This sample chapter is for review purposes only. Copyright © The Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. All rights reserved.

2 Automotive Encyclopedia

Goodheart-Willcox

Automotive The Goodheart-Willcox Company, Inc. Brand Disclaimer: Brand names, company names, and illustrations for
products and services included in this text are provided for educational purposes only and do not represent or imply
endorsement or recommendation by the author or the publisher.

Encyclopedia The Goodheart-Willcox Company, Inc. Safety Notice: The reader is expressly advised to carefully read, understand,
and apply all safety precautions and warnings described in this book or that might also be indicated in undertaking
the activities and exercises described herein to minimize risk of personal injury or injury to others. Common sense
and good judgment should also be exercised and applied to help avoid all potential hazards. The reader should
always refer to the appropriate manufacturer’s technical information, directions, and recommendations; then proceed
with care to follow specific equipment operating instructions. The reader should understand these notices and cautions
are not exhaustive.
Toboldt The publisher makes no warranty or representation whatsoever, either expressed or implied, including but not limited
to equipment, procedures, and applications described or referred to herein, their quality, performance, merchantability,
Johnson or fitness for a particular purpose. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any changes, errors, or omissions
in this book. The publisher specifically disclaims any liability whatsoever, including any direct, indirect, incidental,
Gauthier consequential, special, or exemplary damages resulting, in whole or in part, from the reader’s use or reliance upon
the information, instructions, procedures, warnings, cautions, applications, or other matter contained in this book.
The publisher assumes no responsibility for the activities of the reader.

2006 Edition
Copyright © 2006
by
The Goodheart-Willcox Company, Inc.
Previous editions copyright 2000, 1995, 1989, 1983,
1981, 1979, 1977, 1972, 1970, 1968

All rights reserved. No part of this work may be repro-

duced, stored, or transmitted in any form or by any
electronic or mechanical means, including information
storage and retrieval systems, without the prior written
permission of The Goodheart-Willcox Company, Inc.
Manufactured in the United States of America

ISSN 1080-627-X
International Standard Book Number 1-59070-422-3
Publisher
The Goodheart-Willcox Company, Inc. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10—06—10 09 08 07 06 05
Tinley Park, Illinois
www.g-w.com
This sample chapter is for review purposes only. Copyright © The Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. All rights reserved.

3 4 Automotive Encyclopedia

Introduction Acknowledgments

The publication of a book of this nature would not be Hofmann Corp.

possible without the assistance of many segments of Honda
the automotive industry. The authors and the publisher Hunter Engineering Co.
would like to thank the following companies, organiza- Huth Mfg. Co.
tions, and agencies for their contributions to Automotive Jeep
In recent years, there have been significant changes the chapter. Important technical terms are listed at the
Encyclopedia. Kwik-Way
in the design and construction of automobiles. Although beginning of each chapter and are printed in bold italic
Lexus
these changes have increased dependability, improved type when introduced in the body of the text. Additionally, AC-Rochester
Lincoln Div. of McNeil Corp.
fuel economy, reduced emissions, and enhanced safety, safety is stressed in the appropriate sections. Review Accurate Instruments
Linde Div. of Union Carbide
they have made it more difficult to troubleshoot and repair questions are provided at the end of each chapter to help AC-Delco
Lisle Co.
late-model vehicles. Therefore, a thorough knowledge of you evaluate your understanding of important concepts. Alfred Teves Corp.
LORS Machinery, Inc.
the fundamentals of vehicle construction, operation, and The 2006 edition of Automotive Encyclopedia has Allen Test Products Div., Allen Group
L.S. Starrett Co.
service is more important than ever before. been updated to reflect the most recent changes in the Ammco Tools, Inc.
Marson Corp.
Automotive Encyclopedia is a book of fundamen- automotive field. It includes information on the latest Audi of America, Inc.
Mazda
tals. It explores the many sciences involved in vehicle developments in automotive technology, such as OBD II Auto-Test
Nilfisk of America, Inc.
operation: electricity and electronics, computers, hydrau- diagnostics, antilock brakes, side air bags, refrigerant Battery Council International
Nissan
lics, pneumatics, internal combustion, power trans- recovery and recycling, and automotive waste disposal. BMW
Oatey Co.
mission, and steering and suspension geometry. Full color has been used throughout this edition of Brake Systems, Inc.
OTC Tools and Equipment
Automotive Encyclopedia also covers vehicle design, Automotive Encyclopedia to enhance illustrations and Buick
Peerless Instrument Co.
operation, troubleshooting, service, and repair. This infor- highlight important information. Cadillac
Perfect Circle
mation establishes the foundation on which a thorough Automotive Encyclopedia is designed to be used by Carter
Peugeot, Inc.
knowledge of automotive technology is based. Once students interested in entering the field of automotive Central Foundry Div., General Motors Corp.
Pontiac
these fundamentals are mastered, knowledge gained technology. It can also be used by technicians preparing Central Tools
Porsche
through experience will enable you to troubleshoot and for ASE certification or who need to brush up on certain Century Mfg. Co.
PPG Industries, Inc.
service late-model vehicles. topics. Champion Spark Plug Co.
Robert Bosch Corporation
Each chapter of Automotive Encyclopedia opens William K. Toboldt Chevrolet
Robinair Div., SPX Corp.
with a list of learning objectives. These objectives identify Larry Johnson Chilton’s Motor/Age
Rochester
the skills you should be able to master after completing W. Scott Gauthier Christie Electric Corp.
Rubber Manufacturers Association
C-R Industries
Safety-Kleen
Curtis-Wright
Sealed Power
DaimlerChrysler
Sioux
Dayco Corp.
S-K Tools
Deere & Co.
Snap-on Tools Corp.
Delco-Remy Div., General Motors Corp.
Star Machine and Tool Co.
Detroit Diesel Corp.
Sun Electric Corp.
DeVilbiss
Sunnen Co.
Dodge
Tecumseh Products Co.
ESB Incorporated
3M Co.
Everco
Tire Guides, Inc., Boca Raton, FL
Federal Mogul
2005 Tire Guide-www.tireguides.com
Fel-Pro, Inc.
Toyota Motor Sales, U.S.A. Inc.
Firestone Tire & Rubber Co.
Triad
Fisher Body Div., General Motors Corp.
U.S. Sales Co.
Ford Motor Co.
VICA
Gates Rubber Co.
Volkswagen of America, Inc.
General Electric Corp.
Winona Van Norman
General Motors Corp.*
* Portions of the materials contained in this text have
Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co.
been reprinted with the permission of General Motors
Hein-Werner
Corporation, Service Technology Group.
Hercules Motor
This sample chapter is for review purposes only. Copyright © The Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. All rights reserved.
1 Automotive Safety
Safety 13
Right-to-Know Laws 15
Proper Disposal of Automotive Wastes
Fire Prevention 16
Ventilation 16
Jacks and Lifts 16
Tool Safety 16
Dress Properly 18
Lift Properly 19
Welding Safety 19
2 Owner’s Manuals, Service
Manuals, and Repair Manuals
Introduction 21
Owner’s Manuals 21
Service Manuals and Repair Manuals
Technical Service Bulletins 22
Flat Rate Manual 24
Computerized Service Information 25
On-line Services 25
Technical Assistance Hotlines 25
3 Automotive Tools 29
Tools 29
Wrenches 29
Sockets and Ratchets 31
Specialty Wrenches 32
Pliers 33
Screwdrivers 34
Hammers 35
Electric Drills 38
Impact Wrenches 38
Files 39
Retrieving Tools 40
Soldering Tools 40
Hacksaws 41
Taps and Dies 42
Cleaning Equipment 43
5 6 Automotive Encyclopedia
7 Engine Fundamentals 73
Table of Contents Engine Fundamentals 73
Engine Fuels 73
Engine Design 73
Reciprocating Engines 74
Engine Components 74
Combustion Chamber Design 79
Engine Operating Sequence 81
8 Measuring Engine Performance 85
Engine Performance 85
Bore, Stroke, Displacement 88
Compression Ratio 88
13 4 Fasteners, Seals, and Gaskets 47 Engine Efficiency 88
Fasteners 47 Brake Horsepower 89
Threaded Fasteners 47 Engine Torque 90
15 Keys and Pins 52 Rated Horsepower 90
Snap Rings 52 Indicated Horsepower 90 11 Engine Removal,
Rivets 52 Friction Horsepower 91
Disassembly, and Cleaning 123
Adhesives 53
Sealants 53 Engine Removal 123
Seals 53 9 Engine Top End Construction 93 Engine Disassembly 124
Gaskets 55 Engine Top End 93 Cleaning 127
Cylinder Heads 93 Inspection and Measurement 128
Intake Manifolds 94
5 Measuring Instruments 59 Exhaust Manifolds 94
Valve Trains 94
12 Engine Top End Service 131
Measuring Instruments 59
Engine Top End Service 131
21 Micrometers 59 Cam Functions 95
Cylinder Head Service 131
Telescoping Gauges and Small Hole Gauges 61 Camshafts 96
Valve Seat Reconditioning 133
Vernier Calipers 61 Camshaft Bearings 97
Valve Guide Service 134
Dial Gauges 62 Camshaft Drive Mechanisms 97
22 Valve Service 137
Feeler Gauge 62 Valves 98
Valve Spring Service 139
Valve Springs 102
Valve Operating Mechanisms 142
Valve Lifters 102
6 Meters, Testers, and Analyzers 65 Push Rod Service 143
Valve Seals 104
Rocker Arm Service 143
Automotive Meters, Testers, and Analyzers 65 Valve Retainers and Keepers 104
Lifter Service 143
Analog and Digital Meters 65 Rocker Arms 104
Multimeters 66 Push Rods 104 Camshaft Service 145
Test Light 67 Camshaft Bearings 146
Tachometers 67 Timing Belt Service 147
10 Engine Bottom End Timing Chain Service 147
Dwell Meters 67
Battery/Starter Testers 67 Construction 107 Timing Gear Service 148
Head Bolt Torque 148
Timing Light 68 Engine Bottom End 107
Oil Pressure Gauge 68 Engine Block Construction 107
Fuel Pressure Gauge 69 Crankshafts 108 13 Engine Bottom End Service 151
Compression Gauge 69 Vibration Dampers 111
Vacuum Gauge 69 Engine Bottom End Service 151
Connecting Rods 112 Engine Block Service 151
Vacuum Tester 69 Piston Construction 112
Exhaust Gas Analyzers 69 Cylinder Reconditioning 153
Piston Rings 113 Crankshaft Service 156
Oscilloscopes 70 Compression Rings 113
Scan Tools 71 Bearing Clearance 158
Oil Control Rings 114 Bearing Removal 159
Engine Analyzers 71 Piston Pins 115 Replacement of Inserts 159
Flywheels 116 Piston Service 165
Balance Shafts 116 Piston Ring Service 166
Bearings 118 Connecting Rod Service 170
Main Bearing Caps and Seals 120 Piston Pin Service 171
Balancing Engines 173
This sample chapter is for review purposes only. Copyright © The Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. All rights reserved.
14 Engine Lubrication
Oil 177
Properties of Engine Oil 177
Selecting Viscosities 178
Oil Service Classifications 178
Oil Changes 180
Oil Filters 180
Lubricating Methods 180
15 Engine Cooling Systems
Cooling Systems 187
Water Pumps 189
Belts 189
Hoses and Clamps 191
Radiators 192
Automatic Transmission Fluid Cooler 193
Closed Cooling Systems 193
Radiator Caps 193
Cooling Fans 194
Thermostats 196
Heater Core 197
Antifreeze Solutions 197
Air-cooled Engines 199
Cooling System Testing 200
Cooling System Troubleshooting 202
Cooling System Flush 203
16 Diesel and Other Engines
Diesel Engines 207
Truck Engines 209
Racing Engines 210
Rotary Engines 210
Miller-Cycle Engines 214
Variable-Compression Engines 215
Hybrid Vehicles 215
Fuel Cell Vehicles 216
17 Fundamentals of Electricity,
Magnetism, and Electronics 219
Electricity 219
Insulators 221
Conductors 221
Volts, Amperes, Ohms 221
Types of Electrical Circuits 222
Magnetism 223
Electronics 227
18 Automotive Fuels
Automotive Fuels 235
Volatility 235
Combustion of Gasoline 237
Antiknock Qualities 239
Fuel Additives 240
Lead-free Gasoline 240
Alcohol as a Fuel 240
Diesel Fuels 241
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
Table of Contents
177 19 Fuel Supply Systems, Intake
Systems, Superchargers, and
Turbochargers 243
Fuel Pumps 243
Mechanical Fuel Pump 243
Electric Fuel Pumps 244
Fuel Filters 245
Fuel Gauges 246
Intake Systems 248
187 Air Filters 248
Intake Manifold 249
Superchargers 251
Turbochargers 254
20 Fuel Injection Systems
Fuel Injection 259
Classifying Gasoline Injection Systems
Servicing Fuel Injection Systems 264
On-Board Diagnostic Systems 265
Verifying Fuel Injector Operation 265
Checking Fuel Pressure 266
Injector Balance Test 266
Relieving EFI System Pressure 266
Servicing Fuel Injectors 268
Rebuilding a Throttle Body 270
Methods of Diesel Injection 270
207
21 Carburetor Fundamentals
and Service 275
Carburetors 275
Carburetor Circuits 277
Air/Fuel Mixture 287
Stoichiometric Mixture 288
Computerized Systems 288
Electro-Mechanical Carburetors
Carburetor Service 290
235
241
7 8 Automotive Encyclopedia
22 Ignition System Fundamentals 24 Starting System Fundamentals
and Service 301 and Service 339
Starting System Fundamentals 339
Ignition System Operation 301
Ignition Coils 302 Starting Motor Operating Principles 339
Distributor Cap 302 Starting Motor Types 343
Rotor 302 Starting Motor Internal Circuits 343
Spark Plug Wires 303 Neutral Safety Switch 347
Spark Plugs 303 Troubleshooting the Starting System 347
Ignition Timing 306 Starter Maintenance 348
Specific Ignition Systems 307 Starting Motor Tests 348
Breaker Point Ignition 307
Electronic Ignition 309 25 Charging System
Computerized Ignition Systems 312
Distributorless Ignition 312
Fundamentals 353
Direct Ignition 314 Charging Systems 353
259 Ignition System Service 315 Alternator Construction 356
Performing a Spark Test 315 Alternator Operation 357
259 Ignition Coil Service 315 Voltage Regulators 359
Distributor Cap and Rotor Service 316 Voltage Regulator Types 359
Computer-Controlled Voltage Regulation 364
Spark Plug Service 316
42-Volt Electrical Systems 364
Spark Plug Wire Service 319
Pickup Coil Service 319
Contact Point and Condenser Service 320 26 Charging System Service 367
Adjusting Ignition Timing 321
Charging System Testing and Service 367
Testing Centrifugal and Vacuum Distributor Advance
Charging System Inspection 367
Systems 322
Charging System Precautions and Tests 368
Ignition Control Module Service 322 Alternator Removal 369
Distributors and Direct Ignition System Service 322 Alternator Disassembly 370
Bench Tests 370
Repairs/Replacement 372
23 Batteries and Battery Alternator Reassembly 372
Service 325 Alternator Reinstallation 372
Batteries 325
Battery Construction 325
27 Computer System Fundamentals
Maintenence-free Batteries 327
288 Battery Voltage and Capacity 329 and Service 375
Battery Ratings 329 Computer Control Systems 375
Battery Inspection 330 Components of a Computer Control System 377
Battery Testing 330 Sensors 377
Jump Starting an Engine 336 Electronic Control Module Operation 382
Actuators 384
Computer Control System Troubleshooting 386
On-Board Diagnostic Systems 386
Diagnostic Trouble Codes 386
Activating Self-Diagnostic Systems 387
Using Diagnostic Information 389
Sensor Service 390
Actuator Service 394
Electronic Control Module Troubleshooting 394
28 Exhaust Systems 397
Exhaust Systems 397
Exhaust Manifold 397
Mufflers 398
Catalytic Converters 399
Exhaust System Corrosion 400
Servicing Exhaust Systems 402
This sample chapter is for review purposes only. Copyright © The Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. All rights reserved.
29 Emission Controls 405
Introduction 405
Automotive Emission Standards 405
Positive Crankcase Ventilation 406
Exhaust Emission Controls 408
Precombustion Controls 408
Post-combustion Controls 413
30 Engine Troubleshooting
Engine Troubleshooting 421
Test Equipment 421
Effect of Emission Controls 421
Strategy-Based Diagnostics 422
Self-diagnosis 422
Troubleshooting Charts 422
31 Driveability and Tune-up
Driveability and Tune-up 433
Tune-up Test Procedure 435
Checking Compression Pressure 440
Using a Vacuum Gauge 440
Tuning Emission Controls 441
32 Clutches 443
Purpose of the Clutch 443
Design and Construction 443
Parts Location and Relationship 443
Clutch Service 451
Clutch Adjustment 452
Clutch Overhaul 453
Clutch Troubleshooting 454
33 Manual Transmission
Fundamentals 457
Manual Transmissions 457
Application of Torque 457
Gear Usage 457
Three-speed Manual Transmission 458
Helical Gears 459
Synchronizing Clutch 460
Four-speed Manual Transmission 460
Overdrive Revival 460
Planetary Gear Systems 461
Transmission Overdrives 463
Five-speed Overdrive Transmission 464
Table of Contents
34 Manual Transmission
Service 469
Manual Transmission Maintenance 469
Check Fluid Level 470
Replace the Rear Seal 470
Test the Gearshift Operation 470
Check Clutch Pedal Free Play 470
Manual Transmission Troubleshooting 470
Manual Transmission Service 472
421
Removal of Transmission From Car 472
Disassembly: Three-speed Manual
Transmission 473
Clean and Check: Three-speed Manual
Transmission 473
Reassembly: Three-speed Manual
Transmission 475
Disassembly: Four-speed Manual
433 Transmission 477
Clean and Check: Four-speed Manual
Transmission 479
Reassembly: Four-speed Manual
Transmission 479
Disassembly: Five-speed Manual
Transmission 480
Clean and Check: Five-speed Manual
Transmission 483
Reassembly: Five-speed Manual
Transmission 483
Reinstallation of the Transmission in the Car
9 10 Automotive Encyclopedia
35 Automatic Transmission 39 Driveline Service 553
Fundamentals 487 Driveline Service 553
Automatic Transmissions 487 Drive Shaft 553
Fluid Couplings 487 Universal Joint Service 554
Torque Converters 488 Center Bearing Service 555
Automatic Transmission Operation 490 Differentials 555
Actions of Key Elements 491 Transaxle Lubrication 558
Automatic Transmission Operation 497 Wheel Bearing Lubrication 559
Other Automatic Transmissions 500 Driving Axles 560
Electronic Transmission Control 500
Continuously Variable Transmissions 500
40 Four-wheel Drive Systems 569
Four-wheel Drive/All-wheel Drive 569
36 Automatic Transmission Four-wheel Drive Systems 570
Service 507 Four-wheel Drive Componenets 570
Automatic Transmission Maintenance and Service 507 Four-wheel Drive Service 576
Check ATF Level 508
Check ATF Condition 508
Inspect for ATF Leaks 509 41 Suspension and Steering
Test for Broken Transmission Mount 510 Systems 579
Changing Automatic Transmission Fluid 511 Suspension and Steering Systems 579
Adjust Bands 512 Front Suspension Systems 584
Adjust Engine Curb Idle Speed 513 Rear Suspension Systems 585
Throttle Linkage Adjustment 514 Steering Systems 588
Gearshift Linkage Adjustment 515 Suspension and Steering Service 596
Troubleshooting Tips 515 Troubleshooting Suspension 597
Road Testing 516
Troubleshooting Manual Steering 598
Stall Testing 516
Troubleshooting Power Steering 599
Air Pressure Testing 517
484 Testing Electronically Controlled Transmissions 518
37 Transaxles 521
Transaxles 521
Transaxle Construction 521
Transaxle Operation 523
Manual Transaxle Troubleshooting 528
Manual Transaxle Maintenance 529
Automatic Transaxle Troubleshooting 531
Automatic Transaxle Maintenance 532
38 Driveline, Universal Joints,
Differentials, and Driving Axles 537
Drivelines 537
Universal Joints 538
Drive Shaft 538
Differential 538
Driving Axles 539
Torque Transfer or Drive 541
Hotchkiss Drive 541
Torque Tube Drive 542
Control Arm Drive 542
Slip Joints 542
Constant Velocity Joints 543
Transfer Cases 543
Center Bearings 543
Differentials and Axles 543
Limited-Slip Differentials 547
Front-wheel Drive Driveline 548
This sample chapter is for review purposes only. Copyright © The Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. All rights reserved.
42 Tires and Tire Service
Tires 601
Tire Types and Basic Structure 601
Tread Patterns 603
Tire Markings 603
Tire Service 607
Improvements and Advances 612
43 Wheel Alignment 615
Wheel Alignment 615
Wheel Balance and Unbalance 616
Car Weight Balance 617
Wheelbase—Tread Width 617
Rear-wheel Track 618
Springs 619
Suspension Height 619
Shock Absorber Action 619
Front-wheel Angularity 620
44 Wheel Alignment
Correction 625
Wheel Alignment Correction 625
Rear-wheel Drive/Front-wheel Drive Alignment
Front-Wheel Drive—Alignment 632
Rear Wheel Alignment 632
Alignment Troubleshooting 634
45 Hydraulics and Pneumatics
Hydraulics 637
Transmission of Forces 638
Movement of Liquid 640
Application of Hydraulic Principles 640
Pneumatics 641
Effect of Atmospheric Pressure 642
Effect of Vacuum 642
Compressed Air 643
Principle of the Siphon 643
Venturi Tube 644
Boyle’s Law 644
Charles’ Law 645
Table of Contents 11 12 Automotive Encyclopedia
601 48 Safety Systems 709 51 Body Repairing and
Safety Systems 709 Refinishing 757
Seat Belt Systems 710 Body Work 757
Air Bag Systems 712 Hammers, Spoons, and Dolly Blocks 758
Energy Absorbing Bumper Systems 715 Using Pull Rods and Slide Hammers 759
Other Safety Features 717 Body Filler 759
Filing and Sanding 761
49 Lamps, Lighting Circuits, Wiring, Patching Rusted Areas 763
Replacing Panels 763
Horns, Wipers, and Washers 723 Welding 764
Lamps and Lighting Circuits 723 Painting 768
Fuses and Circuit Breakers 724 Masking 769
Headlamp Types 724 Spray Guns 770
Daytime Running Lamps 724 Tips on Spraying 770
Lamp Switches 725 Refinishing Materials 772
Fog Lamps 728 Matching Colors 774
Direction Signal Switch 728 Preparing Old Finishes for Paint 775
Stoplight Switch 728 Soft Body Parts 778
Lamp Service 728 Identifying Plastics 778
46 Automotive Brakes 647 Wires and Cables 734 Repairing Water and Dust Leaks 779
Fundamentals of Automotive Brake Systems 647 Lighting Wire Sizes 734 Drain Locations 780
Braking System Operation 649 Resistor Ignition Cable 736
Brake Lining Materials 650 Wiring Harnesses and Connectors 736
Disc Brakes 651 Horns 737 52 Career Opportunities and
625 Drum Brakes 653 Horn Troubleshooting 739 Technician Certification 783
Brake Hydraulic System 656 Principles of a Direct Current (DC) Motor 739 Automotive Careers 783
Disc Brake Calipers 662 Wiper Motor Construction 739 The Job Market 784
Wheel Cylinders 662 Troubleshooting 741 Job Descriptions 785
Brake Lines, Hoses, and Fittings 663 Windshield Washers 741 Entrepreneurship 789
637 Power Brakes 663 Technician Certification 790
Anti-lock Brake Systems 666
Brake Service 668
50 Speedometers and Cruise
Hydraulic System Service 668 Control Systems 745 Appendix 793
Disc Brake Service 670 Analog Speedometers 745
Drum Brake Service 673 Speedometer Operation 745
Power Brake System Service 680 Inspection and Lubrication 747 Dictionary of
Troubleshooting and Servicing Anti-lock Speedometer Cable 747 Automotive Terms 797
Brake Systems 682 Digital Speedometers 748
Light Emitting Diode 748
Liquid Crystal Display 750 Index 815
47 Automotive Air Conditioning 685 Vacuum Fluorescent Display 750
Automobile Air Conditioning 685 Cathode Ray Tube 750
Principles of Air Conditioning 686 Digital Odometers 750
Automobile Heating Systems 688 Troubleshooting 750
Types of Refrigerant 694 Cruise Control Systems 751
The Need for Refrigerant Oil 700 Cruise Control System Service 753
Air Conditioning Service Tools and Equipment 701
Servicing the Air Conditioning System 702
Discharging and Recovering Refrigerant 703
Evacuating the Air Conditioning System 703
Charging the Air Conditioning System 703
Retrofitting R-12 Air Conditioning Systems 704
Troubleshooting Heating Systems 704
Troubleshooting Air Conditioning Systems 704
Automatic Temperature Control 705