Chapter 5 Section 3

 Explain the difference between mitosis and

meiosis

 Describe how chromosomes determine sex

 Explain why sex-linked disorders occur in one

sex more often than in the other

 Interpret a pedigree
 Where are genes located??

 How do they pass information??

 The first step is understanding reproduction…

Asexual vs. Sexual…
 Only one parent cell is needed

 Inside structures are copied

 Parent cell divides, making 2 exact copies

(mitosis)
 Most cells in your body & most single-celled
organisms reproduce this way…
 2 parent cells join together to form offspring
that are different from the parents

 Parent cells are called: sex cells

 Human body cells have: 46 or 23 pairs of

chromosomes
 Homologous chromosomes: chromosomes
that carry the same set of genes

 Ex: pair of shoes

 Human sex cells (23 chromosomes) – half the

usual # - sex cells have only one chromosome
from each pair (one shoe!)
 Sex cells are made during meiosis

 A copying process that produces sex cells

with ½ the usual # of chromosomes
 Ex: human egg cell has 23 chromosomes;
sperm cell has 23 chromosomes
 The new cell that forms when they join has 46
chromosomes
 Walter Sutton’s discovery: Genes are located
on chromosomes

 Meiosis – means “to make smaller”

 Mitosis – means “threads”

http://www.dartmouth.edu/~cbbc/courses/bio4/bio4-lectures/images/mitosis.JPG
 During mitosis: chromosomes are copied
once, nucleus divides once

 During meiosis: chromosomes are copied

once, the nucleus divides twice
 Resulting sperm & egg cells have ½ the # of
chromosomes of a normal body cell
 There are 8 steps to meiosis
http://www.daviddarling.info/images/meiosis.jpg
1. Chromosomes are copied (2 halves called
chromatids); they thicken and shorten;
nuclear membrane disappears
2. Chromosomes pair and line up at the
equator
3. Chromosomes separate from partners and
move to opposite ends of the cell
4. Nuclear membrane reforms; cell divides;
paired chromatids still joined
5. Each cell contains one member of each
homologous chromosome pair;
chromosomes are not copied again between
the 2 cell divisions
6. Chromosomes line up at equator of each cell
7. Chromatids pull apart & move to opposite
ends of the cell; nuclear membrane forms;
cells divide
8. 4 new cells result; each new cell has ½ the #
of chromosomes present in the original cell
http://dbscience3.wikispaces.com/file/view/meiosis-big.gif/63281204/meiosis-big.gif
 The steps of meiosis explained Mendel’s
results

 Figure 4 page 130

- Meiosis & Dominance –
shows what happens to a pair of homologous
chromosomes during meiosis & fertilization
 Sex chromosomes carry genes that
determine sex
 Females have two X chromosomes (XX)

 Males have one X and one Y chromosome

(XY)
 During meiosis, one of each of the
chromosome pairs ends up in a sex cell
 Females have two X chromosomes in each
body cell
 Each egg cell gets one X chromosome during
meiosis
 Males have one X and one Y chromosome in
each body cell
 Sperm cells are produced during meiosis with
either an X or a Y
http://www.synapses.co.uk/genetics/sexsqr1.gif
 Females have 2 X chromosomes; they carry 2
copies of each gene found on the X
chromosome
 Males have only one copy of each gene on
the X chromosome
 Ex: certain disorders – Colorblindness (carried
on the X) – sex-linked
 Men are more likely to have sex-linked
disorders
 Hemophilia – prevents blood from clotting
properly; can be fatal

 Recessive gene

 Men more likely to have hemophilia

 Certain genetic disorders can be traced through
a family tree
 Genetic counselors can trace a gene through a
family
 Pedigree – a tool/diagram for tracing a trait
through generations of a family
 Can determine if someone is a carrier for a
genetic disease
http://avoca37.org/persinod/files/2010/03/pedigree10.gif
 In plants and animals

 Organisms with desirable characteristics are

mated

 Ex: your pet dog (labradoodle); roses that

produce large flowers
 Holt Science and Technology: Life Science.
Austin: Holt Rinehart & Winston, 2007. Print.