Ontoseno Penangsang1)

1) Electrical Department, Sepuluh Nopember of Institute Technology

Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia
 Short Circuit Objectives
 Transient Phenomenon During Short
Circuit
 Thevenin Equivalent Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@yahoo.com

 Short Cicuit Capacity

 Bus Admittance Matrix (Ybus)
 Bus Impedance Matrix (Zbus)
 Conclusions
  Calculate system fault current duties and
compare them with :
- the first cycle momentary or close-
and-latch ratings
- the interrupting ratings
of circuit- interrupting devices, such as
circuit breakers and fuses
Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@yahoo.com
 Calculate system fault current duties to
compare with :
Ontoseno Penangsang
- short-time ratings zenno_379@yahoo.com

- withstand ratings
of system components, such as busway,
cables, transformers, disconnect switches,
etc
 Selection ratings or settings of short-
circuit protective devices, such as molded
case breakers, solid-state trip units, fuses,
relays.
 Evaluate short-circuit current flow and
voltage levels in the overall system for
short-circuits in specific areas
Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@yahoo.com
 Sources of
Short Circuit Currents

 Synchronous generators
 Synchronous motors and
condensers
 Induction machines
 Electric utility system
(Note : Power capacitors can also produce extremely high
transient fault or switching currents, but usually of short duration
and of natural frequency much higher than power frequency)

Short Circuit Current from Induction Motor is

Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@yahoo.com
usually neglected
 Assumptions in
Short Circuit Current
Calculation
• Normal Loads, Line Charging Cpacitancs, Shunt Elements
connected to ground are heglected.

• All System Internal Voltages have the same Magnitude and Phase
Angle (1.0 0o)

• Series Resistance of Transmission Line and Transformer Impedance

is neglected.
Ontoseno Penangsang
• All Transformers have Nominal Tap Position. zenno_379@yahoo.com

• Generators, Motors are represented by a constant Voltage Source

connected in series with :

– Sub-Transient Reactance (The system is in a sub-transient condition)

– OR, Transient Reactance (The system is in a transient condition)
– OR, Synchronous Reactance (The system in a steady-state condition)
 Basic Assumptions

To simplify the short-circuit calculations, a number of assumptions

are required.

The short-circuit current, during a three phase short-circuit, is assumed

to occur simultaneously on all three phases;

During the short-circuit, the number of phases involved does not

change, i.e. a three-phase fault remains three-phase and a phase-
to-earth fault remains phase-to-earth

For the entire duration of the shortcircuit, the voltages responsible

for the flow of the current and the short-circuit impedance do not
change significantly;

Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@yahoo.com
 Basic Assumptions

Transformer regulators or tap-changers are assumed to be set to a

medium position (if the short-circuit occurs away from the generator,
the actual position of the transformer regulator or tap-changers does
not need to be taken into account;

Arc resistances are not taken into account;

All line capacitances are neglected;

Ontoseno Penangsang
Load currents are neglected; zenno_379@yahoo.com

All zero-sequence impedances are taken into account.

 Transient Phenomenon
During Short Circuit
arus sinusoidal

arus

Waktu

Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@yahoo.com

Short circuit current wave in a steady state condition is the

same as the current wave before the short circuit occurs
(sinusoidal), only the magnitude is different.
 Ideal Voltage Source

e(t )  Em sin(t   )

Electrical Power System Network

di
Differential Equations : Em sin(t   )  Ri  L
dt

 Em    t
R

Short Circuit Current : i (t )    sin(t     )  sin(   ) e L


 Z  
 L 
 
1

Ontoseno Penangsang Z  R  L
2 2 2 2
  tan 1  
zenno_379@yahoo.com
 R 
R
Em  t
DC Component : sin(   ) L
Z
 Totalasimetris
Arus Asymmetrical
total Current
komponen DC
DC Component
Current Symmetrical AC Current
arus AC simetris
arus

Time
Waktu

Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@yahoo.com

The magnitude of a short circuit current is

maximum at the time when the short circuit occurs,
and decreasing exponentially to a steady state
value.
 Short Circuit Current
without DC Component

Short Circuit Current

from a Generator

Reactance for Short Circuit

Current Calculation

Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@yahoo.com
 Short Circuit Currents
in phase a, b and c with
DC Component ≠ 0

Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@yahoo.com
 Notes :
• The occurance of a short circuit can not be predicted, therefore α is not
known.
• DC component vanishes very fast, usually in 8 to 10 cycles.
• The reactance of synchronous machines changes with time
• To calculate the short circuit current, the following synchronous reactances
are used:
" Sub-Transient Reactance, to calculate the short circuit current in the
xd first cycle after the occurrance of a short circuit, i.e. within 0.05 - 0.1
seconds,
,
xd Transient Reactance, to calculate the short circuit current in a few
cycles after the occurrance of a short circuit, i.e. within 0.2 – 2
seconds,

xd Synchronous Reactance, to calculate the short circuit current after the

steady state condition is reached.
Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@yahoo.com
 Fault Types
A. SHUNT FAULT (SHORT CIRCUIT)

1. SYMMETRICAL SHORT CIRCUIT

a. THREE PHASE (L-L-L)
b. THREE PHASE TO GROUND (L-L-L-G)

2. UNSYMMETRICAL SHORT CIRCUIT

a. ONE PHASE TO GROUND (1L-G)
b. PHASE TO PHASE (L-L)
c. TWOPHASA TO GROUND (2L-G)

B. SERIES FAULT (OPEN LINE)

1. ONE LINE OPEN (1L-O)

2. TWO LINES OPEN (2L-O)
3. UNBALANCED SERIES IMPEDANCE

C. SIMULTANEOUS FAULT

1. SHUNT - SHUNT
2. SHUNT - SERIES
3. SERIES - SERIES
Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@yahoo.com
a. One Phase to Ground
b. Phase to Phase
c. Two Phase to Ground
d. Three Phase to Ground
e. Three Phase
f. Three Phase to Ground
through Impedance

Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@yahoo.com
 Thévenin equivalent

ZTH Represents passive network

• No-load voltage VTH
• Short-circuit impedance ZTH
VTH ~ • All sources zero for ZTH
Also for entire power system
+/0/- seq. equivalents

Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@yahoo.com
 Short-circuit current
ZTH
– Z=0 connected at terminals
– Short-circuit current
VTH ~ ISC
• Limited by ZTH (good!)
• ISC=VTH/ZTH≈1/ZTH p.u. (VTH≈1)
• Determines breaker rating

Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@yahoo.com
 Short-circuit power

ZTH
– Short-circuit power
• Short-circuit capacity
VTH ~ ISC • Fault level
– SSC=VTHISC≈ISC≈1/ZTH p.u.
– SSC not useful power

Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@yahoo.com
 Network strength

ZTH SLOAD relative to SSC

• SLOAD << SSC : strong
• SLOAD ≈ SSC/2 : weak
VTH ~ SLOAD
• SLOAD > SSC/2 : impossible

Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@yahoo.com
Bus admittance matrix Ybus

Admittance representation
Nodal current balances
I= Ybus Vbus
Reference bus removed

Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@yahoo.com
Example: Ybus

Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@yahoo.com
 Ybus properties

• With reference
– Row and column sums zero
• Reference removed
Ontoseno Penangsang
– Dimensions N-1 x N-1 zenno_379@yahoo.com

• One Ybus for each sequence

• Sparse and symmetric
• Compact network model
 Bus impedance matrix Zbus

Vbus = Zbus I
If Ybus is invertible:
Zbus = Ybus-1
Zbus by inspection difficult

Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@yahoo.com
 ZTH from Zbus

Element ii of Zbus
– Short-circuit impedance ZTH at bus i
• Conditions
– Zbus has neutral as reference
– Generators have internal impedance
– Loads can be included in Zbus
• Practical for large systems
Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@yahoo.com
  Simplified Machine Model
 No Load Generator under Fault
Condition
 Internal Voltages of Loaded
Machines under Fault Condition
 Zbus Method
 The Selection of Circuit Breakers
Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@yahoo.com
 Simplified Machine
Model
For steady-state operation, generators are represented
with a constant emf behind a synchronous reactance, XS

For salient-pole rotors, there is a direct axis and quadrature axis

Reactances

Under transient conditions, the machine reactance

changes due to the effect of the armature (transformer)
reaction and eddy currents in the damping circuits

For analysis it is useful to imagine the synchronous

reactance as three components
direct axis sub-transient reactance Ontoseno Penangsang
direct axis transient reactance zenno_379@yahoo.com
direct axis steady-state reactance
these transient reactances have an associated time-constant
 NO LOAD GENERATOR
UNDER FAULT CONDITIONS
Emax
X  "
"
d
I max Eg
I 
"
E
X  'max
' X d"
d
I max
Eg
Xd 
Emax I 
'

I max X d'
Eg
Emax : maximum line-neutral voltage of a Generator I
Imax : maximum symmetrical short circuit current Xd
Eg : rms line-neutral voltage of a Generator
I˝ : sub-transient current (rms, no DC component)
I΄ : transient current (rms, no DC component)
I : steady-state current ( rms) Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@yahoo.com
 INTERNAL VOLTAGES OF LOADED
MACHINES UNDER FAULT CONDITIONS

Before a SC occurs After a SC occurs

After a SC occurs, sub-transient internal voltage ( E˝ ) OR transient internal

voltage ( E΄ ) is used

Generator : Eg˝ = Vt + j IL Xd˝

Eg΄ = Vt + j IL Xd΄

Motor : Em˝ = Vt – j IL Xd˝

Em΄ = Vt – j IL Xd΄ Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@yahoo.com
 Example 1 :
(sub-transient internal voltage ( E˝ ) is used)

MOTOR, GENERATOR : 30.000 kVA, 13.2 kV, X˝= 20 %

LINE : X = 10 % (BASE : MACHINE RATING)
THE MOTOR IS DRAWING 20.000 kW, p.f. : 0.8 LEADING
MOTOR TERMINAL VOLTAGE : 12.8 kV WHWN A
SYMMETRICAL THREE PHASE FAULT OCCURS AT THE
MOTOR TERMINALS.

Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@yahoo.com
BASE : 30.000 kVA, 13,2kV
12,8
Vf   0,970 pu
13,2
30.000
I BASE   1312 A
3 x13,2
20.000
IL   112836,9 A
0,8 x 3 x12,8
 0,8636,9 puOntoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@yahoo.com
 Generator :
Vt  0,97  j 0,1(0,69  j 0,52)  0,918  j 0,069 pu
E g  0,918  j 0,069  j 0,2(0,69  j 0,52)
"

 0,814  j 0,207 pu
0,814  j 0,207
Ig   0,69  j 2,71 pu
"

j 0,3
Ontoseno Penangsang
 905  j 3550 A zenno_379@yahoo.com

Motor :
At Fault Location :
Vt  V f  0,970 pu
I f  I g  Im
" " "
Em  0,97  j 0,2(0,69  j 0,52)  1,074  j 0,138 pu
"

Im 
" 1,074  j 0,138
 0,69  j 5,37 pu   j8,08 pu
j 0,2
  j10600 A
 905  j 7050 A
 Example 2 :
(Thevenin’s theorem is used)

( j 0,3)( j 0.2)
Z th   j 0,12 pu
At Fault Location : j 0,3  j 0,2
V f  0,970 pu
0.9700
 
"
If
j 0.12
  j8,08 pu
Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@yahoo.com
 j 0,2
From Generator : I 
"
g   j8,08   j3,23 pu
j 0,5
j 0,3
From Motor : I 
"
m   j8,08   j 4,85 pu
j 0,5

Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@yahoo.com
 Example 1 Example 2 Example 2
IL≠0 IL=0 + IL
Ig” 0,69-j2,71 pu -j3,23 pu 0,69-j2,71 pu

Im” 0,69-j5,37 pu -j4,85 pu 0,69-j5,37 pu

If” -j8,08 pu -j8,08 pu -j8,08 pu

Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@yahoo.com
 Zbus METHOD

Three Phase Short

Single Line Diagram Circuit occurs on bus 2.
Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@yahoo.com

Vf: Prefault
Voltage at
Bus 2

Impedance Diagram
 Admittance Diagram

If” : Short Circuit current

Vf – Vf = 0

Short Circuit
occurs on Bus 2

I = Ybus . V Ontoseno Penangsang

zenno_379@yahoo.com
0   10,0 3,33 0,0 3,33  V1 
 "    V 
 I f    3,33  16,67 3,33 10,0   f 
0   0,0 3,33  11,67 3,33  V3 
    
0   3,33 10,0 3,33  20,67 V4  

Ybus Matrix
Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@yahoo.com
 I = Ybus . V

V = [Ybus]-1 . I

V = Zbus . I
Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@yahoo.com

Zbus = [Ybus]-1
 V = Zbus . I
V1   z11 z12 z13 z14   0 
 V     "
 f z 21 z 22 z 23 z 24   I f 
V3   z31 z32 z33 z34   0 
    
V4    z 41 z 42 z 43 z 44   0 

Short Circuit Vf
current from
Bus 2
I "
f
z 22
Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@yahoo.com
 z12
V1   I z  
"
f 12 Vf
z 22
z32
The changes of voltages V3   I "f z32   Vf
at Bus 1, 3 and 4 z 22
z 42
V4    I "f z 42   Vf
z 22

V1  V f  V1  V f  I "f z12

(Total) Voltage at
each bus.
V2  V f  V f  0
V3  V f  V3  V f  I z32 "
f

V4  V f  V4   V f  I "f z 42
Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@yahoo.com
 Three Phase Short Circuit
occurs on Bus k

znk
Vn  V f 
Voltage on
Bus n Vf
zkk

Vf
If 
Short Circuit
current from
Bus k
z kk
Vf is assumed 1,00 pu
(prefault current is neglected) Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@yahoo.com
 Example 3 :
Three Phase Short Circuit
occurs on bus 2

Vf: Prefault
Impedance Voltage at
Diagram Bus 2

Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@yahoo.com

 0,1502 0,0807 0,0431 0,0702  Calculate Short

 0,0807 0,0953 
0,1471 0,0692 Circuit Current
Z bus  j 
 0,0431 0,0692 0,1226 0,0602  flowing in each line
  and from Generator
 0,0702 0,0953 0,0602 0,1155 
 THE SELECTION OF
CIRCUIT BREAKERS

The electric utility company

furnishes data to a customer who
must determine the fault current in
order to specify circuit breakers
properly for an industrial plant or
industrial power distribution system
connected to the utility system at a
certain point.
Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@yahoo.com
 c

If

Time

In the short circuit calculation, we calculate the subtransient

current called the initial symmetrical current, which does not
include the component.

Ontoseno Penangsang
zenno_379@yahoo.com
 Multiplying Factor (standar ANSI/IEEE C37.5-1953)
Multplying
Reactance used for SC calc
Types of Factor
Devices Short Circuit
current Synchr. Synchr. Induction
Generator Motor Motor
none
Sub- Sub- Sub-
Molded Symmetrical
transient transient transient
Case CB Ampere
(X”) (X”) (X”)

Genera Special
Symmetrical Sub-
Transient l Case Case
Interrupting transient neglected
CB diatas (X)
Ampere (X”)
600 volt 1.0 1.1*)
8 cycles
Asymmetrical Sub- Sub- Sub-
Momentary transient transient transient 1.6 1.5**)
Ampere (X”) (X”) (X”)
Asymmetrical Sub- Sub- Sub-
Fuse diatas
Interrupting transient transient transient 1.6 1.2***)
1500 volt
Ampere (X”) (X”) (X”)
 I˝. ξ .10-3 kA THE RATING OF
CIRCUIT BREAKERS

√3 Vpf . I˝ . ξ . 10-6 MVA

Ontoseno Penangsang
WHERE : zenno_379@yahoo.com

Vpf : VOLTAGE (L-L) BEFORE THE SHORT CIRCUIT

OCCURS (VOLT)

I˝ : RMS VALUE OF THE INITIAL SYMMETRICAL

SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT (AMPERE)

ξ : MULTIPLYING FACTOR