan, Dang Kieu 360, 450, 451
Muslimin 225 Niartiningsih, Andi 452
Mustafa, Ahmed 425 Nilawati, Sativana 185
Mustafa, Md. Golam 427 Ninan, Sunitha 580
Musyafik, A. 434 Niphonkit, Nopparmard 745
Muthukumaran, Alaguchamy 428 Nissapa, Ayut 452
Mylonas, Constantinos 166, 211, 429 Niwa, Yukiyasu 402, 510
Nagasawa, Kazuya 430 Nixon, Mark 533
Nagothu, Udaya Sekhar 431 Noble-White, Brenda 713
Naim, Mohd Azrul 274 Noffs, Maximiliano D. 381
Nair, C. Mohanakumaran 433 Nogueira, A. 143
Nair, Manoj 432 Noor, Ronny Rachman 232
Najmushabah, Fivi 434 Nopiyan 702
Nakajima, Masamichi 323, 435, 438 Novita, Hessy 616
Nakano, Shoji 436 Nugrahani, Meti Mutiara 453
Nakazawa, Akio 226, 437, 584 Nugroho, Estu 454
Nam, Cao Quoc 450 Núñez, Jose F. 150, 455
Na-Nakorn, Uthairat 39, 323, 438, 439 Nur, Abidin 45, 242, 457, 458, 459
Nandeesha, M. C. 42, 312, 313, 440 Nur, Amatun 456
766
Nurhidayat, M. A. 615 Parenrengi, Andi 423, 478, 611, 622

Nurr II, Abidin 639 Parisi, Giuliana 663
Nyoman, Ketut 571 Park, Beum-Hee 121
Oanh, D. T. H. 120 Park, Geun-tae 180, 279
Oca, Joan 460 Park, Gun-Jun 61, 316
O’Connor, Wayne A. 171, 461, 462, 464 Park, Heung-Sik 479
Øie, Gunvor 513 Park, Ho-Jin 296
Ojha, Jai Shankar 463 Park, In-Sook 121
Okada, Tokihiko 560 Park, Kyung-Il 479, 479, 480
Okamoto, Marcelo 549 Park, Sang Yong 66
Okubo, Yuji 399 Park, Young-Je 479
Okuno, Makoto 413 Park, Young-Mi 295
O’Leary, Nuala 464 Parrish, Rob 481
Olive, Peter 140, 497 Partridge, Gavin J. 214, 482
Oliveira, Alexandra C. M. 75, 77, 195, 465 Patnaik, Susmita 101, 548
Olsen, Atle Ivar 466 Pavlovic, Antun 467
Olsen, Rolf Erik 471, 618 Peacock, Nigel 190
Onsanit, Sarayut 467, 636 Pearce, Matthew 195
Ooi, Hideharu 279 Pearlstine, Leonard 70
Oraic, Drazen 467, 734 Pebriyadi, Bachrian 291
O’Sullivan, David ‘Dos’ 468 Pecher, Wolf T. 674
Otoshi, Clete 416 Peddie, Brian 483
Ottolenghi, Francesca 469, 470 Peixoto, Silvio 131, 484, 485, 589
Ounais, Nadia 407 Pellan, Antoine 127, 128
Oxley, Anthony 471 Peni 45
Padiyar, Arun 440 Penman, David J. 417
Paillard, Christine 480 Perelberg, Ayana 327
Palerud, Rune 698 Perera, Ramesh P. 487
Palinggi, Neltje N. 472 Pérez, Adriana 89
Pamungkas, Wahyu 308, 309 Permana, I. G. Ngurah 37, 244, 437, 584
Pan, Debo 733 Permata, Girang 488
Pan, Jin-ming 473 Perschbacher, Peter 489, 490
Panda, Jitesh 440 Pham Dinh Khoi 660
Panganiban, Arthur 523, 670 Pham Van Hoi 671
Panigoro, Novita 61, 62 Pham Van Khang 135
Pankhurst, Neville W. 217 Pham, Dominique 491
Panphut, Wattana 36 Pham, Hung 492
Pantjara, Brata 475 Phan Thanh Liem 449
Panutrakul, Suwanna 745 Phan, Oanh 113
Panyim, Sakol 657 Phelps, Ronald P. 615
Pao, Xu 476 Phillips, Michael 492, 600
767
Phong, Le Thanh 451 Priyono, Agus 53, 504, 587

Phuong, N. T. 120 Prizenko, V. K. 87
Phuong, Nguyen Thanh 706 Puello Cruz, Ana C. 378
Pickett, Ian 276 Puji Widodo, Ari 240
Pierce, Graham J. 397 Pujiati 105
Pilcher, Olin 493 Qi, Ni 290
Piñon, Eric 140 Quagrainie, Kwamena 505, 506
Plante, Sebastien 77, 195 Quan, Su Yong 665
Podder, Mitali 20 Quinitio, Emilia T. 507
Poernomo, Raden Panji 494 Rabbani, Abed G. 727
Poleo, Germán A. 495 Rachmansyah 392, 508, 667
Poli, Bianca Maria 663 Radiarta, I. Nyoman 282, 509
Polo, Gerardo 496 Rahayuni, Evi 402, 510, 708
Poltana, Pisit 497 Rahman, Atiq 372, 519
Pomerleau, Steeve 256 Rahman, Md. Mizanur 78, 511, 512
Pongsomboon, Siriporn 498 Rahmat, Ayi 528
Ponzoni, Raul W. 499 Rai, Ashish Kumar 440
Poompuang, Supawadee 438 Rainuzzo, Jose 513
Pourkazemi, Mohammad 590 Rakibullah, A. J. M. 685
Pousão-Ferreira, Pedro 441, 442, 551 Rakocy, James E. 716
Pouyaud, Laurent 227, 602 Ramli, Nahrowi 514
Pramandhani, Narista 13 Ramnarine, Indar W. 515
Pramono Setyo, Bambang 413 Rana, Krishen 268
Prangnell, David 198, 500, 637 Ranamukhaarachchi, S. L. 511
Praseno, Ongko 509 Rantetondok, Alexander 515
Prasetyo, Teguh 501 Rao.Y, Vasudeva 111
Prathapachandra, Shetty 502 Rasaee, Mohamad Javad 63
Pratheepa, V. 609 Rasmussen, Michael R. 394
Pratiwi, B. C. 573 Rasnake, Erin 518, 683
Prayitno, Budi 502, 617 Rastegar-Pouyani, Nasrullah 48, 49, 50
Preston, Nigel 131, 321, 395, 739 Raux, Pascal 64, 331, 519, 675
Pribadi, Januar 642, 700 Ravikumar, Sundaram 520
Price, Charlie 503 Razavilar, Vadood 521
Price, Randy 373 Read, Phil 533
Prihadi, Triheru 292, 702 Re-Araujo, Ana Denisse 521
Prijambada, Irfan Dwidya 475 Rebordinos, Laureana 208
Prijono, Agus 627 Reeves, Stuart G. 522, 733
Prilastini 85 Reig, Lourdes 460
Primavera, Jurgenne 507 Reitan, Katja H 513
Priono, Bambang 282, 509 Ren, Jeffrey 524
Priyambodo, Bayu 504 Ren, Tongjun 523
768
Ren, Zenlin 731 Rungsin, Wikrom 439

Reppond, Kermit 75 Russell, D. J. 539
Resnikov, Evgeny 43 Rustadi, T. 540
Restrepo, V. L. 653 Rustam, Yepy Hardi 185
Reyahi Khoram, Mahdi 525 Rustan, Arild C. 471
Reyes, Alejandro 526 Ryskov, A. P. 87
Rezk, Mahmoud A. 113, 189 Saad, C. R. 537
Rhodes, Adelaide 527 Saad, Che Roos 123
Riani, Etty 586 Saavedra, Margarida 442
Riaño, Ricardo 543 Saeng-Oum, Wiwat 36
Ricque-Marie, Denis 199 Saha, Jayanta Kumar 541
Rifai, Husen 528 Saidin, Thalathiah 542
Rimmer, Michael A. 529 Saito, Keiko 674
Rios Duran, Ma. Gisela 376 Saka, Sahin 628
Robalino, Javier 221, 581 Sakakura, Yoshitaka 466
Robbins, T. T. 531 Salazar, Marcela 526, 543
Robledo, José A. F. 674 Salehi, Hassan 544
Rocha, Rui J. 167 Salie, Khalid 157, 545, 546, 547
Rochyati 334 Salin, K. R. 433
Rodrígues de Souza, Maria Luisa 532 Salmon, Matt 321
Rodríguez, Eleuterio 676 Salnur, Semih 264
Rodríguez, Xosé Luís 676 Sammut, Jesmond 172, 222
Rohmana, Dasu 530 Samocha, Tzachi M. 101, 199, 548
Rombout, Jan H. 666 Sampaio, Luís A. 549
Ronen, Ariel 327 Sampaio, Yony 138
Rosas, Jesús 104 Santana, Manuel 550
Rosellia, Susi 530 Santos, Begoña 397
Rosenblum, Eric 531 Santos, Miguel N. 551
Rosenfeld, Hanna 429 Santulli, Andrea 552
Rosmiati 622 Saoud, I. Patrick 534, 535, 553
Ross, Alex 524 Sapto Dwiyanto, Febriko 147
Ross, Lindsay G. 376, 532 Saputra, Adang 282, 509
Rourke, Meaghan 271 Saputra, Aulia 554
Rouxel, Catherine 127 Sarida, Munti 555
Rowland, Stuart J. 271, 533 Sarifin 40, 102, 703
Roy, Luke A. 534, 535 Sarkar, Md. Reaz Uddin 556
Roza, Des 536 Sarre, Gavin 482
Rozihan, Mohammad 274, 537 Sarwono, Hidayat 557
Ruangsuksut, S. 143 Sasongko, Agus 558
Rubio, Ana 538 Sato, Davi A. 210
Ruliaty, Lisa 458, 586 Satoh, Shuichi 333
769
Savage, Sean 197, 198 Shieh, Su-Ching 328

Savarese, Michael 683 Shimizu, Ken 436
Sawada, Yoshifumi 560 Shin, Insoo 234
Schecter, Arnold 561 Shreay, Sanatan 506
Schneider, Oliver 562 Shrestha, Madhav K. 583
Schoonbee, Willem 158 Shunsuke, K. 148
Schott, Eric J. 674 Shyu, Chung-Zen 124
Schrama, Johan W. 34, 666, 680 Siccardi, Anthony J. 199
Schultz, Judith 563 Sihaloho, Hendra Freddy 584
Schwarz, Michael H. 139, 393, 394, 563 Sikawa, Daniel 585
Scott, Karina J. 565, 566, 568 Silva, Marisol 104
Scott, Peter 259, 564, 567 Silvestre, Frédéric 305
Seenappa, D. 331, 675 Simbolon, Kemcipto 652
Segers, R. 220 Siriwardene, Sunil 425
Seikai, Tadahisa 385 Siti Djunaidah, Iin 586
Semyenova, S. K. 87 Skajaa, Katrine 414
Senanan, Wansuk 745 Skakelja, Neda 651
Senggagau, Betutu 569 Slamet, Bejo 30, 267, 587
Seo, Joo-Young 345 Slembrouck, Jacques 411
Seoka, Manabu 82, 570 Sloan, Debra 256
Sereti, Vicky 562, 679 Smiley, Scott 77, 195
Setiadharma, Tony 571 Smith, David M. 148
Setiadi, Eri 273, 658 Smith, Theodore I. J. 588, 595, 653
Setiani, Apit 572 Smith, Tony 369
Setiawan 101 Snalam, John 369
Setiawati, Ketut Maha 573 Soares, Roberta 484, 589
Setijaningsih, Lies 224, 411, 574 Soebjakto, Slamet 105, 147
Setjadiningrat, Justus B. 575 Soegianto 457
Setyadi, Irwan 576, 623 Soelistinarto, Dwi 243
Setyobudi, Eko 273, 294 Sofiarsih, L. 18
Shafi, M. 262 Sofiati 85
Shahsavani, Davar 577 Sofyan, Yayan 504
Shamsudin, Lokman 478 Solaiman 237
Shariat, M. 525 Soltani, Mehdi 590
Shariff, M. 120, 579, 723 Somamihardja, Agus 591
Shariff, Rashid 310 Somsiri, Temdoung 120
Sharma, Arpita 580 Song, Jun Im 316
Sharp, Basil 277 Sonkar, Ajai Kumar 592
Shepard, Eleanor F. 221, 581 Sonnenschein, Leonard 741, 742, 743
Shepard, Eleanor N. 464 Sorgeloos, Patrick 375, 593, 594
Shiau, Shi-Yen 582 Soudant, Philippe 479, 480
770
Southgate, Paul C. 16, 347, 380 Sukmajaya, Yade 608

Sowers, A. 654 Sukmanomon, Srijanya 438
Soyano, Kiyoshi 233 Sukresno, Bambang 235
Spalding, Sylvia 259 Sukumaran, N. 428, 608
Spencer, Nicky 397 Sukumaran, Nataraja P. 609, 610
Sritunyaluksana, Kallaya 36, 708 Sukumasavin, Naruepon 438
Sriwatana, Wasan 35 Sulaeman 423, 611
Stallen, Marcel 671 Sularto 612
Stapornvanit, K. 143 Sulhi, M. 606
Steele, Dunbar 371 Sulistiono 694
Stephan, Kathryn 465 Sulistiono, Dwi Joko 367
Stevely, John 693 Sulistyo, Isdy 607, 724
Stokes, Alvin D. 101, 588, 595 Sultana, Masuma 20
Stoorvogel, Jetse 422, 450 Sumantadinata, Komar 231, 232
Su, Chen 328, 339, 649 Sumartono, Bambang 458, 613, 614
Su, Shengqi 715 Sumarwan, Joko 614
Su, Shu-Lin 582 Sumiarsa, Gede S. 573, 615
Sualia, Ita 596 Sumiati, Tuti 641
Suárez, Carlos Andrés 543 Sumule, Opirtus 619
Suarni 178 Sunanto, Suaedi 514
Suaryanto, Wayan 646 Sunarma, Ade 615
Suastika, Ida Bagus Made 504, 597 Sunarto, Agus 502, 616, 617
Suastika, Made 269, 396, 598 Sünder, Angela 356
Subagja, Jojo 51, 612 Sung, Ping-Feng 328
Subaidah, Siti 599 Suontama, Jorma 618
Subandiyono 620 Supito 638, 640
Subasinghe, Rohana 492, 600 Supramono, Aris 243
Subiyanto 625, 694 Suprayudi, Agus 291, 619
Subyakto, Slamet 600, 601 Supriya 557
Sudarto 602 Supriyadi, Hambali 619
Sudaryanto 418 Supriyono, Eddy 620
Sudaryono, Agung 603 Supu, Akhdary 408
Sudjiharno 237, 402, 403, 557 Suriawan, Agus 620
Sudradjat, Achmad 604 Suryanti, Yanti 412, 621
Sugama, Ketut 605 Suryati, Emma 611, 622
Sugiani, Desy 619 Susanto, Adi 367
Suh, Kuen-Hack 281 Susanto, Bambang 576, 623
Suhardiman, Maman 185 Susianingsih, Endang 364
Suhenda, Ningrum 411, 606, 668 Susilo, Endang Sri 413
Sukardi, Purnama 607, 724 Suspita, Aniza 408
Sukenda 699 Sutanti, Eri 367
771
Sutarmat, Tatam 235, 587, 624, 630 Tassanakajon, Anchalee 498

Sutikno, Erik 638, 640 Tasumi, Satoshi 674
Sutrisno 18 Taukhid 616, 641
Suwanto, Antonius 185, 250, 575, 699 Taw, Nyan 112, 642, 643, 644, 645, 646, 695
Suwardi, Sulistiono 625, 625 Taweepred, Pattira P. 712
Suwarsito 406 Taweetungtragoon, Attaporn 311
Suwendi, Erwin 626 Taylor, Claire 647
Suwirya, K. 215 Taylor, G. 143
Suwirya, Ketut 382, 627 Taylor, Graeme 747
Suwoyo, Damar 613, 614 Taylor, Joseph 181, 320, 347, 647
Suyawanish, Tanuttha 391 Teale, A. 120
Suzer, Cüneyt 628 Teguh Imanto, Philip 396, 598
Suzuki, Ziro 404 Teng, Ping-Hua 328, 649
Svennevig, Niels 629 Tenriulo, Andi 611
Swanepoel, Madubula Faith 260 Teruya, Kazuhisa 436
Swart, Kobus 156 Teshima, Shin-ichi 326, 399, 523, 670
Swings, J. 120 Teugels, Guy 227
Syahidah, Dewi 630 Thanh Liem, Pham 735
Syamsul, Akbar 252 Thanh, Duong Ngoc 451
Sylvia, Paula C. 631 Thanh, Nguyen Minh 660
Szucs, I. 632 Thanh, Tran Quoc 134
T. Francis, Thommai Antony 633 Thariq, M. 38
Tacon, Albert G. J. 415 Thi Thanh Vinh 660
Tacon, Philippe 391 Thompson, Skip 256
Tahapari, Evi 47, 668 Thongrod, Supis 467, 636
Takahashi, Leonardo S. 381 Ticina, Vjekoslav 651
Takemura, Akihiro 413 Tinoco, Gisselle D. 175
Takeshita, Glenn 390 Tjaronge, Muhammad 17
Takeuchi, Toshio 318, 619 Tjeerdema, R. S. 531
Takii, Kenji 82, 279, 570 Tjurenkov, Alexei 636
Talfer, Anne-Sandrine 80, 337, 361 Tocher, Douglas 297
Tamaru, Clyde S. 390, 635 Toelihere, M. R. 722
Tamtin, Montakan 467, 636 Toledo Cuevas, E. Mayra 376
Tan, Z. 325, 336 Tolley, S. Gregory 683
Tanetoa, Mainui 130, 337, 361 Tomasso, J. R. 588, 653, 654
Tang, Hongyu 715 Tominaga, Osamu 385
Tang, Kathy 99 Tonnek, Syarifuddin 655
Tangkrock-Olan, Nongnud 745 Torstensen, Bente E. 471
Taniguchi, Nobuhiko 323, 435, 438 Toshida, Shunji 708
Tantulo, Uras 198, 637 Tran Huu, Cuong 671
Taslihan, Arief 638, 639, 640 Tran Van Bui 449
772
Tran Van Nhuong 656 Van Speybroeck, Marijke 152

Treece, Granvil 656 Van Stade, Johan 546
Treerattrakool, Supattra 657 van Wijk, Maarten Siebe 671
Triastutik, Gemi 238, 240, 599 Van, Phan Thi 134
Tridjoko 658 Vanaa, Vincent 128
Triyanto 273, 294 Vandergeest, Peter 672
Triyatmo, Bambang 659 Vanderlinden, Jean-Paul 122
Triyono 243 Varadi, Laszlo 632, 673, 684
Troell, Max 443 Varner, Patricia W. 164
Trong Trinh Quoc 660 Vasallo-Agius, Robert 211, 429
True, Conal D. 175 Vasilyev, V. A. 87
Trugo, Luiz C. 381 Vasta, Gerardo R. 674
Tsukahara, Michiko 326 Vasudevan, S. 440
Tu, Huynh Thi 152 Vasudevappa, C. 331, 675
Tumbol, Reiny A. 661 Vega González, Enrique 676
Turchini, Giovanni M. 200 Velayudhan, Tharammal Sankaran 677, 678
Turongruang, Danai 360 Velazquez, Aide 104
Tusihadi, Toha 244 Velthuysen, Samara 547
Tyas, Indah K. 459 Verdegem, Marc C. J. 59, 292, 302, 360, 422, 450,
Uddin, M. Sharif 662, 685 512, 662, 679
Udo, Henk 91 Verreth, Johan A. J. 34, 91, 512, 562, 666, 679, 680
Udomkit, Apinunt 657 Verstraete, W. 92
Ugolini, Roberto 663 Vibol, Ouk 681
Umali, Gloria M. 664 Vidal, Oscar M. 526
Upadhyay, Satyendra 665 Vigiani, Valentina 663
Urán, Paula 666 Viljoen, Cecilia 260
Urbinati, Elizabeth C. 381 Vincent, Douglas 635
Usache, Vincent 119 Visagie, Heleen 162
Usman 508, 667 Vita-Barberán, Rubén 682
Utami, Retna 668, 669 Vlak, Just M. 709
Uyan, Orhan 399, 670 Volety, Aswani K. 70, 518, 683
Val, Adalberto Luis 44, 191 von Brand-Skopnik, Elisabeth 206, 207
Valdez Sanchez, Gustavo 521 Vonau, Vincent 127
van Anrooy, Raymon 670 Voros, Gabor 684
van Dam, A. A. 59 Wabete, Nelly 119, 491
Van Dam, Anne 422 Wahab, M. A. 59, 242, 512, 685
van den Bosch, Rik 671 Wahab, Md. Abdul 292, 302, 360, 662
Van den Brink, Paul 503 Wahjudi, B. 220, 325
Van Houcke, Jasper 666 Wahyu, Tri 45
van Hulten, Mariëlle C. W. 709 Wahyudi, Achmad 695
van Oijen, Martien 602 Wahyudi, Rita Rostika 686
773
Wakita, Kunika 61 Withyachumnarnkul, Boonsirm 36, 193, 497, 708, 712

Wan Adnan 310 Witteveldt, Jeroen 709
Wan Azizun 310 Woiwode, John G. 710, 711
Wang, Aimin 689, 690 Wongprasert, Kanokpan 497, 712
Wang, Jaw-Kai 124, 290, 688, 721 Wongteerasupaya, Chainarong 311
Wang, Jianxin 169, 734 Wongwiwatanawute, Charan 745
Wang, Qing-Yin 687 Wu, Riqin 728
Wang, Xiaojie 180, 234, 315, 316, 717 Wyban, James 713
Wang, Yuan-yuan 473 Xu, Yongli 728
Wangpen, Prayadt 692 Yakhontova, Irina V. 714
Wannapapho, Wanphen 497 Yakupitiyage, Amararatne 143, 401, 511, 585
Warr, Gregory W. 221, 581 Yamamoto, Yoshihiro 326
Wasielesky, Wilson 484, 485, 589 Yamashita, Yoh 89
Wasno, Robert 70, 683, 693 Yan, Wang 689, 690
Watanabe, Seiichi 625, 694 Yanagawa, Toshiharu 314
Watson, Craig 219 Yanbo, Qu 689, 690
Wattage, Premachandra 694 Yang, Cong-Hai 687
Watton, Corinne 69 Yang, Hyun-Sung 479
Wayan Agus Edhy 695 Yang, JinXiu 671
Wenst, Dieter R. 696 Yang, Jinzeng 153
Wenten, I. G. 457, 697 Yang, Yi 448
Wesmajervi, Mette 414 Yaniharto, Dedi 619
Whisson, Glen 692 Yao, Weizi 715
White, Patrick 698 Yaohua, Shi 689, 690
Widanarni 699 Yeh, Su-Tuen 114
Widiarti, Ani 51, 292 Yen-Ortega, Eloy 378
Widigdo, Bambang 700 Yi, Soon-Kil 479
Widiyanto, Tri 701 Yi, Yang 716
Widiyati, Ani 702 Yokogawa, Koji 435
Widoedo, Puji 703 Yokota, Masashi 625
Widya Utama, Indriawan 704 Yokoyama, Masahito 318
Wijenayake, W.M.H. Kelum 705 Yonesaka, Hiroaki 322
Wilder, Marcy N. 449, 706 Yong, Kim Thai 717
Willett, Dan 72 Yoo, Gwang Yeol 234, 717
Wilson, Kate 149, 321, 498 Yoon, Seong-Jong 315
Wilson, Missy 132 Yoshikawa, Takaya 570
Winarlin 51 Yosmaniar, M. 224
Winstead, James 518, 683 You, Guanlin 718
Wiramiharja, Yoyo 402, 510, 708 Young, James A. 719
Wirjoatmodjo, Soetikno 625 Young, Neil 321
Wise, J. S. 653 Young, S. P. 653
774
Yousefian, Mehdi 249

Yu, Run 350
Yu, Yu 720
Yuan, Hai 721
Yuan, Xinhua 169, 398, 734
Yuasa, Kei 62
Yuliati, Pawartining 292
Yuniarti, Tristiana 722
Yusadi, Dedi 230
Yusoff, F. M. 120, 579, 723
Yuwono, Edy 607, 724
Zafar, Mohammad 725
Zainun, Zakki 421
Zampacavallo, Giulia 663
Zeng, Chaoshu 726, 727
Zeng, Hong 731
Zhang, Peijun 728
Zhang, Xiaoyong 671
Zhao, Baoping 153
Zhen, Nick 733
Zheng, Weizhong 729
Zhifen, Gu 689, 690
Zhou, Zhigang 730, 731, 732, 733
Zhu, Jian 169, 734
Zimmerman, Jacqueline 563
Zohar, Yonathan 429
Zrncic, Snjezana 467, 734
Zuliatini, Mohd Joni 268
775
WORLD AQUACULTURE 2005

Subject Index
(Reference to Page Numbers)
17á-metiltestosteron 612 aqua-somatotropin 403

abalone 186, 197, 248, 285, 295, 362, 389, 504, 531 aquatic weeds control 80
Acabaria formosa 316 Arabian coast 502
acid sulfate soils 172 ark clam 714
Acipenser persicus 577 aromatase P450 56
Acoustic Doppler Velocimetry 460 artemia 48, 50, 55, 118, 459, 570
active suspension ponds 57 Artemia franciscana 375
adaptive management 683 Artemia parthenogenetica 263
Adriatic Sea 651 Artemia urmiana 49, 54
aerators performance 548 artificial diet 624
Aeromonas hydrophila 609 artificial propagation 660
Aeromonas sobria 106 artificial shelter 28
African catfish 615 ASEM 593
algal dry weight 15 Asia 447
alternative proteins 115 Asian aquaculture 120
amberjack 326 Asian sea bass 220, 325
amino acid requirement 354, 355, 356 assessment 276
ampullariculture 144 assignment test 435
Anabas testudineus 19 Atlantic cod 414, 513
anesthesia 246 Atlantic salmon 298, 666
animal protein 732 attractants 195
antigen capture assay 581 Australian inland aquaculture 482
antimicrobial 120 automation 528
antimicrobial peptide 464 awareness 565
antioxidant activity 180 azolla meal 603
antiviral immunity 221 Bacillus sp. 601
aquaculture 107, 376, 528, 553, 572, 625, 631, 635, bacteria 240
656, 698 bacterial 244
aquaculture and environment 95 bacterial pathogens 22
aquaculture certification 95, 95 bacterin 712
aquaculture development 397, 681 bacteriophage therapy 250
aquaculture feed 465 Bangladesh 245, 725
Aquaculture without Frontiers 444 Bangladesh carp 303
Aquagen™ 205 Bangladesh export 301
aquarium trade 407 barramundi 661
776
Batillus cornutus 122 Business 102

behavior 385, 714 business scale 703
behaviour 285, 680 buyers 409
beluga sturgeon 52 byproducts 195
beta actin promoter 296 by-products 77
beta carotene 467, 636 C. botulinum 521
Betta 722 cage 583
Betta splendens 286 cage culture 265
better management practices 638 campaign 741
bioactive 622 carbohydrate 139, 606
bioactive compounds 520 carcass traits 113
biodiversity 532, 541 carotenoid enrichment 118
biofilter 280 carotenoids 465
biofitration 114 carp 26, 29, 58, 86, 87, 88, 476, 684
biology 625 carp contribution 303
biomanipulation 715 catfish 160, 334, 406, 412, 448, 449, 449, 454, 506
biomarker 9 catfish hybrid 664
biomnarkers 425 catfish/carp 556
bioprocess 686 CBFM 427
bioremediation 72, 701 certification 125, 255, 259, 341, 420, 564, 672
biosecurity 163, 187, 487, 700 Cheilinus undulatus 85
biotechnology 483 chemicals 25
bivalve larvae 126 Cherax 289
black bream 730 china 398
black lip pearl 432 chirostoma 376, 532
black sea bass 653 chitinase 318
black tiger shrimp 133 Chitosan 105
blue revolution 105 chondrus crispus 257
blue swimming crab 576, 623 chromosomal DNA content 206
bluefin tuna 108, 166, 651 ciliate 295
bone meal 600 ciquatera 635
Brachionus plicatilis 167 clam 452
Brachionus rotundiformis 584 Clarias 266
Brachionus sp. 554 closed aquaculture 314
brackish water 43 closed recirculating system 242, 243
breed 86 closed system 558
breeding 21, 32, 51, 102, 608, 703, 713 closed transportation 273
breeding program 320 closed-systems 563
broodstock 38, 73, 131, 237, 491, 533 clove oil 239
broodstock shrimp 614 clownfish 737
bullfrog 421 coal bed methane (CBM) 710
777
cobia 139, 213, 265, 393, 563, 588, 629 dietary 249
cobia nutrition 115 dietary carbohydrate 348, 621
codes 410 dietary lipid 471, 627
codes of conduct 502 dietary protein 626
Coho salmon 165 digestive enzymes 89
commercial feeds 492 dimethyl formamide 13
common carp 169, 641, 673 Diplodus sargus 441
compensatory growth 121, 607, 724 direct development 408
consumer participation 419 disease 19, 67, 132, 176, 183, 325
controversy 254 disease resistance 111
cooperation 593, 625 disease surveillance 134
copepod 527 diseases 256
coral 282 dissemination 640
coral reefs 268 dissolved oxygen 373
coral trout 557 DNA pedigree 181
cost-optimisation 493 dna sequence 339
crab 607 domestication 131
crabmeat 424 dumping accusation 137
Crassostrea 604, 674 dynamic energy 524
crayfish 289, 608 East Java 240
crayfish polyculture 692 ecological aquaculture 59
Cromileptes altivelis 60, 147, 240, 241, 601, 620 economic 277
crustaceans 194 economic efficiency 664
cryopreservation 127 economic impact 137
cultivated fish 22 economic impacts 138
cultivating method 501 economics 378, 544
cultivation 260, 453 ecosystem based management 103
culture 576 ecotype cichlid 184
culture-based fisheries 33, 330, 705 ectoparasites 27
cuttlefish 318 education 468
cyclopoid copepod nauplii 615 Edwardsiella ictaluri 62
Cyprinus carpio 510 eel 180
cyst 48 effluent treatment 256, 281
demand 284 effluents 319
demersal fish species 397 emergency 487, 566
demography 316 emergency disease 65
denitrification 90 emergency management 568
descriptive analysis 186 emergency preparedness 134, 256
development model 546 emergency response 617
DHA 101 endangered species 602
diet 260 endemic species 183, 184
778
energetic budget 521 fertility 612

energy feedstuff 731 filefish 66
enhanced polychaete products 140 filtration 585
enhancement 248, 427 finfish diversity 447
enrichment 459 fingerling 598
enteritis 666 fish 67, 521, 541
environment 117, 448, 461 fish consumption 261, 297, 561
environmental 278 fish culture 224
environmental issues 95 fish distribution 268
environmental sustainability 443 fish health management 502
enzymes 577 fish silage 147
Ephinephelus awoara 665 fisheries enhancement 693
Epinephelus 323 fishermen 463
Epinephelus coioides 53 fishmeal/oil replacement 101
Epinephelus tauvina 515 flesh 366
essential fatty acids 61 floating net cage 60, 235
estuary grouper 627 flounder 121, 279, 315, 316, 317, 318, 343, 344,
EU import requirements 496 348, 728
EU marketing 496 food safety 255, 671
Eucheuma 453 food scares 719
european flat oyster 467 freeze dried 45
European marine fish 442 freshwater prawn 299, 386, 398, 433
eutrophy pond 708 freshwater teleost 413
evaluation 525 frontal knob 49
exotic species 69, 387 frreshwater fishes 686
expert program 310 fry 212
export 299, 671 fry morphology 244
expressed sequence tag 295 Fulton’s K 160
extension 132, 141, 402 fuzzy logic modelling 91
extension publications 384 gender 261
extensive shrimp farming 25 gene expression 149, 153, 526
faeces recovery 34 genetic 611
family lines 689 genetic correlation 499
farmers 242 genetic diversity 39, 386, 438, 454, 665
fatty acid 9 genetic improvement 362, 615
fatty acid profile 442 genetic variability 87, 599
fatty acids 615 genetics 227, 271, 321, 368
feed additives 190, 537 genetics research 293
feed supply 555 genome size 207
feeding 84, 156, 183, 251, 279, 349, 363, 396, 623 genomic identities 109
feeding frequency 344, 345 geographical information 33
779
geomembrane liner 718 hatchery economics 288

giant freshwater prawn 28, 530 hatchery simulator 150
giant gouramy 272 hatching rate 569
GIFT tilapia 705 hatchrey reared fish 294
gilthead sea bream 264 health 479, 565
GIS 509 health condition 44
global 284 hematoloical responses 340
global trade 357 heterosis 169
globalisation 341 heterotrophic bacteria 562
Glossogobius matanensis 625 heterozygozity 226
glucan 316 high-throughput detection 328
golden apple snail 107, 236 Holothuria 704
golden perch 251 homozygous 390
gonadal maturation 309 horseshoe crab 123
gonad-inhibiting hormone 657 humpback grouper 215, 508, 619, 667
gonadogenesis 315 Hungary 684
good aquaculture practice 12 hybrid tilapia 733
goramy 230 hybridization 293, 669
gourami 574 hybrids 690
gouramy fish 620 hydrodynamics 394
government 595 hydrolysate 77
GPS 373 IHHNV 649, 708
grafting process 129 image analysis 206, 207
grass carp 80 immunistimulation 111
great sturgeon 590 immunity 114, 421, 479
greenhouse gasses 596 immunological changes 609
greenhouse production 219 immunostimulant 205
grouper 37, 235, 374, 382, 402, 403, 478, 515, 555, immunostimulation 375
571, 605, 658, 724 impact 698
grow out gear 467 impact assessment 262
growth 293, 334, 680 impacts 464
growth performance 381, 428 implementation 410
growth rate 618 in situ ecotoxicity 143
habitat alteration 518 India 58, 433
habitat suitability index 70 indigenous 78
HACCP 12, 419, 420 indigenous fish 660, 681
haematological 283 Indonesia 29, 494
Haliotis discus hannai 346 induced spawning 429
halophytes 710 infected by fungus 536
handling 166 infection 61
hatchery 47, 80, 127, 128, 339, 434, 504, 522, 605 information 488
780
inhibition of reproduction 217 larval growth 604

inland 154 larval nutrition 411, 441
inland aquaculture 214 larval rearing 735
inland saline water 197, 198, 500 larval survival & development 727
innovation 277, 463 larval viability 726
inositol 582 larviculture 35, 466
in-situ breeding 408 Lates calcarifer 239
insulin-like growth factor-I 63 L-carnitine 406
integrate aquaculture 451 LCHUFA 527
integrated 695 Lebanon 553
integrated aquaculture 91, 302, 310, 312, 367, 425, light intensity 241
443, 450 limited discharge 548
integrated farming 292 lipid 75, 382
intergeneric hybrid 428 lipid sources 200, 381
intestinal metabolism 471 lipoprotein receptor 164
intracellular pathogen 220 Litopenaeus stylirostris 521
Iran 525 Litopenaeus vannamei 210, 238, 416
Iran aquaculture 293 live feed production 105
Iraq 711 live microalgae 492
Isochrysis tahiti 573 livelihood 242, 262
isothermal amplification 649 livelihood option 451
Japan 560 livelihoods 245, 302
Japanese eel 61, 180, 234, 717 livestock sector 65
Japanese flounder 89, 201 loading density 247
Jian carp genome DNA 734 low salinity 152, 534
job satisfaction 463 low-salinity 553
Kappaphycus 611 Lutjanus argentimaticulatus 600
karyotype 208 lymphocyte 728
Kob 158 lymphoid organ 36
koi herpes virus 339, 617, 641 lyretail 390
koi herpesvirus (KHV) 616 Macaronesia 407
Korea 480 Macrobrachium rosenbergii 273, 294, 610
krill 618 magnesium 535
kuruma shrimp 399 magnification technology 40
Kuwait 24, 27 management 163, 292
lactobacillus 326 mangrove 572
landlocked population 304 marble goby 735
larva 237, 557 margaritifera 592
larvae 116, 267, 308, 523, 647 mariculture 371, 630
larvae rearing 213 marine finfish 31
larval development 268, 628 marine fish farming 258
781
marine ornamentals 219 mortality 247

marine ranching 551 Mozambique tilapia 287
marine snail 21 MSGS 193
marketing 719 mtDNA 389
markets 192 mudcrab 586, 726, 727
marsh Arabs 711 Murray cod 200
mass productions 402 mussel 277
maturation 97, 98, 658 myoinositol 343
Mediterranean countries 188 Mystus nemurus 237, 702
Megalobrama amblycephala 731, 732 nacre 462
mekong giant catfish 438 Napoleon 267
metals 222 napoleon wrasse 587
methionine 196, 215 native species 387
methy group-donors 399 natural productivity 157
microarray 221 necrotizing hepatopancreatitis 543
microbials 383 Nematopsis 209
microorganisms 93 neofemale 439
microsatellite 26, 208, 323, 435 NGO 313, 444, 502
microsatellite markers 39, 498 Nile tilapia 113, 621
microsatellites 165 Nile tilapia iso 14001 292
milk fish fingerling 626 nitrification 90, 391
milkfish 363 nitrogen 512
milting 388 non-lethal diagnosis 616
minerals 534 nucleus 129
mitochondrial DNA tag 201 nursery 493
mixed feeds 93 nutrient flow 292
mixed logit 505 nutrient requirement 315
mixing 394 nutrition 148, 175, 230, 234, 285, 446
model-making 178 offshore aquaculture 103
modular technique 243 oil 510
molecular marker 699 olive flounder 234
mollusc 144, 464 open transportation 273
molluscs 734 optimal production 350
molt cycle 153 orange spotted grouper 24, 504
monitoring 652, 696 Oreochromis niloticus 189
monodon slow growth agent 36 organic 393
monodon slow growth syndrome 193 organic acids 161
moorings 455 organic manure 633
morphological 55 organic matter 335
morphology 678 organisation 337
morphometric relationship 484 ornamental 141, 259, 407, 737
782
ornamental aquatic industry 357 pearl cultivation 592

ornamental fishes 254 pearl culture 80, 361
Oscar fish 176 pearl oyster 168, 181, 320, 320, 347, 432, 677, 678
osmoregulation 198 pellet basic 243
osmoregulatory mechanism 637 Penaeid 484, 485
outbreaks 61 Penaeus latisulcatus 500
ovarian development 370 Penaeus merguiensis 614
overview 361, 563 Penaeus monodon 149, 457, 467, 497, 603, 636, 657
over-wintered juveniles 300 perception 463
ovulation 237 performance 44, 73, 533, 655
oxygen consumption rhythm 346 periphyton 662
oxytetracycline 531 periphyton technology 59
oyster 53, 171, 172, 209, 357 Perkinsus olseni 480
oyster contaminants 518 Persian sturgeon 63
oyster-culture 538 persistant organic pollutants 561
oysters 70, 683 pesticide 366
P. monodon 498, 639 pesticide minimisation 503
P. monodon larviculture 45 pesticide residues 503
P. vannamei 713 pesticides 143, 401
pacific white shrimp 745 PFGE 423
paddlefish 490 pH 475
Pagrus major 82, 279 phenotypic plasticity 232
pangasiid catfishes 227 phosholipid nutrition 513
Pangasius 668, 669 phosphorous 512
Pangasius hypophthalmus 183, 708 phosphorus loading 670
Pangasius jambal 606 photoperiod 52, 82
Paralichthys orbignyanus 549 photosynthetic bacterium 575
Paralicthys olivaceus 385 physico-chemical 274
parametric 455 phytase 199
parasites 674 phytoplankton 596, 715
parasitic 244 Piaractus brachypomus 495
parentage analysis 189 pig manure 450
pasteurized 424 pigmentation 162, 162
patent 580 pigments 140
pathogenic agent 238 Pinctada 16, 380
pathogenicity 62 Pinctada margarififera 130
pathogens 520 Pinctada margaritifera 126
PCR 99 Pinctada martensii 689, 690
PCR detection 311 plankton 633
PCR-based detection 185 plant protein 730
pearl 456, 461, 462, 494, 647 plant protein sources 218
783
policy 278 raceway 187

polychaete 497 rainbow trout 156, 161, 162, 545
polychaetes 369 RAPD 478, 734
polyculture 257, 556, 646, 685 recirculating 41
pond-based aquaculture 360 recirculating system 114, 280, 281, 495
poor people benefit 69 recirculation 558, 562
Porphyridium sp. 105 red drum 693
portunid crabs 507 red sea bream 670
Portunus pelagicus 45 red snapper 269
post larvae 642 rendered proteins 31
potassium 535 reproduction 37, 122, 231, 233, 271, 357, 543
potential and feasibility 547 reproduction larviculture 374
poultry offal meal 667 reproductive biology 304
poverty 177 reproductive performance 485, 574
poverty alleviation 431 reproductive seasonality 16
practical science 270 research 125, 168
prawn 353 research grant 594
prawn aquaculture 222 reservoir 225
prawn farming 20, 300 restocking program 294
prawn pond effluents 72 retention time 365
preparedness 566 Rhabdosargus sarba 268
prey size selection 466 Rhodomonas sp. 573
probiotic 119, 176, 575, 620, 699, 738 ricefield 242
probiotics 14, 94, 272 river pusu 274
process tools 270 RNA/DNA ratio 244
processing 597 RNAi 464
production 112, 154, 155, 252, 738 rockfish 342, 345
production delay 258 rotifer 233, 536
production function analysis 379 rotifer productivity 14
production systems 482 rotifers 15, 591
productivity 47 rubber oilcake 266
propagation 588 Ruditapes philippinarum 479, 479
propanil 489 rural aquaculture 177
prospect 456 saccharin 475
protein content 45 safety 297
protein replacement 412 salinity 231, 569, 584, 653, 654, 702
Protothaca jedoensis 480 salinity tolerance 159
pufferfish 295, 296 salmon 75, 92
quality 645, 647 sand goby 35
quantity and quality 422 sand mining pool 224
quorum sensing 92 sand seabass 253
784
sardine oil 472 shrimp diet 589

Saxidomus purpuratus 344 shrimp farming 96, 350, 379
scientific capacity building 594 shrimp hatchery 378
Scleropages 602 shrimp nutrition 119, 550
screening broodstock 639 shrimp production 659
scuticociliate 279 shrimp reproduction 491, 708
Scylla spp. 507 shrimp viral diseases 328
sea bream 43, 551 silver pomfret 32
sea cucumber 704 silver pompano 252
sea ranching 436 site selection 509
seabass 236 size manipulation 167
seabream market 188 size selection 591
seafood 741 size variation 504
seahorse 38 skills recognition 276
SEAPlant 442 skin lesions 336
seaweed 597, 725 small business analysis 501
sediment 511 small holder farms 360
sediment accumulation 422 small-scale 402
sedimentation 335 small-scale farming 545, 546
seed 53, 277 snails 650
seed production 253, 458, 716 snapper 396, 598
seeding technology 40 social issues 125
seedling production 66 socio-economic 20
selection 232 socioeconomics 330
selection response 499 socio-economics 630
selective breeding 414, 599 soil aggregation 511
semi-intensive 133 sole 116, 212
seston 524 sorting 416
sex differentiation 315, 722 South-Asian catfish 411
sex inversion 56 Southern Regional Aquaculture 384
sex linked markers 417 soybean meal 291, 508
sex ratio 287, 347 soybean oil 472
sex reversal 439 Sparus aurata 628
sexual dimorphism 50 spawning 269, 586, 587
shelter and predator 692 spawning frequency 85
shrimp 97, 98, 104, 110, 112, 138, 148, 152, 196, sperm motility 413
199, 319, 321, 339, 349, 370, 391, 415, 434, sperm quality 13
553, 640, 642, 643, 645, 646, 654, 655, 672, SPF, Vibrio 273
695, 697, 700, 701, 718 spirulina 554, 610
shrimp alliance 301 sponge 622
shrimp broodstock 613 stakeholders 178
785
standard 564, 567 tilapia 57, 155, 157, 159, 192, 218, 354, 355, 356,
standard development 92 368, 371, 417, 446, 514, 515, 582, 619, 662,
starter feeds 550 685, 716
starvation 94 tor soro 51
statistics 580 Tor tambroides 537
stocking density 191 toxicity 171
stomach contents 589 traceability 409
streptococcosis 619 trade 110, 567
Streptococcus iniae 661 training 401, 468, 568
stress 217, 246, 425 transboundary movement 194
striped jack 436 transgenic 483
sturgeon 249 transplantation 282
Stylirostris 613 triploidy 128
substrate 344, 585 trivalent chromium 620
suitable technology 676 tropical microalgae 380
supermarkets 506 trout 256, 522, 544, 583
survey 734 TSV 164, 240
survival 383 tuna 117, 125, 226, 429, 631
sustainable 78, 179, 369, 407, 442, , 563, 632 turbidity 515
sustainable aquafeeds 298 turtle 106
sustainable development 431, 676 ultrafiltration 457, 697
swimming activity 460 urban aquaculture 41, 547
swimming crab 458 Urmia lake 263
swordtail 285 vaccination 709
system 488 vegetable protein 190, 210
T. maritimum 336 vibration stress 340
Tachypleus gigas 123 Vibrio 294, 423, 514
tagging 353 Vibrio harveyi 185, 250, 712
tahitian pearl culture 337 Vibrio tapetis 480
tank size 286 Vietnam 312, 313, 449, 449, 629
taurine 318, 388, 619 virtural interactive system 150
taxonomy 677 virulence 92
technology 84, 595 vitamin C 180, 308, 309, 523, 530, 590
technology transfer 643 vitamin C and calcium 53
temperate latitudes 88 vitamin E 717
Texas 656 vitamins 342, 415
Thailand 745 volatile 365
Thunnus orientalis 74, 211, 404, 560, 570, 663, 682 waste basic 243
tiger grouper 624 waste product meal 601
tiger puffer 314 water depth 571
tiger shrimp 225, 305
786
water quality 34, 96, 104, 176, 191, 489, 490, 540,
652, 659, 696
water scarcity 425
water temperature 317
water use sustainability 214
weaning time 668
weight-length relationship 158
western rock lobster 637
white seabass 175
white shrimp 114
white spot viral control 638
willingness-to-pay 505
workforce management 288
WSSV 99, 311, 526, 581, 709
xenobiotics 305
yeast 264
yeast culture 733
yellow head virus 109
yellowfin tuna 283
zoosanitary survey 130
Zooxanthellae 452

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1

International Peace and

MAY 9-13, 2005

World Aquaculture 2005

Fatuchri Sukadi & Geoff Allan, Steering Committee Co-Chairs

Abstract Addendum .............................................735

Author Index ........................................................753

Subject Index .......................................................775

TRACING THE INFLUENCE OF ORGANIC WASTE FROM A SALMON FARM IN THE

Figure 1: Percentage of the 18:2n6 and 20:4n6

Figure 2: Principal Component Plot from Sirius

MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES TOWARDS IMPROVING FOOD SAFETY, QUALITY AND

Fish Utilization and Marketing Service

MARKET ACCESS REQUIREMENTS FOR AQUACULTURE PRODUCTS

Fish Utilization and Marketing Service

SAFETY, QUALITY AND TRACEABILITY REQUIREMENTS IN INTERNATIONAL FISH

Fish Utilization and Marketing Service

SPERM QUALITY OF CARP FISH Cyprinus carpio var. MAJALAYA 24 HOURS

Abinawanto*, Narista Pramandhani and Yanuarso Eddy Hedianto

Percentage of spermatozoa motility and viability of carp

ADVANTAGES OF USING COMMERCIAL PROBIOTICS FOR PRODUCING ROTIFERS

Tawﬁq S. Abu-Rezq* and Charles M. James

Kuwait Institute for Scientiﬁc Research

USE OF CELLS DRY WEIGHT OF DIFFERENT ALGAL SPECIES IN DETERMINING THE

Kuwait Institute for Scientiﬁc Research

HISTOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH REPRODUCTIVE

Héctor Acosta-Salmón* and Paul C. Southgate

Pearl Oyster Research Group

PERFORMANCE OF A MANGROVE-FRIENDLY SEMI-CLOSE SHRIMP POND

Taufik Ahmad*, Markus Mangampa and Muhammad Tjaronge

Central Research Institute for Aquaculture

Figure 1. NO3_N conc. Figure 2. PO4-P conc. Observed

THE GROWTH OF PATIN Pangasius hypopthalmus IN OPEN AND CLOSE SYSTEM

Taufik Ahmad, Kusmana, L. Sofiarsih and Sutrisno

Research Institute for Freshwater Aquaculture

SEASONAL VARIATION OF GILL PATHOLOGY OF A CLIMBING PERCH Anabas

G U Ahmed* and A N H Banu

Department of Aquaculture, Bangladesh

SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF FRESHWATER PRAWN FARMING IN SOUTHWESTERN

Department of Fisheries Management

TABLE 1. Cost-return analysis of sampled farmers for integrated prawn farming.

THE FIRST SUCCESSFUL BREEDING OF MARINE SNAIL (Strombus canararium) AT

Syamsul Akbar* Nono Hertanto, Sahidan Muhlis and Tinggal Hermawan

Regional Center For Mariculture Development (RCMD)

THE STUDY OF BACTERIAL PATHOGENS IN CULTIVATED FISH IN GILAN

Department of Food Hygiene

CHALLENGES FOR SHRIMP NUTRITION RESEARCH

Charoen Pokphand Indonesia

Feed ingredient substitution studies offer limited information to nutritional sciences.

IMPROVEMENTS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF HATCHERY TECHNIQUES FOR THE

Khaled M. Al-Abdul-Elah* and Salim El-Dakour

Aquaculture, Fisheries and Marine Environment Department

CHEMICALS AND BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTS USED IN EXTENSIVE SHRIMP FARMING

Department of Social Science

GENETIC STRUCTURE OF DIFFERENT STRAINS OF Cyprinus carpio REVEALED BY

Department of Fisheries Biology and Genetics

Table 1. Mean observed heterozygosity (Ho) and expected

Table 2. Multilocus FST (above diagonal) and Nm (below

Figure 1. UPGMA dendrogram based on Nei’s (1972) genetic

ECTOPARASITES OF CULTURED MARINE FISH IN KUWAIT

Kuwait Institute for Scientiﬁc Research

EXPERIMENT ON THE GROWTH OF GIANT FRESHWATER PRAWN Macrobrachium