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Lin Shaodun
Student ID: A0066078X
Sub Group: Lab 2B
Date: 5th Feb 2010
TABLE OF CONTENTS
OBJECTIVES 1
INTRODUCTION 1
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES 2
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS 6
DISCUSSION 11
CONCLUSION 13
1
Combined
Bending Torsion
Stress
OBJECTIVES
INTRODUCTION
The main purpose of the experiment is to analyze this kind of problems using the
strain gauge technique and to compare the experimental results with theoretical
result.
As the strain gauge technique enables only the determination of state of strain at
certain point, Hooke’s law equations are used to calculate the stress components. In
this experiment, the elastic constants of the test material are firstly determined.
2
Superposition principle, states that, for all linear systems, the net
response at a given place and time caused by two or more stimuli is the
sum of the responses which would have been caused by each stimulus
individually. So that if input A produces response X and input B
produces response Y then input (A + B) produces response (X + Y).
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
1) Measure the diameter of the tensile test specimen with a venire caliper.
2) Turn the Tensometer hand wheel in clock-wise direction until the specimen
is firmly supported by two grips (no free play). Do not apply extra tensile
load on the specimen, this is to ensure the whole measurement process is
performed within material elastic range. (Figure 1)
Figure 1
3) Adjust the knob and set the mercury tube to zero position. (Figure 2)
Zeroing Knob
Figure 2
3
4) Connect strain gauge terminal wires to SB10 Switch and Balance unit
Channel 10 using a quarter bridge configuration, Red wire to P+ terminal ,
White wire to S- terminal, Black wire to D terminal ( Yellow) (Figure 3)
Figure 3
5) Adjust the Channel 10 VR until the Strain Indicator display value is zero,
(Figure 5) apply load to specimen by gradually turning the hand wheel. The
load applied can be read from the mercury tube. Record down the strain
value for every 0.2KN tensile load applied until the final load reaches
1.2KN.
Figure 5
6) Repeat above test for both longitudinal and transverse strains (Figure 4) in
order to evaluate the Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio.
Longitudinal
Strain Gauge
Transverse Figure 4
Strain Gauge
4
B. COMBINED BENDING AND TORSION TEST
1) Measure the shaft diameter d and dimension a and b with a venire caliper.()
2) Connect strain gauge terminal wires to SB10 Switch and Balance unit
a
d b
Figure 6
3 4 4 2
P- P-
𝜀𝑎 = 𝜀1 + 𝜀4 − 𝜀2 + 𝜀3 𝜀𝑏 = 𝜀1 + 𝜀2 − 𝜀3 + 𝜀4
Figure 7
Connection for 𝜺𝒂 Connection for 𝜺𝒃
Strain Gauge Wire Strain Gauge Wire
Terminal Terminal
Gauge No. Color Gauge No. Color
1+2 Red & Red P+ 1+3 Red & Red P+
3+4 Red & Red P- 2+4 Red & Red P-
2+4 White & White S+ 2+3 White & White S+
1+3 Black & Black S- 1+4 Black & Black S-
5
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS
𝜀𝑎 = 𝜀1 + 𝜀4 − 𝜀2 + 𝜀3 = 72 × 10−6 𝜀𝑏 = 𝜀1 + 𝜀2 − 𝜀3 + 𝜀4 = 26 × 10−6
𝐸 69.5 × 109
𝜏𝑥𝑦 = 𝜀1 − 𝜀2 = 23 + 10 × 10−6 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝟎𝑴𝒑𝒂
2 1+𝜐 2(1 − 0.3489)
6
RESULTS (TABLES & GR APHS)
D1 D2 Daverage
69.5455
9.40 9.42 9.41
Table : 1
Longitudinal Strain Transverse Strain
Load P ( kN ) Direct Stress 𝝈𝒙 ( MPa )
𝜺𝒙 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝜺𝒚 𝟏𝟎−𝟔
Table : 2
Strain (10-6 ) [ Quarter Bridge Configuration ]
Load P ( kg )
𝜺𝟏 𝜺𝟐 𝜺𝟑 𝜺𝟒
0.0 0 0 0 0
0.5 23 -10 -26 13
1.0 45 -22 -51 25
1.5 67 -31 -73 38
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Table : 3
Strain (10-6 ) Strain (10-6 )
Load P ( kg ) [ Quarter Bridge Configuration ] [ Full Bridge Configuration ]
𝜺𝒂 𝜺𝒃 𝜺𝒂 𝜺𝒃
0.0 0 0 0 0
0.5 72 26 70 24
1.0 143 49 139 47
1.5 209 71 206 70
𝜀𝑎 = 𝜀1 + 𝜀4 − 𝜀2 + 𝜀3 𝜀𝑏 = 𝜀1 + 𝜀2 − 𝜀3 + 𝜀4
D1 D2 Daverage
0.15m 0.10m
14.92 14.90 14.91
Table : 4
Bending Stress 𝝈𝒙 ( MPa ) Shear Stress 𝝉𝒙𝒚 ( MPa )
Load P ( kg )
Theoretical Experimental Theoretical Experimental
0.0 0 0 0 0
0.5 1.506 1.067 1.129 0.850
1.0 3.012 2.135 2.259 1.726
1.5 4.517 3.096 3.388 2.525
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C. GRAPHS
Young’s Modulus:
69.5Gpa
Poisson’s Ratio:
0.3489
Theoretical Stress
result is 43% higher
than Experimental
Stress result
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Theoretical Stress
result is 34% higher
than Experimental
Stress result
Quarter bridge
result matches Full
bridge result
Quarter bridge
result matches Full
bridge result
10
DISCUSSION
The theoretical stress result is 34% ~ 43% higher than experimental stress
result according to Graph 3 and 4, but these two data sets has very good
correlation. (Figure 8)
Figure 8
It seems the measure equipment has good linearity but there is an offset from
strain gauges. Same equipment set (SB-10 Switch and Balance Unit, Strain
Indicator) was used for measurement of Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio
during Determination of Elastic Constants test and the result matches with
actual data very well. Graph 5 and 6 also indicates that the Quarter bridge
result does not deviate from Full bridge result significantly.
Figure 9
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Above graphs shows, FEA result match with theoretical calculation very well,
deviation is less than 5% for both bending and shear stress. So the possible
reason of deviation between experimental and theoretical result could be the
strain gauge output drift, hence the strain measurement result needs to be
∆𝑅/𝑅𝑔
compensated by a new Gauge Factor (𝐺𝐹 = ).
𝜀
2) From the results of step (b5), deduce the type of stain the stain-meter reading
represent.
𝜀𝑎 is the axial strain from combined bending and torsion, 𝜀𝑏 is the lateral
strain from combined bending and torsion . Hence Poisson’s ratio can be
obtained by this equation: 𝜐 = 𝜀𝑏 /𝜀𝑎
3) Apart from the uniaxial tension method used in the experiment, how can the
elastic constant be determined?
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4) Instead of stress Equations (3) and (8) for strain, develop alternative
equations to enable the determination of strains from the four gauges
readings.
𝜸𝒙𝒚 𝜺𝟑 − 𝜺𝟒 𝜸𝟏𝟐
=− 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝜽 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝜽, 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝜽 = 𝟒𝟓°, 𝜸𝒙𝒚 = 𝜺𝟒 − 𝜺𝟑
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝑬
𝝉𝒙𝒚 = 𝑮𝜸𝒙𝒚 = 𝜺𝟒 − 𝜺𝟑
𝟐 𝟏+𝝊
𝑬
𝑺𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒚 , 𝒘𝒆 𝒉𝒂𝒗𝒆 𝝈𝒙 = 𝜺𝟐 − 𝜺𝟑
𝟏−𝝊
5) Develop stress equations for combined bending and twisting of hollow shafts
with K as the ratio of inside to outside diameter.
𝟑𝟐𝑲𝑫𝒊 𝒃𝑷 𝟏𝟔𝑲𝑫𝒊 𝒂𝑷
𝝈𝒙 = 𝟒 , 𝝉𝒙𝒚 =
𝝅 𝑲𝑫𝒊 𝟒 − 𝑫𝒊 𝝅 𝑲𝑫𝒊 𝟒 − 𝑫𝒊 𝟒
CONCLUSION
Although there is big deviation between experimental and theoretical result, the
experiment of combined bending and torsion help me better understand the strain
gauge technique as well the transformation equation of strains.
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