OFTHEARMY

DEPARTMEI{T FIELD
MAI{UAL FM3-I(|B
IYARFARE
I{AVAL II{FORMATIOI{
PUBLICATI(lII itwtP36-4
OFTHEAIRFORCE
DEPARTMENT MAI{UAL AFM355-9
MARII{E
CORPS
MAI{UAL FMFMII-38

EMPLOYMENT
OF
CHEMICAL (u)
AGENTS
T h i sc o p yi s a r e p r i n tw h i c hi n c l u d e cs u r r e n t
p a g e sf r o m C h a n g e s 1 .

DEPARTME]VTS OF THE ARMY. THE ATATY

AIVD THE AIR FORCE
NOTEMBER 1q66
 36-4IAFM3s5-e/FMFM11-38
FM 3-1oB/NWIP

1
CHAPTER
INTRODUCTION

Sectionl. GENERAL
1. (U) Purpose 3. (U) Reliobiliry
This manual pror.ides classified data on chemical Data contained in this manual are based on
agents and on the cupabilities and effects of proving ground tests and field tesbs, analyfical
chemical munitions. When used in conjunction strrdiesof such data, rr.ndpredictions extrapolated
with its unclassified counterpart, FlvI 3-10/NWIP
from mathematical models.
36-2/AFM 355-4/Fivltr'trI 11-3, Employment of
Chemical and Biological Agents, it provides guid-
ance in planning the emploJ'ment of chemical 4. (U) Army, Novy, Air Force,ond Morine
munitions. CorpsUserComments
Users of this manual &re encour&ged to submib
t recommended changes or oomments to improve
(|fu #] *:i:t contains
crassined
dataonrethar the manual. Comments should be keyed to the
\v agents VX and GB and incapacitating agent BZ; specific p&ge, pa,r&graph, and line of the text in
munitions effects tables; and predicted effects of
which the change is recommended. Reasons for
ground-fued and air-released munitions ulilized
ea,ch comment should be provided to insure
to disseminate these agents. As a joint publica-
understanding and complete evaluation. Com-
tion, it discusses aII appropriate chemical muni-
tions of the U.S. fu-y, Navy, Air Force, and ments should be forwarded direct to the Com-
Marine Corps. Unclassified HD chemical mnni- manding 0fficer, U.S. Army Combat Develop-
tions expenditure tables and guidance in chemical ments Command CBR Agency, tr'orb NIcOlellan,
target analysis and casualty estimabion are given Ala. 36205, wilh an inf ormation copy to the
in FIvI 3-10/NWIP 36-2/AI'M 355-4/tr'ivlFl!'I 11-3. cognizanb service doctrinal developmenb agency.
)
l
{
:
Section
ll. ANTIPERSONNEL AGENTS
CHEMICAL
i
 UNIGTASSiIFI]HIU
FM 3-1oB/NWtP
36-4IAFM 35s-e/FMFM11-38
U. AgentBZ
4Wpocitol.ins
-Ihrs
agent rs disseminated as an aerosol to
produce phvsical and mental effects rvhen in-
haled. The effects are tempor&ry, ancl recoverv
is normally complete. There may be permanenl
ill effects in a few instances among the very
young, the rrged, and the infirm, or when massive
dosagesare received.
a. Ta,ctical Employment. BZ is employed
against carefully selected targets to incapacitate
enemy troops when the use of lethal or destructive
munitions is undesirable. This agent may be
particularly useful in sitrrations where adeqr_rate
protective eqtiipment is normally not available
to enemy troops or where the status of trainins
ffr
or mnsk discipline is poor, such as in counter_
insurgenr:yoperations.
b. Li,mitation,s. BZ hus the follorvins lirnita-
t i () n s:
(1) The rvhire &gent clorrcl procirrced bv
pvrotechnic mixt,-rres rlcts rls ,L i"isible
alarm.
(2) BZ maJ* be cleferr,tedb.!- irnprovisecl
respirtrtorlr proter.ti,,n .,,.j-, a f olciecl
c l o t i i o r e r m o r r l h a n c l n o s e . ".
(,1) 'fhe effects rrre not imrnediate brrt, re-
qrrile an average onset tirne of abor-rtjJ
to 6 liours.
(.1) There is no knorvn rrntidote to lle&t
affected friencllv personnel.
c. -l[eclian,Incapacitating Dosage (,Ictia). This
is aborrt 110 ms-nrin/m3 frir man ens&geclin milcl
activitr,- (breathine rate of 15 liters/min).
l. Physiological and Psychological Symptoms.
The svmptoms listecl belorv rvill becorne more
intense rts the dosage receir.-eclincreases. Thev
a l s o v u r y r r c c o r c l i n gt o t h e i n l i e r e n t c l i & r r c t e r i s t i c s
of etich indir.idr-ralexposeclto the &gent. Because
o f t h e m a n y v t r i a b l e s i n r - o l v e d ,e s t i m r i t i o n o f t h e
percentitEe and tvpe of r:rrsualtiesproduced from
n BZ rrtttck is dilicult. Approxirnations for the
occurrenceof ultirnrte casualtiesrrrnongunnasked
p e r s o n n e ia r e 5 p e r c e n t i n 2 h o u r s , 5 0 p e r c e n t i n
4)6hotrrs, tr,nd95 percent in gl hours.
( 1 ) S y r n p t o m s l i k e l y -t o n p p e a r i n 3 0 m i n u t e s
to 3 hours: dizziness.extrerne drowsiness,
dryness of the morrt,h, nnd increused
heartbeal.
(2) Symptoms likely to appenr in 3 to 5
h o u r s : r e s t l e s s n e s isn, v o l u n t a r v m r r s c u l t r r
movernent, neltr r-ision impairment, and
phvsicrrl incrpacitation.
(;3) S1'rnptoms likeiy to apperrr in 6 to l0
hotrrs: hnllrrcinttions, lrrck of rnuscrrlirr
coorclination. disorient rrti on, and diflic ul t1,-
in merlory recall.
e. Duration oJ Incopacitation. The duration of
inc:rpacitatiori varies with the dosage receir.ed-
from 24 horrrs to 5 drrvs.
J. Duration oJ Efectiueness. Under average
I I l e t e ( ) r o l o g i c rci lo n d i t i o n s i n t h e o p e n , t h e a e r o s o l
is nornially effective for only a few minutes after
disseminu,tion,since the fine BZ particles travel
 U[l'U--.-.i,i, 36-4IAFM355-e/FMFM11-3B
FM 3-1oB/NWIP

av'a1r from the larget area wilh the wind or air

currents, dissipate in the atmosphere, seltle out,
or impact 0n some surface.
g. Protect'ion. The prot,ective mask or &n]'
respirator v'ill give adequale protectiol"r.

lPERATIONS

fetalilies cortld occrtr among

'.1,and the infirm, especially
the '-atorl'
amollg ailments. Con-
lre givetr to a
sideration - P-s1--
chological prer PoPulation to
qects of the
minimize the pos-
empiol-ment of this rrg.-
b. Secondary Elfects. L-', s mtlv
'
be required to estublish phvsr. to
prer-ent exc,essilecasualtiesfrom se.
in the Employ'
9. ffi.,Speciol Considerotions s u ( ' l tu . i r r i t l i , ' n u lb e l r r , r ' i , ' r .
M ) m e n to f B Z c. Seconrlary I'Iazards. Secondarv
bh"luilnr"ing factors shouid be considered in createcl bv itrcrrprrcittrtetl per-sonnel ma1
the emplo5rnentof BZ mrtnititirrs: serior.tsespeciallf in ltuilt-r.rp areas' Assistar.rt.
a. Possible Efects on i{onntilitarll I'ersorLnel. to police, firefighters, tnd mrrintellal)ce,trans-
\\rlren BZ is emplol-ed ngainst, trrgets in rrhicir portttion, arrd healtii f ricilities crews ma.v be
nonmilitary personnel are intermingled v'ith required.
i
r
i -.-.
l-

t
I
!
I ]
I
IL
 11- 3B
P6 - 4 I A F M3ss- e/FMFM
FM 3-1oB/NWI3

| 6 a. (tpnrat'ional, eo'nsirlerations. Werpon/bomb

Liads for each ty-pe ailcraft, rvill be 9or-erned l'l1-
operational cunsiderlti,-ins such [s: t\-pe rircraft,
ranqe to trirget, a.r-tilabilitv of and requilements
[ o l i n - f l i g l r t r e f r r e l i n g .s e l f - d e f e n s e
reqrrirements,
permissive operating altitrides, r.isibility' in tire
target area. loiter time requirements, type of
terrain en rotrte and in the target aree, avail-
abilitl- of *'errpons, and rveapon/rrircraft com-
patibility. Appropriale technicrrl orders/flighb
rnarmals should be consr"riteclf or ail nrission
planning.

20
 u$l.e,i

27.ffi\CBU-58/M43 750-pound
BZ Clusrer
(d ) a.^a
Bbtil tire Lr.S. Air Frirce CBLr_5B
and tiie
U . S . A r n r r - - \ { + S Z S O - p o u n ccll u s t e r b o r n b s
contain
57 N{13S RZ-filed bornblets. T.he
Li.S. Arrnv
Nf43 cluster is designed lor clelir.er.,
i,r. ul."*ii
'equippect
at low speecls. \\ihen .r,,aifr.a
ana
w i t h a s L r i t a b l ef a i r i n g f o r s t r e a m l i n i n g
purposes,
aninternal arn.ringrvire sr-stem,and
a strengthened
lail fin, it is then designatedthe
CBLj_;B und
c a n b e d e l i v e r e c lb l - h i s h _ p e r f o r m a n c e
a i r c r a ft .
a . O l t t r o l i , , t r o l( ' r t t t r 1 l , . ' l . l r e B Z
c , l q s t e rb o r n b
i s u s e d ( ) n ( , t u ' e l l t l l \.-e l t i c t c r l1 t L r g e t s , , u u i r , . ,
enem\_
personntl u-iien ilie usc {)f
lethul cirenrr."i''";
destrucilr'c \\'elrp()n s\-sterns
is ntiiitarily or
n3tijjSatt:'undesirritrte.See p"."o^f i, 6 for
r --- -o^'_r^_ ---'
.
addrtronal d{it1r.
)

lilbliieu,t
oc*
FM 3-1oB/NWIP
36-4IAFM 355-9/FMFM11-38
b. Characterist'ics. The cluster contnins about
85 porrnds of agent BZ ancl employs lwo tail
'lo
mechanicri tirne fuzes. function properly, the
cluster must be releasedabove 6,200 feet so as tt.r
allorv the clitster to open rrt approxirnrrtelv 4.500
feet. The \I138 bomblet containsforrr canisters,
each with three-fourt.hporrnd rif ngent-pvrotechnic
mixture (50/50 ratio) , ancl an "all-wavs" impact
'Ihe
fuze. bornblet is not self-dispersing.
c. CapabiLities. The cluster delivers lvI138
bomblets over &n elliptical impact arerl ha,ving
& cross section of approximatell' 100 by 200
m e t e r s w h e n r e i e o s e da t h e i g h t s a b o v e 6 , 2 0 0 f e e t .
One cluster c&n co\.er aborib 12.000 square meters
50
(1.2 hectares) with an incapacitating total dosage
of BZ (110 mg-minim3) under-neutral temperature
gradient and in a rvind speed between 2 and l0
knots; under lapse temperature gradient condi-
tions. the &re& coverage will be smaller. Under
optirnurn delivery conditions, the area coveru.se
for one cluster is expectedto range from 1b,000
to 20,000 squ&re meters. Field tesbs indicate
that wind speed has only minor effects upon are&
co\-erage.
rl . ()perational Clonsiderati,ons. Refer to the
appropriate technical order/flight manrral to deter-
mine aircraft loads (seepara 16d).
Q