HARBOUR DOCK

AND
TUNNEL ENGINEERING

By
R.Srinivasan

Edition : Twenty Four Revised Edition 2010

ISBN : 978 - 93 - 80358 - 02 - 4
Size : 135 mm x 210 mm
Binding : Paperback with Four Color Jacket Cover
Pages : 408 + 16 Rs. 100.00
Charotar

About the book CONTENT

This text-book concisely formulates the basic principles of the subject matter in simple language Section I HARBOUR AND DOCK
presented in two sections. ENGINEERING
1 : HARBOURS AND PORTS
The Section I —
2 : NATURAL PHENOMENA : TIDES, WIND AND WAVES
Harbour and Dock Engineering, is well-divided in twelve chapters including chapter on ‘Planning 3 : PROTECTION FACILITIES : MOUND BREAKWATER
and Layout of Ports’. Also the approach of the write-up has been changed according to the form 4 : PROTECTION FACILITIES :
of facilities and requirements of Harbours and Ports. WALL TYPE AND SPECIAL BREAKWATERS
5 : PLANNING AND LAYOUT OF PORTS
The Section II —
6 : DOCKING FACILITIES
Tunnel Engineering, is also well-divided in twelve chapters including newly developed methods
7 : REPAIRING FACILITIES
like New Austrian Tunnelling Method (NATM), Shield methods and chapters on ‘Stages in 8 : APPROACH FACILITIES
Tunnel Construction’, ‘Tunnelling in Water Bearing Soils’ and also ‘Health Protection in Tunnels’ 9 : LOADING UNLOADING FACILITIES
have been incorporated. 10 : STORING FACILITIES
Salient features of this book: 11 : DREDGING FACILITIES
12 : GUIDING FACILITIES
* 230 Self-explanatory and neatly drawn sketches, photographs and more than,
* 310 Examination questions at the end of each chapter. Section II TUNNEL ENGINEERING
The book in the present form will prove to be extremely useful to the students preparing for the
13 : GENERAL ASPECTS
Degree Examinations is Civil Engineering of all the Indian Universities, Diploma Examinations
14 : STAGES IN TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION
conducted by various Boards of Technical Education, Certificate Courses as well as for the
15 : SOIL CLASSIFICATION AND TUNNELLING METHODS
A.M.I.E. and U.P.S.C. Examinations. It will also be of an immense use to practising Civil 16 : OTHER METHODS OF TUNNELLING IN SOFT SOILS
Engineers. 17 : TUNNELLING IN WATER BEARING SOILS
18 : TUNNELLING IN ROCK
19 : THE NEW AUSTRIAN TUNNELLING METHOD (NATM)
20 : SHAFTS
21 : TUNNEL LINING
22 : DRAINAGE OF TUNNELS
23 : TUNNEL VENTILATION, DUST PREVENTION AND
LIGHTING
24 : HEALTH PROTECTION IN TUNNELS

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 2
Section I Chapter 3 : PROTECTION FACILITIES :
HARBOUR AND DOCK ENGINEERING MOUND BREAKWATER
Chapter 1 : HARBOURS AND PORTS 3-1 General
1-1 Introduction (1) Alignment
1-2 Water transportation (2) Design information and considerations
1-3 Classification of harbours (3) Forces acting on breakwaters
1-3-1 Classification of harbour depending upon the protection needed 3-2 Classification of breakwaters
1-3-2 Classification of harbour depending upon the utility 3-3 Heap or mound breakwater
1-3-3 Classification of harbour based upon the location 3-4 Selection of type of breakwater
(1) Canal harbour (3) River or estuary harbour Functions of components of mound breakwater
(2) Lake harbour (4) Sea or ocean harbour (1) Interior or hearth or core
1-4 Accessibility and size of harbours (2) Filter or secondary armours
(1) Site selection (7) Defects in harbours (3) Armour blocks
(2) Shape of the harbour (8) Requirements of a good 3-5 Details of energy dissipation in mound breakwater
(3) Harbour depth harbour 3-6 Characteristics of mound breakwater
(4) Marine surveys (9) Ship characteristics 3-7 Rubble mound breakwater
(5) Harbour planning (10) Terms common for ship (1) Types of rubble mound breakwater
(6) Features of a port characteristics (2) Advantages and disadvantages of mound type breakwater
1-5 Ports (3) Design aspects of rubble mound breakwaters
(1) General (2) Classification of ports 3-8 Concrete block mound breakwater
1-6 Indian ports 3-9 Rubble mound breakwater supplemented by concrete blocks
(1) Bombay port (3) Kandla port (1) Concrete blocks placed in pell-mell fashion
(2) Nhava-Sheva port (4) Alang - Ship-breaking yard (2) Concrete blocks placed in compacted fashion
1-7 Requirements of a good port 3-10 Rubble mound breakwater supplemented by patented stones
1-8 Facilities at a major port (1) Tetrapods
(1) Protection facilities (8) Loading-unloading facilities (2) Tribars (6) Stabit armour
(2) Dredging facilities (9) Storage facilities (3) Modified cubes (7) Advantages of patented stones
(3) Entrance facilities (10) Repairing facilities (4) Dollosse (8) Mound formation
(4) Guiding facilities (11) Administrative facilities (5) Akman armour
(5) Locking facilities (12) Offshore terminal facilities 3-11 Mound with superstructure or composite break water
(6) Turning facilities (13) Quarantine inspection facilities (1) Mound with superstructure founded at low water level
(7) Docking facilities (2) Mound with superstructure founded below low water level
1-9 Port design Stability of mounds
Questions 3-12 Mound construction
Chapter 2 : NATURAL PHENOMENA : TIDES, WIND (1) General
AND WAVES (2) Methods of construction
2-1 General Questions
2-2 Littoral drift Chapter 4 : PROTECTION FACILITIES :
2-3 Sea water waves 4-1 Wall type and special Breakwaters
2-4 Tide generation, Tidal waves and tidal feary 4-2 Types of wall breakwater
2-5 Lunar tides 4-3 Causes of failure
(1) Semi-diurnal tide (3) Mixed tide 4-4 Forces on upright wall breakwater
(2) Diurnal tide (1) Shearing of bed joints due to horizontal pressure of the wave
2-6 Solar tides
(2) Overturning
2-7 Tides due to Moon and Sun
(3) Uplift
(1) Tides on full moon days and new moon days
(4) Fracture
(2) Tides on points of quadrature
4-5 Essentials for wall type breakwater
2-8 Total number of tides
4-6 Advantages of wall breakwater
2-9 Major tides, Spring tides and neap tides
4-7 Disadvantages of wall breakwater
2-10 Water levels of sea during tides and tidal ranges
(1) Mean sea level (5) Lowest low water 4-8 Typical cross-section of wall breakwater
(2) Low water (6) Higher high water Alternate cross-section of wall breakwater
(3) High water (7) Lower low water 4-9 Method of construction — Staging system
(4) Highest high water (8) Diurnal range 4-10 Bonds
2-11 Uses of tides (1) Bonds for wall breakwater of smaller units
2-12 Effect of tides (2) Bonds for wall breakwater in mass concrete
2-13 Age or establishment of tide 4-11 Wall type breakwater of larger units
2-14 Tide prediction (1) Mass concrete (2) Caisson wall breakwater
2-15 Wind and waves 4-12 Breakwater height
2-16 Dynamical effect of wave action 4-13 Breakwater failures
(1) In deep water (2) In shallow water 4-14 Comparison of mound type and wall type
2-17 Modification of sea waves breakwaters
2-18 Air compression 4-15 Special breakwaters
2-19 Water hammer (1) General
2-20 Shore protection works (2) Types of special breakwater
Questions Questions
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 3
Chapter 5 : PLANNING AND LAYOUT OF PORTS Chapter 8 : APPROACH FACILITIES
5-1 General 8-1 General
5-2 Facilities at a port 8-2 Direction of an entrance
(1) Facilities to be provided on land 8-3 Direction of entrance for river harbours
(2) Facilities connected with basin water (1) Pointing downstream
5-3 Layout of ports (2) Pointing upstream
(1) Square layout (4) Tridentine layout (3) Pointing midstream
(2) Rectangular layout (5) Digital layout 8-4 Dimensions of entrances
(3) Machicolated layout (1) Width
Questions (2) Depth of water
Chapter 6 : DOCKING FACILITIES (3) Length of entrance
6-1 General 8-5 Types of entrances
6-2 Classification of docks (1) Entrance without gates
6-3 Classification of wet docks (2) Entrance with gates
(1) Wet docks in tidal basins (i) Entrance with single pair of gates
(2) Wet docks in enclosed or impounded basins (ii) Entrances with two or three pairs of gates
6-4 Advantages and disadvantages of tidal wet docks 8-6 Entrance locks
(1) Advantages of tidal basins 8-7 Lock foundations
(2) Disadvantages of tidal basins 8-8 Dimensions of entrances and locks
6-5 Advantages and disadvantages of enclosed wet docks 8-9 Construction of lock gates
(1) Advantages of wet docks or impounded basins 8-10 Force on the Gates
(2) Disadvantages of wet docks or impounded-basins 8-11 Shape of Gates
6-6 River ports 8-12 Support for dock gates
6-7 Form and arrangements of basins and docks 8-13 Working of gates
6-8 Design and construction of basin or dock walls Questions
(1) Design condition Chapter 9 : LOADING UNLOADING FACILITIES
(2) Design loads 9-1 General
(3) Effect of loads 9-2 Design of quay walls
6-9 Other aspects of construction details (1) Factors affecting the design of quay walls are as follows
6-10 Other aspects of construction details Dock entrances (2) Forces on quay walls
6-11 Sizes of dock entrances (i) Horizontal Pressure
Questions (ii) Overturning moment
Chapter 7 : REPAIRING FACILITIES 9-3 Types of quay walls
7-1 General
9-4 Other details of quay walls
7-2 Classification of repairing facilities
9-5 Wharves
(1) Repairing facilities in fixed form
9-6 Piers
(2) Repairing facilities in movable form
9-7 Types of piers
7-3 Graving dry dock
(1) The floor
7-4 Facilities to be provided at a graving dry dock
(2) The supporting part Trestle pier
(1) Lifting (6) Pulling equipment
(2) Compressed air supply (7) Anchoring facilities in form 9-8 Additional points for piers
(3) Supply of salt water of bollards 9-9 Pierheads
(4) Supply of fresh water (8) Supporting facilities 9-10 Dolphins
(5) Electrical power supply (9) Pumping and flooding facilities (1) Types of dolphins
7-5 Method of dry docking (i) Breasting dolphins
7-6 Size of graving dock (ii) Mooring dolphins
7-7 Forces acting on a graving dock (2) Classification of dolphins
7-8 Conditions for design of graving dock (i) Flexible dolphins
(1) Dock empty (ii) Rigid dolphins
(2) Dock filled with water 9-11 Jetties
7-9 Scheme of constructing graving dock 9-12 Differences between wharf and jetty
7-10 Design of graving dock floor 9-13 Fenders
7-11 Marine railway dry dock (1) General
7-12 Slipways (2) Types of fenders
7-13 Lift dry dock (i) Timber piles fenders with springs
7-14 Floating type dry dockFloating type dry dock (ii) Rubber fenders
7-15 Types of floating docks (iii) Pneumatic fenders
(1) Rigid type floating docks (3) Classification of fenders
(2) Self docking type floating docks (i) Rubbing strips
(3) Self docking offshore type floating docks (ii) Timber grill
7-16 Design considerations for floating docks (iii) Gravity-type fendering system
(1) When loaded with a ship (iv) Rubber fendering
(2) When unloaded and floating 9-14 Slip
7-17 Advantages and disadvantages of floating dry dock 9-15 Moles
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 4
Chapter 10 : STORING FACILITIES Section II
10-1 General TUNNEL ENGINEERING
10-2 Aprons Chapter 13 : GENERAL ASPECTS
10-3 Transit sheds 13-1 General
(1) Construction requirements of transit shed 13-2 Categories of obstacles
(2) Other necessity of transit shed 13-3 Definitions
10-4 Design of transit shed (1) Tunnel
10-5 Warehouses (2) Open cut
Location (3) Bridge
10-6 Cold storages (4) Surface road
10-7 Guard houses 13-4 Advantages and disadvantages of tunnels and open cuts
Questions Advantages of tunnels, Disadvantages of tunnels
Chapter 11 : DREDGING FACILITIES Advantages of open cuts, Disadvantages of open cuts
11-1 General 13-5 History of tunnels constructed
11-2 Primary dredging 13-6 Developments in tunnelling methods
11-3 Maintenance dredging 13-7 Important years in tunnel construction
11-4 Disposal of the dredged material 13-8 Economics of tunnelling
11-5 Types of dredging devices 13-9 Selection of alignment of tunnel
(1) Dipper dredge (1) Alignment restraints
(i) Operation (2) Environmental considerations
(ii) Advantages of dipper dredge 13-10 Classification of tunnels
(2) Grapple dredge (1) Classification according to alignment
(i) Operation (2) Classification according to purpose
(ii) Advantages of grapple dredge (3) Classification according to type of material met with in the
(3) Continuous bucket elevator or ladder dredge construction
(i) Operation 13-11 Tunnel approaches
(ii) Advantages of continuous bucket eleva tor or ladder dredge Questions
(4) Hydraulic or suction dredge Chapter 14 : STAGES IN TUNNELCONSTRUCTION
(i) Operation 14-1 Investigations
(ii) Advantages of hydraulic or suction dredge (1) Investigations before planning
11-6 Choice of dredger (2) Investigations at the time of planning
11-7 Execution of dredging work (3) Investigations at the time of construction
(1) Dredging work by granting contract (i) Heading
(i) Advantages of contract dredging (ii) Driving dirft
(ii) Disadvantages of contract dredging 14-2 Setting out of tunnel
(2) Dredging work by employing labour (1) Setting out tunnel on ground surface
(i) Advantages of direct labour dredging (2) Transfer of centre line from surface to undeground
(ii) Disadvantages of direct labour dredging (3) Underground setting out
Questions (4) Underground levelling
Chapter 12 : GUIDING FACILITIES 14-3 Methods of getting extra faces to work upon
12-1 Necessity for guiding facilities 14-4 Excavation
12-2 Fixed and floating light stations (1) Drilling of holes
12-3 Lighthouse (2) Selection of drilling equipment
(1) Lighthouse construction (3) Types of mounts
(2) Lights of lighthouse 14-5 Blasting
12-4 Signals (1) Types of explosives (3) Theory of blasting
(1) Requirements of a signal (2) Cuts (4) Quantity of rock released
(2) Types of signals 14-6 Temporary supports
12-5 Light signals 14-7 Permanent supports
(1) Light ships (1) Rock bolting
(2) Beacons (2) Bearing plates
(3) Buoys 14-8 Ventilation at the time of construction
(i) Mooring buoys (iii) Buoyage system 14-9 Muck removal
(ii) Wreck buoys 14-10 Supplementary operations
12-6 Fog signals (1) Checking of soundness of freshly cut surface
12-7 Audible signals (2) Contour trimming
12-8 Moorings (3) Sealing of cracks, weak zones, etc.
12-9 Mooring accessories 14-11 Design of shape and size
(1) Mooring accessories for the fixed type (1) ‘D’ section (4) Egg-shaped section
(i) Mooring port (2) Circular section (5) Horse-shoe form
(ii) Bollard (3) Rectangular section
(2) Mooring accessories for the floating type 14-12 Miscellaneous
(i) Buoys (iii) Anchors (1) Problems of tunnelling (4) Twin tunnels
(ii) Cables (2) Progress of tunnelling work (5) Portals
12-10 Off-shore moorings (3) Procedure of work (6) Emergency services
Questions Questions
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 5
Chapter 15 : SOIL CLASSIFICATION AND Chapter 17 : TUNNELLING IN WATER BEARING
TUNNELLING METHODS SOILS
15-1 Soil classification 17-1 General
15-2 Choice of method 17-2 Well points system
(1) Equipment available 17-3 Equipment with plenum process of tunnelling or compressed
(2) Method of sequence of excavation air method
(3) Size of tunnel (1) Bulkhead (2) Air-lock
(4) Type of ground Types of air-lock
15-3 Methods of tunnelling (soft soils) 17-4 Various pipes and conduits
17-5 Compressors, generators and pressure gauges
15-4 Forepoling method
(1) Compressor units (3) Pumps
15-5 Needle beam method
(2) Generator units
15-6 Army method or case method
17-6 Methods of tunneling in water bearing soils
15-7 American method Questions
15-8 English method Chapter 18 : TUNNELLING IN ROCK
15-9 Belgian method 18-1 General
15-10 German method 18-2 Sequence of operations for tunnelling in rock
15-11 Austrian method 18-3 Faces of operation for tunnelling in rock
15-12 Timbering in soft soil tunnelling (1) System of vertical shafts (2) System of pilot tunnels
Questions 18-4 Methods of tunnelling in rock
Chapter 16 : OTHER METHODS OF TUNNELING IN (1) Drift method
SOFT SOILS (2) Heading and bench method
16-1 Liner plates method (3) Full face method
(1) Stiffening ribs (4) Cantilever car dump method
(2) Use for liner plates without ribs 18-5 Mucking
(3) Use of liner plates with ribs 18-6 Mucking in steep grade tunnelling
16-2 Tunnelling with shield 18-7 Hauling
(1) General 18-8 Other aspects
(2) Dimensions of shield (1) Drilling
(i) Length (2) Drill-hole patterns
(ii) Shape of shield (3) Depth of bore holes
(4) Precaution in locating drill holes
(iii) Cross sectional area
(5) Types of drills and their uses
16-3 Parts of shield
(6) Support for drills
(1) Cutting edge or leading edge
18-9 Drill-bits
(2) Central part or trunk portion (1) Forged bits (2) Detachable bits
(3) Tail or rear portion 18-10 Nipper cars
16-4 Terms commonly used with shield 18-11 Explosives
(1) Shove of shield 18-12 Safety precautions in rock tunnelling
(2) Lenth of shove Questions
(3) Open shove, blind shove and partially blind shove Chapter 19 : THE NEW AUSTRIAN TUNNELLING
16-5 Primary lining METHOD (NATM)
(1) General 19-1 General
(2) Requirements for primary lining 19-2 NATM concept, Explanation of basic concept
16-6 General steps of tunnelling with shield 19-3 Main features of NATM
16-7 Shield tunnelling in different types of soils Shield tunnelling in 19-4 Details of NATM at Loktak, Rock bolting, Grouting
stiff clay 19-5 Review of rock bolt system
16-8 Common equipment with shield 19-6 Conclusion
(1) Supporting means or supporting equipment Questions
(2) Gravel tank Chapter 20 : SHAFTS
(3) Chute 20-1 General
(4) Trailing dam 20-2 Advantages of shafts
16-9 Stages of using the shield 20-3 Size and location of shafts
(1) Excavation stage 20-4 Shafts in rock
(2) Mucking and hauling stage (1) Drilling (3) Timbering
(3) Advancement or shoving stage (2) Mucking (4) Pumping
(4) Erection of tunnel lining stage Raising
(5) Grouting caulking and drainage stage 20-5 Shaft construction in rock
16-10 Mechanized shields 20-6 Shaft sinking in soft ground
(1) Rotary wheel type (1) Shallow shafts - method of sinking
(2) Planetary cutting assemblies (2) Deep shafts
(3) Oscillatory type mechanized shield 20-7 Design of shaft supports
(4) Auger head cutting assemblies Precautions in shaft sinking worked in soft soils
(5) Active horizontal shelf shield 20-8 Protection round the shaft opening
(6) Water jets 20-9 Classification of shafts
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 6
Chapter 21 : TUNNEL LINING Chapter 23 : TUNNEL VENTILATION, DUST
21-1 Necessity of lining PREVENTION AND LIGHTING
21-2 Objects of tunnel lining 23-1 General
21-3 Materials for lining 23-2 Temporary ventilation
(1) Masonry (1) Objects (5) Causes of making the tunnel
(2) Stone masonry (2) Natural and mechanical atmosphere foul
(3) Cement concrete ventilation (6) Natural ventilation
(4) Timber (3) Requirements of a temporary (7) Mechanical ventilation
(5) Cast-iron ventilating system (8) Equipments for ventilation
21-4 Design of thickness of lining (4) Volume of air considerations
General 23-3 Dust prevention
(1) Timber lining (1) General (2) Dust control methods
23-4 Lighting
(2) Concrete lining
(1) General (2) Types of tunnel lights
21-5 The sequence of lining a tunnel
23-5 Permanent ventilation, Semi-lateral system Permanent ventilation
Questions Questions
Chapter 22 : DRAINAGE OF TUNNELS Chapter 24 : HEALTH PROTECTION IN TUNNELS
22-1 General 24-1 General
22-2 Pre-drainage 24-2 Safety measures
22-3 Dewatering 24-3 Health protection
22-4 Permanent drainage (1) Silicosis (2) Coisson diseases
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