alvarado (fa3877) – hw25 – turner – (56725) 1

This print-out should have 21 questions.

Multiple-choice questions may continue on
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before answering.

001 10.0 points

Hint: Often it is easier to make a rough
drawing the determine the answer to what
might appear to be a tedious question. 41 ◦
31 ◦
In a clothing store two flat mirrors are
hinged at one edge (for you to view the clothes
you desire to purchase).
You (as indicated by an L shaped object)
are standing in the 41 ◦ wedge formed by two
mirrors. A view from above is shown below.

Figure: A projection from the ob-

41 ◦ ject past the vertex (light-gray line)
31 ◦
serves to delineate the illumination
of images which are produced past
the edge of the mirrors (the mirrors
How many images can you see in the hinged stop at the hinge).
mirrors? An analytic formula (deduced from the fig-
ure), gives
1. 10 1: The number of “backward” images in a
counter-clockwise direction is
2. 8 correct
180◦ − 20 ◦
 
integer roundoff +1 = 2,
3. 12 82 ◦
since 2 (41 ◦ − 31 ◦ ) = 20 ◦ .
4. 3
2: The number of “forward” images in a
counter-clockwise direction is
5. 4
180◦ − 82 ◦
 
integer roundoff +1 = 2,
6. 5 82 ◦

7. 9 since 2 (41 ◦ ) = 82 ◦ .
3: The number of “backward” images in a
8. 6 clockwise direction is
180◦ − 62 ◦
 
integer roundoff +1 = 2,
9. 7 82 ◦
since 2 (31 ◦ ) = 62 ◦ .
4: The number of “forward” images in a clock-
Explanation: wise direction is
In the figure below the dashed radial lines 
180◦ − 82 ◦

are images of the two hinged mirrors. The integer roundoff +1 = 2,
82 ◦
light-gray figures are images of the black L-
shaped object. The figure shows 8 images. since 2 (41 ◦ ) = 82 ◦ .
 alvarado (fa3877) – hw25 – turner – (56725) 2
The total number of images is

2+ 2+2+ 2 = 8. R1 = −36.8 cm and

R2 = 57.2 cm .

keywords: p q
R2
002 (part 1 of 3) 10.0 points
A diverging lens is used to form a virtual im- R1
age of a real object. The object is positioned
at 80.2 cm and the image is positioned at Applying the lens makers’ equation,
53.2 cm. Both object and image are located  
1 1 1
on the same side of the lens as the object. = (n − 1) −
Find the focal length of the lens. f R1 R2
 
R2 − R1
= (n − 1)
Correct answer: −158.024 cm. R1 R2
Explanation: R1 R2
n−1=
f (R2 − R1 )
R1 R2
Let : p = 80.2 cm and n= +1
f (R2 − R1 )
q = −53.2 cm . (−36.8 cm)(57.2 cm)
= +1
(−158.024 cm)[57.2 cm − (−36.8 cm)]
= 1.14171 .
1 1 1 qh′
+ = m= =−
p q f h p 004 (part 3 of 3) 10.0 points
Diverging Lens f < 0 What is the magnification of the lens?
∞ >p> 0 f <q< 0 0 <m< 1
Correct answer: 0.663342.

Applying the thin lens equation, Explanation:

The magnification is
1 1 1 q+p
= + = q −53.2 cm
f p q qp M =− =− = 0.663342 .
p 80.2 cm
pq (80.2 cm)(−53.2 cm)
f= =
q+p −53.2 cm + 80.2 cm
005 10.0 points
= −158.024 cm . The distance between an object and its up-
right image is 20.1 cm.
If the magnification is 0.556, what is the
003 (part 2 of 3) 10.0 points focal length of the lens being used to form the
The surfaces of the lens have radii of curvature image?
36.8 cm (located on the object side of the lens)
and 57.2 cm (located on the side opposite to Correct answer: −56.6898 cm.
the object side of the lens).
Explanation:
What is the index of refraction?

Correct answer: 1.14171. Given : L = 20.1 cm and

Explanation: M = 0.556 .
 alvarado (fa3877) – hw25 – turner – (56725) 3
The image is upright, so
q h'
M =− h f
p q p
f
q = −M p
Front Back
The distance between image and object is
L=p+q Solution: From Eq. (2), we have ℓ = −q − p
instead of ℓ = p + q, since q is negative and
=p−Mp −q > p. Therefore, the distance between
= p (1 − M ) object and image is
L
p= ℓ = −q − p (3)
1−M
=Mp−p
From the lens equation,
  = (M − 1) p .
1 1 1 1 1
= − = 1−
f p Mq p M Therefore, solving for p and q, we have
1−M M −1
= · 1
L M p= ℓ (4)
M −1
(1 − M )2
=− 1
LM = (6.3 cm)
(4) − 1
ML (0.556) (20.1 cm)
f =− = − = 2.1 cm
(1 − M )2 (1 − 0.556)2
= −56.6898 cm . and

q = −M p (5)
006 10.0 points
M
A convex lens forms a virtual image 4 times =− ℓ
the size of the object. The distance between M −1
object and image is 6.3 cm. (4)
=− (6.3 cm)
Find the focal length of the lens. (4) − 1
= −8.4 cm .
Correct answer: 2.8 cm.
Substituting these values into the lens equa-
Explanation:
tion
Basic Concepts:
1
f= (6)
1 1 1 h′
q 1 1
+ = m= =− +
p q f h p p q
Converging Lens f > 0 1
=
1 1
f > p > 0 −∞ < q < 0 ∞ > m > 1 +
(2.1 cm) (−8.4 cm)
= 2.8 cm .
Since the image is virtual, it is erect and
the magnification is positive, thus
q 007 (part 1 of 3) 10.0 points
M =− =4 (1) The lens and mirror in figure are separated by
p
1 m and have a focal length of 87.6 cm and
q = −M p = −4 p . (2) −64.8 cm, respectively.
 alvarado (fa3877) – hw25 – turner – (56725) 4

L The object distance for the lens is

p3 = p1 − q2 = 100 cm − (−72.5523 cm)

= 172.552 cm .

p1 f1 −f2 From the thin lens equation

p3 f3
If an object is placed 1 m to the left of q3 =
p3 − f3
the lens, locate the final image. The object
(172.552 cm)(87.6 cm)
is illuminated from the left, and the image is =
viewed from the left. 172.552 cm − 87.6 cm
= 177.93 cm .
Correct answer: 177.93 cm.
Explanation: Thus the final image is located 177.93 cm
to the left of the lens.

Given : L = 1 m = 100 cm , 008 (part 2 of 3) 10.0 points

p1 = 1 m = 100 cm , Determine the overall magnification.
f1 = 87.6 cm , and
f2 = −64.8 cm . Correct answer: −0.871498.
Explanation:
As light passes left-to-right through the
The overall magnification is
lens, the image position is given by
1 1 1 q1 + p1 M = M1 M2 M3
= + =    
f1 p1 q1 p1 q1 −q1 −q2 −q3
=
q1 p1 = f1 (q1 + p1 ) p p2 p
 1  3
p1 f1
 
q1 = 706.452 cm −72.5523 cm 177.93 cm
p1 − f1 = − − −
100 cm −606.452 cm 172.552 cm
(100 cm)(87.6 cm)
= = −0.871498 .
100 cm − 87.6 cm
= 706.452 cm .
The image serves as an object for the mirror 009 (part 3 of 3) 10.0 points
with an object distance of What is the nature of the image?
p2 = p1 − q1 = 100 cm − 706.452 cm 1. virtual, upright, larger
= −606.452 cm (virtual object).
2. real, upright, smaller
From the mirror equation, the position of
the image formed by the mirror is
3. virtual, inverted, smaller
p2 f2
q2 =
p2 − f2 4. real, inverted, smaller correct
(−606.452 cm)(−64.8 cm)
= 5. real, upright, larger
−606.452 cm − (−64.8 cm)
= −72.5523 cm .
6. real, inverted, larger
This image is the object for the lens as light
passes through it going right-to-left. 7. None of these
 alvarado (fa3877) – hw25 – turner – (56725) 5
= 31.7571 cm
8. virtual, inverted, larger

9. virtual, upright, smaller

Explanation:
q > 0 so the image is real. M < 0 so the
image is inverted. |M | < 1 so the image is
diminished in size.
010 (part 1 of 3) 10.0 points
A cat is a distance d = 17.784 cm from a thin
converging lens with focal length f = 11.4 cm.
d R
011 (part 2 of 3) 10.0 points
Now a glass ball of radius R = 10 cm and in-
dex of refraction n = 1.47 is inserted between
the lens and our observer, with one edge a dis-
tance ℓ = 17.6 cm from the lens, as shown in
the figure below.
d l

lens
How far from the thin lens is the image of
the cat due only to the thin lens and the left
lens
refracting surface of the glass ball? (Use x to
How far from the lens is the image of the denote the answer to the previous question.)
cat due only to this lens?  −1
n−1 1

1 1
−1 1. n + + ℓ correct
1. − R x−ℓ
d f 
n−1 1

 −1 2. ℓ2 + +ℓ
1 1 R x−ℓ
2. − correct
f d 
n 1 1
−1

1 1
 3. + + +ℓ
3. f d − R ℓ x−ℓ
f d  −1
n+1 1

1 1
−1 4. + +ℓ
4. + R x−ℓ
f d  −1
n 1
1 1 5. n + +ℓ
5. − R x−ℓ
f d  −1

f
 n−1 1
6. f 1 − 6. (n − 1) + +ℓ
d R x−ℓ
Explanation: Explanation:
Solutions: Use the formula,
Using the thin lens formula:
1 1 1 n1 n2 n2 − n1
+ ′ = , + ′ =
s s f s s R
we can compute the position of the image
which would be twice to compute the position of the image.
 −1 The image made by the thin lens is x−l inside
1 1 the ball; therefore,
x= −
f d
 −1
1 1 1 n n−1
= − + ′ = .
11.4 cm 17.784 cm −(x − ℓ) s R
 alvarado (fa3877) – hw25 – turner – (56725) 6
Thus,
 −1
′ n−1 1
s =n +
R x−ℓ
′
ℓ + s = 17.6 cm + 12.4962 cm
= 30.0962 cm

Q Z R K B P
012 (part 3 of 3) 10.0 points
How far from the thin lens is the final image of
the cat as seen by the observer? (Use s′ + ℓ to
denote the answer to the previous question.)
 −1
n−1 n
1. − + 2 R + ℓ correct
R 2R − s′
 −1
n−1 n
2. − + 2R + ℓ S
R 2R + s′
−1
Which of the glass lenses above, when

ℓ n−1 n
3. − + 2R + ℓ placed in air, will cause parallel rays of light
R 2R − s′ R
 −1 to diverge?
n+1 n
4. − + 2R + ℓ
R 2R − s′ 1. P, S, and Z
 −1
n+1 n
5. + +2R + ℓ 2. R, Q, and B
R R − s′
 −1
n−1 n 3. P, S, and R
6. + +2R + ℓ
R R − s′
Explanation: 4. Q, B, S, and K
Using the formula for the refraction on the
other side, we get the final image. 5. S, R, and K correct

6. Q, P, and B
n 1 1−n
+ ′′ = 7. R, B, and K
2R − s ′ s −R
 −1
′′ n−1 n
s = − 8. B, Z, and K
R 2R − s′
= −6.71588 cm 9. K, S, and Q

Therefore, the distance from the lens is: 10. K, S, Z, and Q

Explanation:
a = ℓ + 2 R + s′′ Use the lens makers’ equation
= 17.6 cm + 2(10 cm) + (−6.71588 cm)  
1 1 1
= 30.8841 cm = (n − 1) − ,
f R1 R2
where R1 and R2 are + (or −) if the center of
013 10.0 points curvature is behind (or in front of) the lens.
 alvarado (fa3877) – hw25 – turner – (56725) 7
For glass n > 1. To cause parallel rays of phase change, thus the lens is divergent.
light to converge, f must be positive (f > 0).
To cause parallel rays of light to diverge, f 014 10.0 points
must be negative (f < 0). A converging glass lens (index of refraction
Assuming the parallel light is traveling from 1.51) has a focal length of 30 cm in air.
left-to-right (right-to-left will give the same Find its focal length when it is immersed in
results), we have a liquid, which has an index of refraction 1.28.
Q: R1 > 0 and R2 = ∞, but |R1 | < |R2 |,
Correct answer: 85.1478 cm.
=⇒ f > 0 ; i.e., a convergent lens.
R: R1 = ∞ and R2 > 0, but |R1 | > |R2 |, Explanation:
=⇒ f < 0 ; i.e., a divergent lens. We can use the lens makers’ formula
S: R1 < 0 and R2 < 0, but |R1| < |R2 |, 1

nlens

1 1

=⇒ f < 0 ; i.e., a divergent lens. = −1 −
B: R1 > 0 and R2 > 0, but |R1| = |R2 |, f nmedia R1 R2
=⇒ f = ∞ ; i.e., a neutral lens. In both cases, noting that R1 and R2 remain
P: R1 > 0 and R2 > 0, but |R1| < |R2 |, the same in air and in liquid the lens makers’
=⇒ f > 0 ; i.e., a convergent lens. formula is
K: R1 < 0 and R2 > 0, but |R1| = |R2 |,   
=⇒ f < 0 ; i.e., a divergent lens. 1 nglass 1 1
= −1 −
Z: R1 > 0 and R2 < 0, but |R1| = |R2 |, fair nair R1 R2
=⇒ f > 0 ; i.e., a convergent lens.   
1 nglass 1 1
Thus, lenses R, S, and K are divergent = −1 −
fliquid nliquid R1 R2
lenses.
Alternate (Elegant) Solution: Taking the ratio of these equations
Converging Lens: The glass is thicker on nglass
the axis than at the edge. −1
fliquid nair
Q, P, and Z satisfy these conditions for a = nglass
fair −1
divergent lens (f > 0). nliquid
Diverging Lens: The glass is thinner on 1.51
the axis than at the edge. − 1.0
R, S, and K satisfy these conditions for a = 1.0
1.51
convergent lens (f < 0). − 1.0
1.28
B is neither a convergent nor divergent lens. = 2.83826 .
Digression based on Huygen’s principle. Since fair = 30 cm , we find that
Consider the passage of a wave front of a
plane wave through a lens. fliquid = 2.83826 fair
If the center of the lens is thicker, an on-axis = (2.83826) (30 cm)
light wave has a larger phase change compared
to that in the region near the edge of the lens. = 85.1478 cm .
So the outside region needs to travel farther
to acquire the same phase change, thus the
015 10.0 points
lens is convergent.
Find the change in the focal length of the eye
Analogously, if the center of the lens is
when an object originally at 5 m is brought to
thinner, an on-axis light wave has a smaller
30 cm from the eye.
phase change compared to that in the region
near the edge of the lens. So the center region
Correct answer: 1.7987 mm.
needs to travel farther to acquire the same
Explanation:
 alvarado (fa3877) – hw25 – turner – (56725) 8

Let : s1 = 5 m = 500 cm , and

Given : fo = 14.11 mm = 1.411 cm ,
s2 = 30 cm .
fe = 9.3 mm = 0.93 cm ,
The focal length for the object at 5 m is
qe = −29.2 cm , and
s1 s′1
f1 = θ = 1.2 mrad = 0.0012 rad .
s1 + s′1
and the focal length for the object at 30 cm is The angular size is
s2 s′2
f2 = . he
s2 + s′2 tan θ ≈ θ ≈
The location of both images is the same |qe |
(s′1 = s′2 = s′ = 2.5 cm) , he ≈ |qe | θ
≈ (29.2 cm) (0.0012 rad)
so the change in focal length is
≈ 0.03504 cm ,
∆f = f1 − f2
s1 s′1 s2 s′2 so the final image is 0.03504 cm.
= −
s1 + s′1 s2 + s′2 From the lens equation
(500 cm) (2.5 cm) (30 cm) (2.5 cm)
= − 1 1 1
5 m + 2.5 cm 30 cm + 2.5 cm + =
10 mm pe qe fe
= (0.17987 cm) 1 1 1 qe − fe
cm = − =
= 1.7987 mm . pe fe qe fe qe
qe fe
pe =
016 10.0 points qe − fe
A microscope has an objective lens with a (−29.2 cm) (0.93 cm)
=
focal length of 14.11 mm and an eyepiece with −29.2 cm − 0.93 cm
a focal length of 9.3 mm. With the length = 0.901294 cm
of the barrel set at 29.2 cm, the diameter of
a red blood cell’s image subtends an angle of and
1.2 mrad with the eye. qe qe − fe
If the final image distance is 29.2 cm from Me = − =
pe fe
the eyepiece, what is the actual diameter of
the red blood cell? (Do NOT make the ap- The image distance for the objective lens is
proximation: l − fe ≈ l and do ≈ fo .) then
Correct answer: 0.604915 µm. qo = qe − pe
Explanation: = 29.2 cm − 0.901294 cm
= 28.2987 cm
po qo pe
object

For the objective lens

ho
1 1 1
+ =
I1 po qo fo
1 1 1 qo − fo
he = − =
po fo qo fo qo
qe qo qo − fo
I2 =
po fo
 alvarado (fa3877) – hw25 – turner – (56725) 9
The magnitude of the lateral magnification so the distance the person should stand from
produced by the objective lens is the camera is
 
qo qo − fo 1
Mo = = s= 1− f
po fo m
 
and the overall magnification is 1
= 1− (0.055 m)
−0.0131148
he
M = Me Mo = = 4.24875 m .
ho
he
ho =
Me Mo 018 10.0 points
he fe fo A flint glass plate (index of refraction of 0.907)
=
(qe − fe ) (qo − fo ) rests on the bottom of an aquarium tank. The
(0.03504 cm) (0.93 cm) plate is 5.59 cm thick (vertical dimension)
= and covered with water (index of refraction of
29.2 cm − 0.93 cm
1.07) to a depth of 14.5 cm.
(1.411 cm) 1 × 104 µm
· · Calculate the apparent thickness of the
28.2987 cm − 1.411 cm 1 cm plate as viewed from above the water. (As-
= 0.604915 µm . sume nearly normal incidence.)

Correct answer: 6.16318 cm.

017 10.0 points
A 35 mm camera has a picture size of 24 mm Explanation:
by 36 mm. It is used to take a picture of a When the radius of curvature is infinite, the
person 183 cm tall so that the image just fills refraction equation becomes
the height (24 mm) of the film. n2
How far should the person stand from the q=− p.
n1
camera if the focal length of the lens is 55 mm?
We begin by finding the location of the image
Correct answer: 4.24875 m. of the bottom of the glass plate as formed by
the glass. Using the above equation
Explanation:
n2
q1 = − t,
n1
Let : d = 24 mm = 0.024 m ,
where n1 and n2 are the indices of refraction of
f = 55 mm = 0.055 m , and
glass and water, respectively, t is the thickness
h = 183 cm = 1.83 m . of the glass plate, and −q1 is the distance
The required magnification of the image is between the image (bottom of glass) and the
  top of the glass, as view from within the water.
d 0.024 m The distance from the image (bottom of the
m=− =− = −0.0131148 .
h 1.83 m glass) to the top of the water is −q1 + d, where
d is the depth of the water.
From the thin-lens equation, we have Next, use the image found above as an
1 1 1 object and locate the image found by the
+ ′ = . water layer,
s s f
1
Because s′ = −m s, q2 = − (−q1 + d)
  n2
1 1 1 1 1 t d
= − = 1− , =− − .
f s ms s m n1 n2
 alvarado (fa3877) – hw25 – turner – (56725) 10
This is the distance of the image (bottom of After the mirror is moved, the new distance
glass) from above the water. This distance of the object from mirror is
is measured from the top of the water to the
image. (−f ) s′i
We need to now find the image distance for s′ =
s′i − (−f )
the image of the top of the glass plate formed
(−49.7561 cm) (−40 cm)
by the water, =
(−40 cm) − (−49.7561 cm)
d = 204 cm ,
q3 = − .
n2
Therefore the apparent thickness of the glass so the distance the mirror moved was
is,
t
∆t = |q3 − q2 | = d = s′ − s
n1
= 204 cm − 120 cm
Note: It doesn’t make any difference whether
= 84 cm .
or not the water on top of the glass is included
in the calculation since
n2 It was moved away from the object.
q3 = − t ,
n1
020 10.0 points
where n1 and n2 are the indices of refraction of A person with a near-point distance of 27 cm
glass and air (no water included), respectively uses a simple magnifier of power 15 D.
t What is the magnification if the final image
q3 = − . is at infinity?
n1
Correct answer: 4.05.
019 10.0 points
An object located 120 cm from a concave Explanation:
mirror forms a real image 85 cm from the
mirror. The mirror is then turned around so
that its convex side faces the object, and is Let : xnp = 27 cm = 0.27 m , and
moved so that the image is now 40 cm behind
P = 15 D .
the mirror.
How far was the mirror moved?
The magnifying power of the lens is
Correct answer: 84 cm.
xnp
Explanation: M=
f
= xnp P
Let : s = 120 cm , = (0.27 m) (15 D)
si = 85 cm , and = 4.05 .
s′i = −40 cm .
From the mirror equation, the focal length is
021 10.0 points
s si The magnitudes of the radii of curvature for
f=
s + si the spherical surfaces A and B are, respec-
(120 cm) (85 cm) tively, |RA | = a and |RB | = 2 a. The material
=
120 cm + 85 cm of which the lens is made has an index of
= 49.7561 cm . refraction n = 1.5.
 alvarado (fa3877) – hw25 – turner – (56725) 11
with the origin being at the symmetry point
of the thin lens. In the present case, the cen-
ters of curvature of both spherical surfaces A
A
and B are in front of the lens (see figure).
B

Find the focal length of the thin lens.

1. f = −3 a

2. f = −2 a
|RA|
3. f = −a |RB|

4. f = a

5. f = 3 a
Thus R1 = −|RA | = −a and R2 =
6. f = −4 a correct −|RB | = −2 a. Using the lens maker’s equa-
tion, we find
7. f = 2 a  
1 1 1
= (n − 1) −
8. f = 4 a f R1 R2
 
1 1
Explanation: = (1.5 − 1) −
Basic Concepts: −a −2 a
  
1 1 1
= × −1 +
1 1 1 h′ q 2 a 2
+ = m= =− 1
p q f h p =−
4a
Converging Lens f >0 or f = −4 a .
∞ >p> f f < q < ∞ 0 > m > −∞
f >p> 0 −∞ < q < 0 ∞ > m > 1 Look back at the lens. It is thinner at the cen-
Diverging Lens 0>f ter than at the edge. After traversal through
this lens, an incident plane wave with a plane
∞ >p> 0 f <q< 0 0 <m< 1 wave front will turn into a divergent wave
front. This implies that the lens has a neg-
Lens maker’s equation is ative focal length, which is reflected in the
answer.
 
1 1 1
= (n − 1) − .
f R1 R2

Solution: Care must be exercised in deter-

mining the signs of RA and RB . The la-
bels “1” and “2” in the lens maker’s equation
(see Basic Concepts above) correspond to the
“first” surface and the “second” surface tra-
versed by the light ray. If the light ray is
coming in from the left of the lens, then R1
and R2 are the horizontal coordinates of the
centers of curvature of the spherical surfaces,