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• XPONOI 240;

• TEYXOI 78-79

• IOYAIOI-t.EKEMBPIOI2001

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EIIEA IITEPOENTA

BARBARA KINGSOLVER, A pure, high note of anguish

SLAVOJ ZIZEK, KaAOlOO(liomE ornv fQ~~O tOU ll(lawanxoli.""""""". EDGAR MORIN, nayx6o~la XOlvOlvia svcvnov t~; llayx6o~la; T(lO~OX(laTia;

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BOZlDAR JAKSIC, t.~~oX(lanxa EMEL~~ata xeni ~v 1l0AlTlX~ aMay~ 0Tl] IE(l~La """.".,," ".""""".14

AAMnpOI MnAAITIQTHI, TAIOI TEAAOrAOY, KQNITANTlNOI ITIITEAIKHI,

t.HMHTPHI XPIITOnOY AOI, H En~VIX~ ~EIOVO~ta~; AA~avLa; ".".,,",," """"""."""""""".""""""",,,,,,,,,,,.,,,, ,,24

t.EIIIOINA nAnMHMHTPIOY, Yla TO ~1~Aio: Avb(lfa; navtai;01l0UAO;, -Tia toAao Xat to 'Elivo,"

H otlYI'>jAv6Qia flanav6Qiov 1965-1989, A8~va 2001 "'" ".".""""".",,"",,.,,""""""""

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AAKHI ArrEAOY, H KOlVOtaVnVounOA~ EX TOlV XatOl xru EX nov {OW". ".""""""."""",,"",,.,, rIQPrOI rIANNOYAOnOYAOI, 0 Max(lvyl(ivv~; ton BAaxoYlavv~

NIKOI 6EOTOKAI, 0 rlavvax~; toU AI&OlQ(X~. MuBollAao(E; xrn ll(lO~A~~ma taUTLOEOlV

".53 ".89

yta Ta VEaVIXri X(lOVla TOU MaXQUYlrivv~. """"""".",,",,. "."""",,"""""""'" """.""""""",

PENA MOAXO, H bta~a(lTU(lLa TOU E~(laLOU OTl]V En~VIX~ yAwooa. Tn eEaT(lIXa rou Mtivllou K(l(oll~ "" ..

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EY t.OKIA OA YMnITOY, TExvlxa E1laYYfA~aTa xat E(lya(J~Qla ore V~Olri TOU Alya(ou"" rIANNHI BOYAr APHI, BAAH AAMIIPIt.H, H EHriba xru ~ Korvurviu T~; m~(lOqtoQLa;,

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6EOt.QPOI A, nAnAt.OrrONAI. 0 Q6AO;~; TEXvoAoyia; -xetvorouf«; OT~V n(laYltanx~ oUYXAI~, 6ANAIHI AAE3IOY. KOlvOlvlxonoi~~ xru XOlVOlVIXE<; avtIA~*El; Yla mv uYEia. MIa XOIVOlvIOAOyIX~ ll(lOO{YYI~

BIBAIOKPII:IEI: . BIBAIOnAPOYI:IAtEII:

AAE3ANt.POI KIOynKIOAHI, 0 Anzriv xm ~ (l1i;oo1laOTIX~ b~~oxQmia (~E aqtoQ~~ TO ~1~Aio TOl' Fuivvq ItauQaxrix~:

Lacan and the Political. Aovofvo 1999) ."."" """""""""."",

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BIBAIA, ANATVnA KAI IIEPIOAIKA nov AABAME" """."",,"""" """,,.,,""""" """""""""",,,,""'"''''

.160

IYrXPONA 3 0EMATA

H KQNLTANTINOYTIOAH EK TQN KATQ KAI EK TQN ELQ

AAKm:: ArrEAOY

EnAINO~ THL KQNIT ANTINOYnOAEQ~

Iloio; Of v ~gf'Veft ro of/pan rije; olxovpivlJe;, OIJAaoiJ riJv Kosvoicvuvonxosiv, " anoia elva: OflrpaAOe; rije; yije;, ij, va dnw xaA1jrEea, " xaeOia ravrIJe;; '0 Of nOlIJriJe; ij(Jdf riJv fin,ij ElJlCOelaV rije; yije; xai XOlVOV avvowpov rije; 'AvaroAije; xat rije; .1vafwe;, "anoia avvfeiCErat PE riJv oveavwv xaUovljv, Mv Aiyw de; aUa, oaov de; riJv ElJpoerpiav rIJe; xai de; riJv pfyaAftOrIJra tnt; de; riJv anoia v aveeiovmv oAa ra XaAa rwv aAAWV pfeWV rije; yije;. AvriJ Of naAtV, we; anD xivreov fj anD xaeOiae;, wm'Iv fl1jrIJe rptAoaroeyoc; anoOloft anavraxov de; ra tbcva in; ra aya(Ja tnt; Kat Exft touuitnv aepOVLOV (Jim v xo] fvcpvwrarlJv yijv, anov xa(Jwe; riJv loij nvae; (JiAft finij on neinft {3ifJata va Elva! xa(Jioea {3amAtxije; Egovaiae; xai va Exn ro xearoe; xat riJv vnfeoxiJv xai« naalJe; rije; olxoouivnt; .1l0U Elva! rneappivlJ xai {3Ainft neoe; avaroAae;, waav va neoaanavr(i rov avariUovra ijAwv, xai neoxwefl anD riJv yijv we; noe(Jpoe; aptyopivlJ PE ro niAayoe; rije; (JaAaaaIJe;, (JiAovaa toonov TlVa flE rovro va cpavfewan riJv cptAav(Jewniav tnt; oeiyovaa xEiea {3olJ(JEiae; de; rove; nAEovrae; anov (JiAovv va aeagovv de; avriJv xai va (Jfwe1jaovv ra rpvatxa rIJe; xaUIJ xal neOTfe1jpara xai rove; Atpivae; anov EXf! XIJXAW(Jiv tnt; xo! riJv acp(Jovov eaAaaaav, waTf EV avup va tpaiveuu xai viioo; xai ijnfteOe;. IlAIJaiov tnt; M EXft xai rae; aVrlnfea v1jaove;, wanfe (JaAG.aafta EowOtpa. 'Ev toaootc: yij rs xal (JaAaaaa OlfeXOflivIJ Ola ro!! aTE-

IYrXPONA 53 9EMATA

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vov U/ltAAWVWt anoia rwv OVW va lilv ol'XEtonotTJ(}ij xal va r~v OW(!TJlPo(!~aTJ /If ra fOt'Xa rTJ~ "ala, WI {3aaiAwaav. LIto anOAa/l{3avovaa avrTJ i] nOAt~ ra TE ano yijs xa] (}aAaaaTJs aya(}a 'Xat n(}o'iovra, ano· CPEVYEt ra AVnTJ(}a «ol uu; ano(}ias. Toioinov Of fv'X(}aTOV EXEt ai(!a /lE rilv 'XaA~v (}iatv rTJ~ "al{tEro, aTJv aV/l/lET(}iav, alJros nVEEt fnavw(}iv rTJ~, anov Elvat a(}ww aVY'XE(!aa/lEvos xa] ol sauouoi rqe;rov iunviouoiv floww, 'Xal roaovrov vnE(}{3aivEt toiu; AOtnOl)s ai(}as rijs yijs oaov a1Jr~ OlaCPE(}Et "ara ra cpvat'Xa rTJs xa(}la/law. Iloioi; 1J/lno(}Ei va ana(}t(}/l~an tiu; vootuuuuu; tn; Ota ras (}UXas anov fXflxai toiu; 'Xa/lnovs; ra r(}Egi/law rwv aE(}iwv nouuuav 'Xat ra acp(}ov(1 (!fllP(1W rwv voarwv, u(}poota lC~O; vovuunnt« navtoloiv cpvrwv xal nw(}t'Xwv; 'Xal /l~TE o(!Etvil Elv(1l, P~TE imtla 'Xat nfOEtV~, aXI]{taTl~o, PEVI] cis 'Xa(}E CPVatV 'Xat cloos rijs W(!auJrTJTOs. 'AUa ti IJLwnw ui Pt'YaA1jU(!a; A {irTJ clvw et; rove; ava· rOAt'Xovs xatou; rwv pa(}TJparwv 'Xat otoaa'XaAos rijs a(!illrTJs ootpuu; xai nallTJs rixvTJs sal lfaulfvoE' ws· Lltort 'Xa(}' evas an' iow r~v aotplav 'Xat yvwatv rwv ovrwv nO(!i~Erat, xo] ano aurilv rilv lfoltv (1tEO{(mo r, fuM.{3Eta cis oAa ra EgW /lE(!TJ 'Xat aXEoov "ro na(!E'Xrt'Xil navto; aya(}ov. 'AnooEt"VVHalOf TOlaVrTJ xai Ota TOVs (}dovs vaovs 'Xat xa(!tws anov EXEt, 'Xat Ota ra aAAa nE(!t'XaAAij ol'Xooo{tq{tara, ra anoia /It rilv Aa/ln(!OrTJra rwv anoOioovatV oU'X (WYTJv r~v E'XnATJ;tV cis TOVs (}earas.

(Nt'XTJcpoQOV KaAAWrov TOV Eav(}onovAov, EVYYQappa nfQt ovouioeo»; rov aE{3aapiov or"ov rqe; Iv KwvaavTtVOVnOAEt Zwoooxov nTJyijs, 'Xat rwv fV aurti vnEQcpvws TfAw(}Evrwv (}avparwv. MracpllaaOiv uiv Ws iv iJrtroPti cis r~v anAijv OtaAE'XTOv nQos 'XaraATJljJtV rwv anAovari(!Wv. 'Em(}EwQTJ(}fV dE, "al WI olov rs ino ro {3iArIDv pETfx(}tv naQa TtVOs Evaf{3ovs '[ar(!OlPtAOaOlPov. Nvv Of tvnou; f'XOO(}EV Ot' E;oDwv 'Xat oanavTJs rov ivtuuouiio» 'Xat CPtAEAE~/lOVOs K v(!iov '[wavvov Il(!Oa'XvvTJTOV, onws ElTJ i] Bif3loe; avrq n(}os ltJ[av avrov rs 'Xat rwv aAAwv EvaE{3wv ljJvXt'X~v WlPEAEtav. 'Ev up cLs to Maxpovrnaaaxav.

'EAAl]VlKiiJ TUJr0YQa<pELtjl. 'Ev Et£L 1812.

~ YO EMHNEr AOfIOI MnpOrr A rTHN AAQLH A'

'Q IlOAte;, IlOAts, nOAEwv Jraawv 'XEcpaA~!

:Q Il~Ats, Il~Ats, 'XivrQov rwv rwaa(!wv TOV «oouo» Pf(!WV!

,Q Il~Ats, Ilo~ts, x~wTtavwv 'XaVXTJpa itat {3a(!j3ci(!wv alPavtapos!

Q IlOAts, ~OAts, aAATJ Ila(!aoEtaos cpvrw(}fiaa n(!os ovapas, Exovaa EvOOV lPVra xavtoia {31l10ovra ita(!novs nvw/laTt'Xovs!

Iloii aov ro itaAAOs, Ila(!aOfWf;

Ilov aov r, rwv xafllrwv TOV nVfv'lIar' ,_ _ "

_ , _, "', r: ot; Wf(!YETtitTJ oosou; ljJvXTJs te xcu ooiuoxoc;

Ilov ra rwv AnoaTOAwv TOV Kvolo» ' " , " , 1 - llalla'

'" " '" uo» awpara, w xoo nOAAov lPvrw(}fvra fV up aet(}a/IEt •

~ftmp, ?o~ra fV f-l~alp toinow ro Ilo(!cpv(}oV 'luiitiov, r"v AOYXTJv, TOY Enoyyov, TOY KaAapOv, ~rt,va ~~na~ovrfe; ElPavra~opf(}a rov fV arav(!rji 'YljJw(}ivw o(!ilv;

Ilo~ r~ "" Oat~v AeiljJava, JTOV ra rwv Mallrv(!wv;

Il~~ ra "" ~fya~OV Kwvaravrivov xci rwv AOtJrwv {3aIJLA.EWV nubuata;

Al aYl'lat, ra JTf(!WVAa at toiooo " "-, , , ora

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AflV1avwvayiwv ooua: , - r '

Tn _, .ooiuatow WYfVWV, awparwv ayvwv, aa'XTJrwv aaxTJr(!lwv'

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OOlwv aov toii; (}17(!iOIS tiic - '1 - , '

, 'p" , rt » Yl7s, XVX"lp rl7e; YEas EIWV, xat oux ~v 0 (}anrwv.

,Q N~f. Q, ~m~alf ~V(!avE! 'Q OV(!aVLOV (}vOlaar~(!tov!

,Q OEI,a Xat IE(!a UIIEVI7! 'Q xaUos fX'XAI7IJLwv!

Q NOf-lol ;raAaLOi U xal vi "Q A - ;

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otouou! Q (}WAoytal aa(!itocpo(!WV' 'A ,'n ~ r Tn I-

o " , " aYyE wv. ,.t utOaaXaAtat JTvwparolPo(!wv dv(}(!wnwv! ,. lea

aywYWI 17f-lI(}EWV l7(!wwv!

IvrXPONA 54 9EMATA

B'

'Ano ii; aalxife; utu; xai riJv XfVODO;iav

Exaaa/lf riJv DO;aV tuu; axiinr(!a xai {3amAdav, xai /lae; o(!i~ovv of EX()(!oi, ro yivoe; rwv {3a(!{3a(!wv. Tov arirpavov ua; EAa{3ov CX Ai()wv xai /la(!ya(!wv, on "/leie; Mv eiueote» a;WI va roy rpO(!OV/lfV, aHol Enii(!av xai rpO(!OVV, x' "/lfle; roy ()fW(!OV/lfV' rpO(!OVV roy oaOl /lVeAa EXOVV il; to xfrpaAI,

x' "/lEie; ro ()a(!(!Oe; EXO/lfV de; roy VreAii-MlxaAT/,

va ro E{3yaAT/ /If ana()i x' E/lae; va /lae; ro awaT/.

Ovai a' E/lae;, arpivrT/ /lOV, /If riJv oAiYT/v yvwaT/,

onov EXO/lfV ro ()a(!(!Oe; utu; uioa Ele; riJv Enavla»

x' de; ra XOVr(!a ra xau(!ya noiJVal ariJv Bevetlav, va EA()ovm flf ro ana()i roy Toiiosov va oxouboouv, va na(!ovv to {3aaiAflov x' Eflae; va /lae; U} Dwaovv. 'EAni~oflEv xai eli; ;av()a yivT/ va uiu; YAvrwaovv vaA()ovv ano roy Moaxo{3ov va uiu; fAfv()f(!Waovv. 'EAni~oflEv de; rove; X(!T/aflOVe;, oti; !jJflJDon(!orpT/uIfe; xai roy Xat(!OV iuu; xavo/lfv ote; /larawAoyife;.

Ele; roy {3o(!(!av, otov aVf/lOV EXO/lfV riJv EAniDa

va na(!ovv anonavw ua; rov Toioxov riJv nayiDa, xol EXO/lfV ()f/liAWV ro yvi/la riie; a(!aXVT/e;,

ro XIOVI xai riJv ()aAaaaav, xol ro VE(!OV riie; naxvT/e;. Avro ro ()a(!(!Oe; EIV' r(!eAAOV, tlxotu; Mv a;i~fI, onowe; ro avUoyw()ii rov AOYOV rov axori~EI' dJxat(!a navuxaLvOflfV xai xErpaAonovOV/lfV,

ariJv afl/lOV xai de; ro VE(!OV xri~oflEv xni ()a(!(!OIiflEV. 'Anira;i tuu; ro novAi onovxaflfV aro Xi(!l,

ErpVYE «oi ;w(!ia()T/XE x' vnaYfl a' aUa /li(!T/,

xai aAAOI roy c.ntaaamv xai avvara x(!aroiimv

x' cflae; nov roy ExiwaflfV ()(!T/volim xai YEAOIimv' xai Uyovmv' «uv f'iXEU yvwmv ele; ro xErpaAI

Mv oii; «xita ro novAi va oiu; ro na(!ovv aUOI, fla r,()tAHi to c{3aara flf yvwmv xai /If ra;T/

xai flf /lEYaAT/V rpvAa;lv,. Dla va /liJv nna;T/. Tw(!a nov aae; cnira;Ev xa] an' caae; E{3yiixE, Of(!VETE ro xfrpaAI aae; oao xai r,flnO(!flTE,

alon Mv flEra(!XHal va oti; fflnii oxo Xi(!1

EXEivo z ' OflO(!rpov novAi xai ro xaAo ;Vrprf(!l. 'Anira;EV, anira;fv, nUov fliJ ro ~T/raTE,

flov' roy xal(!ov ooi; xavEu x' fvxal(!a roy nf(!VaTE

(Mat8aio~ Ml]tQOlTOAltl]~ MUQEwv-'IatoQla nov xat«

t~V OUYYQo~AaXlav tEAW8EVtWV at. 2319-2358)

"Q xoutela, dJ Dii/loe;! "Q m(!arOe; vlli(! /lfr(!OV ro xoiv, vvv Of arpavw()fie; we; ]rovrl~Ofli:VT/ V(die; I~V rep :rAfiv! "Q olxlai xai naVroDalla llaAana xai [f(!a rEiXT/!

I~flE(!oV avyxaAw llavra xai we; E/l!jJvxa avv()(!T/vw, roy 'leoeuiav EXWV E;a(!xOV riie; fAwviic; r(!aywMac;. (~ouxa~-Bu~aVtlV~ 'Ioroolo, XLI, 306-3(7)

IVrxPONA 55 9EMATA

EAEYElEPIA

MIa ~EYaA.l] xoouozosrtslu, OltW~ dXE bLallOQ<jlwOd ~bl] alto tu tEA.l] tou 160u mwva l] KWVOtavTlVOUltOA.l], ~taV ltOA.U EA.XUOnX~ YLa Evav YEO avOQwlto nou ava~l]tOUOE EUXatQLE~. Kat bEV Oa It(_)E1l£l va ~tav ~IXQO~ 0 aQLO~o~ tWV ltEQLlttWOEWV uurdrv: l] axtl]~oouvl] xaQaXt~Ql~E tl]v EJtOX~· Ltl]V ~EYUA.l] A.OlltOV ltoA.l'tELa 0 VEO~ ~ltOQOUOE va ava~l]t~oEL mv tUXl] tOU ~E ~UQLOU~ tQOltou~. Eivm ltQ08UIlOs A.OlltOV va uercvcoreuoer ~E tl]v ltQwtl] Euxat(_)La. Kat rqv EXEL EUXOA.a. Eivut 01 <jl~~E~ YLa rn Oau~aoTu nou ou~~aLvouv ornv IIoA.l], tL~ OltOLE~ xou~aMfL ~a~L tOU OltOLO~ tUXov fltWtQE<jlEL alto Exd. YltuQXEl o~w~ xrn Eva bEUtEQO wxuQotato xLvl]t(_)o yta rnv altobl]~La. 0 roxo; nou ~EL 0 VEO~ Otl]V ltE(_)L<piQELa elvrn ouv~Ow~ OtEVO~. rvwQL~EL tOU~ ltaVtE~ Xat 01 ltaVTE~ tov yvwQL~ouv. Av A.OLJtOV alto~l]tuEl XaltOla EA.EUOEQla, aUt~ uovov ornv ~EyaA.l] ltOA.LtEla ~ltoQd va rnv ~Qfl. H ltOA.U yvWOt~, 000 Xat all<jlLA.EYO~EVl], ltEQllttWOl] tOU P~ya, EOtW xat omv ~UOOA.OYLX~ ~oQ<jl~ nou ltaQaOOOl]xE, to ~aQtu(_)EL ELVat EUXOA.6tatO yta tl]V EltOX~ Exdvl] Eva ato~o va xaOd ~Eoa OtO ~EyaA.O~ ltA.~Oo~.

TYXO~IQKTlrMOr

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TOKENTPO

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IvrxPONA 56 9EMATA

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IvrxPONA 58 9EMATA

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aJto tov EUQUtEQO EAAaollto xWQo. :::ExooQi~EL O!1oo~ xrn JtOAU YQ~yoQa, OE 1]Alxia 30 EtWV, EiXE 01]flIOUQY~OEl ovouo xrn 00£ YlatQO~ Xat 00£ MyLO£. ITAouow£ XUL !1E xaM YU!10 EAXUEI tnv JtQOOOX~ tou ITavaYlw'tT] NIXOUOLOU, tou JtQWtoU 'EAAT]va bLEQ!1T]VEa rorv TouQltoov, xrn JtaiQvEI 'tT]V 8EOT] rou YQa!1flatEa oiJtAa tou, 0 sa<pvlxo~ 8avato£ ton NIXOUOLOU tou avo[yn 'twQa OluJtAata rov OQOflO JtQO£ rc flEyuAa aSlw!1ata. Ta uJtoAOIJta aJtAw£ maxoAou80uv. Eow !1~OQOU!1E JtQO£ to JtaQov va ota80uflE. AQXI~EL yLU to VEO EAAT]VI0!10 !1la vi« JtEQlooo£ 'tT]~ xOLvoovia~, T] onolo OEV JtQOO!1EtQu'tat uno tnv EXta01] aAAU aJto tT]V LOXU: OIXOVOflllt~, EsouOLaonx~ xru nVEUflatLX~. Uti JtQOXEltut YIU veu XOLVooVLX~ JtQaYflatlxo'tT]ta, OEV uJtuQXEI xa!1lu a!1<pI~oAia. LE !1la OLxoYEVEla, nou ~QloXEtat axo!1T] OtT]V JtQw'tT] YEvLa tT]£, 0 aQXT]Yo£ tT]£ EXEI JtA~QT] ouvdoT]oT] 'tT]~ vEa£ JtQaY!1atLxotT]ta~. It' auto xrn 8a mIXELQ~On va 'tT]V XUtoxuQWOEl. To fQYO nou tov EX<PQU~EI aJtoAutoo£ eivrn T] ouvdOT]oT] tT]£ OLaOox~~. Aut~ Itat ltQooJta8d va xatoxuQwoEl us to «<pQovtio!1ata JtEQi ~8T] xm JtoAmlav», tu onolc EX<PQU~ouv to JtoAItIXO XUI XOLVooVIXO rou mo'tEuoo, to doo~ ~E~ata auto tou Myou av8d autu tu XQOVIU ornv EUQwJtT]. Ev/)fXE'tat AOIJtov T] IOEa va dvat MVEla, to JtEQIEX0!1EVO O!1oo£ eivm xa8aQu EAAT]vlxo. Ilou OXOJtEUEI !1altQonQ08w!1a au't~ T] veu 'tUST] OEV sivru aXOflT] <pavEQo. 'Eva O!1oo£ dvat ~E~atO' 'monuEI ao<paAw£ OlOV EUUtO 'tT]£: 0 yLO~ tou 0 NlxoAao~ 6a unsu- 8uv8d OtOV yw lOU Kurvotuvtlvo ue rov 'tltAO «Noufleoun».

ME TOn MAYPOKOPAATOYL ~QLOXO!1ao'tE, xur' aQX~v, XQovlxa in medias res. 'Exouv JtEQUOEl bUo atWVE~ uno rqv AAoooT] %<ll dVUL mO!1Evo va ava~T]'t~ooUflE !1La vEa xorvurviu. 01 MauQoxoQMtol !1a£ ()[vouv au'to to olxaioo!1a. Ey'KUlVlu~ouv, oU'too£ ElJtElv, tov <pavaQloo'tLO!10. Kat !1JtoQd !1EV 'to 'KU'ta fEOEWV «flEya 'tQao't» va ElVat oAIYO!1EAE~, «JtEV~Vta !1EYuAut EAAT]vlxal ~ ESEAAT]vL08doat OIXOYEVELat», T] LOXU£ Of..loo£ nou aJtoxtOUV ano 'tT]V OU!1!1EtOX~ tou; O'tT]V Esouoia loo<paQI~EI, av 0XI uJtEQaxov'ti~EI, 'tT]V aQL6flT]'tlX~ tOU£ !1ELO'i'T]<pla OtT] ouvoAT] vee EAAT]VIX~ xOIvoovia tT]~ Koovotav'tlvouJtoAT]~.

In media res dflamE O!1oo£ xat Yla UAAOU~ AOYou~ !1E touc MauQoxoQMtou~. H OU~EUST] 'tT]£ OIxoYEVEla~ tou «JtQO~atE!1JtoQou», aAAu JtOAAU LOXUOV'tO~ ornv 'tOUQXIX~ aUA~ L'KUQAutou, !1E rnv OLxoYEVEla lOU XIW'tT] EJtOlXOU omv KorvorcvnvouJtoAT] JtAavoOLOu E!1JtOQOU flav'tT]Alwv, <poo'ti~EI uurv UAAT] JtAEuQa uno mv LOXUQ~ JtaQouola 'tOU EAAT]VIXOU O'tOlXELOU omv JtQoo'tfuouoa, mv EflJtOQIX~. 01 'EAAT]vE~ EflnoQOL EX<PQU~ouv Itat tqv JtaAato'tEQT] JtaQouola otnv vi« JtQooTEuouoa, xm tov XUQLO oyxo tou xAuOou aJtEvavTI on; UAAE~ E8vo'tT]tE~· flla UJtEQOX~ nou sivrn taUToXQova xm Ouvafllx~. Mia TQITT] ltaQouoia, xat aUT~ JtaAatotatT] xrn avayxatotatT], eivoi Ol ~LOtEXVE~ xat 01 nXVLtE£. Kat tl£ 'tQEI£ au'tE£ 'tUSEI~ tT]~ vEa~ xOlvoovla£ EXOU!1E 'tT]v ouvatotT]ta va 'tl~ naQaxoAou6~oOUflE aJto tT]v ~uoT] tOU£ OtT]v olafloQ<Pooo~ TOU~. Kat T] f..lEV JtQWTT] dvat YEvvT]!1a tT]£ EJtOX~~' 01 UnE~ ouo Ofloo~ JtQOEQXOVTat,

nrXPONA 59 8EMATA

03too~ Oa ElOUI1E rnv EUXULQia va OtamOtWOOUI1E OtT)V OUVElEta, a3to 3tQoatQEttx~ dtE avayxaottx~ ustoixeotc; H EyXUtuotao~ tOU~ ol1oo~ 010 Eva EVtEAW~ XULVOUQW 3tEQt~UAAOV, E~U3taXOuEt tT)V avayxatotT)ta tT)£ 3tQooaQftoy~£ xat, <puOtXU, tl]V a<p0l1olooOT) OtO YEO 3tAEOV 3tEQt~UAAOV. AUtE£ or tQEL£ tri~Et£ a3tOtEAOUV OlEMv to OUVOAO tOU XatVOUQLOU ltAEOV ltAT)OU0l10U ttov EAA~VooV tT)£ KoovotavttVOUltOAT)£. KaL Oa ft3tOQouoal1E va tt~ xaQaxtT)QioOUftE OUVOltttXU, ltoo£ ltQOEQXOVtat EX torv XUtoo, ott a3tOtEAOUV to YEO ototXdo nou avaMEtat. Alt0I1EVEt 'I UAAT) tU~T), tT)V oxoio Oa a3tOXaAouoal1E EX torv UVOO· dvat aUt~V tT)V 03t01a yvooQI~OUI1E ~OT) ue tT)V l1axQu nnQUOooT): To natQtaQxdo xrn to 3tEQt~UAAOV TOU. Ao<paAw£ Xat dvat aQtOftT)ttXW~ 3tEQWQtoftEVT). 0 AAE~avOQO£ Ilnondtl]~, xataQXu~, Xat 0 fEOEWV OtT)V OUVEXELa UltOAoYLoav tOY aQtOl1o nov OXEtLXWV Xttol1utooV (110VE£ Xat EXXAl]oiE£) 3tQtV a3to mv iUooOl] 010 3tEQlJtOU tEtQaxoOta E~OOI1~Vta. MEt<x tl]V AAooOl] 0 fEOEWV 3tEQtOQI~EL tOY aQtOl1o 3tEQlJtOU 010 EXato. H E~atQEttX~ I1dooOT) rou ltAT)OU0I10U, xuOw£ XUL T) XatUAT)'ljJT) 3tOAAWV alto autu a3to tOY OUVUOtT), aO<paAW£ XUt ltEQLOQtOav to 0XEttXO ltA~Qool1a.

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nOAU <po~OUl1at, ltoo£ tWQa nou EXOUI1E <pOUOEL oro 0l]11E10 -ltUvtore I1Eoa alto rn LOtOQLXU OEOOI1EVa- va ~QtOxOllaOtE IlltQOutU 010 I1ta vEa XOtVooVLX~ ltQaYl1attxotT)ta ltQOXELftEVOU YLa tl]V KooVutavtLvOUltOAl], OEV ElftaOtE XUOOAOU ltQoOUl1ot va tT)V 010- XOOUftE Xat va rqv avtLXQIOOUftE. 'Eva£ Aao£, Oltoo£ 0 OLXO£ l1a£, nou OEQVEl ltlOoo lOU ftLa ltOAU ~aQLU ltaQuOooT) -iow£ tT)V mo ~aQLu 010 OAOXAl]Ql] tT)V EUQwltl]-ltaQuoooT) Xat XQOVOU Xat notOtl]ta£, dvat OUOXOAO va OEXOd fttav EvtEAW£ XatvOUQLa nQayucnxormu, 600 Xt av l] lOLa aXOftl] tOY ltQoxaAEi. <l>o~Utat, ltoo£ av tT)V OEXOd, Bu anoxo3td alto tT)V ltaQuOooT), nou ElVat T) vEa EOVtX~ OQT)oxEla torv Aawv. Kutoo alto aUt~ tT)V avtIAT)'ljJT), dvat OUOXOAO va ouvavt~oEt xavd£ OXEtLXE£ ftaQtuQtE£, eire xatu TO OLUotl]fta turv E~EAI~EooV Xat OLaI10Q<PWOEooV, lOttE OE tEAtXO OtuOLO. ~UOXOAOtEQO aXOI1T) eivm va OUvavt~oEl xavEI£ altOOEXtE£ mrnov nov tEAEUtaloov. L~ftEQa, non T) EQEUva EXEl, xatu XUltOLOV tQono, ~fltEQUOEl aUtE£ tL£ EOVtXE£ <pO~tE£, ~T)tUEL va OWOEL ~llU~OT) xm o:a llAEOV oOUVl]QU OEWQOUI1Eva EQoot~llata, omo; ~IVat to aXOA?UOO: Aiya XQOVLU I1EtU tT)V AAooOl] 0 llQWtO£ ltatQtaQX~£ TOU Nsou EAAl]VI0I10U, 0 fEWQytO£ fEVVUOW£, OIExtQayooOwvta£ tqv XatUOtaOl], Oa ltaQatl]Q~OEI: «Ouno tl]£

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IYrXPONA 60 9EMATA

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IYrXPONA 61 eEMATA

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IYrXPONA 67 9EMATA

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IvrXPONA 72 8EMATA

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IYrXPONA 75 9EMATA

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nrXPONA 76 9EMATA

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IvrXPONA 78 8EMATA

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nrXPONA 79 9EMATA

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IVrxPONA 80 9EMATA

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IvrXPONA 81 9EMATA

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IvrXPONA 82 9EMATA

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IvrXPONA 83 eEMATA

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