IMPROVE YOUR IELTS

Sam McCarter
Norman Whitby

~
MACMILLAN
 Contents
• ••• • ••••• • ••
Introductio n
page 4

TOp ic Task 1 Ta..,k Z

Unit 1 Change and Describing trends Understanding questions

page 6 consequences Related verbs and nou ns Expressing solu tions
Un derst and ing data Lin king ph rases
Us ing trigger words

Unit2 The importance Comparing information Using itltheylthislthese

page 14 of the past Adverbs in comparisons Planning essays
Com paring and contras ti ng Devel ping ideas

Unit3 Machines, cycles, The passive Using which to organize

page 22 and processes Sequencing information
Expre ssing result and purpose

Unit4 Education Ge n era l and sp edfic Avo iding o v rgenera jiza ti on

page 30 statements Developing reasons
Comparing information
Describing proportions

Unit5 Youth De scribing changes Developing an d j u stifying

page 38 Describing locations opinions
Writing introduct ions

Unit 6 Culture Concluding statement. Expressing advantag sand

page 46 Con cession ( 1 ) disadvantage
Advantage an d disadvantage
va abulary
Concession (2)

Unit7 Arts and sciences Adverbs DiSCUSSing other people's opinion

pag e 54 Using actv eJ:bs to eva lu ate Hypo lh e izin g
data
Avoiding irrelevance

UnitS Nature taking predictions Article

page 62 Factual accura cy Wri tin g con clusions

Unit9 Health Vary ing vocabulary Organizing words

page 70 Checking pelling Verb-subject agreement

Unit 10 Individual and Word orde r Paragraph str uClure

p age 78 society Lin king using wi th Relevant and irrelevanr
Task 1 revision information
Task 2 revision

Sample answers
page 6

Key
page 96

• 3
 • ••
•••••
•• •
• ••• In trod-uction
••••
•••• ••
What is Improve your IEL TS Writing Skills?
Improve YOllr fELTS Writing Skills is a complete preparation course for the Academic
Wr iting pape r o( the In ternationa l English Lang u age Te" ting System . Through
targeted practice, it develops skills and language to h elp you achieve a highe r JELTS
score in the Academic Writing pape r.

How can I use this book?

You can use Improve YOllr lELTS Writil1g Skills as a book fo r tudying on your own or in
a class.
If you arc studying on your own , f mprove YOllr f ELTS Writillg Skills is de signed to gu ide
au step"by"step through the activities. This book is also completely elf-contained:
a clear and accessible key is provided so that you can easily check you r answ r as
you w ork through the book. in addition, there is a sample ans w er to acc mpanyeach
Task 1 and Task 2 question .
If you are studying as part of a class, your teacher will direct yo u on how to use each
activity. Some activities can be treated a discussions, in which case they can be a
u seful opportunity to _hare ideas and techniq u es w ith othe r lea rners.

How is Improve your IEL TS Writing Skills orga n ized?

J[ consists of ten units based aroun d topics wbich occur common ly in the real te st .
Each unit consists of three sections :
Task I: exercises and e xamples to de velop skills and la nguage for Ta k 1 questions.
Ta sk 2 : exerdses and examples to develop skills and language for Task 2 questions.
Practice test: a complete Academ ic Writing pape r base d on th e u n it topiC to prac tise
the skills learned .
Each Task 1 and Task 2 section is su b divided furthe r into sk ills se ti on s. These fo cus
n spedfic areas of relevance to each task .
In addition, there are echniqlles boxes throughout the book Th ese reimor e k.ey
points on how to approach Academi c Writing tasks.

How will Improve your JELTS Writing SkiJJs improve my

score?
By developing skills
The skills secti ons form a detailed syllabus of essential IELTS wriling skills . For
example, key elements of Task 1 prep ara tion, su ch as Describing trends an d COlI/paril1g
information, are fully covered. Similarly, Task 2 skills, such as Expressing sO/II/iom and
Dnelopil19 ideas are dealt with in detail.

By developing language
Each unit also contains a resour e of useful phrases and vocabular y to II e in each
wri ting task. Over th e ourse of Irnprol'eyollr fELTS Writing Skills, you will encounter
a wide rang of ideas (0 ensure thaI you are not lost for words when you get to the
real test. These include concepts such as organjzjng word, trigger words, and linking
phrases, which all contribute to an appropriate academic writing style.

BV developing test technique

The Tedlllique boxes contain shari tips w hich can easily be memorized and used
as reminders in the real test. These include quick and easy advice about planning,
under tanding question s, and how t o use eUectively the language you have learned.

4 ••
 Introdllctioll
•
How is the IELTS Academic Writing paper organized?
The academic wri ting omponent of the IELTS lasts one hour. 111 the test, there are
two task of different le n gth. both o f w hich 'ou m u st all' wer.

What does each task consist of?

In Task I. you will hav to w rite a t leas t 150 words to describe some data or a
diagram. Data will normally be presented in the form of a graph, a bar or pie chan.
a tabl e. or a ombin ation of these. A diagram will norma ll y (elate [Q a process, the
worki n gs [ an object. or changes in map o ver time. You are alwa ys exp e te d to
summarize the information by describing the main features. makin J comparison
".... here relevan t.
In Task 2. you will h ave to w rite at least 250 words on a topic. Y 1.1 wil l b e presented
wilh an opinion, an argument. r a p roblem, and you will be expected to respond in
so n e w ay. For exam ple. in 'our re pons . yo u may be asked LO:
x p r s an opinion .
give views about two differe m opin ions and give your own opinion.
discuss a dvantages and di sad vantage .
give a so lution to a problem by sugges ti ng meas ures.
discuss ca uses of a problem and suggest sol u tions.
You are ahvays expe ted to give reasons and include any relevant examples from
your own knowledge and experience .

How will I be assessed?

In bo th tasks ou will be Clssessed on your ability to expre s yourself clearly an d
a ccurate ly in English.
In Task 1. you r an wer is assessed according to yo ur ability to write abou t d ta in an
organized wa y an d compare infoID1a tion where it is relevant to do so. You. ho uld
write about the main fea tures of th e da ta an a ld rel evant d rail w here n e essa ry.
In Task 2, your answer i assessed a cording to your abili ty to wri in a logical
m a nner as you give a solution 10 a problem, present andjuslify an opinion, compare
a nd contrast evict nce a nd opinions, or evaluate and challenge ideas or arguments.

How much time should I spend on each task?

You are ad ise d to sp end 20 m inu tes on Task l.
Yo u are advised to spend 40 minut s on Task .
Even though Task 2 ca rrie m o re m arks, you sh ould always do Task 1 firs t. This
is be cause it is shorter, an d psychologicCl lly it fee ls better if you ha ve comple ted
on e task.

• 5
 UN IT

•• 1 Change and conseqLlences

•
Unit aims
Task t Tas~ 2
Descnl:lIng trends Understandmg questIOns
Related verbs and nouns ExpreSSing soluttons
Understanding data Linking phrases
USing trigger wards

Task 1 Describing trends

II
1 The gTaphs relate to sales of media technolog . .
Which graph a- h d o au think shows sales for each
II
V
item in the p hotos 1-4?
iii -
2 Match each grapb (a-h) w ith the most appr p riate
description below (1- 10).
] Sales of auelio cassettes fell steaelily. .......... ~...... .~
2 iPo sales rose gradually . .................. II
3 Plasma TV sales fluctuated wildly, but the trend
was upward . ..................
4 Sales of video cassettes nuctuated wildly, and the
tTend was downward ............ _.. ... _
iii
5 Total digital camera sales dropped slightly.
....... - ..........
6 Sa es of audio cassettes fell and then levelled off. m
..................
7 The sales of MP3-players rose gradually and then

~
climbed sharply. ............. _....
B Purchases of video casse tte recorders d lined
D
dramatically . ......... ,' .......
9 Sales of games consoles decreased and then
levelled off ................... m.---------------
10 CD sales dropped suddenJy............ .......

II 3 Underline the verbs in 2 used to describe tren d

Example iii ~
I Sales of audio cassettes kU steadily.

4 The verbs in 2 are modified by adverb such as

steadily. Find the adverbs and decid e wheth r they
mean slow or fast changes. Complete the lists below.
Slow .. ~~~!~~ .,
Fas!

6 ••••
 UNIT 1 Charlge alld COli eqllell"s
••• • •
Related verbs and nouns

5 S en tc'n Cf:~ containin g verb phrQs es s uch as jeJl steadily call often b e re\-\'J.iLLen
u sing the correct form of there islare and a related noun. Read the examples.
Th en rewri te sentences a-j below.
Examples
Th co nsumption of cho colate fell steadily. (verb + adverb)
There was a steady fall in the consumption of chocolate . (there was a + adjective +
n oun )
There has been a dramatic rise in the produ crioD o f films . (there has been a +
adjeCtive + n oun)
Th production of film has risell dramaticalry. (verb + adverb)
a Spice expons fr om Afri ca fl uc tuated wildly over the p eriod.
There were ........................................ ................................. .. ..................................... .
b Th e development of n ew products fell gradually.
Ther was ...... ............. ..... .......................................................................................... .
c There has been a noticeable decrease in res ~a r ch investmen l.
Research ......................... ............... ........... ........ ... .. .................................................. ..
d The purchases of ti.cket dropped significantly last month .
Th ere ~,v as ............................................................................................................ ..
e On the Internet, th e illu rober of sites rose significantly.
There wa .................................................................................................................. ..
There was a su.dden decrease in th e sale o f mangos.
The sale .... ...... ........................................................................................................... .
g At the them e park. there "vere very slight fluctuations in the number of
visitors.
The number ................................................................ ............................................... .
h There was a gradual declin e in sugar impons.
Sugar .......................................................................................................................... .
The quality of food in supermarkers has tncreased slowly .
Technique •• Th ere h as ................................................................................................ .......... ......... .
• Include a variety of Th e number of air travellers fluctuated remarka bly.
• structures In your
• writing. Use both There ........ .. ................ ................................. .. ........................................ ..................... .
• verb +adverb a 1d

•
• adjective + noun
•
6 Phrases such as the consumplion oj chocolate can often be rewritten as just two
• structures In '{our nouns. Read the examples. Th en find and revyTitt' olh J examp les in 5 .
Task 1 answer.
Examples
• Express nouns as
The . of or as TWO The consumptioll oj chaco/ate can become Chocolate cOllsumption .
• nouns The production offt/lns can become Fillll production . (not Films production).

••••• 7
 Understanding data

7 Read the graph and th e Ta sk 1 q uesli.o n. Wh l was the in me in dollar for:

a The Tea Room in January? $160,000
..... .. ......... . .. ..... .....

b Internet Express in Jul y?

c Wi-fi Cafe in November?
d are Co I in D eember?
e The Tea Room in February ?

Task 1 Changing trends in cafe income

Technique
To l1el~ you read
the graph. write the
• Ilames nt tile t.afes
at the end of each
Il n~
.200 - . - - - - - - - - - - - --
Y0 1/ should spend about 20 111 in lites 011 this task.
180 + - - - - - - - - - - - + _
160 -I--.or--~-------_I__
The graph sholt·,\, I lJe income of faLl r cafes
i/l Ne w York over lasl year. 140 -l--'rl'---1.---I.------.--- I - -
~120+-----~---~-~~­
Sutnmal'iZl! the informalion by selectil)D - ------c ~..,....,.,-A__+_
;3 100 -+-:..:---
and reporliJ.ID the maill featt/res, and g"' 80 +---~.""""~--->.,_.-.,1'-~-
m a ke com pllri ons wh ere relevallt. 60+----~~-----~~~~
40+-----~--~'-~---
Write at least 150 words. __ The TeB Room
2 0 +-~~~-~------
-+- Internel Express
--- WI ·II Ca fe o +--.--~r_r_~~~~~-r~
- - Cafe Cool J F M A M J J A SON D

8 Answer these questions about rhe graph.

a Wh at do the lett ers , F, M, etc along th b llom of the graph mean?
b Wh a t do s OOOs mean .
e What P Ite m an yo u s 'C?
d What comparison s can you make?

9 Read the model text and decide wherher each missing phras
n oun, or an adverb.
Example
1 adverb
Model text

me graph providef, informa1ion about the increase to $120,000 , furthermore, the 10 March options
inc.ome trend~ of fo ur c.afe~ over the la5t inc.ome for both Internet £,y.pre5s and the a-g w ith gaps
1- 7 in Ib e model
i ear Wi-fi Gafe'J ............ in Duember. The
text.
There are two baf,ic. general trendf,: former ey.perienc.e.d 4 .... ... ..... to June, but
after Ihat, inc.ome rose S .. .. ..... ... ending a I adily
downwar and upward. As regards the
the ~ear at approy.imate\~ $1'30,000. b then rocketed
fir5t, the earning5 for The Tea \Zoom, \~ere
down over the ~ear, falling I ... ... .. .. .. from UKe\o ise, the trend for Wi-fi waf, upward, e dou bled
alm05l $ \ ~O,OOO earning5 a month tO jU5t Between Janua'1 to :ru\~, earnings d significant 11'
under $50,000 in December, I. .... ........ from $')0,000 to nead'j $100 ,000
e also ended the
and I .. .......... to around $lqO,ooo.
B-t contrast, the inc.ome for ihc other thre.e year lip
, ak5 went up b'j vat"(ing degrees,There It if, noticeable that the inc..ome fo r The a steady fall
"las :2. ., ... ....... in Gafe c.ool' (') 5ale5 over i ea \Zoom i5 lowel' in tne winter montho il ris '
the fir~t ten month5, followed b'j a sudden than for the. olne.r tnree. c.afes. ""

8 ••••
 ur~ rT 1 Cill7.llge mId cOllSeqllellCl!s
•
Task 2 Understanding questions

1 Task 2 questions cOlltdin a gen eral subject and ofte n in cl ude a spe jfic
organizing word to help y ou org an ize yo ur t: ssay. In each group a-d belo w,
'o.vhich organil'Z ing word has a different m e an i n g fx JJ1 th e lher two?
a ad\ anlages dr aw back s benefits
b measu res st eps reasons
c ause eHecls consequences
d disadvanta ges drawbacks solutions

2 Cmnpkt ~ e,lCh Task 2 question below v-'" li ih organil.ing words 1t! n!)] th e b ox .
You may use each item more th an nce.

agree or disagree advantages disadvan tages causes

solutions measures benefits

a ..
Wh at a re the ~~~~0. of learning skills jn th e mod rn vvo dd?
b An y attempts to preserve the n a tural w orl d will a lvva is h inder economi c
developmenL. The benefit will howe v r far outwe igh th e
.................. . Do you .................. ")
c What are the .................. and .................. of laking a eal" 0[[ b tween school
a n d univcrsit y?
d Stu dent s sh ould be trained on ho w to ope wit h ha nge in the modern
world. How far do you .................. ?
e Volunteer work with disadvantaged groups like underpr ivileged children is
[he best way for you ng p eople to learn about th e real world . ' '''hat are the
.................. of such work ?
Every day, anim a ls are becoming extinct throughout the world . What do
you think th e .................. of this are? What .................. can you uggest.
g Ov rcrowding in large ci ties h as always been a problem, bu t with
popula tions a ro und the w orld a out to double, th e social pro blems are
certain to multip ly. What ............ can y o u suggest to control th e p roblem s .

3 H ow many p ans are [here in each quest ion in 2? For example, (a) bas one
p art. If there are two or th ree p arts, how are th ey related?

• •• 9
 Expressing solutions

4 Change is more rapid in the m odem world than it was in th e pasl. umber
each category b elov 1- 5 accord 'ing to how rapi d ly each is changing in your
opinion (1 = most rapid; 5 = least rapid). Tltink of an example ofrapid
h ange for each catego ry.
Work Technology Travel Communication Health

5 Look at the Task 2 ques tion below and answer the q uestion

Task2
Jou should spend about 40 minutes 0 11 this task.
Write about the following topic.

/.ore lind. /}l o re people claim ti m " Hl O"~'''''1 1\" rk pa tterns a re a SOlI/'ce of s l r ess.
What do YOII think are the causes of this? Can you sllggest some possible
SOIIi/iolls'?

Give reasons for your anS'lver and inc/ude any relevant examplf!s from your own
knowledge or experienCe.

a Which part of the question states a problem?

b Which t wO words in the que lion are important for the organization of your
answer?

6 Read the
conversati on
bel ' een rw o
students d iscuss ing
the prob lem of s tress
at work . w hich p ar t
of the question in 5
are they ans w ering?
Wh at so lut ion s
and resu lt s d o they
suggest?
Shen : How do you t hink people can deal with t heir
stressful lives, especially at w ork?
Tina: Firstly, I think employers should encou rage
workers to relax.
Shen : How?
Ti na : Well. in so m e co m pa nies, gym facilitie s o r
m assa ge thera pies are available.
S hen: Massage?
Tina: Yes . If you help yo u r employees to re lax, th is
im prove s their effi ciency and prod uctio n.
Sh an : A re t here oth er so lutions?
Ti na: Of co u rse. Employees cou ld be trai ned in
how to plan t heir ti me mo re effectively.
On e w ay is to stop peop le taking w o rk
home. And then the workp lace w ill beco me
a lot happier.

7 This p aragraph
for employers to encourage workers to relax .
1 .. .. .. ......
. suggests a solution
in some companies, gym facilities or
- - - - -...... to [be Task 2 2 ....... .. " . ,
massage therapies are available . 3 .' .......... , this
Technique que llon in 5 .
•
Identlf the type 01 • Com plete each gap improves their effiCiency and production. 4 .. .. .. . .. . .. train
with th e phrases in employees in how to plan their time more effectively,
que lion For cause/ -

- a-f for p r Selliing

so l utions, examples,
and res ults,
5 ............ , by stopping people taking work home.
6 ............ , the workplace will become a lot hapPier.

a A further step is to d As a result

b for example e By doing this
I think the mos t obvious For instance
solution is

10 •
 U NIT 1 Ch al1!J~ (/lId coIIseqllellCe!
&I

8 There axe several w ay s to express sol u tjon s. Should is u sed for SIl'ong
sugges tion s; could is used for possible s ugge (i on s. Other ph rases can also b e
used to express solution s. Read the example [rom 6 and 7 on page 10. Then
rewri te the sent ences in a- f.
Examp les
Employers should eJ/courage workers to relax .
[ think the most obvious solution is/or employers to ncouTage workers [Q relax .
Employees could be [rai/led in how to plan their Lime more effectively.
A further step is to train employees in h ow [Q plan Ih eir li me more dfe [i vely.
a 1 think the most obvious solution is to encourage people to exercise mo re .
PeopleshouJd ......................................... ,............................. ,... ,.,. ,....... ,.... ,.......... ,... .
b The obvious answer is to reduce the number 0 wo rking hours ,
The number of working hours ...... ,....... ....... ,............ ,................................. ,.......... .
c The government could provide each employee with their own computer.
One possibility is ....... ,.... ... ....................................................................... ... ...... .... .... .
d One option is to persuade parents to spen d more time with [heir children .
Parents could .............. ,............................................ ..... .............. ,.. .. .............. ,
e A good idea is to restri ct the number o f ars coming into iries,
The number of cars coming into cities .... " . ....... ..... .. ,' .......................................... .
f The go emmenl should build more sky rapers to solve the problem.
A good ide a is .................................................................. ..." ... ..................... .

9 Which problems ('[modern life do (he SentenceS in S rein Ill?

overcrowding traffic congestion obesity

lack of discipline stress technology

10 Use·the follo wing phrases (0 add re ults to the Solul ions ab ove. Use YOUT
own ideas an d w ords.

Examp le
a I think the most obvious solution is to encourage people to exerdse more ,
By doing this, they would lose weight and would feel better generally.

As a result, This would enable/help them to This would lead to

This means that they would By doing this, Consequently,

• •• 11
 Linking phrases

11 Linking phrases mark the ftloctions 01 other s ent e nt: es i1n d phrases, s u c l~ as
solutjons, results, and examples. Match each linl(ing p h rase ' ' ,Itch th e cor Cl
function.

p urpose 8ftt! conseq uentJy,

addi rion a nd
and so since for instance,
condition reason because in order to
exarnp1e resuIt therefore, if fu rth crmore,
as a result. for example,

Usin g trigger words

12 Read the paragraph from a Task 2 essay on overcrow de d cities and find the
UnkLn g phr ases which m a tch these functions.
Reason Result Example Solution

M an\' citie in th e worl d have now b ecome very

ove.r~rowded because people are migrating in fro m the
counrrysid e in search of work. As a result , fa cilities like
wate r supp lies an d public transport can no t cope with
the demand s from increased numb ers of people, and
so th ey are under severe stra in. The obviol1s an swer is
to en courage the creation of jobs outside the cities . For
example) we could encourage certai n business s to set
up branch es in rur al areas.

13 Lin~",ing phrases can be used to tr.i gger id eas becau e th ey mark fu n ctio n s .
When you plan a Task 2 answer, write down some trigger words to h elp you
dev d QP YOUT basic idea. Use [11e trigger w o rds below (a d eve lop th e ideas
given.
A
lfpeople migrale 10 cilies, they be come ................ ..
And so ................ ..
And as a restill .... .. ........... .
A good idea would be to ................. .
By doing this, ................ ..
B
People spend 100 /lllIch time watching TV.
For example, ................ ..
Con equemly, .. .. ,......... .. ..
If .................. , then ................ ..
This \vill lea d to ........ .. ...... . .
C
The development of tourism ofTell creates resentment among local people because
For example, ......... .. ...... .
The obvious ans wer is to ...... _._ .. .... __
Furthermore, ....... _.. ....... .

12 •• •
 UNIT 1 Cil(l11g e and cO lIst:q uenus
••
•• • • ••Practice Test 1 • •••••

Task 1
You should spend aboUl 20 minutes on this task.

The 9rtJph belDH' shows il1 percentage terms tlu changing patterns of domestic aeee s
to Jil(){il'm tecJl11vlo9.\Jil1 homes in the UK

SIUJllII{//";ze flu "information by selectil1g and rep(wtillij tI,e IJ1l1in /catllres, anrl make
comparisons where relevant.

Write alleasl 150 words.

Percentages
100 - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ,

CD pl ay er
80 ~--------------------------~~~~=----=====~
MObile phone
.... .
60
---
40 - -- ---
....... ".:.-.--------
------
-------
20

o I I
1996/97 1998199 2000/01 2002/03

Task 2
Yo u shou ld spend about 40 II/inures on this Jask.
Write about the followil1g topic:

People naturally resist making changes;n their lil'e~..

What kind of problems can this calise? What solutioJls can you suggest?

Give reasons for your allswer and include any relevanr examples from your OHI1"1 knowledge
or experimce.
Write at least 250 words.

• •• 13
 •
Unit aims
..
The importance of the past
---.-~-
... .. ••
Task 1 Task 2
Comparing information Using it/they/ this/these
Adverbs in comparisons Planning essays
Comparing and contrasting Developing Ideas
••••• ••••••
Task 1 Comparing information

The pictures and tex t show some inventions and who invented them .
Answer the question s.

Ballpoint pen ,
Laszlo Biro

First mercury thermometer, Safety pin, Paper money in China

Gabriel Fahrenheit Walter Hunt

a Which is the oldes t invention ?

b Which is the most recem invention?
c Which do you think are the most and least important inventions?
d What other important h istorical in ven tions are n ot induded here?
Tin can patented
by Peter Durand
2 The chan shows {he results of a survey about th e most important inventi ons
in th e l ast 300 years . Answer [he questions.

Most im porta nt inventi ons in t he last 300 years

a What is the most
striking feature of
I. Male 0 Female 1
the chart?
b What voting
pattern s can y ou
see for females?
c What voting
patterns can yo
see for males?

•••
•• Technique 3 You can use a range of structures to make comp adsons . Read these examp Je
describing the chart in 2. Then complete s,entences a-j with sui table
• Inandthenumber
test. circle information based on the chart.

-•• Important de1ails

I-
•
••
Examples
More males than females chose the TV. (more + n oun + than)
• in pencil. Fewer fe males than m ale s chose th e TV. (fewer + n oun + than)
The TV was more popular among males than female s. (morel less + adjective +
than)
The most popular form of conununication was the Internet. (the most/least +
adjective)

14 • • • • •
 UNIT 2 TIre importGI1Ct! of the pasr
••
a More fe males ....................... ...... males chose [h e bicycle.
b The bicycle was more ........................ .... than any other invention.
c The car was .... ......................... popular among females than males.
d ... ................... .. ..... invention among both sexes was the TV.
e ................ ....... .. .... women than men voted for the mobile phone .
.......................... .. . invention among both sex es w as the bicycle .
g ......... ..... ............... males th an females picked the radio.
h The computeT was ............................. for women than for men .
More people seleded the bicycle ............................. any other invention.
The TV was ........................ .. ... popular than any other invention.

4 You can also com pare information by using a ma/ly ... as when numbers are
very dose, or by using I/ot as many .. _as. Read the examp les . Then compare
m ale and fem ale ani(udes (0 cars an d m ob il e phones.
Examples
As many females as males chose the computer.
Not as many female s as males chose tb radi o .

5 Make comparative sentences based on notes a-g below and the chart in 2.
Use the p assive or active form of the verb in italics .
Examples
female sJmale slselectfthe bicycle M ore females th an m ale sf/eeted the bicycle .
males/femaleslseleetfthe bicycle Fewer m ales thall f males selected the bicycle .
the bicyclelchooselfemales/male s The bicycle was chosen by more females than
males.
a males/femaleslehooselthe car

b wom en/men /selwlthe mobile phone

c the Intemetlehooselmales/females

d (emalesJ males! pick/the radio

e malesl£emaleslpicklthe radio

the comput erl chooselfemales/males

g the bicyclelselect/males/females

• • • • 15
 Adverbs in comparisons

6 You can add ad verbs to comp arisons to make them more precise, such as
significantly (more) or almost (as many). Read the examples. Then underline the
adverb s in senten ces a-i.
Exa mples
Significantly mOTe people voted for the bicycle than tbe other inventions.
The bicycle was chosen by almost as many males as female s.
a Slightly more w om en than m en voted for th e bi cycle .
b In the past, considerably more people lived in the countryside than towns.
c Many more people can use a computer today than thirty years ago .
d Substan tially less time is n ow spent doing housework than before.
e There are significantly fewer people now worldng in manufacturing than in
the past.
Sports progra mmes are watdled by practically as many peopl n ow as jn
previous years.
g The exhibition about dnerna attracted far fewer visirors than expected.
h Illiteracy is much less common than in previous generations .
Nearly as many children as adults watch progranmles about anci enL history.

7 Which adverbs above mean:

a almost? b a lot? c just a few ?

8 Look again at the sentences you wro te in 5 on page 15. Add suitable adverbs .

Comparing and con trasting

9 Answer (hese questions about (he b ar chart.

a Wh at do you mink the bar chart provides information about ?
b What could th e numbers on the left relate to?
c What do you trunk the wo rds along the bottom of the dl an relate to?
d What could the numbers in the box refer to?
e Is there a time reference for the graph?

7o,-----------------------------------------------,
60~------------------------ 2~01
-------------------1 I045-65
50~--,_~----------

40
30

20
10

16 • • • • •
 UNiT 2 Tire ;mportallu ofllle past

10 Match sentence beginnings 1-6 with endings a-f to form correct senlences
abom the chart.
1 The arts and crafts society has the greatest number of 20-30 year-olds,
2 Only 25 people fTom the younger age group are members of the historica l
society,
3 Some societies are clearly more popular with one of tbe age groups,
4 The keep fit and social clubs have slightly more members in the younger age
bracket,
5 In generaL the 20-30 year-olds are more actively involved in societies
6 The keep fit and social clubs attract a broader range f people

a wh reas the archaeological society is equally popula r wi th both .

b ill compariso11 with [he hi stori al society,
e but it is one of the least popular clubs with the ol' er age group -
d comp.11'ed with the Ider age group,
e whilt! the figure for 45-65 year-olds is abou 50 .
althollgh they are fairly popular with both age grou s.

11 I n which of [he sentences in 10 u ld the ending a-f orne fir t? Which

cOlmecting words in italics are followed by a noun phrase only,

12 Read the d escription of (he chan in 9. For aeh of 1- 6, tw o options are

possible and one is ineorreCL Delete the in correct op ti on.

Model text

l'he Ghart provides information about
how two age groups partic.ipate in 'beveral
d ub\') at a Lentr£. for ,j(ktl1s.
We c.an '5Ce. from the data that the
arGhaeologic.al, Keep fit and wc.ial dubs
are popular with both older and ~ounge-r
Technique
people. I \-IIhile/However~ contraM, the
In the test, make historic.al and art'b and c.rafts wc.ietie-s
a qUick list of dead,! appeal more to one of the age-
the comparison groupD. In the historic.al Wc.iet-j, SO of the
structures you know members are between 4'5 and (,?,
before you write
2. but/whilelhowever "lhere are onl~ 2.5
from "lhe ~ounger age group. For the art
and c.rafts soc.iet-j, the- pattern is reve-rsed.
l'here- are about ~o membe-rs aged
be-twe-e-n'}.() and 30 , -; but/whereaslin
c-ompari50n ~Jith the number of people- in
the- 45 to (pI5 age group is 4 Jar/slightly/
considerably lower.1he Ke-ep fit and wGial
dubs are popular with both age- groupD,
'i howeverlbut/although there are sllghH'i
fewer older people, e-mbe-rship of th
;;rc.haeologic.al Mc.iet., stand5 at it? fo
both groups.
In ge-ne-ral, the- ~ounge-r age- group are
v signific.antly/almost/noticeably more
involved in the various wc.ieties than tl1
it?-(;j ~ear- 01d5.

... • 17
 Task 2 Using itltheylthislti'zese

1 Read the text below writlen by a st ud ent as part of a Task 2 essay. Replace
the words in italics wi th ii, they, this, or these.

Archaeologists, for example, help us to learn about the past. Archaeologists

look for evidence in artefacts like pots and jewellery. Pots aJldjewellery
reveal a lot of information about our ancestors. Revealing infonnatioll about
the past is very useful, but the information is still quite limited.

2 Match 1-4 witb a- d to explain how ro use il, Ihey, this, and tllese.
I It and this refer to
2 They and these refer to
3 This and these are often used to refer to
4 This can also refer to

a nou ns at the en d of the previous senten ce.

b plural nouns.
c situations and processes.
d singular nouns.

3 Underline the exact text w hich it, they, tilis, and these refer [0 in sentences a-h.
Th e first one has been done for you.
a History teaches children not just facts, but a range of skills. For example,
they can learn how to analyse material, do basic sorting and research .
b Old buildings help create a more relaxing environment in cities than
concrete office blocks . This makes them more pleasant to work and live in .
c Stu dyin g history may trigger an in terest in oth er subject areas. This , in tum ,
may Lead to other hobbies.
d Built-up areas can be made more attractive by adding monuments and
statues. These can then enrich people's lives considerably.
e Government s should provide more m oney to preserve historical siles. By
doing this, our heritage w ould be saved for future generations.
Tradition does not hold u s back as some people believe . In facr, it helps us to
build the future .
g Schools and colleges need to emphasize history and related subjects as these
will h elp give them a wider view of th e world .
h The Internet and computers can b<;.' used to preserve the pas t For example,
they can be used by children to do basic research and store images.

4 Com p lete sentences a-g with ii, they, 1111:5, or these.

a If the past i to be preserved, .............. ..,. must be done by usi n g modem
technology.
b The an and language of a country represent its history, so it is importan t
that ................ .. are both preserved .
c The primary role of advenising is to encourage the public to replace the old
witb the new ................... is called progress by some people .
d History broadens the minds of m ost people ,"vh o study .................. , but
.................. also h as the potential to narrow the minds of some .
e History should be given more emphasis in schooL as .................. will help
children to understand better the world they live in .
If hlstory is emphasized m ore in schools, .......... ..... :.. wiU lead to a b tter
understanding of the world.
g The past infom1.s us of the present an d the future, but few people are
suificiently aware o f ,.... ... ."" ......

18 • • • • •
 uNiT 2 The imparlQllce afllre pasl
•
P ]an n in g e ssays

5 Read (he historical facts in a-f below. Rank th e events 1-6 according to how
=
important you think rhey were in human history (1 most impoTlam; 6 =
least importanr). What other events w ould you add to the l ist?
a In 1792, France abolished the monarchy and instituted the fi rst republic.
b In 1953 , Francis Watson and James Crick described the structure and
importance of DNA.
c In October 1492. Christoph er Columbus se t fo ot in the Americas.
d In 1885. Karl Benz built and patented the first automobile .
e In 1983. a com puter system connecting universitjes was created. whkh
later became the Internet.
In the nimh cemury. gunpowder was first invented and used by the
Chinese .

6 Read the Task 2 essay question below. D ed d e w hich of points a-g ar

relevant to this answer.

It is sometimes said tllat h istory /lever repeats itself, yet there is mild/ ill
it which is relevant to our modern world . Suggest some ways in. whicJI
the study of h istory migllt help liS today.

a Th ere is often uncertainty abo ut what really happene d with regard to

well-kn own historical events.
b Studymg other historical periods gives insights into different ways of life .
e We can learn about the recent past by asking older relatives.
d HiStory involves investigation and interpretation, so its study develops
thinking skills.
e Learning about conflicts in the past can teach u S hovv to avoid them in
future .
History is a more dHficult area of study than most p ople imagine .
g The past can often provide explanations for the sit uation W ' face tod ay

7 Read the idea below. Choose some of the trigger words to develop tlus
point. The first one has been done for you . Refer to Unit 1 p age 12 for more
examples of similar phrases .
Studying other historica.l p eriods gives insights in to different ways of life.
For example, students ca11 investigate the way in which people lived in ancient limes
such as ................ ..
As a res ulr, ................ ..
Therefore, ................ ..
Furthermore . ................. .

8 Look back at Ihe other relevant sentences you chose in 6 above . Deve lop
those ideas in the same way llsiJlg tr igger words. Then wri tt: out yow ideas
in a pa.ragr aph.

... • . • 19
 Developing ideas

9 Read the Task 2 question below. M ake a not of any ways you can mink of to
make history more interesting.

Some children find lem'fling history at school very exciting. but matlY
others think it is I'ery boriug. In what ways can history be brought to life
for 0,1/ school children?

10 The list a-i below contains ideas th at a stud ent came up w ith for [he essay
question in 9. There aI\:' thr,ee solutions, each w h b an example and an ffe l.
Complete (he table by matching each idea with the appropriate fu nct ion .

P aragraph 1 Paragrapb 2 Paragraph 3

Solutions a
Examples
EUects

a using the Internet and computers

b isiting historical sites
c historical places seem more real
l: make a poster about local history
(' go to a local archaeological site
it increase motivation to do research
g these kill can be applied in other subjects
h doing written projects
search for iniorrnation about historical figures online

11 Decide which function in 10 these linking ph ras es rel ate to.

a Another method is to
h T}')is will lead to

c For example,
d Last but not least, children could
Technique e For instance,
To help you build such as
a bank of Ideas.
recycle relevam g As a result.
Information from h The best way is to
_......;I.•
other essay,-s_,
Then

12 Use YOUI answers to 10 and 11 to write the ideas out as three paragraphs.

20 • • • • •
b
 U Nit' 2 The i mponallCt: of rhe past
•
•••••
Practice Test 2
• • • ••
Task 1
You should spend about 2 0 minutes all this task.

The graph below SllOWS the contribution of three sectors - agriculture,

manufacturing, llnd b1lSi1l2.5S ilIId fin lll/cia I services -to the UK economy ill the
twentieth cClllury.

Summarize tile infonnatiol1 by selecting alId reporting tile main jea tw'es, and make
cOlllpm'isolls where relevant.

Write at least 150 wards.

Contribution of selected sectors to the

UK economy in the twentieth century

60
o Agriculture
• M anufacturing
50 o Business and Financial
40

20

10

0-+-- ' - -

Task 2
h'U sholild spend about 40 minutes on this task.
Ihe/t'llu"....il1g topic:
V"'I"itt" ,l bc,ut

To some people studying the past has lillIe value it! tile modem I For/d. Wily do you
tlIil1k it is important to do so? What will be the effect If children are not ta ugll t
history?

Give reasons foryour answer and include any relevant examples frolll you r own kno wledge or
expenence.
Write Cit least 250 words.

•• 21
 • •
Machines, cycles, and processes
• ••••• •• •
Unit aims
Tas' l Task 2
The passive Using whIch to organize informatron
Sequencing Expressing result and purpose
~~~~~~.~.~.~.~.~. =---~=-=-=-=-~~=-~=-~

Task 1 The passive

1 Look at the five objects a- and answer the questions.

a W hich materials are used to make these objects?
II b Which of th e material in your list are natural and which are
manufactured?

2 Natura] processes are often d e cribed using (h e activ e form. whereas

man ufaClUIi og processes are usual ly described using the passive. Read rh
examples. Then omp lete 1-6 with the correct fonns of the verb in bra kelso
Examples
A riverf10ws from its source to the ocean . (active)
Many electronic goods are manufactured in Japan. (passive: bi + past paniciple)

Limestone is the main ingredient of cement. Firstly, it 1 .... .. ............. . . .. .... ..

(extract) from the ground. Then, at the factory. it 2 .......................... ... (heat)
(Q a high temperature with other ingredients. After thiS, it

3 ........... . .. ........ ....... (cool) with blasts of cold air.

When warm air ~ .. ....... .... ................ (reach) high ground. it is force to rise.
an d, as a result, it 5 ..... ... .. ........... .. .. ... . cool) . Moisture in the air
6 ......... .......... .......... (con dense) to form rain .

3 When describing processes, make sure the subject and verb agree. Read the
When describing example, then complete 1-8 w ith the carr ct forms of th e verb s in brackets.
processes, sho',",
Example
hat you can use
active and passive The sun shines and the temperature rises.
forms where
• appropf i_at_e_ _.....
Some rock formations I .... ........ (hold) large amounts of water, When it
(rain). the tiny spaces in th rock gradually 3 .... .. ... .. . (fill) with
2 ............
water so that the rock 4 ... .... ... .. (become) saturated. Tbe top of this saturated
zone is called the wate ( table. If long periods of rain 5 ...... .. .. .. (occur). the
water table 6 ............ (rise). If there is no rain, the rock 7 ............ (begin) to
dry out an d the water table 8 ............ (fall).

22 • • • • •
 UN IT 3 Machines, cycles, and prOCf!sstS
•
4 Verbs which requi re an object are called transitive. Ver b s "v h ich never have
an object are caUed ~Intransilive. Are the verbs in sentence a-c transitive,
intransitive, or both? Which sentence cannot be put iOlO the p assive?
a Th e temperature falls.
b Manufacturers ma ke rubbe r products.
c Sunlight opens the lea ves. The leaves Opel! .

5 Put each verb in the box into the correCllist: transiti ve, intransit i ve, Or b oth.

design produce rise se nd begin manufacture

obtain die become dry grow cool

Tra nsitive :
Intransitive: fall
Both:

6 U e th e n otes below to write short paragraphs ab out prod uction processes.

Example
The production of a car involves various stages. car/design; prototype/make;
car/rna s·produce; car/dis tribure; car/sell
After the car is designed, a prototype is made and the car is mass-produced. The car is OUr1
distn'buted and sold.

a The produ ction of a motorcycle involves various stages. motorcycle/design;

prototype/make; proto type/test; motorcycle/manufacture; motorcycle!
export; motorcycle/sell.
b The diagram shows th e various stages in the production of bread. wheat/
plant; crop/harvest; whea t/tran sport to the mill; whea t/make fl our; fl ou rl
buy/baker; bread/bake; bread/sold.

7 Some d iagrams require descriptions using past tenses. COIllpJe !e lhe

paragraph with lhe verbs from the box.

SWAMP a died and dropped b was formed

300 million years ago c lived d was covered e was trapped
f turned 9 is now mined h buil t up

The diagrams show the process by w hich coal

I ............ over a pe riod of millions of years.
WATER
100 million years ago First of all, large plants 2 ......... .. . in enonnous
swamps a long time ago. Thes e 3 •.......... • to the
bottom of t.h e w ater. Over the years, th e dead
Dirt plants formed a layer, w hich became deeper
Dead plants an d deeper. M ore and m ore earth and dirt
4 . .. ......... on top of this layer. Subsequently,

this layer 5 ............ by rocks and dirt, and so the

energy of the dead plan ts 6 ............ un de rneath .
Rocks & Dirt A s the pressure an d the heat grew over time,
~ -I , the layer of dead plants 7 ...... ...... into coal.
·_·.,'t. ,/ ; __
t , t .-"
:0=1IIII_, ."
.". Seams of coal were form ed, and coal 8 ............ .
Coal

• • •• 23
 Sequencing

8 The diagram shows how energy is produced from coal. Answer the
questions.
a How is the coal carried to [he pO'wer plant?
b What is added to tbe furnace in addition to coal?
( W hat gas is produced when coal is burnt in the furnace?
d What do you think is removed from the gas?
e What is the gas called fo ll owing trus pro ess?
What do you th ink [h e gas does in the turbine?
g What does the turbinE do to the generator?
h Where do the hot ex haust gases come from?
What bappens [0 the gases?

....
Oxygen

syngas

Steam

Generator
Gas turbine

Electricity

9 Complece the model text below by choo sin g the correct aJtcrnati'\'c in each
case,

Model text
m e diagram !>hO"'~ 5 the variouf> f>tage!> in drive a gas turbine. me turbine" in turn/
the. proauc.tion of dean e.nerg~ from wa\. afterwards/therefo re powerf> a generator,
Technique I firM of aU/At first/One. the wal if>
produc.ing eledric.it{ m e gas turbine aIM
mined in deep pitf> underground and then produc.e5 hot e~haust ga5es. mef>e are
When describmg 1 then/thertfore/consequently piped to
c.an-jed to the $urfaa.. 2. Furthermore/
• processes, use a heat rewve.t"{ steam generator, \~hic.h
• phrases such as After that/As a result, it i$ c.arried
along a (.onve~o r belt to a power plant. wnvertf> the heat into $team. \he 5team i5
• F{{st of al/, After
I) tonsequently/subsequent/subsequently
thar, and When as '3 when/then/where it i5 burned in a

• trlgger
. words to • large furnac.e to ~h i(.h o'l'~gen i5 added.
• ~elp you sequence • 4 Ofherwise/from this/Therejore, ral"
• Ideas. • $~n9a!> i!> proauc.ed. At tne ne~t 5tage.
of the proc.ef>f>, harmful f>ubf>tanc.es li\:e
c.arbon dio'l'ide., m{';rw~. and sulphur are
removed. S Fol/owing that/ Followino/
Subsequent, the. purified gas i$ U$ed to
LI$ed to power a steam turbine, whid1
ilgilin if> uf>ed to generate elutri(. i~ .
m e e.nerg'1 if> dean buau5e narmful
produd$ are removed and the c.oal if> not
transported to anothe.c 5ite to produc.e
e.lec.tr i (.. i~ .

24 • • • • •
Ie:n
 UNIT 3 /Hachines, cycles. alld proc£sses
•
10 ConneCl the sentences below. Use the Unldng words in brackets in each case.
Example
The parts of th e car are assembled. The cars are ex-ported. (aiter)
After the parts of the ca r are assembled, the cars are exported.
a Tb e snow falls. It covers th e grou nd with a protective layer. (when)

b Her cubs are born . Th e lioness licks them all over. (as soon as)

c The paper is collected. It i sent for recyclin g. (once)

d Volcanoes erupt. They send huge am ounts of smoke int o th e air. (before

e The plants perspire. Th e air becomes humid. (when)

Th e trees a re cut d OVIlI]. The forest is gradually dest royed. (and)

11 Connect these sentences using your own words.

a The food is processed. Ir is packaged. It is distributed .

b The cycle is completed . Jt repeats itseli all over again .

c The rubbish is collected. It is sent to a centre for sorting. It is recycled.

d A new model of the bicycle is develope( Tlic bicycle is teste d

e The TV is assembled. It is sent to the shops.

The water is purified . It is bottled.

g The data about the weatl1er is collected . The infonnation is then broadcast.

h Th e prototype is tested . It is rnodilied .

12 From your own knowledge, write a short paragraph to des cribe each of the
processes below.
a Th e process of digital photograph y from the acti on of taking a photograph
to disp laying the im age .
b The progress of a lener or parcel from packaging to delivery.
c The life cycle of an animal su ch as a butterfly or a frog.
d Th e water cycle which creates clouds and rainfall.

25
 Task 2 Using which to organize information.

Answer the questions about the list of technolog it.'s .

computers automatic doors mobi le phones video games

TV remote controls MP3-players satellite navigation systems
digital cameras

a Which of the techn ologies can help peopl e and which can make life more
diffi cult?
b Which technologies might make people more lazy?
c Whicll technologies do you find annoying and which impressive?

2 Read the Task 2 question. What two kc'!' elements must you include in your
answer? Underline the organizing words which tell you [his.

A recent survey has shown that people of all ages are losing the ability
to perfonn basic p ractical tasks and processes at work. Wha t do yo u
think are the main causes of this? Wh at solurions can you suggest?

3 Read the following p aragraph vvri tten by a student and answer

questions a-e.

People generally are losing traditional practical skills whkh they n eed to
function in everyday life . This has come abo ut in my opinion, because
people are n ow so over-reliant on machines. For example, computers
in one form or anoth er perform man y of the tasks th at people used t
do themselves such as office functions, opening and locking doors, or
switching mach.ines on and off. Consequently, workers annat do basi
practical tasks in depth, which in turn has an impact on h ow to process
basic informa ti on mentally when they are at work

a What kind of skills are people losing?

b What is the cause of this?
c Which exam ples are given?
d What is the practical consequence of all this?
e ' '''hat is the mental co nsequence?

4 In each sentence below, what does the word in italics refer to?
a People often allow the TV to do their thinking for them at b orne, which in
tum has an impact on their mental performance at work . (Effect)
II
b People generally are losing traditional practical skills which they n eed to
function in every day life.

26 • • • • •
 U NIT 3 Machines, cycles, and prou~sl'S
•
5 Combine [he following pairs of sentences using which.
a Sometimes, computers make mistakes and prevent things happening. This
wastes valuable time and can cost money.

b TV programmes provide people with information about the world around

them, This information is often very useful

c Machines now give us more fr eedom. This means that w e ha ve more tim e
for leisure activi.ties.

d Technology saves us more and more tim e. This tim e can be used to create
more machin es.

e More and more household tasks are now carried out by robots. They will be
even more common in the future .

Every thing se m s to be available at the tou ch of a button. Th.is makes

people expect instant response s from other people .

Technique 6 What does whieh refer to in each of your answers in S? In which cases does
• Use which as a the wlll'ell clause express an effect as in 4a?
• trigger word to
• add detail to your 7 When combining sent ences, a which clause oflen cont ains information that
.1.-_____....•
• writing. is non-essential to the sentence. Read Ehe examples. Then combine Ih
sentences in a-e, decidin. which information is non-essential.
Examples
News broadcasts about wo rld disasters, which are now available 24 hours a day,
can make people feel anxious.
The situation, which people blame th e gove rnmen t for, is everyone's fau lt .
a The situation h as now become much more complex. It is eUeclively OUI of
co ntrol.

b Th e problem is everyone's responsibility. The public blame the gove rrunent

for it.

c The cause of the problem is the lack of basic Iraining . The cause is not
immediately obvi ous to everyone .

d The solution is, in my opinion, by far the best. The solution is to have a day
at work where peopJe do not use computers or other machines .

e Office technology is the ca use of much fru stration at work. It requires only
basic training to use .

':J ~-::: .1.1 27

 Expressing result and purpose

8 The extract below contains three paragraphs, each organized to express

functions such as cause and result. Identify the ideas that relate to each
function and underline them. The first paragraph has been done for you.

?roblem rirf>t of all, in recent ~earf>, man~ people
~ all over the worla have aemonf>tratea
a dear lacK of abilitj to carC'j out certain
baf>ic ta;,K;,. A number of reaf>onf> have
been put forwara for thif>, but b~ far the
mOf>t important, I feel, if> the comple'l-itj of
c..aUf>e ____ the moaern a@e.
'Parentf>, for e'l-ample, no longer have
enough time to f>pena at home with their
chi\clren, because ma~ are worKing
unsociable hours to cope with the
pressures ana aemanas of toaa~ ' s worla.
Young people are wnseguentli aeprivea
of valuable time to learn the pradical
f>Kills nemsa~ for eve~aa~ life liKe
fi'l-ing a plug, menaing a pundure on
a bi c~de, or even sewing a button on
a f>hirt.
Apart from parents, the international
arive towaras learning new technolog~
also neeas to car~ a gooa part of the
blame. mif> has lea to ioun9 people
leaVing school literate in certain
computer f>Kills. But it has alw createa
a generation almost aeficient in baf>ic
practical f>Kills, because technical
problem-wiVing liKe maKing things in
carpent~ has been sguenecl out of the
school curriculum.

Paragraph 1: Problem/Cause
Paragraph 2: Example/Cause/Effect
Paragraph 3: Cause/Result I /Result 2/Reason /Example

9 Which linking phrases are used in 8 to express the functions listed?

Technique
10 Decide whether the linking phrases below express Result or Purpose.
Learn at least one
result phrase and
so therefore in order to consequently so as to as a result
one purpose phrase
with the aim of and so so that for this reason as a consequence
• and use these as
trigger words. hence which leads to which means that
• When you write a
sentence, insert
• your result/purpose 11 For each idea below, continue the sentence or write a follow-on sentence
trigger words to using your own ideas to express Result or Purpose.
, develop it.
• a Children are now learning how to do mental arithmetic again .

b Some cities charge motorists to take their cars into the centre.

c Machines are manufactured to break down after a certain time.

28 • • • • •
 UNI T 3 M achi nes, cydes, and proc(! ~s
•
••••••• • •
Practice Test 3
•• ••••••

Task 1
You should spmd abollt 20 minutes on this las

T~le diagram behlli' .,11011'5 hOI!' S{ll.t i.'I rt!tI1i)I'f'd from sea water to m,7ki' it dr inkable.

Summ arize Ihe illforT1Jilliotl vJ.' st'/c'{(ill.'J alld rq.'orti Jl!} Il le mdilJ f cd //./res, and make
comparisons where releva/lt.

Write at least 150 words .

.;. -
Water
forced through
membrane at
high pressure

Sea
To integrated

Filter 1 water supply

system
backwash
1 Seawater
concentrate Water molecules

-
l ask2
You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.
Writt' about the following lopic:

The widespread lise of the Internet 1las hl'ought many problems. What do you thiflk
{lrc th e mail! problems associated witll the use of the web ? What sO/lIlioll can YO Il
suggest?

Give reasons for your answer and inclllde any relevant examples from your own knowledge or
experience.
Write at least 250 words.

29
 Ed-ucation
• •• ••••••••
Task 2
General and specific statements Avoiding overgeneralization
Comparing Information Developing reasons
Describing proportions
••••••••••••••• ••
Task 1 General and specific statements

1 The statements he10w give students' reasons for choosing a particu lar
university. Which of these statements do you agree with?
a The lecturers' qualification s are more important' th an th e quality of the
teaching. -

b The spo rts fa ci lities are as imp ortant as the academic reso urces .

c Good library facilities are the most important factor for postgraduate
students.
d A pleasant environment is more important than the university's reputati n .

2 Look at the p ie charts and [be Task 1 question. Answer questi ons a-e below.

The pie charts below illustrate tilt' number of journal articles read p.e r
week by all students, PhD Sludents, and jun for lecturers at an Alistralian
IIIJiI·ersity.

Number of journal articles Number of journal articles NUIllON of journa l articles

read by all students read by Ph D students read by ju nior lecturers

•
••

..

75')'.

l - tt05 _6totl 012'!-1

Summa.rize the infonnat.ioH by selectin9 and reporting r!'l e ma ill feLrtllu'S,

and make comparisotTS' where relevant.

a What does each pie cban describe?

b Wh at do tbe numb ers on each pie chart represent?
c Wbat does th e box at the bottom of tbe pie chart refer to 7
d What noticeable feature can you see in each chan?
e ' !\Tbat gen eral statements can you make abou t each chart?

30 • • • • • .,

3 Complete sentences a-g using the ph rases below.
4 The sentences in 3 form a model text. Group the sentences into foU(
5 Descr iptions contain general and specific st atements. Specific statements
6 Divide the following sentences into general and specific statements.
: Technique
• Aim to make at
• least one general
• statement in the
: middle of your text.
UNIT 4 Education
••••
that respectively for examp le how but
which m eanwh ile whereas and
a The three pi.e charts illustrate .. ................ many articles [rom academk
journals are read weekly by PhD students ..... .... ....... .. ju nior lecturer
compare d to other students a t an Australian unjversity.
b .................. the overwhelming majority of those studying doctora res read at
least twelve articles per week in comparison with the average student.
c The figures were 80 per cen t and twelve p er cent .. ................ .
d Furthermore, only five pe r cent of PhD level students read between one and
five articles, .................. th e average for all st u dent in tbis category is a hefty
67 pe r cent. .
e ............. fo r junior lecturers the pattern appears to be slightly differenl.
Most read six or more articles per week (99 per cen t), .... :............. out of this
total 24 per cent read twelve or more, .................. is almost a third of the
corresponding figure for PhD level students.
g It is clear .................. those students who are re earching Jor a phD read more
a rticles than either junior lecturer or other students.
p arag rapbs.
Paragraph 1:
Paragraph 2:
Paragraph 3:
Paragraph 4:
contain reference to data, wbereas general statements do not. Which
statements in 3 are general? Wh ich are specific?
Examples
General: Postgraduate students tended to be better off than other students.
Specific: Seventy-five per cent of school children read comics each week.
a Far fewer female lecturers as opposed to male lecturers are employed at the
uruversity, 25 and 7 5 respectively.
b We can see that there are considerable dHferences in t h e proportion of
n ationalities in each course .
c Only ten per cent of stu dents preparing for their Masters attended taught
classes.
d OveralL women were more likely to read novels than men .
e Student s preparing for their doctorate read the greatest n um ber ofjoumal
articles.
The sales for all fo ur comparue showed similar trends.
g The pattern for senjor lecturers was v ery different.
h The vast majority of those students preparing for PhDs read twelve or more
journal articles each week.
• • •• 31
 COlnpal'ing information

7 Rewrite th e following sentences using the giv en w ord so that the meaning
the same.
a Far more PhD stu dents ,read over twelve articles a week compared with
junior lecture rs.
Far fewer ................................................................................................................. .
b The average student reads fe'Aret journal articles tl:1C111 th e average junior
lecturer.
The average juni.or lecturer ............................................................ ...................... .
c The other students at the university do not read as many articles as the
average phD studen t.
The average Ph D student .... ..... ... ........................................................................... .
d Junior lecturers do not have as much time to read articles as those students
who are researching for a PhD .
Th ose students w ho are research ing for a PhD ..................... .. .......................... .

Describing proportions

8 The phrases in the list are alternative ways of describ ing proportio ns . D ivide
the lis\ inlo four groups that each have similar meanings.

three quarters almost half one third 75 per cent o ne in three

nearly half 26 per cen t 48 per ce nt about on e in fou r 33 per cent
three out of four just under one half just over a quarter
close to one half

9 These adjective-noun collocations can also be used to describe proport ions.

Write the adjectives next to the correct meaning in the ta ble.

the vast majority a tiny minority a m assive 85 per cent

a modest twelve per cent a hefty 85 per cent
a mere tw elve per cent the oven,vhelming majority

Very big
Very big (used before numbers)
Very small
Not v ery big (used before n umbers )

: Technique
• Vary the way you
10 R <:w ri(~ SCfli ~n ces a-e, replacin g the phrases h1 i talics w ,hh an a L~emative
expression.
• express proportions
• - sometimes use a We see from the char t tha t 23 per cent of students fa iled to finish their
• words instead of • university degree.
: numbers. • b In 1990, nine oul of tel! engineering st udents were male, b ut by 2000 this
• figure had fa1J.en to exactly three quarters .
c In 1960, 34 per cent of se ence graduates went into the teachi ng profession
but in 1970, the figu re was just ten per cen t.
d Exadly one half of the student population were members of the union in
2001 , bu t live years la ter the figure was 64 per cent.
e Ninety-nvo per cent of people surveyed felt that mixed sex schools were
preferable.

32 • • • • •
 UNIT 4 Educatioll
••••

11 Read th e Task 1 question bel ow and all $ \>\' eT qu~sti on s a-e.

Task 1
Tlte pie charts below show the t1l1mber of I,ours spent ill a BritislI IIniversity /ibra ry
by underg raduates, pos/Bradlla.les, (/lid tile .tolal siud ellt population .
Propo rt ion of all students Proportion of undergrudl!Hltes by Proportion of postgraduates by
by time spent in libra ry time spent in library ti m e spen t in library

I .1 to 7 0 8 to 14 • 15+ I
Su mllla rize tlIe illjtJ rmati(1/1 by . ela ting Illd repor/l'ng the main f etllll res, muf make
comparisons where reLevallt.

a What are the similarities between postgraduate and all students?

b W h at are the main differences betw een unde rgrad uate and postgraduate
students?
c What te n dency can you obse rve as st ude n ts move lrom undergraduate to
postgra du a te?
d What is th e m ost interesting feature of the three cha n
e What general co n clu si ons can you draw?

12 Choose the most suitable alternrltive to complete the sentences bel ow about
the d(1{ll in 1 L
a Meanwh ile, the pattern/amount/majority fo r postgraduate students w as
substa n tia lly different.
b Ov eralL the pattern/size/proportion of postgraduate students who spent
fifteen h ours a week or more in th e library was very clo . to the entire
student body who spen t 1-7 hours in the library.
c Th e most striking dillerence in the data for undergraduates was that a
sizeable majority/m inority/n um ber spent only 1-7 h ours per week in the
library.
d A majority/minority/total of undergraduates (nin e per cent) used the library
for fifteen or m ore hours p er week .
e There is a clear trend/progress/drift towards using the library more as students
m ove towards gradua tion and post- graduation.
Un dergrad uate students were less likely than postgraduate stu dents to use
[h e library witH just u n der one quarter/one third/two-thirds of the forme r
spending 1-7 hours ther .
g About a third/quarter/minority of undergraduate students as opposed to
n early a third of postgradua te stu dents spent between eight an d f urteen
hours stu dyi ng.

13 In your own words, write twO sentences about eacb pie chart and one
summarizing senten ce .

,i • •• 33
 Task 2 Avoiding overgeneralization

1 Read the sent en ces below. Th en 8J1 wer qu e fion a-c.

The international community should ensure that education is free for all
schoolchildren.
• They should provide books.
• Parents should be encouraged to become involved in schools .

a How are the ideas connected?

b Do the second and third sentences support the first sentence?
Technique c What ideas an you think of to support th first sentence?
A common
Criticism of IELTS 2 The op inion stat e ment below is very broad. In yOUT opini on, w h ich rea on is
candidate IS that most approp riate?
they overgenerallze
III Task 2 Avoid 0 \ in ion sl atem Jl !: Ed u ca lion is a n1 ilj or Lx! r i n li fting people ou t o f p ' rty
overgeneral izlIlg by Rea son 1: ... ince it gives peop le more ideas Clb Ul what t do with th e ir liv" .
giviny lea sons.
Reason 2: ,,' beca u se it gives th em grea ter opportun ities \ hen they I ok for
work.

3 A 11 of the o pi ni on statem n ts a- h below are very b road . or each sla tem e nt,
d ecide vvhelh e r you ( gree or d isag ree .
a Univ r -iries should make m ore links with businesses.
b The pre en! young generation knows more rhan their previous
counterparts.
Teaching thin ing a t c 100) i essentiaL even at primary level.
d More time needs to be devoted to learning musi c. either during or aft r
school bours.
e Phy ieaJ e d u ation i a neee ary part f th e learn ing process for all pupils.
Play is a maj o r p a n of the lea rn ing pr ce for children.
g II is impo rtan t f r ch ildren to try [0 learn another lanquage c r ly in [h eir
educa lion .
h Being bo red a n d learning to deal w ith boredom is a n ce sary p<lrt f th e
le arning proces for children .

4 Look again a t the tatements you agreed with in 3_ Choose from th e p hrases
be low 10 intens ify your opi nions and add the e to the sen ! nces yo u agreed
w ith in 3.
Example
Jc is importallt thal universities should make more link with busine .

It is impo rtant tha t The re is no doubt that One can not d e ny that
It is impossi ble to a rg ue ag a inst the fa ct tl1at

34 • •
 4 Educa/ioll
••• •••
UNIT

Technique 5 Lo ok ag<lin ,1\ the phrases you disag'rcec! \\' ith in 3. It is p (}s~·;jbl 1 ].)11'0 $ 'Ill
When you make an opinions as belongjng. to someone else - possibly to hide your own opinion.
opinion sta tement Choose rr nm the phras es b e low ilnd PI (ld .r l1e s ~ to !lhl~ sent enCes you dis,l g l t'E'C]
w ith in 3.
that IS velY general.
make sure yot!
Some people think/feel/believe/claim/argue that
Justify It with a
Other people are of the opinion that
reason Use phrases
Yet other peop ~ e put forward the view that
such as /.18C8USe
and since as trigger
words. 6 To avoid overgeneraliz8tion, give reasons. Add (he reasons below to opinions
a-h in 3.
since it crea te s a healthy basis for later life .
2 (IS it h elps the brain to funcri on better a nd increases coordination.
3 because children now find it more difficult to reaso n .
4 since they have more access ro infonnation.
5 bemuse it hel ps t hem intell ec tually and also heJps Lo fi nd a job.

6 as this would connect their research with the real world.

7 because interaction helps to develop social skills.
8 as it teache s ll, em h ow to be creat ive o n their own.

Developing reasons

7 I n lELTS, opinions and rt'clSOl'l'i should be supported with 'examp les rrom
your knowledge and experience ", Sentences a-c g ive three examples 10
support th e arg urn ent below. Match each examp le wHh the
description s 1-3.
Play is a major pari of the learl1lng process for children as it teaches litem how 10 be
crealit'e.
a Take for exam ple children in my cou n try who lea rn mu sical g" J1l s at em
earlyage.
b For instance . children who draw and paint are idely known to have
grea ter spacial aw are n ess.
( For exam ple. pla y can develop artistic or m usical skills .

a general example
2 an exam ple from kno wledge
'3 an example froIU experien ce

• •• 35
 8 Develop [he ideas belo w b y a ddi ng yom own examp les like thos e in 7 on
pag e 35 . the phrases in the b ox t help you.

Fo r instance, Fo r example, like namely

Take for exa mple A good exampl e is

a Out of sch 01 act lvili es help children develop because they can learn
subjects that are not in the school curriculum .

b Education is being red u ed to a production line becau e [he focus is on

targe ts rather than on learning.

c Travel helps to broaden the m inds f children because it helps to bring to

life the things they read in class .

d Priva te d ucation omplemen ts state ducation very well as it can do things

state education cannot.

e Su ccessful entrepren eu rs and sport s stars should teach in schools an d

universities since th ey wo uld pro vide good role models for young people .

9 Develop three of th e sentences b elow . Use phrases to intens if I your own or

other ' opinions. Give your own reasons an d example ".
Ex ample: Too much emphasis is put on passing exam . .

Technique Some people feel til I too much emphasis is put on passing exams, because
pupils spend a large proportion of school time doing te sts rather than
When you state a learning. For example, children in some Bri tish schools prepare for tests for
reason, think how weeks before th e exams, bw they are n ot taught anyth ing .
you could Illustrate
it with examples
Use phrases slich as
For example and like a Foreign lan guage learning should be compulsory.
as trrgger words. b Studenrs nee d to have go od study skills on entering un iversit y.
c University lecturers need some teacher training.
d Boys and girls o ught !O be educated in separate s hools.
e Teachers' salaries need to be as high a doctor' or lawyers'.

36 ••••
 UN IT 4 EdllCfll i oll

•
• • •
Practice Test 4

Task 1
lou shollid spend about 20 lIIinutes 011 (his (ask

Lilli" clltlJ"t ,/IOII'S {he 11Ijhcsl qllalifiD1tit'J} all,7incd by Sf'S IlJ/"

Tile tilL' \\'<,r/,:il};) lI!F~
pOpUllllioJl in Wales i112001l2002.

Sum mari ze the infonHati01J by 5eleC:lil1g and reporting the IIwin reatures, and m ake
com parisoll s where releval1t.

Write (I( least! 50 words.

Highest quali fications attained: by sex,

for w orking age population 200 1/02

Percentages
30-,--------------------------~=_--~==========~
I_ Ma les ~ Fema les 1

20-+----------------------

10

5
Degree o r Highe r GeE A level GCSE grade Other No
equivalent education or equivalent A"-C or q ualifications qualifications
qua lification equivalen

Task 2
YOll should spend abollt 40 mil/ute'S 017 this task.
Writ", about rhe following topic:

SOJlle people beliere thnt competitive sports, both teaJII alia inail'ialla/, !Jave 110 place
intlte ,'c111JOl' ' IJniculllllJ. HL'I!' fill' ciL' rOil tlgree or disag ree?

Give reasons for your answer and iI/elude allY rdel'al/t examples from your OWI1 knowledge or
experience.
Write at least 250 wards,

37
 U N IT

5 •
Youth
••••• ••••••
Unit aims
Task 1 Task 2
Describmg changes Develop ing and JustifYing opinIons
Describing locations Writing introductions

Task 1 Describing changes

Read the comments by three people talk i ng about toe [o w n where they grew
up. Answ er the questions be low.

Dave
I r emember there wasn 't much to do her when I was growing up . My
frien ds and I u sed to J USl han g around in the park, getting into trouble.
These day s th ere 's much more here [or young peopl e. Fo r instan ce, the
coullcil opened the ice rink, the leislIr centre. all d the skate park las I year. I wis h
I' d had things like tbat to keep me entertained.

Sandra
One of the lhings I used to really like about this area was th e peace and
q ui.et. It was so safe fo r us as kids . We cou ld play in the sIre ts or in the
nearby woods and fields. They buill a bypass alld all indllstrial estate a few
years ago, and there's been a lot more traffic and developmen t since . I
don' t feel it's safe for m y children, aQd I'd like to move away.
Tom
Well, you can' t stand in the way of change, I suppose. Yes, peop le 100
at the town now and say it's oat as prett y or peaceful as it was in the pasL
I suppose thaI 'S tru e. Even so, there are more jobs and opportun ities
now than there w ere when I ,;va a teenager. I guess you can 't h ave on e
w ith out losing tb e o th er.

a For each speaker, do they think things were better or worse when they
were yo ung? Wh y?
b What changes have occurred to the p lace you corne froro? Do you think
they are positive or negative ch anges?
c How could you express the phrases in italics in a more formal wa y .
ct Imagine you are a young person moving to a new town. Whi ch facilities in
th e lis ! be lm'v would be important to you?

go lf course skate park thea t re rfJilw<:Jy station co ncert hilil

gal le ry stadium ice rink pa rk college airport

38 ••
 UN IT 5 YOIl/ll

2 The map s below sh ow ch.anges th.at Look plac in Youngsvill in ew Zealand

over a 25-year p eriod from 1980 to 2005. Answ er th e fa ll wi ng question
a Wbat is th e m ost n oticeable differen ce between th e two maps?
b Was the town more or less residential in 2005 compared to 1980?
Were there more or fewer trees in 2005?
d \,\'ere the changes dramatic or negligible over tl le 25 -year period?
e Wh a t w ere the two bigges t changes north of the; river?
( What happened to the houses and trees along the railway line south of
the river?

99 ~
N N
9 9 99 9 t t
H~i~
•
9 .
999
H~P;~
• Park
Stadi um

~ Manna

9 ~
School
.9.
River Alanah

tt1 tI'1
.tI'1 9"'''''''1 Railway
station
School ~ a=m
------------~---=-
~~-..;-~
: : :\- t 9 ~ I!mtm
Warehouse
111
t 9
Airport9woodland9 Airport
"-"-
Skyscrapers

~ rJ 9 9 9 fi9 1980 ~
Factories
111 2005

3 Complete the model text below. Use one ";lOrd frOIll lb' following list
to comp lete each blank space. The first one has bL'l'll dDne [or y i;\ll.

houses experienced noticeable factories freVei-tt?fflents

comparison residential co rner facilities COllstr"uction

Model text

1he maps Dnow the I .0.0.'~!9.p.m.~.n~.
\~h ic.h tool:: plaa. in the- c.oastal to" n of
Younysville between IqgO and 2005
In IqSO, the. town \-laD a muth grnner
2. •••••••••••• ••• ••• are-a witn a large. number of
sprang up around the airport and 5(.hoo\.
01'111 a fevl k e.es nodn of tile. river remained,
1he \~ood\and waD c.le.are<\ to maKe wa-,
for a par~, a golf WUITl-, and L2r par~in9
I ..... ,........ ... . Further dw' lopmenh were.

Technique treeD and individual houses, but during the 0 ..... ... ... ... .... of a stadium near the
tne ne"1-i 25 ie.arD the town ~ ................. . no!il1-easP ............ ...... of1he\aKf. nd a
In order to identify
a number of dramatic. c.hangeD.1he mODt newDtrekn of railwai from the river running
changes, study the
maps and number ~ ,..... ............ i" that all of the trees 50Uth airutl'! nortl1. A marina \~ao also built at the
the changes on the of tne, \Z-iver AI anah were Gut aO'Mn, with OLrth of the river.
~ eciJrl d Ol le. Think all the. ' ....... ,........ ,. along th~' railVlai Overall , a 10 •••••••• , .. ... . ' of the two mapo
of some general line being I::noG\::u\ down and replaced bi reveals a change from a largel,! rural to a
statements, and sKiscrape.ri> More.ove.r, a new industrial mainl urban landscape.
nlake notes. estate. wilD " .................. and \~ arenouses

• 39
 4 Tran sform Ihe sentences b elow by chang ing the n ouns i_n lO verb an d using
Ihe passive. Refer [0 page 7 for m ore information on Rr!/aled verbscl11d JlOlllLS.
Example
There we re Sp f'clacllla r changes in th e are,1.
Th e area was changed spe ct acu larly.
a There were dramatic developments in the town centre.

b There was a complete transfonnation of the n ighbourhood.

c Th ere vva a tOt al reconstruction of th e residen ti al area .

d There was a total redeve lopment of th old fa tori es .

e There \·vas a rebuildi ng of the old houses.

There was a com plete modernization of the entertainmenr district .

Technique
Do not just describe
the map or maps 5 Look again at Ihe sentences you Wl'O fte in 4. Whi ch coul d b e rewritten in the
Describe the active fonn?
developments that
took place. 6 Re ;vrit e sentences a-h be low u iog ynonym from th e model I Xl in 3.
a Th e maps sh o w changes wh ich OCCllITed between 1980 and 200 5.

b Very few trees \<II re lef t.

c Over the nexl 25 ye ars, all these hous es were delllolished.

d The single dwellings were replnced by skyscrapers .

e The trees H,'ere chopped down .

The area wimessed d ramatic manges .

g The woodland gave way lO a golf COllrse.

h A m ari na W iiS also constructed

7 P u t th e verb' below i nto the correCl fo m1 . AU of th e changes took pl ace

b tween 2000 and 2005.
Exam ples
Th e block of flats .~?'1.?~.~.r:r.~. (turn) into a hote l. (p assive)
.
Th e block of fla ts .. ~~.0.~ ~~y' .. (mak e way ) for a hote l. (acliv e)
a The row of old hOlls es .... .. ,......... .. (knock down) to make way for a road .
b The fore st ................ .. (CU I down) 10 build a railway.
c The area .................. (redevelop) completely.
d The fact o ry .... .... .......... (COnvert) into an art gaUery.
e Th city entre .................. (und ergo) a total transformation .
Th e row of old t rraced hous es in the cil Y .................. (pull down ) and
.................. (replace ) b y a block of flats .
g A sport complex .... ........ .. . (conslruCl) in the suburbs.
h A number of spectacular changes ..... , ............ (take place).
The 'w hole centre of tbe town ............ ...... (transform) by ne w eveJopments.

40 II
•
 UNIT 5 YOll/I,
•
8 Which of th e foll o wi ng cannot be used to rep lace the phrase Betwem 2000 <111
20057

a Over the period c Fro m 2000 to 2005

b During the fiv e year period d Over th e past Li ve years

9 The pa t p erfect (h(/d done) can also b e u sed to descri be changes occurring
before a sp ecjfjc [LIn in th e p ast. Look at the example . Then insert By 2005
allhe begin ning o f each sen tence in 7 and adjust each senten ce .
Exa mples
By 2005, the block of flats had been fUmed into a hotel. (passive)
By 200 , the block of flats had made way for a h otel. (active)

Describing locations

10 It is so m et Lmes importan t to st ate loca tion s cl early on a map . Read tbe

examp les. Then ans wer the question s a-g abou t th e m ap o n p age 39 using
th e phrases in th e box.
Exa mple
Only a few trees 110rc/7 oflhe river remained.
Where is the golf course? It is norrh-wes/ of rile lake.

south of the river beside the railway line in the south-west of the town
north of the skyscrapers south of the [Jolf course
south-west of ~he stadium north-east of the lake

a Whe re are lhe skyscrapers? They are ............ .. ............... .

b Where is tb e stadium? It is ........... _." .. _........... .
c Where is rhe lake? It is .............. .. ........ .. ... .
d Where is the hospital? It is ..................... " ...... .
e W here is the ra ilway sta tion? It is .......... .. ................. .
Where is the airport? It is ...... .. ............ .. ....... _
g W here is the school? It is .... .. .... .... ... ._.. ... _.... .

11 Comple te the following sen fences by choos ing the c rreel preposi tions of
p lace from th e alte rn aliv s .
a Several changes took plac al/in/olllh town of Northgate.
b North of the tOwn, there is a lake su rrounded in/of/by tree
c A number of new hou ses we re built besidelarlolilhe railway line .
d There was a large indusuial area located ontilliat the north .
e A new railway was constructed which ranfroll/laflill north to soulh .
f Two new hote ls were erected on/ill /at the banks of the riv r.
g A large n umber of new vi llas were built besidelmlro lhe sea.
h A yachti ng cl ub was set lip oll/il//ot the shor s of the lake .
A number of wind turbine s were placed in the sea, just l~fflollIlO the
coastline.

41
 Tas 2 Developing and
I get better resu Its. jus tifying opini ons
I should get more.
1 Loo k ilt t he p ictures and
the l e \!. An we r th
ques tio n s b el w .
a Which person do you
agre e with?
Do you agree with the
justification for each
person's opinion.
c Is this situation the
same all over the
w orld?
I shoul d get paid
more -I have
m o re ex peri en ce.

2 Read the fo Uovv ing Ta k 2 question, tb en an wer ques t i on s a·-b.

Emplo)'!!rs shollid pal )'0 111'1,1} people tIl l!. St}J)/1! .ml'll }· t}~ older
colleagues doing the sOlllejvb .

To wlwt extent do .1'0 11 agree or di.~·ag ree ?

a Do you hav to stro ngly agree or disagree? Is is possible to rake a neutra l

view?
b Rewrite the ·tatemeDl in your own w ords. Begin with Young employees . . ..

3 Read a-g, tak en front 3J l illwwer to th e qrUE'slj on in 2, l\1.atcl1 ea h sentence or

p <1.rt-senten ce wi.th the correct function from the list. The first one bas b e en
don e for you .

Contradiction E >~ plan a ti o n Result Examp le

Reason I x 2) 8piflto-frSt-8"!en'ieI'Tt

a Ma ny p eople beli eve tha t workers sh ould be paid

according to age ra th er than merit.
b How ve r, I feel that they should be paid according TO
result .
c Take for example someone in their twenties workin in a
financial company.
d They deserve to recei e the same salary . ..
e '" becau e they are doing the same work.
Moreover, young people nowadays are often fa ter at
doing things than their older work colleague ' . ..
g . .. which compensates for Jack of experience.

42 •
 UNIT 5 Yo 1111,

•
4 Under line the iinl<ing phrases in 3 which in dicate the function 'o u ho e.

5 Using the sen tences in 3 a a model, write a paragrap h express ing your own
op inion in response to the question in 2 . Use appropriat linking phrases.

6 Read th e Task 2 q u.estion and the model answer belo,-\!. For each o f 1--6, two
options are possible a.lld one is incorrect. D el te tb e inco rre t op ti on.

SOllie people feclthat YOllJlg people fa ce fillY/: presSllres todm' OW/I

the equivaleJlt age groups did il1 previous gCllcral'iL)lIs . Othas Il1il11<
thalilley have a much easier life thon their parcHts did. 'I V/Jal i~ your
opinion?

Model text
9&11erations. "3 FurihtrmoreiLiktwi5t~Ancl,
life for the 'joung in toda'j' 5 world is in
there. is inc.rea5e.d mobilit'j of pe.op\e. In tne
some wais c.e.rtainli more c.omfortable.
international job mar'Ke.t. ~'Kil\ed \'lor'Ker~
tn.;m for those in previous gene-rations.
move from tl1e far £.a5t to £.urope.. ndia,
\ However!fv1orwver/£ven so, one c.annot
4 for inManc.e/also!in parfic.ular. nas a .
ae.ni tne fad tnat in a number of a:e.as
large. pool of mobile 5'Killea \'lorlCw,. \\115
life is muc.n more- demanding than It Uf>ed
globali~tion ofjob511a5 'j C;O()$tqutntly!
to be. howtvtr!as d result put intense pressure.
la'Ke tne wor'Kplac.e, for e'f.ample. on iOU119 people af> the.i 5earc.h for \~or~
Competition for e.ver'jjob if> 110\~ fierc.e. in in tneir home GOuntrie.5. I. 1hus!5o!
all parts of the orld. not just de.velope.a Substqutntly. it i5 no longer a c.a5e. of just
c.oUntrie5, 2- whilelbec.auseias '1 oun 9 be.ing gooa:'jollng people are e;~pede<1 to
people. are mor o,ualifie<1 tnan previou5 be top rate..

7 Decide which functions are indicated by the correct linking phrases in 6.

1 a contrast b re u lt c ad ilion
2 a contrast b reason c result
3 a addition b contrast c result
4 a contrast b addition c exampl
5 a result b contrast c reason
6 a example b reason c conclusion

•• 43
 8 Read the st atements below and in each case cont.rclllic( uhcnl. Begin by \l si !) !.,
one offoll o wing expressions in Ihe box.

Nevertheless, I feel.. . Howeve r, I think ...

Personally, I be :l ieve ...
Technique
a Many feel that young people ha y oluc 1 more influence in the world than
When developing their counterpart in the pas!.
and Justlfymg
OpiniOnS, you do
not need 10 tell b According to some people, older wor 'ers are just a equipped to deal with
the truth. iv1ake a the modern w orld as young people .
statement and use
linking phrases
as tngger words c Some people a re of the opinion that advertising sh ould not be banned in TV
to think up and programm s directed a t young p eople.
orqanize ideas.

Writing introductions

9 R ead the Task 2 q uestions and .i nlIocluctions bel ow. Match each introd ucti on
a---< with one of (he questions 1-4 .

All forms of med ia but especially films and TV programmes sh uld be

censored to prate t young people. To what extent do you agre '?
2 The younger generarion are the main driving force behind many of the
latest technological developments . How far do you agree-?
'3 Blogs on the web are very effective ways for people to expres_ their ideas
and reliev tensions. hat is your opinion?
4 The modern emphasis on computer redu the de velopment of any
creative abilit y. How far do you agre

a It is ce n ainly importan l to mal'e sure th at people arc prnlc(lcci Imlll

ha rmful mnl erial in various media . Howev er, J feel th at care n eed 10 be
taken in doino so f r ariou reason s.
Technique
b In some areas. i1 does appear that computers redt! e creativity. but 1 also feel
Keep your
Introductions shon they can be used as a tool to develop cr ative abiH t)' in many Ii Id .
VVnte only one or c hile the youth of today definitely have an impa ct on the way new
two sentences
[echnology dev lops, there are other factors involved.

10 Fo r th e remaining tlll e, it 'our ow n int rodu tion . Try to paraphrase the

statement illl11e title in on e sentence, an d then write another statement to
show h oy y ou inte nd to organize your essay.

44
 UN IT 5 l'o llllJ
• •
•• •• •
Practice Test 5
•• •• •
Task 1
You should spend abou I20 m inurcs 011 this task.

The m aps belol\' sholl' the c1wnges that han, t.7J.:cn plocc at tl7C se aside resort of
Ternpletol1 bctwee111990 and 2005.

Summan"ze the informatio11 by selectil1f) and reportinf) tile main features, and make
C(llJ1 p;,.nisul1s Hil,erI' relevant.

-
Write at ie(1S1} 50 wNds.

9 9~choo,14 t 9
f1f1
9 ~ ~f1Q \.-J" III a III _HOsPital

9ITf1 9 f1~ y

_tQ tt~t~2 9 9 -1199'f.tstation

~
9
N

t 1990

_ HOsPit al

Ferry
2005

Task 2
YO li shouid spend ab0 11 1.f O mi ilLiles ,1 Ji. Ihis task
Write aboll t the fallol,vill zJ !opiC.'
YoulIg people are milch 1rI00·e {/ware of and concerned about issues like the
cl1virOl'l1l1ellt, poverty, and animal welfare Ihall previ,,1/.' gl!l1i."1"atiofls. WhClt is your
O\VII opil1iOJ"I?

Giw rf,1$[>I15 for y our {i I/s,ver mul iil c/I/de allY relevant examples/rom YOllr own kl1O\.l'!edge or
experieJl ce.
Write at least 250 lyards.

•• • 45
 U N IT

II
6••• Culture
•••••••••••••••
Unit aims
Task 1 Task 2
Concluct ing statements Expressing advantages and disadvantages
Concession {11 Advantage and disadvantage vocabulary
Concession (2)

•••••
Task 1 Concluding statements

1 Ra nk the ideas in the list below 1-10 according to how important th ey are in
de veloping understanding between different cultm es (1 = most important;
10 = lease important). Think of examples to justify Y0ul ideas.
organized stude nt exchan ges
l:ll1gu a ge learnin g
international tra de agreem ents
similar cl im a te and landscape
joint cultural events
tm ns pon links
tourism
shared scientific and technological know-how
positive media images
similarities in lifestyle and cuhure

2 Which of the ideas in 1 can be carried out by individuals? which can be

carried au( by governments? Which are difficult to change?

3 Statements a-c were used to conclude descriptions of data. Put the words in
italics in the conect order.
a It is clear that JII1?jcnilylpc·L'plel oven'.'/'lZlminqlof/theh-l·cre/,lfljm.·(1J!rim sL·bl )()1
visits between countries.

b OveralL just over half tIl e people su rveyed fou od the climate in the tropics
the m05·t difficult thing to ildapt to, alnlll llbcrlwithh"Jil l111cr-l nam illgl all dl
lij~'sryle/food.

c The lhree languages in question, Spanish, Arabic, and Ch inese, w ere n amed
as iJll ~Jortl1nt/th ellq r1B 1 1 '?3fS I/Jl:)SI after En glish by ab,; H!l of!eq unllpeop lelJi li m bers.

4 An sw er these questions about the sentences in 3.

a Wh ich topic in I do they rdatr' to?
b Which pie chart 1-4 on p8gl' 47 vvonld be a good illu stra ti on of ea ch
concluding stateme nt in 3? esc the proportions in each sen ten ce to
help you.

46
 UNIT 6 CII 1/11 re

·1

5 Pie charts are frequently used to summarize dat a. Therefore, th ey can often
by used as the basis for concluding statements. Match each of th e foll owing
conclusions to one of the pie charts 1-4 above.
a To conclude. only a small minority of people felt that the language banier
would preven t the development o( cultural links . .
b It is eviden t th a r opinions are split almost equally between the three options
as regards the benefits of joinr cultural venture s.
c It would seem th at the vast maj ority o f peop le th ink tha r rhe development
of trade links has the greatest impact on international relations.
d Just under hall the peopie surveyed are of the opinion that China wou L be
th e biggest cultural influence in tbe w orld by 2020 .
e Abou t ha ll of the holida y makers visited ltaly because they were interested
Technique in the art and culture, wh ereas the food and the climate were named as he
Aim to Include most important factors by approximately equal numbers of the remaining
several key features tOlJ rists in the survey.
• In your description:
• a paraphrase of
the question. a
6 Rewrite the sentences below using a suitable phrase from [h Ii {.
proportion phrase, nearly a third almost equal numbers the vast majo r ity
some comparison. a tiny minority just under half nearly two-thirds
some general and
specific statement s. Examples
and a concluding
Govemmen t su bsidies accounted for 63 per cent of all funding.
• statement.
Govemmen t su bsidies accounted for nearly two-thirds of all funding.
a Eighty-seven per cent ofholiday makers to China were v ery satisfied with their
experience.

b It is clear th at about 50 per cent of both sexes favoured increased cultural

contacts.

c Only eleven percent offilmgoers tho u gh t films helped promote cultural

awaren ess .

d In conclusion, th e trend is clearly upward w i th 47 per cent of companies

establishing new trade and cultural links in 2005 .

e To sum up, 32 per cem of all tourists were on some form of package holiday.

7 Look again at the Sl'm ences in 3,5, and 6. Make a lis t ofphra es which are
used to in dicate conclusions.

•• 47
 The table below shows tile age profili! ofro.llrisls 011 backpack ing h olidays am
guided tou rs in Ne w Zealand in 2005, (/11£1 the pie chart gives the satisfaction
rating of their slay.
Sat isfaction rating
Not sure Age profile Backpacking Gujde d tOU-r5

18-30 62% 7%
3 1~0 23% 22%
41-50 10% 57%
Other 5% 14%

SWJlmari::<, tile infllrlll'arioJl bJ" si!leC-l iJlg ml(/ repo,1ing the maln featu res, alld
make wll1pa";sons where relevdll1.

8 Read the Task 1 question and an swer questions a-c .

a How does the age prof.ile of people on each holiday type differ?
b W hich age group is almost equally represented on each type of holiday?
c How would you d escrib the opinion of the majorit y of visitors?

9 Complete (he model (ext wit h verbs from the box. The firs t gap ha been
done for you.

comes accounts for bel ong prevtdes

enjoyed is rated m ake up include

Model text

1he. table I .J?~R0g~.~.. a bre.a\::down s .... .. ....... ".. to 41-'50 iear-olds.1hese

~ ~eluted age group of those on
ba(.\::pac.\::ing and gUided tours in New
l.ealand in 200'5, with the pie c.hart
indic.ating whether the.i 1. •.• .•• .....•.••.••
their holida'j.
Au c.an be seen from the table. the age
profile of people on the two different
"tipes of holidai varies c.onsiderabli- For
e~mple, the majorlti «(,z. per c.ent) of
tl1ose. on bac.\::pac.\::ing holidai£
? ................ .. to the IS-3D age range,
but the 5ame age group <\ ••••• •••••• •• ••••
3 small proportion (seven per c.e.nt) of
tl1ose. on gllided tours. \1oweve.r, the
pattern is the c.omplete reverse when it
people (; .................. 51 per c.ent of those.
on gUided tours, despitl', aa.ounting for
onli ten per c.ent of bac.\::pac.\::ers.
e>i c.ontrast the profiles for botl1
bac.\::pac.l::ing and gUided tours
1 .................. roughli equal proportions
from the 31-40 age group: Z.3 and Z.2 per
c.ent resped ivel'{ .
It is c.\e<lr from the pie c.hart that New
l.e.aland S ............ . ..... as a popular
holidai destinatiol1 among the majori~
of all holida,{-mal::ers, with a massive 53
per c.ent from both groups stating the'{
enjoied their holida'{

10 which phlase is used to indicat e a concl uding statement in th e m odel text?

48 • • • • •
 UNIT 6 Culture
••••••
Concession (1)

11 Read the example sentences below. Then answer questions a-c.

Examples
Fifty-seven per cent of people on guided tours were aged 41-50, although only
leD per cent of backpackers belonged to this age group ..
Fifty-se ven per cent of people on guided tours were aged 41-50. Nevertheless,
only ten per cem of backpackers belonged to this age group.
a Which linldng phrases are used to in troduce a contrast?
b How are th e phrases u sed d.ifferently?
c Find three examples of similar phrases in the model text in 9. Which
phrases in the example sentences are they like? Which phrase can only e
used before a Doun or an -il1g form?

12 M,ltch a-e below with suitable follow-ons 1-5 to create correct statements
abom the data in 8.
a Despite accounting for nearly eq ual proporti ons of each holiday type.
b Althougli people age d 4 1- 50 were dominant on guided tour ',
c Gui ded tours were leas t popular among people in the 18- 30 age group.
d One in ten people said that they didn't enjoy their boliday.
e Only fou rteen per cent o f peopl e (rom the 'oth er' category chose guided
tours.
Technique th ey still accounted for one in ten backpackers.
Show that you can 2 Nevertheless, m ost clearly expressed satisfa ction .
3 this age group still accounted for under a quarter of each.
• combine ideas into
complex sentences. 4 However, th at was still a higher proportion than th e J 8- 30 age group .
S bllt they were most popular with the oldest grou p.

13 Join each of the following sentences using the phrase given.

a The vast majority of visitors to Britain come from Europe. However, they
stay for fewer than ten days on average.
Although ... ... ... .. .. .. ............................................. .. ................................................... .
b Forty-five per cem of people speak a foreign language. Neverthele s. the
vast majorit y are at a low level.
Although fo rty · five per cent ................................................................................ .
c It has good weather. Howev er. southern Fran ce is visited by only two per
cem of Asian tourists.
Despite .. ........ .. ... ..... .. ........ .. ............................................. .
d The cost of student exchange s w ent up . N evertheles~
exchanges rose .
The number of stud enr exch anges ............................ .. ~
e The event w as promoted to te enagers. Neve rtheless~
only 32 per cent of the audience.
Although ............. .. .. .................................... .... .. ..;... .. ... ... .

• • • 49
 Task 2 Expressing advantages and disadvantages

1 Look at the photos of popular electronic items. Which ideas in the box
explain the popularity of each item in the pictures? What do you think the
next electronic craze will be?

size design portability technology

business need entertainment fashion price

2 Read the Task 2 question below. Then answer the questions.

Portable entertainment devices, such as MP3 or DVD-players, which allow

people to listen to music or watch films on the move, are now commonplace.
What do you think are the main advantages and disadvantages of this
development?

a Which part of the question states the general subject?

b Which part of the question contains the organizing words?

3 Decide whether each idea below is an advantage or a disadvantage. Which

entertainment devices would you associate them with?
a It helps people to relax.
b It allows people greater freedom.
c It reduces communication.
d It makes life more enjoyable.
e It makes entertainment more accessible everywhere.
It makes people more isolated.
g It is a nuisance for other travellers.
h It makes people less sociable.

4 Complete each sentence a-fwith a word from the box.

help difficult interfere benefits ideal enable

a These devices bring a number of .................. .

b The main one, in my opinion, is that they .................. people relax, for
example, while they are studying or working in cafes or on trains.
c Some people find it .................. to do so when it is completely quiet outside
their homes.
d So these devices .................. people to relax and create a familiar
environment.
e Sometimes, however, they do .................. with others if the volume is too
high, hence the quiet zones in many trains.
f Nevertheless, laptops, etc are .................. , because they allow people to do
things where they want to rather than being restricted to working at home.

5 Decide whether the words in 4 express advantage or disadvantage.

6 The sentences in 4 form a paragraph taken from an answer to the Task 2

question. Answer questions a-c
a Which sentence in 4 expresses a disadvantage?
b Which linking phrases are used in 4?
c Which ideas from 3 are used in the paragraph?

50 ••••
 UNIT 6 Culture
••••••••

7 The paragraph below is taken from a similar answer. Complete the

paragraph with words from the box.

even if likewise for example though

consequently and although

The main drawback is. in my opinion, quite obvious. Take I ................. .

people of all ages who are travelling on trains nowadays. 2 ................. they
are reading, they are plugged into the radio. talking on their mobiles, or
listening to music on their MP3-players. 3.................. , others are playing
games, watching a film, and working simultaneously, even 4 ................ ..
they have friends next to them to talk to. 5........ ........ .. this allows people
greater freedom and flexibility 6 .............. .... takes away the boredom of
journeys, people are becoming more and more isolated in their own
worlds. 7 .... .............. , the an of communication is being lost.

8 Answer these questions about the paragraph in 7.

a Does this paragraph concentrate on an advantage or a disadvantage?
b Which ideas does this paragraph mention from the list in 3 on page 50?
c Underline the main advantage and disadvantage in the paragraph.

Advantage and disadvantage vocabulary

9 Nouns can be used to express advantage and disadvantage. Complete

sentences a-g with words from the box.

benefit problems opportunities chance

handicap drawbacks gain

a Not knowing a foreign language has its .................. , such as when one tries
to make contact with people in other countries.
b Visiting other countries gives people a ........... ....... to experience cultures first
hand.
c The financial .................. to any nation exceeds all other benefits.
d If people take time to find out about the country they are travelling to, they

Technique will face fewer ................ .. .

Use nouns. verbs e These days not having access to the web to find out what is going on is a
and adjectives. serious .................. .
such as benefit and Cultural exchanges offer enormous .................. to the nations involved.
• drawback. which
• express advantages g Being culturally aware is of great ..... ............. in business.
and disadvantages
as trigger words to Adjectives can also be used to emphasize advantage and disadvantage. Does
• help you plan. the word serious in ge emphasize advantage or disadvantage?

• • •• 51
 11 Decide whether each adjective in the box expresses advantage or
disadvantage.

66.6f1t6geeus beneficial useful worthless

invaluable difficult helpful convenient

Advantage:
Disadvantage:

12 Write the opposite of each of the adjectives in 11. Where possible, add or
remove a prefix or suffix to create the opposite.
Example
advantageous

13 Verbs can also indicate advantages and disadvantages. Complete the

following sentences in your own words.
a International arts festivals encourage ................................................................... .
b Lending artworks to other countries improves .................................................... .
c Films and concerts enhance ................................................................................... .
d To enable children to value their heritage, ....... .................................................. .
e Personal links can benefit ....................................................................................... .
Ignorance of other people's traditions can handicap ......................................... .
g To prevent countries falling out with each other, ............................................... .

Concession (2)

14 Read sentences 1 and 2 and answer the questions a and b.

1 Although the vast majority of electronic devices are very usefuL they are
also highly annoying.
2 Despite being highly annoying, the vast majority of electronic gadgets are
very useful.
a Which word introduces the concession in each case?
b Which sentence emphasizes the advantage? Which emphasizes the
disadvantage?

15 Complete sentences a-e with words from the box.

nevertheless however despite although but

a .................. listening to music on CDs is very pleasant, it is not as good as a

live concert.
b Documentaries are invaluable sources of knowledge ................... , they need
to be entertaining as well as informative.
c .................. the large numbers of tourists, ancient buildings and temples are
still inspiring places to visit.
d Sculptures can make gardens and public spaces attractive ................... , they
are expensive to look after.
e Arts exhibitions show the public artefacts they would not normally see,
.................. at a price.

52 ••••
 UNIT 6 Culture
•••••••• •••••
• • • • • •• • ••••••••••
Practice Test 6

Task 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.

The table below shows how young people in Tokyo, Japan, listened to music over the
previous month. The pie chart shows a record company's international findings about
whether people preferred live or recorded music.
Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make
comparisons where relevant.

Write at least 150 words.

Live music MP3-players Internet CDs

Male 60 % 79 % 55 % 19%
Female 44 % 40 % 42 % 22 %

Preference
4%

EI Live • Recorded 0 Don't know

Task 2
You should spend abou t 40 minutes on this task.
Write about the following topic:

It is important for travellers and business people to understand the cultures they come
into contact with, however briefly. What are the main advantages of doing so? What
do you think is the main disadvantage of not doing so?

Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from you r own knowledge or
experience.
Write at least 250 words .

• • •• 53
 UN I T

Arts and sciences

••••••
Unit aims
Task 1 Task 2
Adverbs Discllssing other people's opinions
Using adverbs to evaluate data Hypothesizing
Avoiding irrelevance

••••••
Task 1 Adverbs

1 Read these conflicting views about scientists moving to rich countries,

Answer questions a-c.
The 'brain drain' of skilled workers like scientists and techni~ians to rich
econon 1ie5 is morally wron g.
People should have greater freedoDI to work where Lhey want. Surely. it's a
I e,-s.mal m atter.

a Which vie ws do y t.l·ll agree with?

b Is [his 'brain drain' a new phenomenon. or has it been around for a long time?
c Should somdhing be done about the situation or is it uns roppable ?

2 Read the Task 1 questi.on below. Then answer questions a-e.

Sources of funding for R&D in the UK o Govem m ent I

- ,
1999
I • Bus in ess
o Overseas
I

2000
-

200 1
I
,
I I I I
10 20 30 40 50 60

The cha rt abOlJe shows sources of funding for researCH and devel'opmen t (R&D)
in tile UKfronJ 1999 to 2001. The table below SllOWS tlte percentage of natio11al
income spent on R&D for a range of collntries.

Proportion of national income allocated to R&D (1999)

UK USA Germany Fran ce Ital y Japan ED average
1.82% 2 .75 % 2.4% 2.3 % 1.1 % 2.9% 1.81 %

Summmi:e the information by'selecting and repOi1.ing tile ltIain featl/res, and
make compm7so11s where relevant.

a What general tr en d can you see in the chart?

b What general pattern can you see in the table?
c Which is clearly the main source of fundin g in [he bar chan?
d Which piece of data in the table can you Use as a standa rd for com parison?
e Which pieces of information in the table are signilicant?

54 ••••
 U NIT 7 Arts ani! scil!llces
• •
3 Complete (he modellexl below with verbs from the b ox .

rose contributed (x 2) was overtook

was spent is shown came stmws

Modeftext

"The. c:narl I .. .~ ~q~~.... information about
the main 50Un..es of funding fo r uientific:
re5earc.h and development (\Z-W) in the
UK .1he. proportion of national inc:ome
spent 0tI j2.M) b'j LOuntf'j 1. ....•.. . .......... in
the table.
Betwe,cn Iqqg and 1-001, jht .amount of
funding al\oc.a"le.d from eun soura·
., .................. vef'j slightll i\ppro~imatel~
half of all inve5tment throughout the
perioa 4 ...... .... ........ from busine.5s. \~n i\e
the. government wnsiste.ntl'j
? .................. around seventeen per c.ent.
It is abo notic:eable that in IqqS ana Iqqq
over5e.af> '!>pending on ~ in the. UK
wa'!> wmparab\e. to the government' 5, at
around seventeen per c.e.ni. But for the
last two 'je.ars it t. ................. . gove-mment
spending in this area.
N, regard.s the proportion of national
inc.ome a\\oc.ated to \2-&0. the. highef>t
perc.entage (1-8 per a .nt) 1 .. ... ......... .... b'j
rapan. fo\\owd c:\05e\'j b'j the U'Sf-
(2.'5 per·Le.nt). B'j contrast l"tal'{
~ .................. ihc sma\\uit amoLint of
national inc:ome to ~, on\'j1.l per c:ent,
f>ignific:antl'j be-low the f,U average of 1$1
per cent
It if> interef>ting to note that al1hough the
Uk'5 spending on \2.&D 1 ........... ....... above
the f,U average in IqqS. ii if> c.on'!>iderab\'j
be.hind othe.r dose trading partners
Franc.e and bermanl

4 find examples of adverbs ending in -ly used in [he modeltexl.

5 Choose (he most suitable adverb in sentences a-h.

Examples
Th e trend for other countries was completely/wd1 different.
Govern ment investment rose significantly/ ftigftIy.
a The government's spending for the past year was significan tly /weli higher
than before.
b Women h ave b een consistently /deeply u nder- represented in science jobs.
c Workers in highly/lowly/considerably paid jobs are generally healthier.
d Th e company's sales are slightly/much behind its competitors.
e Sales were marginally/deeply up OD the pre vious quarter.
Investment in the arts rose quite considerably/slightly/seriously.
g S!ightly/Approximately/Welll1aJf the spending was from the private sector.
h The income for the arts centre was substantially/much/highly down on the
previou s year.

6 Match the adverbs a-g below with their opposites 1-7.

a .vcID I rapidly
b marginally 2 slightly
c approximately 3 exactly
d constantly 4 badly
e slowl y 5 considerably
f significantly 6 pa rtially
g completely .' 7 erratically

55
 Using adverbs to evaluate data

7 Look again at [he model te x.'1 in 3 on page 55 . Which ph rases arc:: us ed to

introduce sentences in stead of noticeably and illteresting /v?

8 Rewrite each sentence a-b using an adverb or starting with It.

Example
Clearly, the trend is upward.
It is clear that the tren d is upward.
a It is significan r tbat the numbe r of scie ntists pe r head of population has
de clined in recen t y ars .

b Ime re tingly, the sales faile d to recover.

It .................... ............................ ................................. .................... ,...... ,.................. .
c It is probabl e tha t numbers will continue to fall over th e period.

d It is not su rprising that there were skills sbortages in the chemical industry.

e Evidently. inveSlment n eeds to be increased.

It ... ,.... ,.......................................... ,... ,......... ,...... ,.. ,.... ,.. ,......... ,... .. ... .. ,.. .... .. .......... .... ,
Noticeably. the patte rn for mv lInen! in the art is the revers .
It ........ ...................................... .... ........................................................................... ..
g More importantly, Ihe cost f plasma scre ns is set to fall.
It ............................................................... ..'......... .................................... ,...... " ........ ,
h Not surprisingly, analogu e TV sales then fell.
It ............................................................................................................................... .

9 DifferCIH adverbs can be put in different pillces i.n sentences. Which

sentences a-d are possible?
a Considerab ly. sales fell.
b Sales fell considerably.
c Clearly, the trend was downward.
d The tren d w as clearly downward.

10 Put th e adverb in bracke ts in [he correct place in Ih e senc ence. Some can b e
used in morc than one place.
a The number o f science graduates fell. (signifi cantly)
b Th e number of techni.cal staff in h ospita ls is falling. (evidently )
c The cost of training scien tists is increasing year by year. (noticeably)
d Investment in cap:ital equipment like specialist machinery is down on last
yea r. (in teres tingly)

Technique • e Sales of n ew televisio ns soared before th e World Cup , (not surprisingly)

The trend is n ow upw ard. (obviously)
Use at least one
• adverb or adverbial
• phrase to help you 11 Write your own sentences about the data in 2 on page 54.
• evaluate the data . . a
b
Describe the bar cha rt, u ing marginally, apprpximately, and slowly .
Describe the table, using considerably. evidently, noticeably, slightly, and
interestingly.

56 • • • • •
 UNIT 7 Arts and deuces
•
Avoiding irrelevance

12 Look at the chart below, which shows how students on all courses at an
Australian university vkwed difft:r~'nt subjects on a scale of easy to difficult.
Answer question s a-f.

100%

80%

20

60%
30

60
40% 20
25
60

G Easy 010
o Moderately 20%
30
25
difficult 2Q ~
• Difficul t
0%
Languages Chemistry Physics Maths Art
languages languages

a Whose opinions does the chan show?

b How many subjects does the chart show?
c Which subject was rated as 'diffi cult' by the highest percentage of tudents?
d Which other subjeCTSwere judged 'difficult' or ' moderately diffi cult' by a
large number (over 70 per cent) of students?
e Which subject was rate d as 'easy' by the highest percentage of students?
f Is there a clear correspondence between the type of subject and whether it
was rated as easy or difficult? Give examples to show why/why not.

Technique 13 Decide whether the statements a-f are relevant or irrelevant and explain
why. Irrelevant statements may contain an unnecessary op inion, too much
Do not speculate data, or unnecessary speculation.
when you describe
data unless you a The subje ct which was ra ted as difficult by the highest percentage of
are asked to. Avoid students (70 per cem ) was mathematics, ma inly because I think it is
writing lists of complex for many students.
detail b By contrast, the subject which was most often judged as easy was d1emistry.
c T-h e chart shows tbe opinions of Australian students on whether different
subjects \v ere easy or difficult .
d Airican languages ,;vere seen as easy, which is somewhat surprising when
YO ll consider the range of languages in Africa .

e Oriemallanguages w ere ranked as easy by only abOll t 20 per cent.

f The Y axis shows th e percentages, and the bars contain the numbers about
tbe legend at the bottom .

14 Describe the chart in 12 in your mvn words .

•• 57
 Task 2 Discussing other p e ople's opinions

1 Complet the list below with a famous artist and scientist from our coumry.
Leo nard o da Vinci
Albert Einstein
Si r Isaac Newton
Ni co laus Copernicus

a Are the people in the list famous in your ountry?

b W hat do you know a out th em if they are?
c What benefit do artists and scientists bring to society?
d Do art ist an d scientists in your society h ave a high or low status?
e Sh ou ld scientists and artists be gove med by the same ru les as we are? Why
do you thi nk 507

2 Read the Task 2 ques[iOD b(>Jo\'V and say which p art of th e qu 'S U OIl rd a[es [0:

a people's opinions abOllt the arts?

b people's opinions abou t sciences?
c your opinion?

Some people belie ve tlla t tile a rts should receive ubsidies or spoJ/SorslIip
f rom governmellt l.11l d big companies. Oth ers f eel suell speud il1g is a
[uxu ry a nd tha t it w ou ld be better if it were invested il1 scientific project.
Discuss both views arid give your own opin ion.

3 Complete the paragrap h w ith senten ces a-c.

a So supporte.rs of art groups feel that the ompany's tra I and
accommodation costs ough t {Q receive m ore sub idies or sp on o rsh ip .
b Touring th ea rre groups or dan e companies are a case in poin t.
c Nlan y people feel stron gly th at arts projects like exhibitions of photography.
sculpture, or paintings hou ld be h elped financially by gov rnment and big
companies.

1 .. .. .. .. .... .. .... . They argue that such projects enrich people's lives, often
simply because they are new and show a different way of doing things.
2 .......... ........ . National companies, for example, can take plays to provincial
areas that don't have their own facilities. This, however, requires a lot
of money. 3 .. ....... .. .. ..... , If thi s were done more by the government and
commercial organizations, then the arts could be brought to a wider public,

4 Which phrases are used in (he p aragrap h in 3 to ind icate som eone else's
opinion?

58 .. '
 UNIT 7 A rls ami sLien ces

5 Match the statements a-h w ith the bes t explanation s l-8.

Example: a4

a Amateur arts groups should be en couraged .

b The wealth of a na tion is connected with sdeutific development.
c Science is n ow playing a m ore important role in our liv es than in the past.
d The work of artists shou ld be censored.
e Scientists should have some involvement with artists, and vice versa .
Science is dull and boring .
g Many sdentific e"X.-perimenrs are dangerous to society.
h The work of scientists should Dot be tightly regulated by socie ty.

Modern econ om ies cannot ad ance without a strong scientific base .

2 Bringin g these tw o groups together would be be ner for sodety as a whole.
3 It ha an effect on everything we 0 from eating to travelling.
4 Such groups help to develop talent and bring p eople together
5 Certain works of a rt tha t are produced are offensive and should be banned .
6 By limiting scientific work. we might stop certain beneficial devel opments.
7 There are many examples wh ere serio us mistakes have been made .
8 Spending time alone in laboratories without much human contact is not
very interesting .

6 It is often useful to suggest [hat an opinion bel ongs to som eone else . Read
the example and phrases in the lists below. Th en join yo ur ans \· ers to 5 with
similar phrases.
Example
Some people thin k th al amateu r arts groups should be encouraged. rhey argile Ih.lt
such groups help to develop lalent and bring people together.

It is argued by some people that They claim that

Yet others believe that They feel that
Many people think that They mainta in that
A commonly held belief is that They argue that
Some people feel that

7 Use the expressions in the box below to develop the e xplanations in 5.

Example
They argue that su ch groups help to develop talent and bring people together. A
good example here is wh ere a young artist joins a local group and progresses on to
TV work.

For example, For instance, A case in point is ' " ,which

A very good example here is Take ... for example. It/They

• • 59
 Hyp othesizing

8 Match th e semence ha lv s a-e w it h th e en d ings 1-5.

a Personally, I would argue that science need not be
b However, it could possibly be a requirement for the first two or three year ,
c During this time, children can do exciting experiments,
d If trips to places of sciemiiic interest are also arranged,
e Above all. I think it is better fOT science classes to be optional

thi s might motivate some children to take up a science subject.

2 obligatory at this level.
3 because n ot all pupils are good at such subjects and any compulsion migl:t
discourage them.
4 like m aking basic chem ical com poun ds or colleering plants .
5 as it wouLd give pupils a raster.

9 The sentence s in 8 form a p aragraph. Why has the writer cho sen 10 use word
such as wOllld, ccJuld, and might? Which sentence ask lhe reader to imagin e a
situation and iIS consequence?

Technique 10 The linkin g phrases if, providing, provided, and II It less can all b e used to
h ypothesize . Read the example . Then rewrite sentences a-d using the word
Use linking phrases
given .
like if and unless
in answer to Task 2 Example
questions In order to A n ati.on should n urture the talents of its people . It will then reap many
hypothesize about benefits.
effects. If a nation nurtures the talents of its people, it will reap ~wlly bellefits .
a Without being encouraged by parents and teachers, budding
m u sicians will not develop.
Unless ...................................... ........................................ , ..................................... .
b Science may one day stop tbe ageing process in humans, but will this
benefi t m ankind?
If .......................................................................... ,.................................................. ?
c If there is no effort to keep traditional crafts alive, they will disappear.
Unless ..................................................................................................................... . .
d If innovation is encouraged, many n ew jobs will be crea ted .
Providing ............................................................................................................ .... .

11 Complete the following senten ces using yow- ow n ideas,

a Provided parents have an interest in music,

b If government support for arts projects is not available,

c Unless ntrance to museums and an gaLLeries is free,

d Providing young scientists are given the right opportunities,

601 •• • •
 UNIT 7 Arts and d eflcc:;
•
• ••••• •• • ••
Pr actlce Test 7

Task 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.
Tile charts belo\.'.! show how selected flge g ro ups p uc1Ulsed concert cinema, al1d theatre
tickets online over rIte fit-st three J/lOlltlis of 2006 ilt th ree cOlin tries and how tile
In tern et was accessed.
SWllllwrize the illformation by selecting and reporting the maillfcatures, and make
comparisons where relevant.
Write at least 150 words.

L Most li kely t o buy theat re/co ncert/ci nema

tickets on li ne
Most common m eans of access
to buy tickets
I
70
4 o Australia
60 I 025-4 1 60
65+ _U K
50 50 o MalaysIa
40 40

%, 30 % 30

20 20

10 10

0 0
Australia UK Malaysia Desktop Laptop Mobile phone
computer

Task 2
You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.
Write about the following tupie:
The money spel1t on space re.,earcJ11ws brou.ght enormous bel1efits to mankind, but it
could be /JIore usefttlly applied. How fa.,. do yOIl 11gree?
Give reasons for your answer and i/1clude any relevant examples from your OW1/ knowledg~ or
experience.
Write at least 250 words.

611
 ••••••
Nature
Unit aims
....... _...... .
Task 1 Task 2
Makrng predictions Articles
Factual accuracy Writing conclusions

••••••••••••
Task 1 Making predictions

Answer questions a-d.

a What aspect of the future do the photos relate to?
b What en vironm ental developments do yo u think wlll h appen in your
country in the near fut ure?
c What other developments are h appening in your country which are not
happening elsewhere in the world?
d What will your c untry be like in ten years' time? in 25 years' tjme~)

2 Look at the bar chart and description below . Th en answer questions - c

Tlu bar cllm1 SIIOII'S the prt!dictcd nllmber of bll ildiJlgs that will be
powered by so/ar and willd energy in the flllll reo

2025

2020
-- I_ Wind power I
!CJ Solar enegy

2015
~
o 100 200 300 400 500 600
mil lions

a W ha t does the chart sh ow ?

b What do the n umbers relate to?
c Wha t is the range of the numbers along the bo ttom of the d 1arr?

3 The structure will + infiniti ve or a range of prediction verbs are used to talk
about future stati stics. Complete sentences a-d with tb e w ords will. predictioll
or predicted.
a The n umber of solar-p owered buildings .................. increase to 500 million

•,Technique . . -_
---~""'""!---
b
in 2025 .
It is .................. (hal the number of solar-powered buildings ................. .
• Before you start • increase in the future.
• writing make a list
c The ................. . is that the n umber of building powered by solar energy
• of 'predict' verbs
• to use as trigger
~ words. •• d
.. ................ in crease .
The num ber is ... ,.......... ... to increase to 500 million in 2025 .

62 • • • • •.
 UNIT 8 Nature
•••• •

4 Answer these questions ;:tbout the StntL"nC\:s in 3.

a Which of these words could replace the w ord prediction?

projection assumption forecast antic ipation

h Which of t h ese words coul d replace the word predided?

projected anticipated fo recast said

c which other words do you know [0 replace predidion and predicted?

5 Complete sentences a-h with the correct forms of the verbs j n brackets.
a It ...................... ....... (predict) that in 202 5, solar energy ... ,........................ .
(provide ) en ergy for 500 million buildings worldwide.
b In 20 ) 5, abou t 25 million buildings .................... ......... (expect) to receive
energy from wind power,
c In 2025, much more energy to power buildings ............................. (come)
from solar energy compared to wind power.
d In the future, solar energy ............................. (forecast ) to be a much greater
source of energy than wind power.
e In the futu re, win d power ............................. (not expect) to be as great a
source of power as solar energy.
In years to come, it ............................. (proj ect ) that wind power
............................. (be) a less .im portan t source of energy than solar energy"
g Solar energy ............................. (set) to assume greater importance as a
source of energy in the future.
h In 201 5, it ............................. (anticipate) that solar energy and wind power
each ............................. (provide) approximately the same amo unt of energy,

6 Which of the sentences below describes something which will bappen

before a futUre Time? Which describes something in progress aL a time in th e
future?
a By 2025, 500 million buildings will have converted to solar power. (will have +
past participle)
bIn/By 202 5. 500 milHon bnildings will be using solar power. (will be + ·il1!1
form)

7 Complete sentences a-e with the correct form of the verbs in b rackets. Use
will + infinitive, will have + past participle, or will be + -ing form . You may also
need to use the passive.
a By 2020, it i expecte d that 30 million buildings ............................. (use) wind
power.
b By 2025, v ery fe w people ................ " ........... (live) in the countryside.
c In2 0IO, m ore bicycles ............................. (sell ),
d By 202 0, it is predicted that many animals ............................. (become)
extinct.
e By the year 20 15, it is anticipated tha t many narura! habitats
............................. (destroy).

• • 63
 factual accuracy

8 Look at the charts. Then ansvveT questions ,1-f.

Forecast for reforestion rate Forecast for wo rldwi de Cu rrent interest

in selected areas of t he w orld reforestatio n ra te in reforestation
1.8 1.4 .---- - - - - - -- - -
IJI""
1.6 - 1.2 - 1 - - - - - - -
1. 4
.- - f---
...., % 1.0
1.2 I--
,....,
% 1.0 - r- - !-- 0.8
0.8 - - !-- 0. 6
0.6 - - !--
0.4
0.4 - 1- - -
0.2
0.2 - r- - !--
0
Irelil~ Th~a~d Hu'ng:!ry Tasmania-' o
i_ 2006 0 2015 02025 1

a Which chart p rovides more general information? Which c11art can be used
for the conclusion?
b In general, is the reforestation projected to increase or decrease?
c Wh ich region is prOjected to have the highest rate")
d For which region does the chart show the greatest difference between 2006
and 2025 ?
e Wh ich chart COntains information which could be used for a conclusion?
In ge neraL are most people concerned about reforesta tion or n ot?

9 Find and COlTed SL",( factual errors in the text below.

!he c.hartf> show fOrec.a5tf> for the. annual
de.forestation rate. in f>eluted regions
and worldwide together with the wrrent
attitude towardf> c.onc:.em for tre,e, 10f>5.
beneralli, it fore.c:.a5t that the
refore,f,tation rate in the fou r region5
will growuntil UY3'5. though at vClf'-l ing
rate,s. It is prQjuted that Ire-lana \1ill have.
the highef>t rate in 202'5 at IS per c:.ent
followed c.\of>el'j b~ -raDrna nia. The- fore.ul5t
for bath regions for 20lS iDtl1e f>ame at
1.'5 per Gent. Hungal'(. b-t c:.ontra5t, \'litl1
tl1e 10\'leDl projec:.ted rate throughout
the pe.rioa, \'l ill e.~pe.r ie.nc:.e. the. greate-~t
overall inGrease-. It iD antic.ipated tl1at the
figure lIlill £.limb from os pe.r (.ent in
WI? to 0.11 pe.r (.ent and then riDe- more
f>harpl'j to 1.1 pe.r c.e.nt.
It alf>o worth noting tl1at the refore-fltation
rate in Thailand if> antic.ipate-a to be
ey.ac:.tli in line \'lith the worldWide average.
for both 2(11) and 2021). 1."3 per c,(',nt .
and 1.0 per c:. ent re5pec:.tive-l,/- tJleanwhi\e..
!-\ur1gal'( will be, be,lowtne international
rateD, whiie both Ireland and -raDmania
wi\1 ey.c.eed them .
f rom the pie c..hart, c.an be. f>een that
there if> some obvious wnc:.ern about the
nee,d for planting more treef> (wnc.erned'
"3'f per c:. ent, and 'not vef'j c.onc.erned' 2'5
per c.e,nt). while. at the 5ame time there is
a 5i1.eable. proportion of pe.ople who art~
not wnc.erned.

64 • • • • •
 . UN IT 8 a/llri!

lOIn each of sentences a-f (here is a word mis sing. Add th m is ing w rd .
a It predicted that the use of solar energy will become more important.
b We see from the chart that largest amount of money wa spent on lhe warer
conservation project.
c The chart shows the different types o f trees are found in different regions.
d From the pie chan, can be seen that hydroelectric power constitutes seven
per cent of the world energy demand .
e It is dear tha t m ajority of p eople are very concerned about climate ch ange .
Recently, a n u mber of campaigns have encouraged people plant trees.

11 Look agai n at the text in 9. Tbere is a missing word in each of tbe last three
p aragraphs. Add the missing w ords in the correct places . .

12 Read the table. vvh ich describes in thousands the estimated and actua l
num b ers o f ho uses b uilt in the UK by region in 20 02. Answer que lions a-h
to iden tify the conecl facts .

Regions Actu a l Estimate d

Scotland 3,000 3,200
Nonhern Ireland 5,000 2,500
Wales 6,300 2,900
North of England 13,500 9,300
Central England 16,200 8,100
Southern England
77, 500 5UOO
(exc. London)
London 47,800 24,800

a What infonnation does the table give?

b Ho w many region of the l JT< is it divided into?
c Usually, was the estimated Dumber abo ve or below the actual n um ber?
d In which three regions were the highest numbers of houses built? How did
th e figures for these regions compare with the estima tes?
e Which region had a disparity of just over four thousand between lhe
estimate and the actual figure? What were the figure s for thi' region?
f Which other two regions followed the usual trend? W hat were the figures
for these two regions'?'
g [n \.v hich region was the lowest number of houses built?
h Which region is an exception to t.he general trend? What were the figures
for this region?

13 Using the facts identified in your an 'weTS to tb e que lion s abov e ,

summarize the tab le b y selecting and reporting the m ain fea n u e s, and make
compar isons where relev an t. Wri te at le ast 150 words.

• 65
 Task 2 Articles

Answer ques\jons a-d.

a What are the most serious threa ts that the natural world is facing in the
~enty-firstcentury ?
b Wha t is th e most serious threae to the envi ronment in your counery?
c Wha t action is being taken?
d What Cunher steps do you think could be ta ken?

2 The paragraph below has been taken Crom an essay on measures 10 reduce
river p ollution thro ughout the w orld. Complete th gaps vdth th e nouns in
the box . The fir st on e has been done for you.

factories pollutants action fish wildlife

pmblern leisure incentives pressure

Pj fa r tne best wa~ to Mlve tne.
1.P..~P.!~r!:1... of Vlater pollution i~ to
locate all 1.. .. " ............. aVla~ from rive,r5
and. laKe~ and to in&tall wa~te treatment
center'b. i\\ I the ~.................. in tne wat\'.r
would then be de~tro~ed.. a& ha& been
done in ma n~ old indu~tria\ areas in
Voland. and G.erman~ . 1hi'b Vloula mean
would. be able to use them for
v.................. liKe 5V1imming ana fi'bhing.
There i5 c.on5iderable. 1....... . .. ........ on
mani poor countrie& to ckvdop tne.ir
uonomie5 ana 'bO it Vlould b\'. diffiwli to
per&uade mani of them to c:.hange their
pOlic.ies. l1owever, I thinK tha1
'I}, . .. .... , ......... nud.s to be taKen an

that ~.. ................ and. 5.................. \~ ould perhaps financ.ial 1.. ................ from
b\'. able to return to rive.r\:, and people ric.her c.oun1ries would help,

3 AJ'e the words in the lis! below coulltJ.ble or uncountable?

animal information nature climate accommodation

knowledge research weather tree idea situa tion fact

4 Look again a( [he paragraph in 2. Are the answers countab Ie or uncoun tabl e?

5 Add a/an, the, or no anicle [0 sentences a-h.

Examples
The plastic bottles that I threw out yesterday have been taken away for
recydilig:'
Plastic bottles are now being made of .................. biodegradable material ' _ (n o
article)
a .................. knowledge about th e environment can be foun d in ................. .
books and on th e Intern et.
b .. ................ energy can be generated from bio-fuels .
( Trees belp to protect .................. soil by conserving wa t r
d Newspapers n ow use ........... .. ..... high percentage 0 .................. re yel d
paper.
e Looking after .................. nature is important for all of us.
It is better to see animals in .................. wild than in captivity.
g .................. solution to the problem is to fine people for dropping ........ ... ,.... ..
rubbish.
h ............ "" .. n ew plastic containers which 1 bought last week are not harmful
for the environm en t as th ey are biodegradable .
66 .•
 UNIT 8 Nallln
•
6 In each text a-f, th ere is one mistake relating to artjcles. Con eer the mistakes
by add ing or deleting a ·w ord.
Example
Animals like ch impanzees and apes should not be used for the ex-periments.
a Wave power tech nology is th e best answer to the problem of poll ution.
How ever, th e introduction of such technology also creates the problem.
b Governments worldwide should tax the cars m ore . A measure like tbis
w ould make people think more about nature .
e In near futu re, bouses will be more energy-efficient than they are now.
d Food industry co u ld pay for recycl ed bottles a Iv as done in the past. The
bot tles wo uld then not be thr own away.
e Insects like the bees, fo r example, playa vita l role in most ecosystems. The
bee pollinates plants and flo wers.
The fadlities like dams and forests are also used for leisure.

Writ ing, COncllllS i oilS

7 Read the two Task 2 queSl tOns . Then decide which q u estion each sentence
a- g relates 10. Write 1 or 2 next to each sentence,

1 Pol/Lltioll from aircraft is one of tlie main factors responsible for

global wm'm i 1f!I. What measures could be taken to l'edtlcc this sou r Ce of
climate change?

2 Wilen a COUllt,)' become'S l"ichet : the natural ell d rMll11en t lI'ill slljTn:
It is /"lot possible for a cOtm tly to both develop its economy and proteL"(
the envil'omnent. To what extent do you a,qree or disagree?

a This means that in the short term we will just have 10 accept paying higher
prices for flights and Ira veUing less.
b In conclusion. I do nOI agree [hat d evelop ing a country's e onomy has to
involve destroying the n atural world.
c If this type of eco-friendly business is encouraged, then there is no reason
w h y a healthy economy and a healthy environment cannot exist together.
d All in all I feel that imposing higher taxes on airlines is unavoidable .
e It is tru e that some b usinesses move into new areas with no regard for thei r
effect on the environment.
We can cenainly investigate "lIays of making aixcrah technology cleaner,
but we do not kn ow how long tbey will take to develop .
g However, there are many examples of local busine ses whi ch depend on
and support the local environment.

II • 67
 8 A con clusion n eeds to state your opinion or your most important idea, and
remin d (h e reade r of how you argued in fa vour of it. T h e sentences in 7 on
page 67 form concluding p aragraphs to th e e~ am ques tion . Wr it e out th e two
paragraphs with the sentences in the best order, follow ing the framework s
h d ow.
Question I
Statement of most important measure :

Another possible me asure and wh y it is Jess e ffective:

Restatement of most important measure and its consequences :

Question 2
Statement of opinion :

Reference to the opposite vie "':

Technique
Always write a Reaso n agains t th e opposite view:
conclusion to your
answer Avoid
repeating words in Restatement of opinion:
your conclusion.

9 Look at {he underlined. phrases in the sentences in 7. For each one, ch oose
two alternatives with a similar m eanin g from the box below.

to sum up I believe of cou rse I would argue that in gene ral

10 Your conclusion must be dear but you need to avoid m aking claims tha t
sound roo strong. One way to avoid this is to talk a boUt poss ibilit ie u ing
the phrase There is /10 reaslJ!I WilY + neg.1ti\' e. Read the exampl . Then change
sentences a-d in a similar way.
Example
A healthy eco nomy and a healthy environment can exist together.
There is /10 reason why a healthy econ omy and a h ealthy environ men t cann ot
exist toget h er.
a Local eeo-friendly businesses can be successful.

b People could take more holid ays a t home instead of always flying abroad.

c People could travel by fast train instead of taking short flights .

d Governments should give special financial support to eeo-friendly busine s

people.

6a • • • • •
 UNIT 8 Na/llre

•• •••Practice Test 8 • ••••

Task 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.

The table below silo II'S tile projected costillgs OVe/' tl1e next five years in American
dollars for tJu'el! ClIVil'OlImental projects Jor SItS/ainable forestry. The pie chal1 sh ows
the e.ypected e.i'peilditur.e brea kdou'Jl aJ/ocll.tiol1 for the first year as the projects m-e
set LIp.
SI./JlllIlI1ri:e the injormution by se!utiJlfj and reporting the JTuli ll fi?alllreS, and make
cOlllparisMls where relevant,

Write at least 150 words.

Year 1 Year 2 Year3 Year 4 Year 5

West Africa 10.5 million 7.5 million 2.5 million 2.5 million 3.5 million
Central
20 rrul1ion 12 millio n 5 million 5 million 5 million
America
Sout h -east
30 million 20 million 40 million 50 million 50 million
Asia

Projected expenditure in Year 1

• Set-up costs
• Salaries
o Training
o Office expenses

Task 2
You should spend about 40 minuu~s on this task
Write about the following topic:

More and more city W01*ers are deciding to live il1 the country and travel into work
every day. TIre rest/It is increased traffic cong.estion and damage to fIle 1!!1\'irOJlJIICJIt.
What measures do you thil1k could be taken to enco urage people not to travel such
long distllJlces ilfto \i'Ll7'k ?

Give reasons for your ansl'.ver and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or
experience.
Write alleast 250 words.

69
 U N IT

Health
••••••
Unit aims
Task 1 Task 2
Varying vocabulary Organizing words
Checking spelling Verb-subject agreement

Tasl< 1 Varying vocabulary

1 Answer these questions about hospitals and h alrh care.

a What are the m,li ll p::i"ri( ics of he alth care in yo ur counlry?
b How is health Gl rc delivered in your home coun try? If YO ll wan t to nsu it
a doctor. what do you do? -
c Are medicines fre e or do you hav e to pay for tb em ?
d What effect has tech nology had on medical care in your country'?

2 Read the Task 1 question on page 71. Then arlswer questi ons a-e below.
a What general statemen t can you mak about th e whole graph? Look a t the
deSCription and the graph itself.
b What general statement can you make about the French hospital?
c What general statement can you make about the Ukrainian hospital?
d How can you link the pie charts to the graph?
e How could yo u use th ese words to describe the graph.

trend upward similar pattern reach a peak

except that saw a continuous rise change coincide

70 • - • • •
 UNIT 9 rIealtlr
• •
The cllarts below show the average bed use i/1 three rypiml hospitals
illtf l'J1lItiolla/ly and ,lie prop01'til1n of 1111spital b lldgets a/ll)JCl"lted to i/'l-pati"~1t
care before and after day-surgery was introc/llced in 2003.
Av erage bed use for the years 1997- 2006
100
90
...
----- ---.
--
80

-- . .~
70
60
50
40
30
-- ...
~
.....

20
10
o 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Fu nds allocated to in-patient care 2002 Fu nds allocated to in-patient care 2006
Othe r cost. Other costs
65% 73%
In-patien t
In-patient 27%
35%

StwllJltl r .fze O,e il1fonndtiorJ by seli?ctill9 and reportil1g t/H~ JIIllill fe.lil/ res, mid
make comparisDns whe r e relevant.

3 Complete the text with words frou t th e box. The first ~ i:lp ha. been do n for
you.

peak impact clear oeeu paney trend det-&i+s

marked reduction fallin g sign ifieantly ris e experi enced

Mode l text

The graph proviaes I .. .0.~!!~... about
the. average be.ds in use. eae-h iear in
three similar hospitals before ana after
the introaudion of da'j-c.are. wryer'! .
Da'j-e-are surgef'j seems to have h;}d
an"l. .................. on bed use in all three
hospitals. A.t the. frene-h hospital. the.
figures sho\~ an upwara ? ............. . ... .
over the. perioa from 40 be.cis to 4(".
Kowever, in 2.003 bed 4 ...... .. ..... ..... had
reac.hed a ~ .................. of just under 10
beds, before (. .................. bac.k. A. similar
pattern was repe.ate.ci for the UKrainian
hospital, e"1-(.ept that the du.line in bed
use after 2.00"3 WaS not so 1 ......... .•. ......
(1(; beds in 2.00"3 as against 11 in 2.00v).
1he Chinese hospital, b'f c.omparison,
s .................. a c.ontinua\ 'i .................. in
be.d use behJeen \Q'l1 and 2.00(;. 11 ;lIla
q"3 re.spe.c.tivel'j. l1o\'lever, we. see. that after
2.004 the rate of ine-re.ase \'las
I •....•• .. ..• •. .. slower than in previous
,{ear",.
It is II .................. that the fall in be.d use
c.oinc.iaes wi th the 11 .. . . . ......•...... in the.
average budget at the three hospitals for
in - patient c-are (?? pe.r a ,nt c.ompared to
2.1 per e-ent) between 2.002. and 2.00(;.

•• • 71
 Technique 4 Look again at the words in the gaps in 3 on page 72 and choose an alternative
[or eadl one fTom the box . You \'vill no'! use aliI th e words .
Use a variety
of alternative
effect use tendency cut considerably low evident
expressions when
increase decrease drop pi ng information result
writing your answer
saw high point sharp dramatically
to avoid repetition.

5 For each sentence a-h, there are three alternative phrases to replace the
phrase in italics . De le te the option which is nOI correct.
a The graph provides details about bed use. (gives/says/shows)
b The introduction of day-care surgery had an impact on bed use. (had all effect
on/ had an affect on/ affected)
c Bed use reached a peak of just under 7 0 beds . (reached its highest point/reached
a height/hit a peak)
d A similar pattern was se n in th Ukra inian h ospita l. (designl trmdlmovellleJ/ (}

e The Chinese hospital, by compa rison. continued to see a rise . (by contrast/oil
the other hand/alternatively)
The numbe r of beds ro e from 40 to ar und 45 . (approximatelY/l1bolltltoll'ards)
g There was a reduction in the budget ( 35 per cent compared (027 per cent).
(as opposed tolas against/colltrast with )
h The change in bed use is reflected in the budget. (call be seen in/ can b viewed
in/can be detected in)

6 The descripti ons below sUmnlarize the sentenc Slr uctW'e of th e model in 3.
Number the notes in the correct order, based on the sentences in th mode\.
The first and last have been done for you.
a General introdu ctory statement .
b Ge n · ral statement of first m ain trend, then specifi c data .
c General statement abom a reinforcing trend, then specific dat a.
d Spe ific statement qualifying the trend. without detail.
e Gene ral statem ent about the line graph.
General statement of contrasting trend, then specific data .
g SpeciHc statem ent qualifying the trend. with detail.
h Gen eral conclusion based on pie charts. ..... J?..... .. .

72 • • • • •
 U N 'T 9 He(llth
•• •

Checking spelling

7 In each group of fOUT words, circle the one which is spell incorrectly and
correct it.
a therdore opposite bcfor limit
b believe achieve recieve bri ef
c stay,ing stayed studing studied
d usefllil helpful hopefuUy carefully
e personaly practical usually n ormal
f efficient sufIicent ancient deficie nt
g unfortunately improvement definitly m anagem ent
h comfortable diffrent temper ture interested
chaise price increLl se advice
prefe rred commitled rdered h appened

8 Look again at your answers in 7. Some of the spellings d ep e nd on simp le

rules. What spelling rules explain the misspelt words? Compare your ideas
with tbe key on page llO.

9 Find and correct the spelling mistakes in the following sentences. One of the
semences has two spelling mistakes.
a The numbers declined gradualy and stood at JUS! rwen ry in 2006.
bIn-pa tient CZl re [Oak up 25 per cent of the funds, wieh wa s an increas e of SL,{
per cem on the previous ye a r.
c A number of significant changes oecured in the following t venty years.
d The percemage increased sharply and reached a pick in 2003 .
e The figres rose from approximatly 4 5, 000 to 49 ,000 over the p eriod.
Patient numbers rose steadily for the first ten years, and th e n flactua ted
around 500 for the following decade.
g The required number of beds exeeded what was anticipa1ed for rha I year.
n Mos[ people in the servey thought that more money should be spent on the
health service.

10 Read the following extract written by an IELTS student on the number of

traffic accident victi.ms seen at a local hospital. Find the eight mistakes that
he made .

me averag numbe.r of rOad traffiL 3Lic\r.nts from G2r~ mLrea""ed dramati(.a1i

petloJe-t,n Iqqr;; 3nd tne ie.ar 2.000, risi"s from a tob'l of '5'3 to Il£> respedive.ll Over
the. nf·~t five ieaf5, tnen '1135 a notiLeap\e improvme.nt <15 number:> fell ste.a dil\~ to
a new low point of?J in 200~ . A'il regard mOlorLid uc.ide.nt5, noV/eve.r. it is dear
the. tnnd is upward, with more oLLuring in thi:> , at~' 90!"{ in the. later pe.r.iod.

••• 73
 Task 2 Organizjng words

1 Which of the following do you (hink are m ost imponam for good health?
Rank them .i n order of imp ortance (1 = most imp ortan t; 6 = least important).
Are there any ot her lifest yle factors w h ich are n ot included in (he list?

taking regular exercise carefui'ly monitoring your diet

having a wide rang e of int@rests having a wid@ netw(i)rk of frie nds
living in the countryside sleeping at least seven hours a n ig ht

2 Complete the paragraph by choosing (he best adverb in each case.

!he 1 normallyloutlandishlylstrangely are (, oftenlrartlylhardly even taKen

benefi(.ia\ effec.t that anima\~ have. on 3!"ound hMpita\ 'tJard5 to be. ir'ltf"odua. d to
people.'$ ne<lltn and general well-being is 1 seriously!17ugtly/deadly ill patient~. lhe.

now 1 tsf>t.ntiallylgoodlylwell ru.ogniz.ut e.ffed~ of this partiw\ar partnership are

Ihe idea ma~ seem pec.uliar to some people, S importantiylrUJ li'yl we/l dowmente.d and

but ;I surprisingly/shoc.kinglylunprtdidably have led to animals being ll~ed

there. is dear evidel1Le of the. partnership.
laKe, the, e;f.,amp\r, of do\phiI15, whic.h are,
4 wildfy/Wide.fylhardly ~t1Ovm for their
bealing qualitle.$. DOg5 have· al50 bew
used to deted Lanc.er c.el\<:. ve~ 'i de.eplyl
proje.s5ionallylac.c.urately in patien15 and
~ freqUtnilylseldomlots to wpp\e.ment
c.DIlVl:-lltiollal mMic.ill(:'. 10 {5l1idtntlc.Jearlyl
Oddly. the. c.ondusion If> to maKe more
mone.1 available for re$~. ard1 Into ho\'~
animalf> c.an benefit humans.

3 Which pattern does the paragrap b in 2 follow? which organizing \>\ur,: ~ Jrt'

llsed to emp b asize eacb elemem of the p attern ?

a situation - examples - eUects - conclusion
b situat ion - effects - reaso ns - examples - conel usion

4 Complete sentences a-I with an organizing word from the box.

idea information issue knowledg e m easure

opinion problem scheme solution

a The best way to improve public health is to provide people with all the facts ,
but the .................. needs to be made simple.
b It is often suggested that national health systems shou ld be modernized.
However, many people are opposed t o (he .. .. .. ............ of modernization.
c Our progra mme to introdu ce new equ ip ment u cceede d in redu cing
waiting lists, but the improvement .................. met with considerable
resis lance .
d The governmen t should in vest more m oney in preven ting drug abuse . This
.................. , if taken . would save many lives.
e Obesity is on the rise in many countries and n ot just in the developed
world . It is now an .................. that deman ds immediate atte nti on .
More nurses need to be uained rather than doctors. This, I feeL is the best
.................. 10 the current crisis .
g People are often awa re of the dangers of sm o ki ng. but even with [his
widespread ........ " ........ , it is difficult to persuade them to stop .
h Some people are againsl the involvement of private companies in health
care, but this .................. is h eld by fewer people n owadays.
Lack of health care is making the lives of many people misera Ie. ye( it is a
.................. that can be easily tackled.
74 •••
 U NIT 9 Healtlr

5 For each of a-b, read the first sent ence, then comp lete the follow-up sentence
with your o wn ideas. Use the organizing words in it alics to help you .
a Som e p eople are concerned that increasing n umb r of old people will
mean m ore sp ending on health care.
This issl/e .. ... d.·" ··.· ..... .............................. .... ......... " .. " .... ... ... ............................ .. .... .
b Conventional and alt rn atjv e medicine can complement each other.
This idea could ." ....... .... ............. ....... .. ..... ... ........... .. d . . .. ... .. . . ............... ... .................. .

c In the fut ure, h ealth care will be much cheaper and for everyone .
This predictiol1 .. ... ,." ...... .......................... .. ........ ........ ..... .................... ... .. ................. .
d The pace of ch ange within many national health systems is speeding up .
Initially, this m ay be a probbn, but .... .... ................ ..... .................. ........ ............. .. .
e Health care costs are now worrying plan ners thro ugh out the wo rld.
Th e situatioll, h owever. ............. ..... .... ..... .. .. ............. ... .. ........... ........... .... ......... ..... . .
are emphasis should be put on preventive medicine, like health
education.
Measllre like this ....... ..... ..................... ........ ........................................... .. .............. .
g Acupuncture is becoming more and more popular around the world.
N ot surprisingly, it is a tren d ........... ........ ............ ............. ................. ....... .......... " .. .

h If people live longer, [h en this can lead to other COS ts and p roblems .
This is a matter that ... ... .... .... ........................................ ...... .................... .. ....... ...... .. .

6 Choose one of the topics a-c below. Make a list of id eas for the topic you have
chusen. Ue (j~e organizing words in the box 10 trigger id eas.
a the connection berween m usic and health
Technique b h ow alternative therapies can influence hea lth
Ai m to use at least c the conneClion between e>;.ercise and healt h
one organizing \/v'ord
in each paragraph conclusion effect idea information issue knowledg e
you write. matter measure opinion prediction problem
scheme solution trend view ex a mp le

7 Write your own paragraph based on your ideas in 6. To plan your answer, a k
yours elf these questions.
a What paragraph organization can I use?
b WhicJl connecting words can I use to link the pattern I have chosen to
"'.-Tite?
c Which exa mples can I use to justify my ideas in each paragraph?

• • 75
 Verb-subject agreement

8 Comple te t he following sentences with is, are, has, or have.

a The number of people who are suffering fTOrn stress .. ................ on the
increase.
b The fact that people live longer nowadays .................. led to an increased
number of elderly people in sodery.
c Predictions about how long a patient with cancer will live .................. often
inaccurate .
d A ban on advenising all types of junk food .................. probably the onl way
to stop the spread of obesity.
e The pressurized situation in many hospitals .................. resulted in a stressed
workforce and low morale amongst n urses.
f Elderly people who have a large family ........... ....... generally healthier and
happier than those who have fewer contacts with other people.
g The reason why allergies are becoming more common .................. still not
known .
h An increasing number of patient seem to be dissatisfied wjth conventional
medicine and .................. turned to alternative therapies.

9 In sentence a-g, replace the countable nouns in italics with an uncountabl e

n oun [rom the box. M ake any other n eces ary changes in verb fo rms or
p ronoun s.

progress evidence informatio n w ork

advice research equ ipm ent
Technique
Make sure you a Everyone is aware today of the bad effects of smoking on people's health .
check that the The e fadS are published all around us, even on cigarette packets.
subjects and the
verbs In your
sentences agree. b Most doctors recommend a diet low in sugar and fat. an d high in fibre.
Unfortunately, these suggestions are not often followed.

c Many nurs es nowadays do no r carry out basic care such as washing and
feeding patients. Instead, these tasks are carried out by health care assistant .

d Enormous advances have been made in understanding how disease sprea

but the possibility of a worldwide pandemic is still with us.

e Many people enjoy keeping fit in the gym by using rowing machines,
walking machines, and so on . How ever, these devices can be dangerous if
they are not used properly.

f Ma ny doctors do not believe in homeopathic me didne. However, there are

certainly some indications that it is more than just a placebo .

g Some studies have been carried out which sb oY': that elderly people li ve
longer if they live with a partner.

76 •••
 UNIT 9 H.:allll
• • •
• •• ••
Practice Test 9

Task 1
You should spend about 20 m inutes on this task.

The 9Taph belmi ' shbwS the average monthly use of a healt11 club jn Miam i, Florida by
all full-time members over last year. The pie charts shaw the age profile of male and
female members.
Summarize the iflformatiol! by selecting and reporting the main features, an d m ake
compan'soJis tII'll'ere relevant.

Write at least 150 words.

Health club use over last year

900
800 ~
r-- ~

r- ;-
r- ;-
700
---= ---=
600
;-
i---
r- ---= I----- '-

500 r- ;-
r-
-
400 '-

300 r-
200 -

100 -

o '---
J
-
F
-
M
'--
A
-
M
'-
J
'---
J
'--
A s
-
o
-
N
'--
o
-
10 Female • Male I

Male m em bersh ip by age Female m em bership by age

Task2
You shou Id spend about 4 0 minutes on this task.
Wrile about the fo llov,/i1l8 topic:

The numberoje/derly people in the world is increasiJlg. What do you lliill/.: lire the
positive al1d l1egative effects of this trend?

Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from YOllr own know/edge or
experience.
Write at least 250 words _

• II 77
 UN IT

Individual and society

•• • •
Unit aims
Task 1 Task 2
Word order Paragraph structure
Linking using with Task 2 revision
Task 1 revision Relevant and irrelevant information

Task 1 Word order

1 The list below contains factors which influence career choice. Choose the
five that have influenced you most j.n choosing a career. RanJ, them in order
of importance 1-5 (1 = most important; 5 = least important). Then ans wer
questions a-d .

money interest friends ambition

role models parents teachers

a Why have you chosen these five factors?

b How did they contribu te to your career cboice?
c W hy did you not choose the other factors ?
d What oth er [actors m ight influence you?

2 Read the Task 1 quesrion. Then answer questions a-e.

The bar charts show M ain reaso ns for choosing a career - 20-35 age group
the results of a Greek 30
survey from two 25
selected age 9roups in 20
2003 011 tile relative % 15
10
importance of five
5
factors in choosing a
o
career.
models

SlIlJ/JllLlrize the Ma in reaSOnS for choosing a career - 40-50 age group

information by 30

seleclillg a1/d 25

repOltin9 the main 20

% 15
featllres, and make
10
cOlllparisotlS where
5
relevant.
o

a What does each chart refer to generally? Look at the captions .

b What do the items along th e bottom of the bar charts refer to?
c How do the bar charts relate to each other?
d 'Nhat are the m ost noticeable features of the first bar chan ?
e What are the most noticeable fea tmes of the second bar chart?
78 ••••
L
 UNIT 10 [ll di vidll al alldsociely
• •
3 Reorder the words in italics in the model text below.
Model text

1he bar c,harts provide information from ~ 1eac.herslaslrtgardslrole/andlmode/:;.

a ~reeK surve.~ about I reasonslthe/for/
main/c.areer/a/c.hoosing among two age
9roups. 20-'7'5 and 40-'50.
It is de.ar that the two 9rouPS 2. thel
influenc.u1!werelvar-iouslby/f at..tor5
to diffe.re.nt de.gre.es. with the mOflt
inf\ uentia\ facton) whid) contributed to
Gareer chOice for the. 20-2? age group
being monei (i:lpprO'l'imatel'i 2.1 per cent)
and then pi:lre.nb (2"3 per u~ nt) . HOI,eve-r.
the fadors • the/agt/ were/for/reversel
grouplthel40-50. wah pare.nts affe-d ing
the.m most at '70 per Gent.
the- relative importance. of e.ac.h was ag"M
the other \,a~ round: S ninelfifteen/
andlresptc.tivelylgroup/per/c.entljorl
younger/the, and fourtee.n and elwen per
Gent for the. older.
~ similaritylonly/the/the/twolgroupsl
be-tween/age waf> that friends had lef>s
inf\uena over Gareer Ghoice for the
iounger and olde.r groupfl 1 fa ctors!
than/any/other. seven and ten pe.r cent
respe.ctivell

4 Six of the sentences a- h contain a word in th e wrong place . Corr: t each

sentence by moving the word to the right place.
Example
Traveller numbers have decreased ov r period in the question.
Traveller n umbers have decreased over the period in question.
a The specialist sales of rours have fallen recently.
b In 2006. more males than females tOok up individual spons rather than
team activities.
c As can be seen. more people from the younger age group (Tavel on their
own. in sharp contrast to those over sixty.
d It is dear lbJ t rhe number of flats by single' people in ()ccllpieci major citie
in the West is pu tting pressure on housing.
e From [he graphs, it can be concluded that are young people much more
mobile than p revious generations.
The noticeable pursuit of a professional career among botb men and
wo man has led to a reduction in the birth rate.
g There are similarities in the presentation of the several data .
h Overall the chart sho ws that the media people are re ponsible for tumin
in to eel brities .

• • •• 79
 Linking using with

5 Read the example sentence from the model text in 3 on page 79. Then answer
the questions below.
Example
How ever, the factors were the reverse for the 40-50 age grou p, with parents
affecting them m ost at 30 %.
a What function does th e phrase beginning with with introduce?
b What type of verb stru cture normally follows with?

6 Read the example, Then join the sentences below making an y nec s ary
changes.
Example
There were several similarities . The m ost and least important factors were the
same.
There were several sim ilarities, with the most and least importan t factors being
the same.
a Sale were upward for most oC th e year. The profil reached a peak in
December.

b The main reason for career dloice was ambitio n . Fifty per cent chose it.

c ITis expected that the price of one bedroom flats will ri e AccommOdation
fo r individuals is in shon supply.

d The pattern was different. Passen ger n umbers dropped in summer and rose
in wlllter.

e Th e trend was d early upwaTd Manufacturing costs decreased at the same lime .

Consumption of e ne rgy ros e. The highest point was in January.

Task 1 revision

7 Decide if the following statements about Task 1 techniqu es a re true or false.

a Your first paragraph is usually a gen eral statement about True/False
the subject of the graph, table, map, etc.
b Writing in paragraphs is not important fo r Task l. True/Paise
c Task 1 w ill always be written in th e past tense. Tru e/False
d If your English is correct, then it does no t matter if your True/False
information is inaccurate.
e You n eed to dedde which is the most important or striking True/False
information in the graph, table, map, etc.
You should quote all th e figures that the information gives you . Tru e/False
g In a paragraph, sentences which quote specific figures nearly True/False
always com e before general stateme nts.
h Your con clusion will n ot normally give sped fic figures . True/False

80 • • • • •
 UNIT 10 I"dividllal al1d S')ciely
•••

Task 2 Paragraph structure

1 For each Task 2 question below, put the sentences that follow in the most
logical order to create a p.:nagraph.

1 Amuit,'cm IS a negative attl"ib llte of a person's character. Do yOIl

agree or d.isagree \.I ith th is sta tem ent?

a This is because, even when they realize an ambition, they are still not
satisfied.
b It is cenainly Hue [h at ambitiou s people do not alw ays crea re happiness for
themselves or others.
c If we look at the busin ssman w ho wants 10 earn a six-figure salary, we see
tha t in most cases, when he reaches tJus p osition , he w ill still want m ore
povver or an even higher salary.

2 P£I 1'1 iwlilJ' ct/ltu res are IInder threat Jlowadays due tv tile f act that we
art' li\'ing in a global village. Wh at do you th ink ca ll be dOlle tv protect
a society'S traditiolllll l"alues and wItIJre?

a Nor does ir mean that they will fail to respect an d valu e other people's
cultures .
b One way to protect tr aditiona l val ues and customs is simply to teach peop l~
to value their own culture
c On the contrary, it wil give them the con fidence to operate in our global
village without feeling that their own identity is under threa r.
d This does not mean that they h ave to resist the current movement towards
greate r internatio nal trade .

3 Emails are the most vaLuable tool for communication in the

twenty-first century. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

a Th ey can exchange ideas and discuss things more often as they are working,
and the result may be a be tter end p roduct.
b This allows p eople to work together on the same project even if they are on
opposite sides of the world,
c Emails ha ve certain ly b ad far-reaching effects on people's ability to
communica te.
d It is now po ssible for people to correspond cheaply and at length from
anywh ere as long as they h ave a conne ction.

2 Match each of the paragraphs above 1-3 with the correct structure below a-c.
a general statement - reason why this statement is true - example
b general statement - reason why this statement is true - effect - second
effect
c statement of what should happen - statement that a negative result will
not occur - statement that a second negative result will n ot occur - positive
result

• • • • 81
 3 Read the following twO essay questions. For each ques tion, choose one of the
paragraph structures in 2 on p age 81 and w rite a paragraph which could form
p ar I of an an swer. following [h e structure you h ave chosen .

MOlley does not make happiness. To w hat ex ten t do you ag ree or disagree?

It is [)fmer to reform criminals instead of jllst pllJ1ishil1g them. What

measures could be taken to attempt to ill tegrate law-breakers back
into society?

Relevant and irrelevant information

4 The three paragraphs below relate to the Task 1 questions in 1 on p age 81. In
eAch paragraph, there Cln: several option s. Choos(, cb." options wh ich are most
relevant to the question.

Text 1
1 Another r eason why ambition is not always good is that ambitious people
may lise u nfair or dishonest means of reaching th eir goa l. F r example.
they may
a work so hard that they neglect their families .
b take the credit for work that they have not done.

2 In some cases, they may damage the careers o ( people who they see as
rivals, p erhap s by
a making false accusations about them to their employers.
b stealing their m on ey and possessions.

3 In the most extreme cases, they may tum to serious crime . ............ .. .............. .
provides a clear exa mp le of th is.
a Shakespeare's story of Macbeth
b The story of Sinbad the sailor

Text 2
4 One way to ensure that people value their traditjonal culture is to focus on
language . With the global dominance of English, some minority languages
such as ............................. may feel under threa t.
a Welsh or Estonian
b Chinese or Arabic
5 Ii people are made familiar with the history and literature of their own
language, then
a they will be more able to talk to older people about it .
b they will appredate th eir own culture m ore.

6 This could be done by arranging arts festivals or writing competitions. For

example, in the UK
a there are many prizes which novelists and poets can win.
b there is an annual festival to celebrat e the best of Welsh w riting and culture.

~ .....
 UNIT 10 I"dividual and society
•• •
Text 3
7 However, the effects of the Internet on communication are not all positive.
Emails can be wri tten and replied to very quickly which means that
a people often do not consider carefully what they have w ritten.
b people can check their inbox two or three time 3 day.

8 Another problem is that people simply send and receive co

many emails .................... The result of this Ls that they spend time dealing
wi th this constan t stream of messages instead of doing their real work.
a Children , for example, lov e to contact tbeir friends frequently by em a il.
b An office w orker, for example. may receive twenty or thirt y emails a day.

5 Reacllhc Task 2 question. Then ans\over questions a-c below.

The current interest in famous people's privale lives has negative effects
both for those people alld JO/' s@ciety as a w·h(J!c. NelVspapen .d·ul/Ild rtot be
nnowed to ptlblish de tails of people's private lives unless.it is clearly in ti,e
pliblic illterest.
To what extent do y OIl agrel! 01' disagree?

a Think of a famous person who has been in the news recentl y for something
unconnected with his/her job. What were the effects of this?
b How rele v3m is your example [Q th e guestion . If possibl e, compare you r
example with a partn er. Which is [he most relevant to the question?
c Write a general statement-ex amp le paragraph, using the example you have
chosen .

Task 2 revision

6 Read the Task 2 techniques in the questionnaire. Decide hmv oflen you do
these things.

Task 2 techniques questionnaire

Tick the appropriate box. Always Sometimes Never
I mat ch the organizat ion of my essay to the question. D D D
[ use the paragraph struc ture. D D D
[ divide my essay into paragraph s. D D D
[ use organizi ng words to help develop m y sentences. D D D
I use a range of linking phrases - like, because, D D D
for example - to trigger my ideas.
J wTite a shon introduction wbich paraphrases tbe que li oo. D D D
I know that I must write at least 250 wo rds. D D D
lleav myself rime to check my answer. D D D
I develop functions like advamages, disadvantages, so/uliotls, D D 0
measures, causes by using reasons, examples,reslllts, effects.
I can state my opinion clearly apd contradict other opinions. D D D

• ••• 83
 7 Which phrases can you use as trigger words for each of the following
functions ? Make your own list.
a Examp le: For example, ............................ .
b Reason: because ................... ....... ...
c Effect : As a result, .... ., .... ., ................ .
d Additional inlormation: Moreover, ............................ .
e Hypothesis: If ............................ .
Contrast: but ...., .. ., ........... ., ...... .
g Concession: Although ...... ..... ..... ........... ..
h Conclusion: A n d 50 .... " ...................... .

8 Some functions are rel ated so (hal one suggests the other. Comp lete the
Jist below w ith rdaJed fl!In cHons. Are the combinat ions fix ed or can you
combine th em in any way?
a Problem and ................. .
b Measures and ................. .
( Cause and ................. .
d Reason and ........... ...... .
e Example and ................. .
f Effect and ................. .
g Additional information and ............. ,., ..
h Con ditio n/Hypothesis and ........ "" .... ..
Concession and .. " ..............

9 Read (he Task 2 question below, th en use the trigger words to d evelop
semences a-f with your own ideas.

Too much emphasis is PHt 011 eaming money rather thal1 lookiJ1g fo r {/
good qtlality of life. To what extent do you agree with tl1is idea?

a Money is no t as important as frien 5, beca use .... .. ... .. ... ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. .. ... .. ... ...... ..

b For many people, keeping fi t and healthy is the main factor which is
necessary for a good qu ality of life. However, .... " .. .... ..... ...,.... ,... .. ... ,.... .. .. " ... ... ..

c If one is content with life, then ...................................................... " .... ., .... ..... ...

d What is involved in ach ieving a good quality oI llie depends on man y factors
rather than just one. For example. " ... ., ...... ., ........ ., ... " ............. ..., ................. ..... ..

e Happiness and conten mlent are more impo rta nt than the p ursuit of
fre edom. Th e latter aim ............................................................................ ............. .

Many people living in poor housing conditions are still happy. So the idea
thaI ............................................................................................................... .. .......... .

10 Wrire your own paragraph about [he importance of family in mai ntaining a
good qua lil y of li fe . W~ite about 60-80 words.

84 • • • • •
 U NIT 10 TmJil'idllal n ~ Jd so ie/.\'

••• • •• • • D

Practice Test 10
•
• • •
Task 1
You should spend abo/(( 20 minutes on this task.

Th..: bar Ghart below sholl's fhf pe/·Lt'lItL19i.' of people in Great Britain li vi119 alone by
age und sex ill 2.004./2005.
SWI/llwrize tJu inft)f'matiim by sd.:ctill9 and reporting the main features, and make
cOn/pan'sons where relevant.

Write at least 150 words.

People living alone: by sex and age, 2004/05, GB

Percentages

16--24
~
25-44

45-64

65-74

75 and over
I I I
o 10 20 30 40 50 60

Task 2
YOIl should spen d abollt 40 minutes on this Lask.
Write about the following topic:

Indil'idlwls WII do 110tl1il1g to clw/1ge society. Any new deve/olllllt:llts CLlII ollly he
brollght abotlt by govel'l1men ts {lI1d large Itlstitutiotls. How fat· do you ag/'ee 0/'
disagree?

Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from YO ll r OHlII knowledge
or experience.
Write at least 250 words.

• • 85
 Sample answers
The p ublishers stress that these are not official grades and are for guidance only.
Th ere is no guara nte e that these an sw ers wou ld ob tain these grades in the te st.

Practice Test 1

Task 1
The graph indicates the Valiali on of t h ~' private use of Interne!, Pc' mobile phones and CD
player in the UK (rom J 996 to 2003.
The l[cnd in four dements of the study was upward except in mobile phone that was
rarher erratic. CD pla yer had the biggest figure among all wit h 60% at ) 996/97 and 80%
,1t 20 02/ 03. While the Internet access only started in 1998/9 9 showing the lowes! figur
throughoUl rhe period (from 10% in 19 98f99 to above 4.0% in 2002/03).
Be1ween 10996/97 and 1998/9 9 mobile p hon and PC were going upward "" hile j ust alter
1999 th e forme r exceeded. showing figure oC 70% compared to home c01111 uters with 55%
in 2002/03.
To sum up. it was ex pected to h ave home computers as e xceeding {i.g u re in the ~tudy as the)'
provide fe atures o r CD player and the Internet acces b ut CD player and mobile phon were
the two top modem technology access in homes . (154 Illords)

Grade: 5
Commen t: The t ext is logically organized, bu t does not indicate that figures are
approximate . The summary cannot be deduced from the diagram . Vocabulary i
adequate. despite some errors. However, grarnrna!i al mistakes, especially faulty
complex structures, caus e some difficulties for the reader.

Task 2
If is obvious rhat people are unwilling to ma ke changes in their lives afr er being acc u toOled
to a cert ain st yle of life . However this could cause many problems.
Take for exampl e. people who leave rheir counrry and going abroad. They might face many
issue.. Firsr of alL they have to adapt to a new culture and h abit which might be completely
different from theLr nativ e country. Moreover, it takes time to Cldapt LO 'weather and to the
sl},'le of new IUe w Lch m ay be differe n t [rom where they lived before.
There is anoth er changes in lite . For exam ple. some people al a certain momen t in their live
have to change their career, regardless of the reaSons. It is quite difficult they find not easy to
acquire ex.peIience in their new job and difficult to make new friends at w ork.
In my opinion. people should be lIexible. For p eople who leaving their coun try to live and
work in another country I agree that they might have m any problems such as a new culture
and la nguag,,· und habits bur the i.llregration wi th people it cou ld solve the problem. By the
time, they will find themselves a pan of rhe ne w society. People who change t heir career
the on ly lhing to eli.> it is to concentrate in rheir ne\-\' job . Experience thar they n eed they will
acquire Ivith time
In conclusion, people ha e to ready for any ch anges in their lives as no guarantee for anyone
that the LiI e will be stable lorever. (2'>0 \\"e',<I;")

Grade: 6
Comments: All parts of th e prompt are covered, bu t the content is somewhat
repetitive. Organiza tion a n d p a ragraphing is sa tisfactory, wi th some e ffec tive use of
links . Vocabu lary is generally adequate However, complex sentences are u sually
faulty and there ar e many grammaticaJ errors.

86 •
 ampl,; flllSlt 'e r '

Practice Test 2

Task 1
The graph shows the cont ribuTion 01 diUercm senor, to th e UK economy in the 20th
century, In particular it compares the agricultural. manufac!.Uring and businc' s and financial
sector .
Pirstly, agriculture sect or shows the higher value at the begi nning o ll he period (around
50% in the Iirst 50 years of rhe ce tu ry). By the 1975, it had u tt ered a drama tic decrease
(1 5%) tollowed by 11 drop to almost zero in ~OOO . By contra L busin e ' s and finantiaJ 'eclOr
weI' almost zero at the beginnin g bl.J! it sharpl y increased during the pe n od .
,\1anula w ring $ .ctGr seems to follovY rht:: trend of agri u lture, starri ng with a value o j 45 %
in 19(1(). In J 95(\ it !>egan t() lalllill 1975 where ir IVa' bel,)w ,\')"/0 At tl t' end of th e period
the pnceillil!;l' for IlIilllllfilC!urillg ,'t'ilC:WS 2()%
general. ilgriclilt ur,ll JlId nl<lnulau uring St' llllr has .'l ~imilar trends but th<.: f rmer
III
dropped mu ch more a t the end of the cenl~lry tll,m the IJllt'r.li~ contrat, th ", l r t:nd o{
bu 'iness and finan cial increased dur ing the periou. (l68 IViJrd,\)

Grade: 6
Comme nts: Use of tbe rubric unchanged reduces the word count . The infurmalioll l~
logically ordered, but th e business sector data is omitted . Vocabulary is adequate and
usually appropriate, as is the range of sentence forms, but there are some imponant
errors.

Studying the history is on of che most im portantsn bjectsin the drculum of primary and
secondary scho ols . Some people argu e that there is nu benefit 01 tha t and history can be
substituted by o th er more important subj ect s. However, it i;; no! a logical opinion for many
reas ons.
Althougb it is true thilt the <.:I'ents lllal a!'c studied in history haprcm,d in the past, it is also
true that it reptesen! il nJuabk human experience. This can be VL'ry us eful in p lanning for
rr
the futuTe. humans know rhe mistakes thi)[ had been done .'lnd caused disastTia.se even ts
in the past, lhey will try 10 avoid doing the same mistakes ill the tuture.
Moreover studying the past of other nation, will give' the oppOrEUnily to .know mo re about
their society. Tbl, will help in.1J!lild~ ng gol.vi rfldti()nshi, p~ I'etwcer: diUerelll c untries.
Children art tht' peopie who \l'ilI h:\ld tIl<' world in the f 11 ru.re 50 they s hould ~prepa re for
this role. The kno,,,,·1edge V;'llich can be gained trom the h istory is one of the most important
sources fo r their skills o f und ers tanding the h u man society As m lIch as th ey learn [rom the
histo ry. they will be efficient in their ability to decide when th y tace any problem in the
future. Also the fliswry can give a good information aboul the developm ent in different
branches of scienc . Som e o f these informalion may have a good a lue f r invl' Hors,
In conclusion. it is undeniable that history, the su ounary of huma n experience, js very
import ant in improvem ent of hu man's future if they can u:;e it pn1perly. (261)

Grade: 6
Comments: Th e topic is adequately covered, tbough there is some repetilion . The
order and paragraphing of ideas is mostly logical. Vocabulary is adequate and has
some precision . Complex sentences are well managed, but there are many min r
grammatical errors .

• 87
 Practice Test 3

Task 1
The diagramilluStralE'$ the I'arious stages in the desalinati.on of seawater to make it suitable
for drinking.
Pirst of all. water is taken from the sea Jnel the n passed througll a pre -treatment filler where
the big impurit ies are removed. Th is backwash is then pip ed back into the sea through
a no ther rUrer. At the next st age in the process, the rem ail1illg wilter is forc ed through 1\
membrane a t high pressure an d any impurities includin g salt are removed. Alter that,
the seawater con centrate i retu rned to the sea w hile the remaining water goes through a
pOSt treatment process . In this phase, the water is treated with lime, chlori ne and fluoride
to make it drinkable before it is stored in a reservoir. Finally. the desalinated water is
distributed to the integrated water supply system for people to use as d rUl king water.
Desa lina tion involves a process of purifica ti on of VI'ater fo llowed by fi ltration a nd adding
chemical agents. (153 words)

Grade: 7
Com.ments : Interest is maintained by the nexi Ie use of input language, and a wi e
ra nge of vo ab u lary and skilfully deployed grammatical st ructures . All sta ge: a rc:
covered accurately, though som e additions are made , The overvie w shou ld more
logically be the second sentenc .

Tasl< 2
Great changes h a ve take n place in our life along w ith d v [opment of society, As far as I am
concerned, the Internet plays a big part in this .
Firsr. of aU, wi th the opp<)rtllIlity o f su r fing Ullcrnct or playing compu ter and video games,
people h ave a more sedentary life style. Children no longer play games outside and get
exerose bur they spend time on the computer. This has bad effect on their health and can
cause problems such as obesity.
Anot her problem is the negative effect on their relationship with their family, Internet
access fills most young people's time, and even thei r leisure time, so this is the cause of their
disconnection with t heir family and ultimately can h a ve an eli ct on tbeir social behaviour.
A thjrd problem is that no t all interne t sites are US dlJI. tnlormation is often n ot accurate
and some sites are not suitable lor children. Some interneT sites like chat rooms can eveu be
dangerou because you do n ut know who is the other p erson.
As regarding children's use of the Internet, the Lirst solution must be wilh tb parents,
They need to limit hours that ch ildren spe nd 00 the computer and to encourage them to
have other hobbies and pastimes. There is an impon ant need for th em to spl~nd mor e time
to speak v.'itb their famil y than an electronic connection. Parents sh, uld also en ourage
children to use other means of inIonnalion in addition to internet.
To concl u de, I would say thaI th e interne t has hrought many benefits and it will Do t
disap pear, therefore il is very importitll! tha t we learntlO me it well so lilat w e can reap tbe
benefils and not me disad anlages. (278 words)

Grade: 7
Commen ts: The topic is considered fully, with ideas presented in a clear progression
wi th m ostly logical paragraphing. A good range of vocabulary gives fl exibili ty
and preasion to the writing. Sentence st ru cture is reasonably varied, b u t minor
grammatical errors are frequent.

88 • • • •
 Sample answer;
• •
Practice Test 4

Task I
The bar chart shows the figures for qua lifica tions a ltai,net.i in wornl'n an m(;;n in Wale in
200] ilnd 2002 in pt'r"(l'1I1ilges.
The information can be divided in to three gro u ps. Tilt' br,l category includes degree a nd
higher education qualification. The percentages Well: awund 13% and app roximately 11 %
fu r m ell an d women respeC!ively for de~ret: but for hil1.her ed ucali,.Hl q:vdHicati on 8% for
male and 9% for female.
for GeE A level and GCSE grade A to C the percemagc was
DlllCb higher co m pared wit h the
other two grou ps. TIK number of mak';, in GeE A level roughl y 28% bu t for females
Wel)
about 15 %. However, tbe GCSE gr,lde A--( sbowe d a revC[,;c: patlern, 18 'Yo ami 28 % fo r
men arrd womel) respeClively.
The fil~llrcs fo r the third group were mllch hw.'er. Other qualifications figures cited 12% for
men and 11 % for w omen. No qualifica tions were rccordnl for higher num bers of men and
w omerr. 20% and 2 3% .
Overall, m en h ad more higher degrees whereas women b ad more GeE or equivalen t
qualifications. (168 words)

Grade: 6
Comments: Deta ils are accurately li ste d, bu r there is no re al overv iew. The key
p oints a re n o t bro ught our. However. the voca b ulary sho w s some variet y an d
p recision . Despite m inor e rrors of grammar, simple sen tences al e used wdL but
complex structures are lacki ng.

Task 2
To some ex tent I disa gree with lhe n o tion that competitive spons cannut be part of the
school curriculum. However, the amount of time giVt"D SbOllJd not be overlooked.
Sports as a whol ~' is an ill\jlort.J11l pJrt 01 growjng up. Students re gardle s of th eir age take
pilri in exercise individua:U v or as il tcam member. Ta ke primary scbools for instance, they
havL" playgrounds and [aid)' enough fadlitit:s fmrn whi.ch student' can tak e benefit.
In $tL'ondary 5cl!ooh St uuents' attitude {(I sport ch ange'. The demand for m ore facilities and
equipments rises. As Can be seen, more dnd 1110re teenage rs turn (0 [ootbll11, sw imnling,
even body building oUtside school ho urs. They tr y 10 make use of t h e facibties avallable t
[hem ill schoo! as w ell. Whilt is impona nt is time \.o;'hich should nOl be spent on taken up
s~\ on and nll! doing Dther school work or study.

On the other hand, considering the availability o f the facilities to all schools is no t a bad idea.
To illuslrilll· this, some schools are well equipped while others do poorly. NQ m atter how
liltk the J'acility studenLI ~hould be encouraged [0 take part in competitive spons.
Ai] ill r think spon WdS pan of everyday ;ife in the past and j ~ iD today's span attracting
aiL
sOCielieS . The best p lace you Sl<lrt yoc:r life after h Ot11e is school. Everyone decides what to do
i1t early i1gt' As fo~ sport, il ',va, pan of curriculum vitae in the pa$t alld will be in th e future
of cOurse, ,\iith ,1 bettc( lim~ managernen L (25·1 wrrdsJ

Grade: 6
Comments: Though the ideas are relevant and sullicient. fa ul ts in ordering and
use of Links som etim es cause difficulty for t h e reader. A good ran ge of vocabular .
is mostly used with precision. A limited but accurate range of complex sen rene
al"e deployed.

• 89
 Practice Test 5

Task 1
Be twe en L990 and 2005 there were so many chauges that took pla ce in to,'! Il of Temp leton
in term of deve lopments.
On the weSl o f the liver that divide the city imo two parts, 1111.' re main buildings were
constru cred replacing pan 0 1 the gr'en area a n d the suburba n h ome . Besides. more houses
were built to reduce the greell area funher m ore. To the so uth 01 the a bove developments. all
houses were demolished and new buildings raised up instead toge ther with supermarket .
To the east of the river. an airp orl was bu ilt in an area previously covered by t ree. and more
houses were added to tlle aIea around the hospital
A m ajor develo pment took p lace in south east art of dty wh e re a facto ry was constructed
a nd ferry service was established. replacing all of the old houses and the tree fores t tll at
occupie d the area before. Moreover. a new railvvay track Ivas laid down alo ng id e th e
embankment. (15.5 words)

Grade: 6
Comm e nt s: All key points were highlighted, but lacked a cI ar oven·jew. The data
w as logi all)' and cohe rently arra nged . The vocabu lary was ad equat E' f r [he t a ~k .
but induded some inappropriaci es. Sentence structures were varied and usually w ell
comrolled. despite frequent grammati cal errors.

Task 2
Many people thin ks th a t the world exist ing problems are only matter the young generation
a they are the candidate who are facing tl, em n ow and in the future.
Alt h ough a considerable percentage of the public might refe r to th esl: hazards as hazards for
the young pred ominantly. yet n1any of these concerns are actuall y brough t into the scene
by Tbe old people. The previous generatio n are those who li ved the new de velopments in
science and teclmology lhal brough l wit h them pollmion, PO\' rty a nd part f it also possible
distinction of man y species o f pla nts and animals.
So The y ra ise the alarms fo r tho -e radical and serious consequences. It is often suggested that
old generation are pas ing by and not interested in w hat happening and on ly the young who
gives those alerts considerable thoughts.
However from what we are experiencing now. tba t many of green pe ople are old and
work a nj \ ely to preserve animal rights and fight fie rcely agaimt global warming and
environment al pollution. This give LIS that the prese nt world coneene; are a shared interest
of both old and n e w generations. Although many an i is t on these issues appears in the
m edia and they are from the yom h. still and probably equal nu mbe r fro m t he old follow the
same rOlltes.
Actually no one in this life want to destroy our planet. Defin itely every parent is of concern
about his offsprin g lives thereafter. and selfish ness does not dominate OUT rhinlOng at aJl.
What one should be aware of is that such threats are no t always djscussed or contemplated
in t he right way by old or young generation. (264 words)

Grade: 5
Comments: Though the ideas are relevant and well argued, cohesi on is faulty and
the paragraphing is notlogicaJ. Vocabulary is fairly varied and precise . Howe ver.
omplex structures, thougb frequent, are always (aulty, with gram m atical errors
causing some strain for the reader.

90 • • • • • ,
IJ-
 Samplt' O/ISII't'r:s

Practice Test 6

Task I
The table ilJustrates the percentages of both young boys and gi rl whu listened to musiC' tn
the previous m()l1 th in th e capital ()f Japan .
The mos t striking feat ure i that males were m ore interested in music than their female
counterparts except to r listening [0 CDs (19% and 22 % respectively). The highest rate wa
79% for boy' who were interested in MP 3-players, while wit h regard to tbe same type of
players for girls the proponioll was 40 % which was almost mnilar to the percentage of the
Internet (42% ). With respect to live m usic, females recorded 44%.
Turning to the pie chart. 70 % of young Japanese people prefer live musi c, w hereas recorded
music raIl' was 26'% and those who a nswered Don't kn o w their rale was just 4% .
In conclusion. young females spent less time l'islening to fa v mite mu sic cOlllpare d {O the
opposite sex. Regarding prefcrerKe of music Live music scored t he to p percentage. (75 0
wo rd,)

Grade: 6
Comments: The key poin ts are mainly covered, but the r is an important error
(paragraph 3) . It could be ordered more logically. However. cohesive devi e\ an:
well used . Vocabulary is adequate for the purpose. T here are a variety of sentence
tructures, but their complexity sometimes causes difficulty for the reader.

Task 2
There is no doubt tJ1at the number of visltors and businessmen and women who are
travelling abroad has beeo incT';;3sing markedly in re cent years. However. not surpri ' ingly,
underst anding t he culture of IDcal peop1e brings many benefits to all types o[ visitors as well
as problems for those who do n ot unde rstand a n ew culture .
First of all, no sensible per~on can deny the importance of breaking dOWJl barriers between
countries By th is I me an, peop le from diiIerenl lands catl soda lize effectively and relate
emotiona lly rega rdless of their race and religion. if they lake lim e to learn languages and
to find out abou t where tbey are gOhlg before they travel. As a res ult . the tensior) between
p0()p,le from different backgrou nds would be melted.
Another imponant advantage 111at needs to be taken into account is that travell er:; can
broaden tJleir horizons by travelling. In other I-von:ls, people who travel for busi ness or
tourism definitely would gain a lot of info rmation from t heir hos t society. KJ10 wing how to
behave can help businessmen make lots 01 money for t hemselves and for their companies.
undoubtedly business and tourism playa pivotal role in employing of people and reviving
the local economy in thei-r 01'\'11 cou ntries and when they travel.
On t he nber hand lac k of understanding of the culture and tradi tions of people may lead
to misunderstandi n g and e ven increased te nsion between different cQm munities. imply
becaus e the background of any society can act as a mirrOJ to reflect th'e nature personality
and behaviour 01people. Certa inly. when we know these vitall hings we can overcome
ma ny dilIiculties. (262 words)

Grade: 8
Comments: Ther are m any ideas, w ell organized intO paragraph s and highligbted
clearly, despite minor lapses in fo rus. The wide range of vocabulary exhibits flexibilil}'
and precision, with only occasional inappropriades. A variety of sentence stru ctures
are used, containing no Significant errors.

• 91
 Practice Test 7

Task 1
The two ba r chart illustrate the percclllage of purchase on -li ne tickets o f concert, cinema,
and th eatre in (Australia, th..: UK and Malaysia). by a se kcted age group and how !.he
ime res t w as accesse d ove r the first three months of 2006.
Purchases for the age group 25-44 was the same in t he western cou ntries at 55%, whereas
in Ma.la ysia. it was JUSt under 40 °/" . Surprisingly, the percentage w a s very close in tbe UK
and Ma lays ia a round 40'Y., for Ihe age group 65+, w il.h a slight increase in Australia to about
45 %.
Tn terms 01 the mo~ t common mean of access to buy tickets, th e chart shows that !.he
desktOp co mp uters wa, the predo minant means in 1alaysia the UK and Australia at about
60%,62% and 68% respeCliv t"ly. Next came the wptop , wit h ados ' percentage in Australia
and M ala ysi a around (45 % each). while there was a modera te drop to 30 .5% in the UK
The data might give us an indica tion about the nline purcha ' iog. (163 words)

Grade: 5
Comments: Excessive use of the rubri r ed u es the word count and in urs a p enally.
There are many inaccuracies in the data, which lacks an overviev . V('I abulary Jnd
links are inaccurately used, bUI grammar and sentence st ructures are adequate I r
the task.

Task 2
The question of whether money could be more usefully applied to tackle the crisis around
!.he world rat he r than spent it OD space research is a very contr vc rsial i.ssu and it is now
a matte r of considerable public concern. There are. rherdo re, people on both sides of the
(lrg umem who have feeli ngs either tor or agai nst.
Many people believe that money should be spent to solve food crisis in Africa and South
Asia. Drought. [or example, left Atrica with famine . Every 30 second aD African dilld dies
of hunger and abom 4 5% ot d 1ildren in South Asia su irer from malnutrition. Similarly, the
global issue is the conflict of A LDS in AIrica. Although, there are numerous factors in the
spread ot HIV JAID S , it is largely recognized as a disease of poverty. Medicines, for instance,
are very expensive and Ille government in poor countries ca n not aHo rd 10 treat the disease.
tberefore Tlullions are dy ing. while in rich countries I eople are li ving longer.
Havi ng said tha t. ho we ver, some people oppose the fOIDler argument. They claim that
space researc h has bro ught e n ormou benefits to m ankind. Recently, NASA has launched
Satellites lor weather and climate, v,'hi ch w ill give the scien tists a unique view of earth's
auno pbere, helping tbern to im prove their abilities to forecas t weather and predio climate
change.
From what has been d iscussed abov we may draw the (onclusion that bOlh points of view
bave their merits. Allhough. hum an life has priority in our 'ocieties, advanced research
should be carri ~ d out to Lind illlolber so urce of energy, wa ter on othe r planet, and to
uncicrstanJ the plallets and its' effect on earth to r the benefit of aU. (276 words)

Grade: 7
Comments: Though there are sufficient ideas and evidence, the first paragraph
adds nothing . Ideas are logically organized and paragraphed, but the condu ion is
n OI clearly articulated . There is a good range of vocabulary and sentence structures,
despite some jarring punctua tion errors.

92 • II
.~
 Sall/ple all ll"t"1'l

Practice Test 8

Task 1
The table illustrates ex-pected cost ot the Ihree t'll vironm mal pr je IS in three different pans
of t he world in t he next five year .
Th e t: 'timated cOSt a lthe A1rican project in Year I is 10 .5 millioll dollars, almost half o f the
projected cost for Central America (20 million) and about one third ot t.he Asian proj ect (30
million) . It is preuictecllhat West Africa \ ill 'penclles~ money in (h e loilowin g years than
in Year J. faJling 10 3. 5 million in Yea r 5. Central America h ws a imilar pattern. tn Year 5
expected m st o[ projecl }S 5 million dolla.rs w hich i.s four times Ie s than in year 1. However.
in South Ea t A. ia in year 5 spending will rise to 50 million dollar,
Rega rdi ng I he pie cha rt, 50 % 01 projected cost w ill cover salaries. The rest 50% will be
sha red on training and office expenseS. 10% each, while 30% is expected set up costs .
Tu sum up SOUTh Eas! Asia has the highe~t pwjccted cos; for ellvilunlllL'nt.l1 projects fu r th e
next five years . (J n \Vclrr!S )

Grade: 7
Comments: Th e key points are presented logically and are su itably highlighleJ
by cohesive devices, However, the overview cou ld be more fully dey loped . The
voca bu lary range allow some fl exibility of presentatjo.n . Sent en e structures are
vari ed, b ut some basic grammatica l errors o ccur.

Task 2
Many people are moving Qut of big cities into the counrryside to live to escape [rom city
problems. Tllis is ca using problems because m ost the jobs that are available are in the cities
so peo})le have to travel back into the cities again to work. The trans p'"lrt system can nor cope
so people are using their own cars and the countryside is affected by the traffk pIU S.
One 'oluti,ln to en courage people to Slay in cit ies is 10 improve the qua lity of life tbere. M.ore
m one y could be spent reducing crime, as this is one of the main reasons why people leave
cit ies. For example, more policemen can be employed lor city centres, which happenedln
NevI' York and is happeni ng h ere in UK As well as safe places to IVork and live city centres
could be ma de more iriendly and weJcoming. The en vironment can be made cleaners and
more agreeable to live a nd work in. This INay pC'opk might be encou raged to ~t y ralhe r
1ban m Oling out.
A very dif ferent ,vay to tackle the problem wou ld to mo e ~ome of the job Ollt of city to
smaJle r cities or towm. People could then still live in the countryside a nd enjoy it and only
ha ve ( 0 travel short distances to work. Another ste p is to encourage worke rs to spend pan of
their w orking week a t home, perhaps two da ys and I hen 10 go i ntCl work in the otber days,
This is h appening m ore and more in ma ny parts of the world .
There are uther ways to overcome the situation but these are the most important. (264 lI'ords)

Grade: 7
Comments: The writers proposals are dearly presented, w ith logica l paragraphing,
but the conclUSion could be more fully developed. The progression of ideas is well
marked. The vocabulary .is ve ry appropriate t o the task. Sentence structure are
reasonably varied, withou t significant errors.

• • • 93
 Practice Test 9

Task I
The graph gives information about Ihe average moothly use oj a Healt h Club in Miami
Florida by full lime members la -I year.
One o[ the most striking features of the graph is that use the gym was higher in sununer
compared to rhe other months of the year. In January 550 male visited the:: gym the
figure decreased slightly. After that there was a significant increase in th~ nu mber of males
membership [rom January to J unc. In June the !igur!' hit th e highest point of 8500 but.in
Juiy there was a slight redu ction to December. The trend for Ie males membership follow the
arne. However (rom July to September 7200 female useJ the gym in every month.
Turning to pie chart, -\.% more of male membership aged between 2 1 and 4 5 used the
facilities in gym compared to fem ales. Tb irtY-Iw pe::rc fit of fem al e m ember had ag!;: 65+
in contrast to 25% of males. TwelllY percent o( otber age group among males had the
J;nembership compared to 17% of female .
Ove rall . rugher number of males used the gym than women . (179 words)

Gra de: 5
Comments : opying the ru bri c reduces tl1 w ord coun t. Data is listed mechanically
a nd, and in cludes serious errors. The selection, w hich is n ot w h olly logical, lacks an
overview . The range of both vocabulary and se ntence struct ures is limited, with many
grammatical errors .

Task 2
There is no do ubt tba t age expectancy has increased over the lasr twenty \,l' a rs. The question
o[ whether the increasing number of elderly people causes posiIive eifCCTS or negative is a
matter of dispute. As fa r as I am concerne d it has negative effect for a number of reaso ns.
Some people are 1 the opinion rhat th is trend sho uld be increased bl'ca use tbere migbt
be more experienced worker' in SOciety. People w ill work longer than nO·N. Tllli might
have a possitjve effect on economy. A - \w know. these people give tax 10 I h l;: government.
Moreover if we ask anyone, they are hap py to live longer as they devote most o f their lives
to working. In retirement age elderly people need comfort and such p(~ ople desire 10 do
many rhings that they did not do before. Thus, increas ing aged populali n gives hope w [he
senio who would like to enjoy their lives.
However, I do believe that h igher aged population needs higher investment as people in
elder age suffer frOIll diseases ouch as bea rt disease, srroke, diabetis, Alzehamer disease .
Govenunents n eed to invest a colosal sums of money treating such pati ents. Fur·t her more
people in elder age become more dependent to orh ers as these people n e to be supervised
by other people . I think nobody likes to live with other people and ust: the facilitjes thaI are
not belong to them. Therefore seniors suffer from depress'ion and psychological problems.
AI the "ame lime jf people work longer, [here j not promotion for rhe:: younger generation
because most positions are occupied by the elderly people.
l' conclude, Heel that the negative effects on oriety outweigh the positive effects because
of the above reasons. (282 wcrds)

Grade: 6
Comments: There are plenty of ideas. bu t paragr aph ing is n o t ~weU ma nage d
However, [h e sentences tend to be clearly linked . The range of vocabulary is adequate
for th e p urpose, as is th e va rie ty of sentence struct ur es, but grammatical errors a re
obtrusive.

94 • • • • •
 Samplt! <l1l$Wer;

Practice Test 10

Task I
The bar chart illustrates the percen tage o f people in Great Britain living alone according to
their age and gender from 200-1 to 200 5.
It is immediat ely apparent that Ji ing alone increased as people w e re getting older and th~'
percentage of fem ale outnumbered the oppo ite se}; . For instance. the last category of age
~ howt d that tbe overwhelmi ng majority of people li ving alone wa~ female ' abou t 59%
compared only to 28% of ma le:: .
As regards males living (m thel r own we can see a little difference in the !:' ond third and
Jourth groups ur age. They a lm.os t had the imila r percentage . Howl!Vt' r chi.; wa~ !lilt the case
in the first category which was just 5% . UnJik e men . Ivo m en', predom inan ce began ill the
65174 year old which showeJ a dramatic change. For example the percentage of females
was 32 0ft, as opposed to 15 % lor males . Prior to this group, tbe Ihird category o f age had
almust the sam e:' percentage.
By and large, Jiving alone \'V as common among w ome n as th ey go older. The 35-44 year oids
w as the only category with a noticeable male predornina n e. (182 \\'ord~~

Grade: 6
Comments: The rubric is copied, reducing the word count. There is a dear overview.
with well highlighted main points. However, organlzation is less clear in the
third paragraph. Vocabulary and grammar are fairly vari ed, but there are various
inaccurate usages .

Task 2
Th ere is Little doubt that go vernments and Jarge i.ll stilulions implel11.e m many innovation-
iJ1to our society. Ho w ever, fmm my point of view. rb ey are only able to Li o so w ith th help
of ideas from individ ual citizL'llS.
For a stan, every pan of society, including government a nd large imititulions, consists
of individual membe rs. Governments have the righTS 10 rile furtht'r use of Ih new i.d eas
and in iact ,hould alway, listen to them. For example. a U krainiilll L'ngineer called Pia ion
il1lroduced rhe idea of bLTildinl~ i1. bridge across thl:" rivLT in Kit\·. Seeing rh.e st rategic
importance of Ihis bridge the govemment pruvidetl funds t.) build it. And nov>' the whult: of
society benefils from tllte' lI~e ur Oll(' man's idea.
Furthermore in london, rhe Mayor, Mr livingstOne, announced a comper it ion which can
be entered by individuilb to find a new way to provide air conditioning for the undergro und
sy~lcm. Tliis is yet another example 01 how governments an d large i nstitutioTl s rely on the
creativity 01 individual:; to be lnventive- and brin g about change.
Some people m ight say tha t goveruments have the st rength, power and mone t() realise
and introduce new idea 0[1 thei r own. In the case ot illstitutIOns they possess up to date
equipment and massive facilities . However 1 would sa ( tha t Ih e y are not enough to allo w
them to contrib ut e to society as a whole. This 1. where crealivity and outstand ing ideas come
in. So if an indi vidual's dfom are combined with t11 government" power and money,
there wou ld be m any changes that could benefit eVI' T; one.
In conclusion, bo th indi vid ual s and large organizations, lIlcluding governments need 10
work in partnership to bring about any ben djda l change. (278 words)

Grade : 8
Comments: Th e writer d o es not fully address the topic but doe s p resent a clear
and logi cally _e q uenced a rg u ment, supported by e vidence . Cohesive devices are
u sed eflectively. The range o f vocabula ry produces nuency and precision. Sentence
str uct u re is va ried and gra mma tically a ccurat e .

• • •• 95
 •••••
••
• I(ey
• •• • • •• • • ••• •
Unit 1 g The number of visi tors at the
th eme park fluctuated very
2
b disa dvantage, ngree or
sligh tly.
Task 1 h Sugar imp ons decline d
disagree
c advantages/benefits,
1 gradu ally.
There has been a slow increase
disadva ntages
d agree or disagree
Possible answer in the quality of food in
e advantages/benefits
Students' own answers. Graphs supermarkets.
f causes, solutions
associated with iPod and DVD There was a remarkable
g measures
may be expected to be rising (c fluctu a tion i the number of
or f) , w hereas graphs associated air travellers.
with audio and vjdeo cassettes 3
b three pans, tw o statements
m ay b e expected to be falling (a.
e, g, or b) .
6 plu s qu es ti on
a African sp ice exports
c one pa rt
b new produ ct de velopment
d two parts, statem ent plus
2 d ticke t pu rch ases
question
19 2c 3 d 4a 5b e Internet site s
e two parts, statem ot plus
6 h 7 f 8 e 9 h 10 e f mango sal es
quest ion
g theme park visitors
three pans, Statement plus
supermarke t food qualit y
3 two qu estions
g two parts, statement plus
2 rose
3 fluctuate d 7 question
4 flu tuated b $85,000
c $ 125,000
5 dro pped
d $12 0,000
4
6 fell. levell ed aU
7 rose, cli mbed e $130,000 Possible answers
8 d eclined Work: p eople have less srabl jobs
9 decreased, levelled off 8 Technology: continually
10 d ropped a months of the vea r d eveloping new computer
b thousands of d~llars systems and electronic devices
Travel: air travel is still on the
4 c Sales w ent up for Internet
increase and becoming cheaper
Slow: steadily, gradually, Express. Wi-fi Cafe, and Cale
Cool, bu t d own fo r Th e Tea Communication: people are using
slightly
Room . tex t m essage more
Fast: wildly, sharply. dra m atically,
d Betw een different cafes and Healt h: life expectancy is
sudd enl y
between different mon t hs fo r increasing
[h e same cafe.
5 5
a There were wHd f]UCluauons
in spice exports [rom AIri a 9 a first sentence
2 nou n 3 verb b ca uses, solutions
over the period.
b There was a gradual fa ll in the 4 nOUD 5 adverb
development of new products. 6 verb 7 verb 6
c Research investment has Th ey are ans w ering : can yo u

d
decreased noticeably.
There w as a significant drop
10 suggest some pas ible solutions?
d 2 g 3 e 4 f 5 a Th ey sugges t: encouraging
in the purch , ses of ticke ts la$[ 6 c 7 b employees to relax , providing
m onth. gyms and massage therapy,
e There was a significant r ise Task 2 training employees to manage
in the number of sites on the their time better.
Interne!. 1 Results: people wW be more
The sale of' mangos decreased a drawbacks efficient and producti e; the
suddenly. b reasons w orkplace ,viii b happier.
c causes
d solution s

96 ••••

7 reason :
1 c 2 f 3 d <1 a
5 b 6 e
8 12
a People should be encouraged
to exercise more .
b Th e number of working hours
hould b e red u ced.
c One possibili ty is for the
governm ent to p rovide each
employee WiIh their own
compU ler.
d Parents could be pers uad ed t o
spen d m ore time w ilh their
chi ld ren .
e The number of cars coming
into cities should/coul d be
restricted
A good idea is for the
governmen t to build more
skyscrapers.
9 this, people would not feel the
a obesity (o r stress)
b stress
c (echnology
d lack of disdpline
e traffic con gestion
f overcrowding
10
Possible answers
bAs a res ult , peopl e w ou ld be
ob liged to mana ge th elr lime
more effedive ly.
c Thi would enable them to
w ork irom hom an d avoId
str ess[ul jou rneys into work.
d This would lead to better
communication between
family members.
e Consequently, the:re would
be less traffic congestion
and journey times w ould be
reduced .
By doing this, they would
ensure that there were fewer
people living in crowded or
substandard accommodation.
11
addition: and, furthermore
condition : H
example : for instan ce, for
exam ple
Fey
••• • ••••
purpose: in order to
because, since
Unit2
result: consequently, and so.
therefore. as a result
Task 1
'1
a paper lUoney, around eighth
century AD
reason : because
b ballpoint pen, patented 1938
result : as a resulr, and so
(other dates are Fahrenheit's
example: for example
thermometer 1714, Durand'
solution: rhe obvious answer is
tin can 1810, and Hunt's
safety pin 1849)
13 c Students' own answers.
d There are many otber
Possible answers importan t h istorical
A in ve n tions. They could
inclu de paper, the light b u lb,
If people migrate to cities,
they become trapped in po or, radi o and TV.
over ro wded accommodation and
so their h ea lth deteriorates and as
a result their q uality o f life may
2
a The bicycle was ranked as
be no bener than before. A good most imponant by most males
idea would be to try to create new and females .
jobs in the countryside. By doing b More females thelD males
ranked the bicycle, mobile
need to move into ci ties which phone, and radio as the most
are already overcrowded. important.
More males than females
B
ranked the car, computer,
People spend too m uch time Internet. and TV a the most
watching TV For example, some importam .
children stay up late watching
TV in their bedroom instead
of getting a good night'S ,Ieep . 3
Consequen tly, they arrive at a th an
b popu lar
school tile d and u nable to learn.
If ho us eholds just h ave one T V in c less
rhe main li ving area. th en it wiLi d The leas t p opula r
be easier to control h ow man y e l\'lore
ho urs are spent in front of it. f The most popular
This will lead to better res ult s a t g Fewer
school. h less importan t
than
c les5
The development of tourism
often creates resentment among
local people because tourists
4
do not help the local e onomy. Possible answers
For example, they may stay Not as many females as males
in international hotels which chose the car.
make large prouts outside the lot as many males as females
country. Tbe obvious answer chose the mobile phone .
is to encourage tourLsts to use
locally available accommodation .
Furthermore, by doing this, they
would learn more about the
COLUJ try they a re visiting.
• • • 97

5 9
a M ore m ales than females
eho e the car.
b More women than meu
selected the mobile phon
c The Internet was chosen by
more males than female s.
d More females than males
picked the radio.
e Fe\..,· r males tha n females
picked the radio.
The computer was chosen by
few r females than males .
g The bicycle was selected by
fewer males than female s.
6
a Slightly
b considerably
c M any
d Substantiall y
e significan tly
f pracl ically
g far
h m uc b
N .arly
7 2 but. while
a n early, pra ctically
b considerably, many,
'ubstantiaUy, significantly,
far, much
e slightly
8 1
Possible answers
a Far more males t ban femal es
ch ose th e car.
b Considerably more w om en
th an m en sel ected th e mobile
phone .
c The Internet was chosen by
significantly mor e males r11an
females.
d Substan tially more females
than males picked the radio .
e Significantly fe w er males than
female picked the radio ..
f Th e computer was chosen by
slightly fe\"o'er females than
males.
g The bicycle was elected by
slightly fewer males than
females .
98 •• •
Possible answers
a The bar hart probably
provides infom1ation about
the number of people in two
di Uerent age groups who had
various interests.
b n umbers of people
c interests/societies
d age grou ps
e There is no lime reference.
10
1c 2e 3a 4 f
5d 6 b
11
Ending could come first: 2, 3, 4,
5, 6
Noun phrase only: in compa rison
wi/h, compared with
12
Correct options
1 However, B y contrast
3 but, wh.ereas
4 far, considerably
5 but, although
6 significan t.l y, no ticeably
Task 2
Archeolog ists, for example, h elp
us to learn abo u t th e pas t. They
look for evidence in artefacts like
p ots an d jewellery. These reveal
a lot of information abo ut our
ance stors. This is very useful, but
it is still quite li m ited.
2
1 d 2 b 3 a 4 c
3
b Old buildings help create a
more relaxing environment
in cities than concrete office
blocks .
c Studying history may ~
an in terest in Qther subject
~.
d Built-up areas can be mad e
more attractive by adding
monume nts and stat ues.
e Gov rnmems should provide
m ore money to preserve
historical sites.
f Tradition does not hold us
back as some people believe.
g Schools and colleges need to
emphasize history and related
subjects .. .
h The Interne! and compu ters
ca n be used [ 0 preserve the
past.
4
a it/this
b ,hey
c This
d it, it
e it fthis
f this
g this
5
Stude nts' own ans wers.
Other impQrtant histori cal
e ents could be the ctiscQvery of
Australia. the discovery that the
earth goes ro un d the su n, o r the
first splitting of the atom.
6
Relevant PQints: b, d, e, g
7
Possible answers
__ . such as in Ancient Greece or
during th e Roman Empire.
A s a resu lt, they will be able to
compare these socie ties with our
own .
Th erefore. they \vill become more
aware of th e kin d of society that
we live in.
F urthe rm o r ' , they will come tQ
appreciate [h e contrib u tion lhat
th ese sQcie ties m ade to the way
~ve think roday.
8
Students' own answ rs .
9
Possible answers
They eQuId visit historical places
such as castles or archaeolQgical
sites.
They ould research their own
family history.
They could do project work on
historical periods or figures whQ
intere t them .
 Key
••• ••••• •••

g It powers it.
10 2 h th e turbin e
1 is extracted
Paragraph Th ey are sen t to a heat
2 is heated
reco cry steam generator.
1 2 3 3 is cooled
4 reaches
Solutions a b h 5 cool s 9
Examples i e d 6 condense s 1 First of all
Effects f c g 2 After that
3 where
3 4 From this
1 h old 5 occur
11 2 rain s 6 rises
5 Follo\ving that.
a solution b effect 6 in turn
3 fil l 7 begins
c example d solution 7 then
4 becomes c. falls
e example f example 8 subsequently
g effect h solu tion
e([ecI 4 10
a intransiti ve
a When the snow fa l s, it covers
b transitive
12 c bOlh
th e ground with a protective
layer.
Semence a cannot be put inlO the
Possible answers passive .
b As soon as her cubs are born,
One way is to en courage children the lioness licks them all over.
to study history b y usin g th e e Once the paper is collected. it
Internet. For e xample, th ey could 5 is sent [or re yeUng.
sea rch for in form ation about Transitiv e: design, d Before volcano es erup t, they
histOrical figures online . This produce, send, mamtfact ure, send huge amo unts of smoke
coul d increase their motivation to obtain, become into the air.
do historical res earch . Intransi tive: fail, rise, die e Wh en the plants perspire, th
The best wa y is probably to visit Both : begin, dry, gro w, cool air becomes h u mid .
h istorical ire . For instance, The trees are cut down
children could visit a local and the lorest is gradually
archeological site . As a resul t, 6 destroyed.
the h isto rica l places will come to Som e variation is p ossible .
seem more real.
Another method is to involve
a A.fte r th e moto rcycle is
designed, a prototype is made .
11
children in doing writing proje cts, It is tested and the m otorcycle Possible answers
such as p roducing a p ster or an is m anufactured. Ai ter this, it a As soon as the food is
in forma tion booklet . Th e skills is exported an d sold . processed, it is packaged and
that they practise in these sorts of b First the wh eal i planted, and then it is dis tributed .
projects could then b e applied in later th e crop is harvested . b When the cycle is completed.
other subj ecis. The wheat is transported to it repeats itself al l over again .
the m ill w h ere it is made into c Ailer th e rubbish is collected.
flour. The flo ur is bo ugh t by a it is sent to a centre for soning
Unit 3 baker. Later the brea d is baked and then it is recycled.
and sold. d. Once a new model of the
Task 1 bicycle is developed, it is

1 7 rested .
e W hen the TV is assembled, it
1 b 2 c 3 a 4 h 5 d
6 e 8 g is sent to the shops.
Possible answers 7
s soon as lh e water is
a ring: gold, silver
p urifie d, it is bou led.
house : cement, stone, wood,
glass
8 g The data about the weather is
a by conveyor belt collected, and the information
bag: plastic
b oxygen is then broadcast.
shoe: 1 athe r
c raw syngas h Once the prot otype h as b een
car: steel, plastic, glass
d ca rbon dioxide, mercurv an d tes ted, it is modified .
b natural: gol d, silver, ston e, sulphur '
wood, lea ther
e puriiied syngas
manu factured : cement, glass,
f It drive it.
plastiC, steel
• • •• 99
 12
Stu dents' o wn answ n.
Task 2
1 robots, which will be even
Possible answers
a Comp uters, au(Omatic doors,
mobile phones, and satellite
navigation systems can all
belp. All of them can make
life difficult as it can take orne
time to learn how to use tbem
and they can go wrong.
b Automatic doors and TV
remote controls might make
people lazier. Video games and
lv1P3-players might also make
people lazy in that peopl
might c me to prefer usin g
these instead of takin g up
more active pastimes .
c Student' own answers.
2 effect in a, c, d, and f.
auses, s JUli ons
3 a
a practical skills for everyday life
b over-reliance on machines
c office functions, openin
and locking doors, switching
machines on and off
d IN rkers cannot do basic
practical tasks .
e They have dilficulty in
processing basic information.
4 to h ave a day at work wh ere
a allow the TV to do th eir
thinking for them at home
b traditional pra ctical skills
5 frustration a t work .
a Sometimes computers make
mistakes and prevent things
happening, which wastes
valuable time and can cost
money.
b TV programmes provide
people with infonnation
about the world around them.
which is often very useful.
c Machines now give us more
freedom, which means w
have more time for leisure
activities .
100 • • • • •
d Technology saves us more and Paragraph 3
m ore lime, which can be used Call (> : j'nt ernatiooal drive
to create more madlli1.es. towards leaming new technology
e More and m ore household Result 1: young people leavin
tasks are now carried out by school literate in certain
computer skills
more common in the fu ture. Result 2: a generation almost
Ev rything seems to be deficient in ba ic practical skills
available at the touch of a Reason: tedmical problem -
bulton, which makes people solving bas been squeezed OUI
ex-pect instant responses from of the curriculum
other people. Example : making thin g in
carp ntry
6
a computers make mistakes and 9
pre vent things happening Paragra ph 1
b information abo ut the world Problem: First of all
c machi nes nov give us more Ca u e: A number of reasons have
freedom been put for ward for this, bUl by
d tim e fa r the m ost important
e r bots
f everything eems to be Pa,ragraph 2
available a t th e touch of a Example : li.k
utton Cause : becau t:
Ellect: consequently
The which-clause expresses an
Para graph 3
Cause: also needs to carry a good
7 part of the blame
Result 1: This has led to
The situation, w hich has now
become much more complex. Result 2: it has also created
is effectively out of control. Reason: becau e
b The problem, which the public Example: lik e
blame the government for, is
everyone's responsibility.
c The cause of the problem.
10
Result
w hich is not immediately
so
obvi us to eve ryone, is a lack
therefore
of basic training.
consequ n tly
d The solution, which in my
as a result
opinion, is by fa r the best. is
and so
fo r this reaso n
people do not use computers
as a consequence
or other machines.
hence
e Office technology, which
which leads to
require only basic lraini.ng
which means that
t use, is the cause of much
Purp ose
in order to
8 so as to
Paragraph 2 with the aim of
Example: fiting a plug, mendin g . 0 that
a puncture on a bicycle, or even
sewing a button on a shirt
Cause: parents no longer have
11
enough time to spend at home Possibl'e answers
with their children a Children are now learning
Effect: young people are how to do mental arithmetic
consequently deprived of again, which means that they
valuable lime to I am practical will rely less on calculators
skills

b Some cities charge motorists
to take their cars into the
cemre in order to encourage
people to use public transport.
c Machines are manufactured
to break down after a certain
time, 0 that companies can
sell more of them.
Unit 4
Task 1
1 Specific: a , c, h
Students' own answers
2 a Far fewer junior Je turers read
a The pie charts describe th e
proponion.s of each group
reading particular numbers of
article ' each week .
b The number represent
percentage f people .
c It shows the number of
articles read each week. There
are three separate categorie~.
d For all student , the most
noticeable feature is that the
majority read 1-5 artides .
Por PhD students, the most
noticeable feature is that the
majority read twelve or more
articles per week.
For junior lecturers, the most
noticeable feature is that the
majority read 6-11 articles per
week .
e In general, most students read
between one and five articles
a week .
Most PhD students read more
articles than other tudents
and junior lecturers.
A tiny minority of junior
lecturers read only 1-5 articles
per week .
3 ree quarters
a how, an
b For example,
c respectively
d whereas
e Meanwhile,
f but, which
g that
•••
4 10
Paragraph I : a
Paragraph 2: b, c, d
Paragraph 3: e, f
Paragraph 4: g
5 c about one in three/just over
General: a, e, g
Specific: b, c, d, f
6 e The overwhelming/vast
General: b, d, e, f, g
7 11
over twelve articles a we . .
compared \ov ith PhD students.
The average junior lecturer
reads mort: journal articl
than the average student.
c The average PhD student
reads more articles than
the other students at the
un iversity.
d Those students who are
researching for a PhD have
more time to read articles than
junior lecturers .
8 d
26 per cent
a.bo ut one in four
just over a quarter
33 per cent
one third
one in three
48 per cent
almost hali
n early hali
ju I under one half
close to one hali
75 per cent
three out of four
9
very big : vast, overwhelming
very big (used before numbers) :
massive, hefty
very small: tiny
not very big (used before
n.umbers): modest, mere
K/!)
Possible arnswerrs
a about one in four/just under a
qua rter
b the overwhelming/vast
majority of; 75 per cent
one third: one in ten
d Filty per cent; a hefty 64 per
cent/over ix ut of ten
majority/ About nine out of
ten
a The percentage who spent
8- 14 h our in tbe library are
imilar: 35 p r cent for all
students and 32 per cent {or
postgraduate. The proportion,
are approximately the ~ame.
but for different categorie~ of
hours.
b The percentages of ludents
spending 1-7 hours and
fifteen or more hours are very
different in each case.
c As students progre s toward
postgraduate level. the
number of hours spent in the
library increases.
The similarity between
the diff rent proportions
fo r undergraduates and
postgraduates, but for
different categories.
e Undergraduate students spend
Ies time tha n other students
in the library. Other stu dents
spend less time in the library
than postgraduate students.
Postgraduate students spend
more time in the Ubrary than
all other students.
12
a pattern e trend
b proportion f two-thirds
c majority g quarter
d minority
13
Students' own answers.
• • • • • 101
 Task 2
1 learning to deal with boredom
a They are connected by the
topic of education.
b No. th y stand alone . The
statements are very sweeping
and do not dearly support the
fjrst one.
c Yo u could give reasons like:
because chis would help poorer
countries and poorer parts of rich
anmtries develop. Then you
could give example . like: For
example, s hoofs in places like
.... could be sponsored by richer
ountries.
2 Possible answers
B th statements SllPP rt the
opinion.
3 tests given to school children
Students' own ans wers.
4 The Great Wall of China or
Possible answers
a It is important that
universities should make
more links with businesses.
b There is no doubt tha t the
present young generation
knows more than therr
previous counterparts.
c One cannot deny that
teaching thinking at school
is e sential, even at primary
level.
d It is impossible to argu e
again I the fact that more
time needs to be devoted to
learning music, either during
or afte r school hours .
5 improve commun ication.
Possible answers
e Some people believe physical
education is a necessary part
of Lhe learning process for aU
pupils.
Some people fe el that play is
a major part of the learning
race for children.
g Other people are of the
opinion that it is imponant
{or hildren to LTy to learn
anoth er language arly in
their education.
102 • • ••
h Yet other people put forward
the view that being bored and
is a necessary part of the
learning process for children.
6 e SOIDe people think that
e d2 c3 b4 S g
6a 7/ 8h
7 instance, creating a future
a 3 b 2
8
a For example, they can learn
languages like Japanese or
Russian.
b A good example is the endless
in some countri s.
C Take for example trips to
place. of historical interest likt:
Istanbul.
d It can, for example, provide
small classes an d sometimes
even better facilities.
e Famous sports stars li ke
footballers could. fo r instance,
conduct training on a regular
basis.
9 were opened by the council
Possible answers
a Some people are of the
opinion that foreign
langu age learning should be
comp uJsory, because it helps
intellectual development.
It can, for instance, develop
one's own lan guage and
b There is no doubt that
students need to have good
study skills on ntering
university. since most subjects
r quire a lot of sophis ticated
skills like listening [0 lectures,
note taking, etc.
c Yet others feel that university
lecturers need some teacher
train ing, as they are us d to
lecturing rather than teaching
which is n ot uitable fo r sma ll
groups. Lecturers could, for
instance, follow short courses
o r visit coUeges or schools.
..1
d It is important that boys and
girl ought to be educated in
separate schools. One reason
for thjs is (h at the learn in
different ways. For example.
boys are known to prefer
competitive activities.
teachers' salaries need to
be as high as doctors' or
lawyers' since they have such
an important job to do. For
generation of doctors and
law yers requires go d welJ-
paid teachers in the present .
Unit 5
Task 1
1
Suggested answers
a Dave th inks it wa worSe.
There is now more lor young
people to do.
Sandra thinks it was better. II
was quiet and peaceful. 0\
there is a bypass .
Tom agre es the tOwn wa
prettier and more pea cful.
However. he thinks there are
more jobs and opportunities.
b Students' own answers.
c Dave: The ice rink, the leisur
centre, and the kate park
last year.
Sandra: A ypass an an
industrial estat e were built a
few year ago.
d Students' own answers.
2
a The town changed
conSiderably over tbe peri od.
b 11 was more residential.
c There were fewer tree s in
2005.
d They were dramatic.
e The construction o f the
stadium an d tbe removal of
the houses.
They were cut down and
replaced by skyscrapers.
 K~j'

••••••

3 8 2
2 residential d cannot replace Between 2000 and a You can agree or disagree
3 experienced 2005. completely. You can agree 50
4 noticeable per cent an d disagree 50 per
5 houses cent. You cannot be neutral.
6 factories 9 You have to express an
7 facilitie a By 2005, the ro w of old opinion .
8 construction houses had been knocked b Young employ e should
9 comer down to make way for a road. receive the same amO).lnl of
10 comparison b By 2005, the forest had been money as older people if they
cut down to build a railway. do identical work.
c By 2005, the area had been
4 redeveloped completely.
a Th e tow n centre was d By 2005, the factory had been 3
developed dramatically. converted into an art gallery. a Opinion statement
The neighbourhood was e By 2005, the city centre b Contradiction
completely transformed. had undergone a tota l t Example
c The residential area was transformation. d Explanafion
totalJy reconstructed By 2005, the row of old e Reason
d The old factories were totally terraced houses in [he city f Reason
redeveloped. bad been pulled down and g Resuli
e The old houses were rebuilt . replaced by a block of fiats .
f The entertainment district wa s g By 2005, a sports omplex
completely modernized. had been conslrUcted in the 4
suburbs. a Many people believe that
h By 2005, a number of b R wever
5 spectacular changes bad taken c Take {or example
b The town centre developed place. d They deserve to receive the
dramatically. By 2005, the whole same salary .
centre of the town had e becau se
f Moreover,
6 been transformed by new
g which
a The map shows changes developments.
which took place between 19 0
and 2005. 10 5
b cry few trees remained. a Tbey are beside the railvvay Students' own answers.
c Over the next 25 years. a ll line .
these houses were kl10cked
down.
b It is north-east of the lake .
c It is south-west of the
6
d The single dwellings made way Delete the following :
stadium. 1 Moreover
for skyscrapers. d It is south oJ the goll course .
e The trees wae cut down . 2 while
e It is north of the skyscrapers. 3 And
f The area experienced dramatic f It is in the south -west of the
changes . 4 also
town. 5 however
g The woodland made way for a g It is south of the river.
golf course. 6 Subsequently
h A marina was also built.
11 7
a in b by c beside
7 d in e from f on
1
2
a.
b
contra st
reason
awas knocked down g beside b on off
bwas cut down 3 a addition
c was redeveloped 4 c example
Task '2 5 a result
d was converted
6 c conclusion
e underwent 1
J was pulled down/replac d Students' own answers.
g was constructed
h took place
was transformed

• • •• 103
 8 10
Po ssible answers
a Many feel that young people
have m uch m ore influence
in the world than their
coumrparts in the past.
Personally, I believe that this is
not necessarily true, because
most people in power belong
to the older generation. For
example, most politicians
throughout the world
are mainly middle -aged.
Moreover, most wealth is
concentrated among people
in their forties upwards. So,
young people may appear
to exert influence, but it is
limited.
b Accorcting 10 some people,
older workers are just as
equipped to deal with the
modem world as young
people. However, I think that
younger people are much
more prepared because th ey
are much more comp llt er-
litera te than older peopJe.
Moreover, they are welJ-
acquainted with the latest
'gadgetS'. For example, many
young people are able to
design their own web pages
and adapt quickly £0 the latest
tools. Thus, I feel they are
better at coping with today's
world.
c Some people are of the
opinion that advertising
should n ot be banned in TV
programmes directed at young
people. Nevertheless, I fe eL
adverts in these programmes
should be SlOpped, as they
encourage young people to
buy products that neither they
nor their parents can afford.
Take the latest toys or ED
television sets. Pare n t~ may be
put under enormous pressure
to buy these, thus ending
up in debt. So I think some
control must be exercised
over TV commercials in
programmes for young
people.
9 Nevertheless normally starts a
1 a 2 C 4 b
104 • •••
5
a pie chart I
Possib,le answer b p ie chart 3
Some people feel [hat weblogs are c pie chart 1
ju t a waste of time and another d pie chart 2
w ay to lure people on to the e pie chart 4
Internet. Person ally, however,
I feel that they are very useful
for people of all ages, especially 6
young people, fo r many reasons. a The vast majority of holiday
makers to China ...
b It is clear that aIm st equal
Unit6 n umbers of bot h sexes ...
c Only a Lin y minority of
Task 1 filmg oers ...
d Tn conclusion, the trend is
1 Jearly upward, with just
Students' own answers. under hall of companies ...
e To su m up, neady a third of all
tourists ...
2
7
Possible answers
Student exchanges, language Overall
It is clear that
learning, joint ultural events,
and shared cientific, and To conclude
It is evident tha l
technological know- h ow an be
canied out by individuals. It would seem th at
It is clear that
Trade agreements, transport
links, and media images can be In conclusion
i.m proved by governments. To sum up
Tourism can be carried out
by both individuals and
governments.
8
a Backpacking is popular
Climate and landscape, and
with the youngest gr up
lifestyle and culture are difficult
an d guided tours relatively
to change .
unpopular. This pattern is
reversed for (he oldest group .
3 b 31-40 year aids
a the overwhelming majority of c satisfied
people were in (a vour of
b with iii smaller n umber
nam ing lifestyle and fo od
9
2 enj oyed
c the most important languages,
3 belong
about equal numbers of
4 accounts for
people
5 comes
6 make up
4 7 include
a Sentence a rela tes to student 8 is rated
exchanges, b relates to
climate, and c relates to
language learning .
10
It is dear ...
b Sentence a is illustrated by pie
chart 1~ b is illustrated by pie
chart 4, and c is illustrated by 11
pie char t 3, a although, ne vertheless
b although is a conjunc1ion,
nevertheless is an adverb.
sentence.
c bU L however, despite

But is a conjunction. however is
an adverb and normally starts a
sentence. Despite can only be used
before a noun or an -i119 form .
12
a 3 b 1 c 5 d 2 e 4
13
a Although the ast majority of
visitors to Britain come from
Europe, they stay for fewer
than len days on average .
b Although forty-five per cent
of people speak a for ign
language. tb e vast majority
are at a low le vel.
( Despite its/the good weather,
southern France is vi ited by
only two per cent of Asian
tou rists .
d The number of student
exchanges rose, but/altho ugh
the st of them wenl up .
e Although the event was
promoted to teenager, they
accounted for only 32 per cent
of the audience.
Task 2
1 7 Conseque ntly
Stu dents' own answers
2 a
a the first sentence
b the s cond sen renee
(advanta es and
disadvan tages )
3 becomi11g more and more isolated
(Some other entertainment
devices may be possible.)
a Advantage: iPod, DVD player
b Advantage: Mobile phone.
c Disadvantage: iPod, handheld
game .
d Advantage: iPod, handheld
game.
e Advantage: iPod, mobile
phone, handheld game, DVD
player
Disadvantag : iPod.
g Disadvantage: Mobile phone.
h Disadvantage: iPod, handheld
game.
Key
•
4 11
a bene fi t Advantage : advantageo us,
b help beneficial, useful , invaluable.
c difficult helpful, convenient
d enable/help Disadvantage: wonhless, di Uicu It
e interfere
f ideal
12
advantageous - di advantageous
5 beneficial - detrimental
Advantage: h Jp, benefits, ideal. useful- useless
enable wonhless - valuable/invaluable
Disadvantage diliicult, interfere, invaluable - w orthle
enable difficult - easy
belpful- unhelpful
convenient - inconv !li ent
6
a e
b for example. so, however. 13
hence, neverth eless, because
c Th y allow people to relax; Possible answers
they allow people grealer a International art s festival s
freedom; they are a nui ' ance en ourage intt:n:sl in [her
for other travellers . people's cultures.
b Lending artworks to o ther
countries improves th eir:
7 knowledge of other culture .
for example c Films and (oncert enhance
2 even if the quality of people 's lives.
3 likewise d To enable children to value
4 though their heritage, we need to
5 Although show (hem how strongly it
6 and still influences society tOday.
e Personal links can bene fi t
travellers when they are out
8 of their own country.
Ignorance of th er people 's
b
disad vantage
(, e, f, h traditions can handicap
b usin ess partn erships .
( Main advantage: this aT/ows
p.:ople greater freedom and g To prevent countries from
falling out with each olher, we
flexibility and takes away the
boredom ofjoll rneys. need to promote interest in
Main disadvantage: people are part icular cultures.
in their OW1/ worlds. The art of 14
communication is being lost. a I Although, 2 Despite
b I emphasizes the
disadvantage, 2 emphasizes
9 the advantage.
a drawbacks
b chance
c gain 15
d problems a Although
e handicap b However/N vertheless
f opportunities c Despite
g benefit d However:/Nevertheless
e but
10
SerioliS emp basizes disadvantage .
• • 105
 d ot surprisingly, there were proponion among EU
Unit 7 kills shortages in the chemical oUllIries wa below that for
industry. Japan and the USA.
Task 1 e It is evident that inveslment
1 needs to be increased.
1t is noticeable that the patter 12
Students' own answers. a students on all courses at an
for investment in the arts is
the reverse. Au tralia n unjversit y
b seve n
2 g It is more important that the
c maths
a There was little hange over cost of plasma screens is set
to fall.
d phy ic . rientallanguages
the period. onJy a slight
h It is not surprising that e chemistry
increase from each source.
analogue TV sales then fell. f Apparently not. Fo( example.
b The highest proportions were
allocated by non-European chemistry and physic are
countries (Japan and USA . both science subjects but
c business
9 chemistry was seen as easy by
Sentences b, and d are possible . 70 per cent of students and
d the EU average
The highest proportion was p bysics by only 25 per en t.
Likewise, among language
allocated by Japan, the lowest 10 subjects. African languages
by Italy. a The number of science were seen as easy by 60 per
graduates fell significantly. cent but oriental languages by
3 b Evide ntly. the number of onl y 20 per cen t.
technical staff in hospitals is
2 is shown 3 rose
contribut falling .
4 arne 5
6 overtoo ' 7 was spent
c The cost of training scientists 13
9 wa '
is increasing noticeably year a irrelevant
8 contributed
by year. b relevant
d Interestingly. investment c rele vant
4 in capital equipment like d irrelevant becau e it contains
slightly, approximately, spedalist machinery is down an unn essary opinion
consistently, closely, significantly. on last year. e relevant
considerably e ot surprisingly, sale of new f irrelevant as it give t 0 mu ch
televisions soared before the data. or rather unnecessary
World Cup. inionnat ion abou t how the
5 The trend is now obviously bar chart is drawn
a sign iii can tly upward.
b consistently
highly 14
d slightly 11
e marginally Possible answer
f considerably Possible answers The bar chart shows whether
g Approximately a Funding for R&D increased stude nt at an Australian
h substantially only marginally over the university rated different subjects
period. as easy, moderately difficult. or
Bu in ess provided difficult.
6 approximately halI of the Tbe subject which was most
a 4 b 5 c 3 d 7 e 1 investment in ! 998. commonly rated as dif[icult was
f 2 g 6 The amount of funding maths. by 70 P r cent of tudems.
increased very slowly over the Only 20 per cent saw it as easy.
period. Physics was also largely judged
7 b Japan allocated considerably to be a dillicult or moderately
It is also noticeable that
more of its national income to difficult subject. Only 25 per cent
It is interesting to note that
R&D than Ita] y. of students 'ewed it as easy. By
Evidently, the four EU contrast, chemistry was regarded
8 countries invested less than as easy by a massiv . 70 per cent
a The number of sdentists the USA or Japan. of students.
per head of population has The proporti on of national A far as language subjects are
declin d significantly in rece n t income given to R&D was concerne d. language in general
year . noticeably higber in Germany were seen as easy by 40 percent
b It is interesting that the sales and France than in Italy. of students. This percentage
failed to recover. The proportion allocated dropped to 20 pe rcent for orienta
c Numbers will probably by the UK was onJy slightly languages. African languages,
contin ue to fall over the above the EU average. however, were iewed as ea y by
period. Interestingly. tlle average 60 per cent of ruden ts. An was

106 • • • • • "

judged to be an easy subject by
only 30 per cent of students and.
like physics, 50 per cent rated it as
dillicult.
In conclusion, there seerru to be
no dear correspondence between
the type of subject and whether
it was generally rated as easy or
dillicult.
Task 2
1 and should be banned.
Students' own answers.
Background information:
Leonardo da VInci was a famous
Italian anis! and inventor who
aimed the Mona Lisa .
Albert Einstein was a famous
theoretical physicist who came up
with the theor)' of relativity.
Sir Isaac A eWlOn was an English
scientist and mathematician
who described the properties of
gravity.
Nicola us Copernicus was a Polish
sdentist who recognized that the
Earth orbited the Sun.
2 are m any examples where
a first sentence
b second sentence
c third sentence
3 society. They argue that by
I c 2 b 3 a
4 musicia ns will not develop .
Many people feel strongly; They
argue; Supporters of ans groups
feel
5 a large number of sdence
a4 bl c3 d5 e2
IS g7 h6
6 food frOID the supermarket
Possible answers
b Some people feel that
the wealth of a nation is
connected with scientific
development. They claim that
modem economies cannot
advance without a strong
scientific base .
c A commonly held belief is
that science is now playing a
more important role in our
lives than in the past. People
feel that it has an effect on
everything we do from eating
to travelling.
d It is argued by some people
that the work of artists should
be censored. They maintain
that certain works of art that
are produced are offensive
e Some people think that
scient ists should have some
involvement with artists. and
vjce versa. They argue that
bringing these two groups
toge ther would be better for
society as a whole .
f Some people feel that science
is dull and boring. They
maintain tbat spending time
alone in laboratories withou t
much human contact is not
very interesting.
g It is argued by some
people that many sdentific
experiments are dangerous 10
society. They claim that there
serious mistakes bave been
made.
h Yet others believe that the
work of scientists should
n Ot be tightly regulated by
limiting scientillc work, we
might stop certain beneficial
developments.
7 b If science stops the ageing
Possible answers
b A good example here is
Germany, which produces
graduates and has a thriving
economy.
c For example. when we buy
the flavourings and additives
bave all been measured and
tested sdentilically.
d A case in point are certain
works which depict religious
figures .
Key
••
e For example. more regular
contact between tl1e two would
help scientists to appreciate'
the way in which scientilic
advances are perceived in
society as a whole.
Take the job of lab technician
for instance. It involves
dealing with tests and test
resul ts, and there is very linie
human contact involved.
g A good example is certain
tests in which possible new
medica l drugs were tried out
on humans only to find that
they bad unforeseen and very
serious effects on the subjects'
health . .
h For instance. how could we
continue to research cures
fo r disease. uch as cancer
or AIDS if the n o n-~cienti fic
commun ity were allowed
to interfere with scientist '
work?
8
a2 b5 c4 ell e3
9
would. could and might talk about
possibility.
Sentence d asks the reader
to imagine a situation and its
consequence.
10
a Unless they are ncouraged by
parents and teachers. budding
process in humans one day,
will this benefit mankind?
c Unless there is an effon to
keep traditional crafts alive,
they will disappear.
d Providing innovation is
encouraged, many new jobs
will be created.
11
Possib le answers
a Provided parents have an
interest in m lJ sic, they will
encourage musical talent in
their children,
• • • • 10'
 b IJ govemment support for ans
projects is not available. they
will be forced to seek funding
elsewhere.
c Unless entrance to museums
and art galleries i free. m any
people will never experience
them at all .
d Providing young scientists are
given the right opp ort unities,
the work they do has the
potential to be of enormous
benefit to society.
Unit 8
Task 1
1 c
Possible answers
a The photographs relate
ro our changing future
relationship with the
environment.
b-d Students' own answers.
2 regions
a 1f shows predictions for the
number of buildings that will
be powered by solar and wind
energy.
b They relate t the number of
houses.
c 0-600 million
3 200
a will
b pr dieted, will
c prediction, will
d predicted
4 ' very concerned' 25 per cent).
a projection, forecast,
anticipation
b projected, anticipated. forecast
c prediction: expectation,
estimation
predicted: expected.
estimated, set
5 conservation project.
a is predi ct d. will provid
b are expected
c will come
d i. forecas t
e is not expected
r is projected. will be
g is set
h is anticipa ted. will provide
108 • • • • •
6 p eople are very concerne
Sentence a decribes something
which ""rill happen before a future
time.
Sentence b describes something
in progress at a time in the future.
7 11
a w ill be using
b will be living
c will have been old
d will have become
e will h ave been de troyed
8 12
a the pie chart
b It is projected to increase .
Ireland
d Hungary
e the pie chart
( Yes. 64 per cent.
9 Central England (16.200) .
The charts show forecasts for
the ann ual reforestation (not
deforestalion) rate in selected
2 They forecast tha t the
reforestation rate in th fou r
regions will grow u nti l 2025
(not 2035)
3 It i projected that Ireland will
hav the highest ra te in 2025
at 1.7 p er cent (nor 1.5 pt'r cent)
4 It i, anticipated that the figure
will cl imb from 0.5 per cent in
(not 20]5)
5 with the worldwide average
fo r both 2015 and 2025 , 1. 0
per cent and 1.3 per cent
r especti vely (n ol .1.3 and 1.0)
6 ('concerned' 39 per cent, and
10
a It is predicted that the use of
solar energy will become more
Lmportant.
b We see from the chart that
the largest amount of money
was spe nt on the water
c The chart shows th· different
types /of trees which are found
in different regions.
d From the pie chart, it can be
seen that hydroelectric powe r
constitute seven per cent of
the world energy demand.
It is clear that tlte majority o t
about climate change.
Recently, a number of
campaigns have encouraged
people 10 plant trees.
Generally, it is forecast that the
reforestation rate
It is al'O worth noting that
From the pie chart. it can be seen
that
a It gives in thousands the
estimated and actual numbers
of houses built in the UK in
2002.
b seven
c below
d outhern England (77 . 00 ).
London (47.800) and in
These figur far exceeded (he
estimate ..
e North of England. The
estimate was 9. 300 houses
while the actual figure was
1.3 .500 .
f Nonhern Ireland an d Wa e .
In Wales, it was estimated that
2,900 houses would b built.
but the rea l fi ure was 6,300 .
Likewise. in orthern Ireland
the stimate was for 2,500
thousand houses, but the rea l
n umber was 5.000.
g Scotland.
h cotland. 1t was estimated that
3.2 00 hou es would be built
bu t in the event Ih figure was
nly 3,000.
13
Possible answer
The diagram give figures for the
actual and estimated numbers o f
houses built in the UK by region
in 2002 .
In most cases, the estimated
number was below the number
of houses which were actually
built. The highest numbers of
houses were onstructed in
Southern England (77,600),
Loudon (47,800). and i Central
England (16,200), far exceeding
the estimates (5 1. 10 . 24,800,
and 8,100 respectively) . imilarly
in the onh of England. there

was a disparity of just 0 er 4,000
between th two figures, 9,300
houses for the estimated figure
against L3,500 for the actual
fig ure. orthern Ireland and
Wales followed the same trend,
2,500 houses as o pposed to 5,000,
and 2.900 compared to 6,3 00.
Scotla n d was the region where
the lowest number of houses
we re bu ilt. It was esti mated
tbat 3,200 houses would e
constructed but in th e event th
figure was only 3,000.
In conclusion, it is clear that
many more houses were built io
the UK in 200_ th an had been
anticipated.
Task 2
1 pro blem.
Possible answers
a The most serious threats are
water sh nages, dTOugh t
and other natural disasters.
as well as oth er effects ot:
global warming .
b-d Students' own an wers.
2 for recycled b t lIes as was
2 factories 6 leisure
3 pollutants 7 pressure
4 fish 8 action
5 wildlife 9 incentives
3 pollina tes plants and flowers.
animal - countable
information - uncountable
nature - uncountable
cl imate - un countable
accom modation - uncountable
knowledge - uncountable
research - uncountable
weather - uncountable
tree - countable
idea - countable
situation - coun.table
fact - countable
4 Another possible measure and
problem - countable
factOries - countable
oll utants - countable
fish - uncountable
wildlife - uncountable
I isure - uncountable
pressure - uncountabl
action - uncountable
incentives - countable
5
a n o article, n o article
b no anicle
the
d a, n o article
e no article
f the
g The. n o article
h The
6 certainly: of ourse. n doubt
a Wave power techn ology is th e
best answer to lhe problem
of pollution . However,
the introduction of such
technology also crea les a
b Government worldwide
should ta x the cars more . A
measure like this would make
people think more about
nature.
c In the n ear fut ure, hOllses will
be more energy-eilicient than
rhey are now.
d The food industry could pay
done in the past. The bottles
would rhen not be thrown
away.
e Insects like the bees. for
example, pla y a vital role in
m ost ecosystems . Th bee
'fhe Facilities Uke dams and
forests are also used for
leisure.
7 a The graph gives information
aJ b 2 c2 dl e2
fI g 2
8 introduced.
Question I
Statement of most important
measure : d
why it is I 5S effective: [
Resta tement o[ most important
meas ure and it consequences: a
£<e \'
•
Question 2
Statement of opinion: b
Reference to rhe opposite view: e
Reason against the opposite view: g
Restatement of opinion: c
9
In conclusion: to sum up. to
conclude
I do n ot agree: I do not accept. I
disagree with the idea tha t
All in all: in generaL all thillg
considered
I feel that: I be lieve, I would argue
tha t
10
a There i no rea on why loca
e o-friendly busincs es cannO!
b uccessfll!.
b There is no reason why people
could not take more holida y$
at home instead of always
flying abroad .
c There is n o reason why people
could not tra vel by fast train
instead of taking short [lights.
d There is no reason why
governments should not give
special financial suppon to
eco-frie ndly busines people.
Unit9
Task 1
1
St udents' own answer .
2
about rhe average use of beds
in three typical hospital
around the world before
an d after day-surgery is
b While rhe trend was upward
f r the French hospital.
th average bed occupancy
dropp d noticeably after the
introduction of day-surgery.
c The trend for the Ukrainia n
h ospital was similar to that of
the French ho pitat but the
fall in bed use after 2003 was
not as marked.
• 109
 d You can make a con n ection g contrast with Task 2
betw een the coinddental [aU h G lD be vievved in
in th e budget for inpatient 1
care and the fall in bed Stu dent's own ,lin 'WCl'>.
occupan cy. 6
e Yo u can use trend to a 1 b 3 c 5 d 7 e 2
summarize information.
[ 6 g 4 h 8 2
You can use upward to sh ow 1 strangely
2 well
th e direction of the tren d. 7 3 su rprisingly
You can use the phrase similar a before
pattern to compare simila.riti es. 4 Widely
b receive
You can u se reach a peak to 5 accurately
c stu dying
describe a high poin t. 6 often
d useful 7 seriously
YOll can use except that to
e P 'Jsonally
introduce detail which is 8 well
f sufJi cienr
differen t from the general 9 frequently
g defin itely
trend/pattern. 10 Clearly
h di ffe rent
You can use saw a continuous choice
rise as an alternative to rose. referred 3
You can use change to describe T\:le paragraph fo llows se ntence
d c!.iHtrence that OCClrrs.
panem a.
You CJl1 use co in cido' to show 8
when things bappen ilt the Spelling rules Organizing words
sa me ti me. vvheth er they are i before ,'. except after C:. receive, Situati on: The idea
related or nol. bu t not after ch: ach ieve. ExampJe: Ta ke th e example 0 1
Words (,lldi ng in a vowel then y : y Effects . The effects
does no! change. eg studying. ConclUSion: the COIl c/IiS ioll IS
3 Nou n + full : remove th e second /
2 impact == rlse/ul.
3 trend Adverbs (rom adjectives ~n dio g in
4
4 occupancy -al: add -Iy and remove nothing, a information
5 p eak eg personally. b idea
6 falling Adc:verbs from adjectives enti iJl'; c scheme
7 marked in -e : add -/y and keep the e, eg d r\H:,.a$ ll re

8 ex:p erienced defin.itely. e issue

9 ris e Verbs ending witllY + ·ina : no
f solution
iO significantly change. eg studying . g knowledge
II d ear Words of m ore tban one syllable: h opinion
12 reduction the consonant doubles if the finaJ problem
syllable is stressed: r~feTTed .
4 5
1 details - information 9 Possibl e answers
2 impact - eilect a graduillly
3 trend - ten dency a Thi s issue n eeds to be
b which
4 occupancy - use considered when planning
c occurred
5 p eak - high point th e h ealt h care b udge! for any
d peak
6 faJling - dropping country.
e fig ures, approxim2lld y
7 marked - sha rp b This idea could ha ve benefits
f fluct ua ted
8 experienced - saw both for people's health and
g e:-.:ceeded
9 rise - increase the education of docto rs and
h survey
10 Significan tl y - considerably n urses.
11 d ear - evident c This prediction may seem
12 reduction - cut/decrease 10 surprising, bu t I believe costs
average will be reduced as tech nology
accid ents I be com es more widely
5 dramatically available .
Incorrect answers to be deleted: improvement d Initially, this m ay be a
a says steadily p roblem, b ut the changes
b had an affect on regards will res u lt in a more efficient
c re ached a heigh t motorcycle h ealth service.
d design occurring e The situation, however, is one
e alternatively th at can be p repared for by
[ towards setting money aside for the
fu ture.

110 • • • • •

Measures like this could lead
t a significant improvemeOl
in the nation's h ealth.
g Not su rp ri singly, it is a trend
which is not looked on
favourably by some western
doctors.
h This is a matter that needs to
be considered w hen plannin g
for future spending.
6 they liv e wi ih a partner.
Possible answers
a music and health
Effect: h elps people relax ,
takes lip attention
Measure : music therapy,
used sometimes 10 treat
pat ients with communication
problem .
b alternati e therapies and
health
Example: homeopathy,
herbalism.
Information: contested by
different people .
Opinions: health practitioners
versus peop le wh o have
experienced these therapies.
Effects: may be due to
influence on the mind as weU
a- body.
c exercise an d hea lth
Effects: strengthens muscles,
helps coordination, help
people to relax.
Problem: high cost of gyms !
health ceo tres .
Scheme: companies offer
gym membership as pan of
package to staff.
7 2
Students' own answers.
8 age group
d is
a is b has care
e has f are g is h have
9 group
a This information is published
all around us, even on
ci garette packets.
b Unfortunately, this advice is
n ot often followed.
c Instead, this work is carried
out by h ealth care assistants.
D
d Enormous progress has been
made in understanding how
disease spreads, .. .
e However, this equipm eOl can
be dangerous if it is not used
properly.
However. there is certainly
some evidence thaI it is more
than ju t a placebo .
g Some research has been
carried out 'which shows that
elderly people live longer if
Unit 10
Task 1
Sru deuts' own answers .
2 5
a Both chart refer to the main
re<1 SOns for choosing a career
according to age group.
b The y refer to the reasons
under consideration .
c They show the differe nt
ways in which the two age
groups were influenced by tbe
various factors.
d Th e most n oticeable fea tures
are the imponance of money
and the position of friends.
e The most noticeable feature s
are the imponance of m oney
and parents, the reverse of the
younger age group .
3 dropping in ummer an
the main reasons for ch oosing
a care er
were influenced by the
various factors
3 were the reverse for the 40-50
4 As regards teachers and role
models
5 nine and fifteen per cent
respec1ively for the younger
6 The only similarity between
the two age groups
7 than an y other facto rs
".
••
4
a The sales of specialisllours
h ave fallen recent ly.
d It i clear that the number of
Hats occupied by si ngle people
in major dties in the West is
pUlling press ure on housing .
e From the graphs, it can be
c ondudedthat y oungpeop~
are much more mobiJe than
previous generations.
The pursuit of a professional
career among both men and
woman has led to a lIoticeablr'
reduction in the birth rate .
g There are several similarities in
th e presentation of the data.
h Overall, the chart sh ows that
tbe media art:: responsible for
urning pt'C'p/e into celcbritks.
a an explanation
b with is n ormally followed by a
n oun then a erb with -i119.
6
a Sales were 1I pward for most
of the year, with the profit
reaching a peak in December.
b The main reason for career
choice was ambition, with 50
per cent chOOSing it.
cIt - expeded that the price
of one bedroom nat will
rise, with accommodation
for indiv iduals being in short
supply.
d The pattern was different,
with passenger numbers
rising in w inter.
e The trend was clearly upward,
with manufacturing costs
decreasing at the same time.
Cons umption of energy rose,
with the highest point being in
January.
7
a True b False c False
d False True f False
g False h True
• • •• 111
 Task 2
1 score band, you need to be able to
Question 1: b, a,
Question 2 : b, d, a, c
Question 3: c. d, b, a
2 7
Question 1: a
Question 2: c
Question 3: b
3 c as a result, therefore, so, this
Possib,le ,a nswers
Money d ves nof JI/,7ke happiness.
To what extt!nt do yotl agree or
disagree?
It is impossib le to deny th aI
mon ey h elps people to a ch ieve
h appiness because it is impossibl
to do anyiliing in liIe without il.
For example, if you want to ee a
fi lm or a play at tbe theatre, you
need money for the ticket and
for transport. Also, if you want to
have a relaxing time at home you
still n eed money, even to buy a
TV or a computer. (structure b)
It is better to refonl1 criminals
iI/stead ofjust pllflisT1i1l9 them.
'W hat measures could be taken fa
attempt to integrate law-b"eakers
back into society ?
Personally, I think that criminals
o f all levels should be given a
chance to be a pan of society
ra ther thanjusl being put into
prison. II this is done , then the
offender will have a better chance
of not reoffending, Society will
also not have to pay fo r th e cost
of keeping criminals in priso ns,
whi ch are very e xpensive p laces
to run . Of course, then ocietyas
a w hole will benefit. (stnlCl ure c)
4 good quali ty of lile. However.
Text 1
1 [, 2 a 3 a
Text 2
4 a 5 b 6 b
Text 3
7 a 8 b
5 is important to gain a certain
Student s' own answers .
112 •
e Happiness and contentment
6 are more important than th e
U you want to achieve a good
pursuit of freedom . The latter
aim is an illusion as n obody j
tick Always for aU of the items in
e ver completely free.
tne Ust.
Many people living in poor
housing conditions are still
happy, Sotheideathatyou
have to have a high standard
Possible answers of Uving to b happy is false.
a for example, for instance, a
rase in point is, like
b as, one reason for this is, since 10
means that, this leads to
Possible answer
d moreover, furthermore . in
And yet other people believe
addi tion, and, also. [h at the family play an
e if, unless, provided important role LO maintaining
bu t, however, while, wher eas . a good qualit y of life, You just
despite have to look at societies wh e re
g although, despite there are exte nde d fami lies 10
h and so, and therefore, to sum see how mu ch m ore content
up, aU in alL in general peop le are because they are
surrounde d by relatives v\lhn
8 love them and can look a fter
them if th ~ y fa ll ill o r ha ve
Sugg ested answers problems. This support i
a Problem and solution not just financial but also
b Measures and results
emotional.
c Cause and effect
d Reason and example
e Example and specific example
f Effect and example
g Additional inIormation and
example
h ConditionlHyporhesi and
result
Concession and contrast
9
Possible answers
a Money is n ot a important
as frie nds, because it cann o t
pr vide emotional suppo rt.
b Par many people, keeping
fi t and healthy is the main
factor which is necessary for a
developing a healthy mind is
just as imponant.
c U one is content with liIe, then
there is no longer any need to
pursue unrealistic ambitions .
d W hat is involved in achieving
a good qUality of life depends
on many factors rather than
just one . For example, money
financial securi ty, but it is n o t
enough on its own.