PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ‘This book is a corrected and updated version of my 1985 dissertation of the same title. Since November 1984, when I completed the manuscript of the dissertation, much fresh data has emerged. These have been included in the present version of Matt - Painted Pottery, up to the end of 1989. Generally, however, the text differs little from that of the dissertation. The latter was written and produced within a very short time and consequently showed evident signs of haste; many printing errors, inconsistencies, and slips of the pen have been corrected. I have made more substantial changes in the chapters on matt-painted wares from the Bradano district, from both western and northern Basilicata, and from the coastal distriet around Bari. ‘My warmest thanks go to those who were directly involved in the realization of this book. Above all I should like to thank Professor J.W. Salomonson (formerly Utrecht University), Professor J.S. Boersma (Amsterdam Free University), and Professor F. D'Andria (Lecce University). Professors Boersma and Salomonson Tooked with a critical eye upon the genesis of the text, Professor D’Andria, who as early as 1980 offered to let me study the Otranto finds, which appeared to contain some essential information on matt-painted pottery, encouraged me to publish this updated version. Perhaps I benefited even more from the intimate knowledge of the ins and outs of the archaeology of southern Italy which both Profesor D'Andria and Professor Cosimo Pagliara (Lecce University) shared with me. Tam also indebted to the late Mrs Frances Daendels-Wilson who corrected the English text twice. Professor P.W. de Neeve (Amsterdam) pointed out a series of errors and inconsistencies. Dr Vincent Tosto corrected the new passages. The blame for all the mistakes that remain should be laid at my door. Mr Harry Burgers (Pree University of Amsterdam) made the drawings. It is evident that the collection of the data set required a number of visits to southern Italy. For this purpose funds were granted by the Free University of Amsterdam, the Consiglio Nazionale per le Ricerche (Rome), and the European Community in Brussels. I received assistance from many colleagues who offered their advice and granted me permission to study the material. Among them are D. Adamesteanu (Policoro), G. Andreassi (formely Bari/Gnathia), FLL, Bastet (Leiden), S. Bianco (Policoro), A. Bottini (Potenza), G. Canosa (Matera), A. Cianeio (Gioia del Colle). E.M. De Juliis (Taranto), G. Delli Ponti (Lecce), A. De Siena (Metaponto), A. Di Niro (Campobasso), M. Gorgoglione (Taranto), W. Hornbostel (Hamburg), C. Marangio (Mesagne), M. Mazzei (Foggia), J. Mertens (Rome), M.L. Nava (Rome), C. Pagliara (Lecce), F Radina (Bari), A. Riccardi (Gioia del Colle), B. Sciarra Bardaro (Brindisi), R. Stazio Pulinas (Naples), M.W. Stoop (The Hague), M. Tagliente (Melfi), and A.D. Trendall (Bundoora). Douwe Yntema Institute of Archaeology Free University De Boelelaan 1105 1081 HV AmsterdamPART II: THE EARLIEST PHASES OF THE MATT-PAINTED TRADITION OF SOUTHERN ITALY11.1. SOUTH-ITALIAN PROTOGEOMETRIC (apygian Protogeometric). It has been mentioned above that the earliest phase of the ceramic tradition described here has been called Tapygian Protogeometric’. In this chapter it is named ‘South-Italian Protogeometric’,, because of its occurrence over large parts of southern Italy. It is even present on Sicily and Lipari, and was imitated there (Bernabd Brea/Cavallier 1980, 713; Voza 1980, pl. XVII, figs. 81-82). Unfortunately, the term lapygian Protogeometric was used rather indiscriminately for each more or less ‘primitive’ - looking matt-painted sherd or pot from southern Italy. It is clear from new information coming from several sites of Apulia, Basilicata, Campania, and Calabria that the development of the matt-painted pottery tradition during the 12th-8th centuries BC was considerably more complex than it seemed at first sight®. ‘Technical features, ‘The pots are usually handmade. In some cases, the use of a slowly rotating wheel may be suspected. The vases are made up of several sections: rim, neck, upper and lower halves of the body could all be made separately and joined together when partially dry. The joins are often clearly visible on the inside of closed vessels. Many of the South-Italian Protogeometric pots were accurately finished. The surface was first roughly smoothed with a wooden spatulate object; then a thin layer of slip could be applied with a kind of sponge. This instrument often left horizontal traces which may be mistaken for © A first attompt to phaso tho early matt-paintod wares Uopigio Protogeometric and Iopigio Geometrico) in Yntoma 1982-1 7 It ie anid that wheelmade South Italian Protogeometric has beon found at Termitito. Lam unable to eonfirm this traces caused by production on the potter's quick wheel’, ‘The clay is light in colour; it ean be cream- coloured, yellowish, beige, pinkish-orange, or light-brown. Even within the same pot the colours of the clay may vary considerably due to uneven firing. The clay is tempered with particles that were locally available, quartzite sand and crushed limestone foremost among them. The colour of the clay at the surface is usually lighter; this is the result of the oxidizing last phase in the process of firing. The paint is reddish-brown or dark-brown. This ‘paint! is a slip containing manganese oxide. The vases were fired in an oxidizing atmosphere at about 900° C. ‘Vase forms (figs. 4-5). Until now South-Italian Protogeometric has almost exclusively been found in settlement debris®. Consequently, one has to deal with heavily fragmented ceramics. Reconstructable shapes are rarely found. Moreover, there is a scanty supply of published ceramies that ean be assigned to the productions that make up south- Italian Protogeometric. The extant ceramics found hitherto suggest the existence of the following forms, Form 1 (urn): short out-turned rim, short to medium-height conical neck, spherical to reversed conical body, flat base, and two horizontally attached tube-shaped handles at about maximum diameter of the body. ‘Average height between 25 and 90 em. Form 2 (jug): short out-turned rim, short conical neck, somewhat globular body with flattened base; one vertical handle (more or less 8 Only a fow pots have been reported to come from graves; ef, for instance, jugs [rom Milazzo (Bernabe ‘Bre/Cavaliir 1959), urn from Torre Castelluccia (Neutsch 1956), and urns from Timmari (unpublished).