STRUCTURAL MECHANICS

Lecture 12

Stiffness Method - Pin-Jointed Frame Example

Node 2 moves 0.1 mm in x-dir, i.e. u2 = 0.1 mm

Element 3 temp increase of 20°, α = 20 ×10-6/°C

Element No. L mm A mm2 E kN/mm2 θ° sinθ cosθ

1 1000 25 200 0 0 1
2 1000 50 200 30 0.5 0.866
3 1000 25 200 90 1 0

Determine movement of node 1 and forces in the bars.

i j
⎡1 0 −1 0⎤ ⎡5 0 −5 0⎤
⎢ 0 0 0⎥ i ⎢0 0 0 0⎥
200 × 25 ⎢ 0
Element 1 : [ k ] = ⎥ = ⎢ ⎥ kN / mm
1

1000 ⎢−1 0 1 0⎥ ⎢−5 0 5 0⎥

⎢ ⎥ j ⎢0 ⎥
⎣0 0 0 0⎦ ⎣ 0 0 0⎦
i j
⎡ .75 .433 −.75 −.433⎤ ⎡ 7.5 4.33 − 7.5 − 4.33⎤
⎢ .25 −.433 −.25 ⎥ i ⎢⎢ 4.33 − 4.33 − 2.5 ⎥
200 × 50 ⎢ .433 2.5
Element 2: [ k ] = ⎥ = ⎥
2

1000 ⎢ −.75 −.433 .75 .433 ⎥ ⎢ − 7.5 − 4.33 7.5 4.33 ⎥

⎢ ⎥ j⎢ ⎥
⎣−.433 −.25 .433 .25 ⎦ ⎣− 4.33 − 2.5 4.33 2.5 ⎦

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 i j
⎡0 0 0 0⎤ ⎡0 0 0 0⎤
⎢ 0 − 1⎥
i ⎢
0 − 5⎥
200 × 25 ⎢0 1 0 5
Element 3 : [ k ] = ⎥ = ⎢ ⎥ kN / mm
3
1000 ⎢0 0 0 0⎥ j ⎢⎢0 0 0 0⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎥
⎣0 − 1 0 1⎦ ⎣0 − 5 0 5⎦

[K] formed using connectivity table :

Nodes
Element i j
1
2
3

[K] with only element Nodes

1 read in: 1 2 3 4
(i = 1, j = 2) 1

Nodes
[K] with only element 2 read 1 2 3 4
in :
(i = 1, j = 3) 1

Nodes
[K] with only element 3
1 2 3 4
read in :
(i = 1, j = 4) 1

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 ⎡ 12.5 4.33 −5 0 −7.5 −4.33 0 0⎤
⎢ 4.33 7.5 0 0 −4.33 −2.5 0 −5⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ −5 0 5 0 0 0 0 0⎥
⎢ ⎥
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0⎥
∴ overall [K] = ⎢ kN / mm
⎢ −7.5 −4.33 0 0 7.5 4.33 0 0⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢−4.33 −2.5 0 0 4.33 2.5 0 0⎥
⎢ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 −5 0 0 0 0 0 5 ⎥⎦

Now
{ R} = ⎧ 0 ⎫ kN and {δ } = ⎧u1 ⎫ mm
⎪ −1 ⎪ ⎪v ⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ 1⎪
⎪U 2 ⎪ ⎪01.⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎪V2 ⎪ ⎪0 ⎪
⎨ ⎬ ⎨ ⎬
⎪U 3 ⎪ ⎪0 ⎪
⎪ V3 ⎪ ⎪0 ⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎪U 4 ⎪ ⎪0 ⎪
⎪⎩V4 ⎪⎭ ⎪⎩0 ⎪⎭

Also
{Fd }1 = ⎧0⎫ ∴ { Fd } = ⎧ ⎫
i ⎪⎪−1⎪⎪ 1 ⎪ ⎪
(q = −2 kN / m) ⎨ ⎬ kN ⎪ ⎪
0 ⎪ ⎪
j ⎪ ⎪
⎪⎩−1⎪⎭ 2 ⎪⎪ ⎪
⎪
⎨ ⎬ kN
3 ⎪ ⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪ ⎪
4 ⎪ ⎪⎭
⎩

and {Fε 0 } 3 = 200 × 25 × 20 × 20 × 10 −6 ⎧ 0 ⎫ = ⎧ 0 ⎫ kN

⎪− 1⎪ i⎪ ⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎪−2⎪
⎨ ⎬ ⎨ ⎬
⎪0⎪ ⎪0⎪
⎪⎩ 1 ⎪⎭ j⎪2 ⎪
⎩ ⎭

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Hence
{Fε 0 } = 1 ⎧ ⎫ kN
⎪ ⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪ ⎪
2 ⎪⎪ ⎪
⎪
⎨ ⎬
3⎪ ⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪ ⎪
4⎪ ⎪⎭
⎩

{ F } = { R} + {Fd } + {Fε 0 } = ⎧ 0 ⎫ = [K] × ⎧u1 ⎫

⎪ −4 ⎪ ⎪v ⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ 1⎪
⎪ U2 ⎪ ⎪01.⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎪V2 − 1⎪ ⎪0⎪
⎨ ⎬ ⎨ ⎬
⎪ U3 ⎪ ⎪0⎪
⎪ V3 ⎪ ⎪0⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎪ U4 ⎪ ⎪0⎪
⎪⎩V4 + 2 ⎪⎭ ⎪⎩ 0 ⎪⎭

u1 and v1 found from first two equations

i.e. 0 = 12.5 u1 + 4.33 v1 − 0.5 (1)

and −4 = 4.33 u1 + 7.5 v1 (2)

⎛ −4 − 7.5 v1 ⎞
(1) & (2) : 0 = 12.5 ⎜ ⎟ + 4.33 v1 − 0.5
⎝ 4.33 ⎠

i.e. v1 = − 0.696 mm

From (2) u1 = + 0.281 mm

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Member forces found from { F } = [ k ]a {δ } − { Fd } − { Fε 0 }
a a a a

⎧U11 ⎫ ⎡ 5 0 −5 0⎤ ⎧ ⎫ ⎧ 0 ⎫ ⎧0⎫
⎪ 1⎪ ⎢0 0 0
⎪V ⎪ 0⎥ ⎪⎪ ⎪ ⎪− 1⎪ ⎪0⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
∴ for element 1: ⎨ 11 ⎬ = ⎢ ⎥×⎨ ⎬−⎨ ⎬−⎨ ⎬
⎪U 2 ⎪ ⎢− 5 0 5 0⎥ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ 0 ⎪ ⎪0⎪
⎪⎩V21 ⎪⎭ ⎢ ⎥
⎣0 0 0 0⎦ ⎪⎩ ⎪⎭ ⎪⎩− 1⎪⎭ ⎪⎩0⎪⎭
⎧ .905 ⎫
⎪ 1 ⎪
⎪ ⎪
=⎨ ⎬ kN
⎪−.905⎪
⎪⎩ 1 ⎪⎭

∴ force in element 1:

(element also subjected to bending)

.91 kN .91 kN .91 kN

1 kN 1kN

⎧U12 ⎫ ⎡ 7.5 4.33 − 7.5 − 4.33⎤ ⎧ ⎫ ⎧0⎫ ⎧0⎫

⎪ 2⎪ ⎢
⎪V1 ⎪ ⎢ 4.33 2.5 − 4.33 − 2.5 ⎥ ⎪⎪ ⎪ ⎪0⎪ ⎪0⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
∴ for element 2: ⎨ 2 ⎬ = ⎥×⎨ ⎬−⎨ ⎬−⎨ ⎬
U
⎪ 3⎪ ⎢ − 7.5 − 4 .33 7.5 4.33 ⎥ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪0⎪ ⎪0⎪
⎢
⎪⎩V3 ⎪⎭ ⎣− 4.33 − 2.5 ⎥
2
4.33 2.5 ⎦ ⎪⎩ ⎪⎭ ⎪⎩0⎪⎭ ⎪⎩0⎭⎪
⎧−.906⎫
⎪ −.523⎪
⎪ ⎪
=⎨ ⎬ kN
⎪ .906 ⎪
⎪⎩ .523 ⎪⎭

∴ force in element 2:

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 ⎧U13 ⎫ ⎡0 0 0 0⎤ ⎧ ⎫ ⎧0⎫ ⎧ 0 ⎫
⎪ 3⎪ ⎢0 5 0
⎪V ⎪ − 5⎥ ⎪⎪ ⎪ ⎪0⎪ ⎪− 2⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
∴ for element 3: ⎨ 13 ⎬ = ⎢ ⎥×⎨ ⎬−⎨ ⎬−⎨ ⎬
⎪U 4 ⎪ ⎢0 0 0 0⎥ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪0⎪ ⎪ 0 ⎪
⎪⎩V43 ⎪⎭ ⎢ ⎥
⎣0 − 5 0 5 ⎦ ⎪⎩ ⎪⎭ ⎪⎩0⎪⎭ ⎪⎩+ 2⎪⎭
⎧ 0 ⎫
⎪− 148 ⎪
⎪ . ⎪
=⎨ ⎬ kN
⎪ 0 ⎪
⎪⎩ 148
. ⎪⎭

∴ force in element 3:

Check: U 1 = U 11 + U 12 + U 13 = .905−.906 + 0 ≈ 0

V1 = V11 + V12 + V13 = 1−.523 − 148

. ≈ −1 kN

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If required reactions can be found at this stage by solving:

{ R} = [ K ] {δ } − {Fd } − {Fε 0 } for U2, V2, U3, V3, U4,V4, using solution for {δ}.

i.e.
⎧ 0 ⎫ ⎡ 12.5 4.33 −5 0 −7.5 −4.33 0 0 ⎤ ⎧ .281 ⎫ ⎧ 0 ⎫ ⎧ 0 ⎫ ⎧ 0 ⎫
⎪ −1 ⎪ ⎢ 4.33 7.5 0 0 −4.33 −2.5 0 −5⎥ ⎪−.696⎪ ⎪−1⎪ ⎪−2 ⎪ ⎪ −1 ⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ⎥ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎪U 2 ⎪ ⎢ −5 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 ⎥ ⎪ 0.1 ⎪ ⎪ 0 ⎪ ⎪ 0 ⎪ ⎪−0.905⎪
⎪V ⎪ ⎢ ⎥
⎪ 2⎪ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ⎥ ⎪⎪ 0 ⎪⎪ ⎪⎪−1⎪⎪ ⎪⎪ 0 ⎪⎪ ⎪⎪ 1 ⎪⎪
⎨ ⎬ = ⎢⎢ ×⎨ ⎬−⎨ ⎬ −⎨ ⎬=⎨ ⎬ kN
⎪U 3 ⎪ −7.5 −4.33 0 0 7.5 4.33 0 0 ⎥ ⎪ 0 ⎪ ⎪ 0 ⎪ ⎪ 0 ⎪ ⎪ 0.905 ⎪
⎢ ⎥
⎪ V3 ⎪ ⎢−4.33 −2.5 0 0 4.33 2.5 0 0 ⎥ ⎪ 0 ⎪ ⎪ 0 ⎪ ⎪ 0 ⎪ ⎪ 0.523 ⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ 0 ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎪U 4 ⎪ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0⎥ ⎪ 0 ⎪ ⎪0⎪ ⎪0 ⎪ ⎪ 0 ⎪
⎢ ⎥
⎪⎩ V4 ⎪⎭ ⎢⎣ 0 −5 0 0 0 0 0 5 ⎥⎦ ⎪⎩ 0 ⎪⎭ ⎪⎩ 0 ⎪⎭ ⎪⎩ 2 ⎪⎭ ⎪⎩ 1.48 ⎪⎭

Note that values found tie in with values found when the member forces were calculated. This would
not be true if more than one member was connected to each support.

First two rows provide a further check on the solution.

Points to note:

Any size determinate or indeterminate pin-jointed frame can be solved using the method.

( )
Only difference in computer solution is that [K] and { F } = { R} + { Fd } + { Fε 0 } modified to account
−1
for fixed displacement and {δ} found from: {δ } = [ K ] { F } .
Several load cases can be solved for little extra work.
{ R}, {Fd }, {Fε 0 } and {δ } enlarged to give 1 column for each load case - [K] not altered.

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