Chapter 1 Introduction

(Text: J. P. Holman, Heat Transfer, 8th ed., McGraw Hill, NY)

Three modes:
Conduction
Fourier’s Law of heat conduction
q = −kA∇T , (W )
k : (W / m oC )
You may refer to E.R. G. Eckert and R. J. Goldstein, Measurements in heat transfer,
2nd ed. For detailed description of experimental methods for determinations of k.

Convection
Convection heat transfer is a process in which heat is transferred by relative motion
between fluid and body
To express effect of convection we use
Figure 2. q = hA(T − T∞ ) Newton’s cooling Law
Where h is the convection heat transfer coefficient (W/m2℃)

Radiation
Thermal Radiation is the mechanism that heat is transferred through electromagnetic
waves. We shall limit our discussion to electromagnetic radiation which is propagated
as a result of a temperature difference. The amount of heat transferred is proportional
to the fourth power of the absolute temperature of the body and directly proportional
to its surface area.
qrad
∝ σ (T14 − T24 )
A
qrad = Fε FGσ A(T14 − T24 )
Where
W
σ : Stefan − Boltzmann const. = 5.67 × 10−8
m2 K 4
ε : emissivity
G : View factor

Sheu Long Jye

Dep. of Mechanical Engineering
Chung Hua University
ljsheu@chu.edu.tw
Conduction heat transfer equation
Consider the element of thickness △x in one dimensional system

dE ∂q
qx + qA
 Δx = qx + dx + , qx + dx ≈ qx + x dx
dt ∂x
∂qx dE
⇒ qA
 Δx = dx +
∂x dt
Figure 1.
dE de ∂T ∂T
= ρ Adx = ρ AΔxC p , qx = −kA
dt dt ∂t ∂x
∂ ∂T ∂T
⇒ (k ) + q = ρ C p
∂x ∂x ∂t
In 3-D heat conduction eq.
∂ ∂T ∂ ∂T ∂ ∂T ∂T
(k x ) + (k y ) + (k z )q = ρ C p
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂z ∂z ∂t
If k is independent of position. (homogeneous material)
∂ 2T ∂ 2T ∂ 2T ∂T
kx + k + k + q = ρ C p
∂x 2
∂y 2
∂z 2
∂t
y z

If k is independent of direction (isotropic material)

∂ 2T ∂ 2T ∂ 2T 1 ∂T k
+ 2 + 2 + q = , α= .
∂x 2
∂y ∂z α ∂t ρc
Where α is the thermal diffusivity (W/m2).
Cylindrical coordinates:
∂ 2T 1 ∂T 1 ∂ 2T ∂ 2T q 1 ∂T
+ + + + =
∂r 2 r ∂r r 2 ∂φ 2 ∂z 2 k α ∂t
Spherical coordinates:
1 ∂ 2 ∂T 1 ∂ ∂T 1 ∂ 2T q 1 ∂T
( r ) + (sin θ ) + + =
r 2 ∂r ∂r r 2 sin θ ∂θ ∂θ r 2 sin 2 θ ∂φ 2 k α ∂t

Thermal Conductivity
In conductor: Fig.1-3
In dielectric: Fig. 1-4
In Gas: Fig. 1-5

Sheu Long Jye

Dep. of Mechanical Engineering
Chung Hua University
ljsheu@chu.edu.tw