Kathmandu University

School of Engineering
Department of Mechanical Engineering

Metrology Laboratory

Submitted to
Er. Shanti Prajapati
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Kathmandu University

Submitted by
Amod Panthee (41071)
Mechanical Engineering
Year: 4 Semester: I

28 November 2010
 Metrology Laboratory 1

To find the least count of Vernier Caliper and Micrometer Screw Gauge

Apparatus Required:

1. Vernier Caliper
2. Micrometer Screw Gauge

Theory (Vernier Caliper):

The Vernier Constant (VC) of the calipers is the value of the difference between a Vernier
division and a main scale division expressed in terms of the value of 1 main scale division (S).
Hence, if n vernier divisions coincide with (n-1) main scale divisions, then

1 vernier scale division coincides with main scale divisions.

Difference between a main scale division and 1 Vernier scale division

Therefore, Vernier constant (VC)

Figure 1 Vernier Caliper

Image Source: http://www.technologystudent.com/images3/vernier5.gif

Procedure:

1. Thoroughly clean the apparatus.

2. Calculate the vernier constant.
 3. Check instrumental error, if found found correct.
4. Take the reading.
5. After taking at least, 3 reading, take the mean.

Observation:

Value of 10 divisions of the main scale = 10 mm

Value of 1 division of main scale (S) = 1 mm

49 Vernier Divisions coincide with 50 main scale divisions (n)

1 vernier scale division coincide with main scale division (V)

Vernier constant (VC)

M. S. V. S.
S.N. LC Total Mean
Reading Reading
Internal 2.5 1 0.02 2.52
2.53
Diameter 2.5 2 0.02 2.54
External 4.2 6 0.02 4.32
4.34
Diameter 4.2 8 0.02 4.36
4.8 4 0.02 4.88
Height 4.9
4.8 6 0.02 4.92

Figure 2 Test specimen

Result:

The least count of given vernier caliper, internal diameter, external diameter, and height of given
test specimen is obtained 0.02 mm, 2.53 mm, 4.34 mm, 4.9 mm respectively.
Theory (Micrometer Screw Gauge):

Micrometer is the instrument used to measure the diameter of the sphere. The pitch of the screw
is defined as the linear distance travelled by the screw in the complete rotation of the circular
scale. It is denoted by letter P.

The least count (LC) is the smallest distance measurable by means of the apparatus. In the screw
gauge, it is the distance travelled by the screw gauge when the circular scale is rotated through
only one of its circular scale division. Hence, if P be the pitch of the screw and N be the number
of number of circular scale divisions, then the least count (LC) is given by

LC

If x be the linear scale of the rod, y be the circular scale reading then,

Required diameter of the O ring,

(d)

Figure 2 Micrometer Screw Gauge

Image Source: http://image.wistatutor.com/content/measurement-and-experimentation/micrometer-screw-gauge.jpeg

Procedure:

1. Thoroughly clean apparatus

2. Calculate least count for micrometer screw gauge
3. Avoid parallax error
4. Calculate final reading by adding both linear and circular scale.

Observation:

Value of 10 smallest divisions of the main scale = 10 mm

Value of 1 smallest divisions of the main scale = 1 mm

In 4 complete circular rotations, the circular scale moves through 2 divisions of the main scale.

In 1 complete circular rotation, the circular scale moves through 0.5 divisions of the main scale.

Pitch (P) = 0.5 mm

Least count (LC) =

Instrumental error = =0

M.S. V.S. 1 V.S. 2

S.N. LC1 LC2 Total Mean
Reading Reading Reading
1 16 31 0.01 6 0.001 16.316
16.3315
16 34 0.01 7 0.001 16.347

Result:

From test we found that the diameter of given test specimen is 16.3315mm.

Conclusion:

Parallax should be avoided while measuring the test specimen.

 Metrology Laboratory 2

To use a Micrometer Depth gauge and determine depth of a metal O-Ring

Apparatus Required:

1. Micrometer depth gauge

2. Metal O-Ring

Theory:

The pitch of the screw is defined as the linear distance travelled by the screw in the complete
rotation of the circular scale. It is denoted by letter P.

The least count (LC) is the smallest distance measurable by means of the apparatus. In the screw
gauge, it is the distance travelled by the screw gauge when the circular scale is rotated through
only one of its circular scale division. Hence, if P be the pitch of the screw and N be the number
of number of circular scale divisions, then the least count (LC) is given by

LC

If x be the linear scale of the rod, y be the circular scale reading then,

Required diameter of the O ring,

(d)

Procedure:

5. Thoroughly clean apparatus

6. Calculate least count for micrometer screw gauge
7. Avoid parallax error
8. Calculate final reading by adding both linear and circular scale.

Observation:

Value of 10 smallest divisions of the main scale = 10 mm

Value of 1 smallest divisions of the main scale = 1 mm

In 4 complete circular rotations, the circular scale moves through 2 divisions of the main scale.

In 1 complete circular rotation, the circular scale moves through 0.5 divisions of the main scale.
Pitch (P) = 0.5mm

Number of circular scale divisions = mm

Instrumental error = =0

Figure 3 Micrometer Depth Gauge

Image Source: http://www.technologystudent.com/images3/micrm11.gif

MS CS
S.N Surface Value of y*LC Total Error Mean
Reading reading
1 4 37 0.037 4.37 0
A 4.37
2 4 37 0.037 4..37 0
3 4 19 0.019 4.19 0
B 4.19
4 4 19 0.019 4.19 0
5 14 4 0.04 14.04 0
C 14.055
6 14 7 0.07 14.04 0
Result:

The mean depth for surface A, b and C is determined to be 4.37mm, 4.19 mm and 14.055mm
respectively.

Conclusion:

Parallax error should be avoided while measuring test specimen.

 Metrology Laboratory 3

To study the Vernier Height Gauge and find the height of given object

Apparatus required:

1. Vernier Height Gauge

2. Slip Gauges
3. Test piece
4. Precission graphite table

Theory:

This is a type of vernier caliper equipped with a special

base block and other attachment which make the
instrument suitable for height measurements. Along
with the sliding jaw assembly, arrangement is provided
to carry a removable clamp. The upper and lower
surfaces of the measuring jaws are parallel to the base,
so that it can be used for measurement over or under the
surface. The vernier height gauge is mainly used in
inspection of parts and layout work. With a scribing
attachment in place of measuring jaw, this can be used
to scribe lines at certain distances above the surface.
However dial indicators can also be attached in the
clamp and many useful measurements made as it
exactly gives the indication when the dial tip is just
touching the surface. For all these measurements, use of
surface plates as datum is very essential.

Least count of a vernier height gauge is calculated Figure 4 Vernier Height Gauge
using the same principle as of vernier caliper. If n
vernier divisions coincide with (n-1) main scale divisions, then

1 vernier scale division coincides with main scale divisions.

Difference between a main scale division and 1 Vernier scale division

Therefore, Vernier constant (VC)

Observation:

For given vernier height gauge,

49 main scale division = 50 vernier scale division

Therefore, 1 vernier scale division main scale division

We get, Least Count (LC) = mm

Surface M.S. V.S. Total

LC Mean(mm)
Reading Reading (M.S. + V.S.*LC)
A 41 80 0.02 42.6
42.58
A 41 78 0.02 42.56
B 27 44 0.02 27.88
28.24
B 27 80 0.02 28.6
C 22 0 0.02 22.0
22.1
C 22 10 0.02 22.2
D 5 22 0.02 5.44
5.36
D 5 14 0.02 5.28

Figure 2 : Test Specimen

Result

The height of surface A, B, C and D was determined to be 42.58mm, 28.24 mm, 22.1 mm, and
5.36 mm respectively.

Conclusion

While measuring the height of surfaces, the surface of the test specimen at which it is kept
should have same datum level as the base of the vernier height gauge. The vernier scale and main
scale should be adjusted using adjusting key in the vernier height gauge before any reading is
taken.