Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CONTENTS
Page
Sl.No. NAME OF EXPERIMENT
No.
CYCLE 1
CYCLE 2
INSTRUCTIONS
MAKING CONNECTIONS
• Make sure that the supply is OFF.
• Meters should be positioned properly.
• Do not connect more than one wire to each terminal of ammeters & voltmeters.
• Make series connections before parallel connections.
• All the connections should be tight.
• Get the connections checked before switching ON.
• Check the position of rheostats, autotransformers, switches before switching ON.
• Never exceed the permissible values of current or voltage.
• While conducting brake test, pour water on the brake drum to avoid overheating.
• Show the readings to the faculty-in-charge before switching off.
ROUGH RECORD
1. Write Name of the experiment with number & date, aim, apparatus required, neat
circuit diagram, tabulations, sample calculations (for one set of readings showing the
substitution of the values) and results. No need to write principle or procedure.
2. Take at least six sets of readings, if possible. Each student in a group should do sample
calculations for different sets.
3. Get signature of the faculty-in-charge after completing the rough record.
FAIR RECORD
1. Write the name of the experiment on the top of the right side in capital letters
2. Experiment Number & date should be written at the top.
3. Each record should contain the following on the right side
• Aim of the experiment
• Apparatus required
• Principle
• Procedure
• Sample Calculation (on the left side if possible; if calculations are too long, write on
right side so that no pages on the right side are left blank)
S6 EM Lab II Manual as on 1-1-2010 prepared by TGS, GEC Thrissur 3
Do experiment TODAY; submit Rough Record in the NEXT CLASS & Fair Record in the THIRD
CLASS.
S6 EM Lab II Manual as on 1-1-2010 prepared by TGS, GEC Thrissur 4
==================================================================
Experiment No. 1
BRAKE TEST ON SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR
==================================================================
AIM: Conduct the brake test on 3 phase squirrel cage induction motor and plot the following
performance characteristics.
a) Electrical characteristics – Speed, line current, torque, power factor, efficiency &
% slip Vs output power
b) Mechanical characteristics – Speed Vs Torque
Also find the additional kVAR required to improve the power factor to 0.95 at various
loads.
APPARATUS:
PRINCIPLE:
The two types of 3-phase induction motors are i) squirrel cage induction motor and ii)
slip-ring induction motor. Three-phase squirrel cage induction motor is generally preferred
because it is rugged in construction, requires less maintenance and is economical as
compared to 3-phase slip ring induction motor.
When the stator winding is connected to three phase ac supply, a rotating magnetic
field is established in the air gap which rotates at synchronous speed. Initially, rotor is
stationary. Due to relative speed between the rotating magnetic field and stationary rotor
conductors, an emf is induced in the rotor. As the rotor circuit is closed, currents will
circulate through them. According to Lenz’s law, these induced currents will flow in such a
direction so as to oppose the cause producing it. Here the cause is relative speed. In order to
reduce the relative speed, the currents in the rotor produce a torque tending to rotate the rotor
in the same direction of rotating field.
At synchronous speed of the rotor, the relative speed is zero, no emf and no torque is
developed, rotor tends to stop, hence rotor can not attain synchronous speed. Motor runs at a
speed slightly less than synchronous speed.
S6 EM Lab II Manual as on 1-1-2010 prepared by TGS, GEC Thrissur 5
PROCEDURE:
Make the connections as shown diagram.
3 × (W1 − W2 )
Power factor, cosΦ1= cos(tan −1 ) =__________
(W1 + W2 )
S6 EM Lab II Manual as on 1-1-2010 prepared by TGS, GEC Thrissur 7
Ns − N
Percentage slip, s = = × 100 =_________%
Ns
2π NT
Output power = = _________W
60
output
Efficiency, η = ×100 = _________%
input
Additional kVAR required to improve the power factor to 0.95 (cosΦ2) =
= W (tan Φ1 − tan Φ 2 ) ×10−3 =__________
kVAR × 1000
Value of capacitance required to improve the power factor = =
ωV 2
kVAR × 1000
= =________μF
2 × π × f ×V 2
MODEL GRAPHS
S6 EM Lab II Manual as on 1-1-2010 prepared by TGS, GEC Thrissur 8
0
Torque
RESULT:
i) Brake test conducted on 3 phase squirrel cage induction motor
ii) Performance characteristics plotted
iii) Additional kVAR required and the value of capacitance to improve the power
factor for each load to 0.95 determined.
==================================================================
Do you know?
If rated voltage is applied, large starting current (5 to 8 times full load current) will flow.
This causes appreciable voltage drop in the line and may affect other equipments
connected to the same line. Also, if a large current flows for a long time it may overheat
the motor and damage the insulation. In such case, reduced voltage starting must be
used.
2. What are the different types of starters used for 3 phase induction motors?
i) Direct On Line (DOL) starter
ii) Stator impedance (resistance/reactance) starter
S6 EM Lab II Manual as on 1-1-2010 prepared by TGS, GEC Thrissur 9
3. The no load current for an induction motor is larger than that in a transformer of
same VA rating. Give reason.
Because of the presence of air-gap in the induction motor, for same flux, the
magnetizing current (flux = mmf / reluctance) is far larger. Also, in addition,
induction motor has to supply mechanical losses (friction and windage losses) on no
load which is not present in transformer.
7. The rotor core loss of an induction motor under running condition is usually
neglected. Why?
During running condition, rotor frequency is equal to slip frequency (=sf) which
is very small. Hence rotor core loss will be very small which can be neglected.
Note: The rotor core loss is not constant for all load conditions. As the load
increases, slip increases, hence rotor frequency and rotor core loss increases.
10. What is the speed of the stator and rotor magnetic fields with respect to
stator?
Both are rotating at synchronous speed Ns with respect to stator.
S6 EM Lab II Manual as on 1-1-2010 prepared by TGS, GEC Thrissur 10
11. Compare between squirrel cage and slip ring induction motors.
SCIM SRIM
1. Its rotor consists of copper/aluminium 1. Its rotor consists of 3 phase windings
bars permanently short circuited at both which is then connected to external
ends resistance through slip rings and brushes
2. Starting torque is poor 2. Better starting torque can be achieved
by inserting external resistance in the
rotor circuit.
3. Separate starting methods are needed in 3. Rotor resistance starting can be used
order to reduce the staring current
4. Its rotor can adjust to any number of 4. Rotor and stator are wound for same
stator poles. So different speeds can be number of poles
obtained by different arrangements of stator
winding.
5. It has fewer components and hence less 5. Slip rings, brushes, starting resistance
labor since it has no rotor winding. So it is etc. increases the cost
cheaper
6. Better efficiency 6. Lower efficiency
7. Better cooling (larger space to provide 7. Cooling not efficient
fan blades on rotor)
8. Less maintenance 8. More maintenance
12. At no load, one of the two wattmeters connected in the input side of the motor is
negative. Why ?
The no load power factor of an induction motor is always less than 0.5 because
the no load current is mainly used for magnetizing the core.
15. Is the rotational losses (stator core loss + rotor core loss + friction & windage loss)
constant in an induction motor?
S6 EM Lab II Manual as on 1-1-2010 prepared by TGS, GEC Thrissur 11
If the induction motor is connected to a supply of fixed voltage and frequency, the
stator core loss is fixed. At no load, the machine will operate close to synchronous
speed. Therefore, the rotor frequency f2 is very small and hence rotor core loss is very
small. At a lower speed, f2 increases and so does the rotor core loss. The total core
losses thus increase as the speed falls. On the other hand, at no load, friction and
windage losses are maximum and as speed falls these losses decrease. Therefore, if a
machine operates from a constant-voltage and constant-frequency source, the sum of
core losses and friction and windage losses remains essentially constant at all
operating conditions.
I1 X1
R1 X2'
Im
Xm
R2'/s
V1
18. The starting torque of a squirrel cage induction motor can not be altered, when the
applied voltage is constant. Why?
The starting torque of a squirrel cage induction motor can not be increased as
there is no provision for inserting resistance in the rotor circuit.
19. What type of protection is provided in the starter meant for 3 phase induction
motors?
Overload and under-voltage protection.
machines from the supply lines, or severe damage to stator and rotor winding may
occur.
22. When the applied rated voltage per phase is reduced to one-half, what will be the
starting torque of a squirrel cage induction motor in terms of its starting torque
with full voltage?
One fourth of starting torque with full rated voltage.
L1 L2 L3
Fuse
M M M
C a A
b
S2
Start S1
Stop
D OLC
S3
Motor
Remote
Stop
S6 EM Lab II Manual as on 1-1-2010 prepared by TGS, GEC Thrissur 13
================================================================
Experiment No. 2
NO-LOAD AND BLOCKED-ROTOR TESTS ON A 3 PHASE
SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR
================================================================
AIM: i) To conduct no load and blocked rotor tests on 3 phase squirrel cage induction
motor
ii)To determine the equivalent circuit parameters and hence predetermine the
performance at full load from the equivalent circuit and
iii)To draw the circle diagram and hence predetermine the performance
characteristics from circle diagram.
APPARATUS:
S.No. Name of the Type Range Quantity
apparatus
1. Voltmeter MI 0-500V 1
2. MI 0-150V 1
3. MC 0-30V 1
4. Ammeter MI 0-5A 1
5. MI 0-10A 1
6. MC 0-10A 1
7. Wattmeter Dynamometer 500/250/125V, 2
5/10A,UPF
8. Dynamometer 150V,10A,LPF 1
9. Rheostat Wire wound 9Ω,8.5A 1
PRINCIPLE:
The performance characteristics of induction motors can be determined
approximately by graphical method such as circle diagram. This is applicable both for the
squirrel cage and slip ring induction motors. From the approximate equivalent circuit,
V V
I2 ' = = sin Φ where
R ' X1 + X 2 '
( R1 + 2 ) 2 + ( X 1 + X 2 ') 2
s
X1 + X 2 '
sin Φ =
R '
( R1 + 2 ) 2 + ( R1 + R2 ') 2
s
If the leakage reactances X1 and X2’ are assumed to remain constant regardless of load,
and the applied voltage V is constant, the above equation represents the polar equation of
V (1 − s )
a circle with diameter . By changing the load RL (where RL = R2 ' ) and Φ,
X1 + X 2 ' s
the value of the current I2’ changes. The locus of the current, however, lies on a circle
(Figure 1).
S6 EM Lab II Manual as on 1-1-2010 prepared by TGS, GEC Thrissur 14
Figure 1 Figure 2
Thus in the case of induction motors, the locus of the current due to load lies on a
circle and the diagram is known as a circle diagram. If no load current taken by the motor
is also to be accounted for to obtain the stator current, the diagram can then be shown as
in figure 2. The stator current I1 is then the phasor sum of I2’ and Io.
No load and blocked rotor tests are conducted for determining the equivalent
circuit parameters, for predetermining the efficiency at any load and to draw the circle
diagram. No-load test is conducted at rated voltage keeping the motor on no-load. Since
the no-load current is only 20-40% of the full load current, the I2R losses can be
neglected. Input power is equal to constant iron, friction and windage losses of the motor.
In blocked rotor test, rotor is blocked and a reduced voltage is applied to the stator
through a 3-phase autotransformer. Due to low voltage and no rotation, core and
mechanical losses are neglected. Input power is equal to copper loss only.
PROCEDURE:
A) NO LOAD TEST
Make the connections as shown in figure.
Precautions : i) Keep the autotransformer in minimum voltage position
ii) Keep belt on brake drum in loose position (motor on no load)
Switch on the 3 phase supply. Adjust the autotransformer and apply rated voltage
to the stator. Since the power factor of the induction motor under no load condition is
generally less than 0.5, one wattmeter will show negative reading. Then switch off the
supply and interchange the connections of the pressure coil (or current coil) of that
wattmeter. Note down the ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter readings at rated supply
voltage. Switch off the supply.
S6 EM Lab II Manual as on 1-1-2010 prepared by TGS, GEC Thrissur 15
Switch on the 3 phase supply. Adjust the autotransformer so that rated current (to
get full load copper loss) flows in the ammeter. Note down voltmeter, ammeter and
wattmeter readings. (If any of the wattmeter reads negative, switch off the supply and
S6 EM Lab II Manual as on 1-1-2010 prepared by TGS, GEC Thrissur 17
interchange the connections of the pressure coil (or current coil) of that wattmeter and
continue the above procedure). Switch off the supply.
+
28V
DC V
- R
0-30V MC
10A
-
S3 S2
Note: Choose the current scale such that the circle diagram will be as large as possible.
The larger the circle diagram more will be the accuracy. Select power scale =
3 × Vrated × current scale .
TABULATION
NO LOAD TEST BLOCKED ROTOR TEST
Voc Ioc W1 W2 Wsc Vsc Isc W1 W2 Wsc
CIRCLE DIAGRAM
Voc = 400V , Ioc = ___ A , Woc = _____ W
Vsc = _____ V, Isc = 7.8A, Wsc = _____ W
Per phase values are
I oc
Vo = Voc = _____ V Io = = ____ A
3
I sc
Vs = Vsc = _____ V Is = = ____ A
3
Rdc = _____ Ω
3
R1 = ×1.2 × Rdc = ______ Ω
2
W
Ro1 = sc2 = _______ Ω
3I s
R2 ' = Ro1 − R1 = _______ Ω
S6 EM Lab II Manual as on 1-1-2010 prepared by TGS, GEC Thrissur 19
BG R2 '
= = ______
BD Ro1
BG = ____× BD
Selection of current and power scale
Current scale = 1cm = ______ A
Ioc = _______A (= ______cm)
Vrated
I SN = ( ) I sc = _______A(= _______cm)
Vsc
Woc
Φ o = cos −1 ( ) = _______ ˚
3Voc I oc
Wsc
Φ SC = cos −1 ( ) = _______˚
3Vsc I sc
Power Scale = 3 × Vrated × current scale = _______ W = 1cm
60
= _____ x ______ x = _______N-m
2π × 750
Motor input at full load = PT x power scale = _____ x _______ = ______W
PQ
Efficiency at full load = × 100% = ________%
PT
QR
Slip at full load s = ×100% = _________%
PR
Speed at full load = (1 − s ) × N s = ________ rpm
60
Starting torque = BG x power scale x N-m
2π N s
60
= _____ x ______ x =______N-m
2π × 750
S6 EM Lab II Manual as on 1-1-2010 prepared by TGS, GEC Thrissur 20
60
Maximum torque = I I’ = ______ x _____ x =______N-m
2π × 750
Maximum output = HH’ = ______ x ______ = ________W
Maximum input = JJ’ = ______ x ______ = ________W
S6 EM Lab II Manual as on 1-1-2010 prepared by TGS, GEC Thrissur 21
X
X 2 = X 2 ' = o1 = ______Ω
2
EXACT EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
R1 I1 X1 I2' R2' X2'
Io
Ic Im
400V
Rc Xm 1− s
RL ' = R2 '( )
s
Io
Ic Im
400V
Rc Xm 1− s
RL ' = R2 '( )
s
S6 EM Lab II Manual as on 1-1-2010 prepared by TGS, GEC Thrissur 23
Output
Torque = =_______N-m
(2π N )
60
Input = 3VI L cos Φ1 =________W
Output
Efficiency = × 100% = ______ %
Input
RESULT
i) No-load and blocked rotor tests were conducted on 3 phase squirrel cage
induction motor
ii) Equivalent circuit parameters were determined
iii) Circle diagram was drawn
iv) Performance at full load from equivalent circuit and circle diagram were
determined
v) Performance characteristics were plotted from circle diagram.
================================================================
Do you know?
windage loss in addition to core loss. In induction motor, no load current is about 30
to 40% of full load current.
3. On blocked rotor test, the power factor may be less than 0.5. Give reason.
Vsc
Current during blocked rotor test, I sc = , and Xo1 » Ro1 . Hence, the
Ro1 + jX o1
power factor is less.
7. No load test should always be conducted at rated voltage but the blocked
rotor test may be conducted at any current (rated current not necessary).
Why?
In blocked rotor test, wattmeter reading gives copper loss which is proportional to
square of the current. By knowing copper loss at any load, we can calculate the
copper loss at rated current. But, in no load test, wattmeter reads core loss which has
two components, hysteresis loss (proportional to V1.6) and eddy current loss
(proportional to V2).Hence, Core loss is equal to K1 V1.6 + K2 V2 . Two
proportionality constants, make it not possible to convert core loss at one voltage to
another voltage.
8. What you mean by plugging?
It is a type of electric braking used in induction motors where the braking torque
is produced by interchanging any two supply terminals. Here, the direction of rotation
of the rotating magnetic field is reversed with respect to the rotation of the motor. The
electromagnetic torque developed provides the braking action and brings the rotor to
a quick stop.
9. What is the difference between electrical degree & mechanical degree?
Electrical angle is a measure of one cycle of emf or current wave. 1 cycle=360˚
P
electrical. One revolution is equal to 360˚ mechanical. θ elec = × θ mech
2
10. What are the methods of reducing the space harmonics?
i) Distributing the winding in slots
ii) Using the short-pitched winding
iii) Skewing the slots
iv) Using fractional-slot winding
S6 EM Lab II Manual as on 1-1-2010 prepared by TGS, GEC Thrissur 25
================================================================
Experiment No. 3
SLIP TEST ON 3-PHASE SALIENT POLE SYNCHRONOUS
MACHINE
================================================================
AIM: i) To conduct the slip test on 3-phase salient pole synchronous machine
ii) To determine the direct axis and quadrature axis synchronous reactances
iii) To predetermine the voltage regulation at different loads and power factors and
iv) To draw the power Vs torque angle characteristics for a specified induced emf.
APPARATUS:
PRINCIPLE:
The direct and quadrature axis reactances can be measured by slip test. The
machine is driven by a dc motor at a speed slightly less or slightly more than synchronous
speed. The field winding is kept open circuited and a low voltage 3 phase supply (about
25% of the rated voltage) is applied to the armature terminals. The direction of rotation
should be same as the direction of rotating field. If this condition is fulfilled, a small ac
voltage would be indicated by the voltmeter across the field winding.
The relative velocity between armature mmf and field poles is equal to slip speed
i.e. difference between synchronous speed and rotor speed. The stator mmf moves slowly
past the field poles at slip speed. This would cause the armature current to vary cyclically
at twice the slip frequency. When the peak of the armature mmf is in line with the field
poles, the reluctance offered by the magnetic circuit is minimum, the armature current,
required for the establishment of constant air-gap flux, will be minimum. Constant
applied voltage minus the minimum impedance voltage drop (armature current being
minimum) in the leads and 3-phase variac gives maximum armature-terminal voltage.
The ratio of maximum armature terminal voltage per phase to minimum armature current
per phase gives Zsd. After one quarter of slip cycle, the peak of armature mmf is in line
with q-axis and the reluctance offered by the magnetic circuit is maximum. The armature
current, required for the establishment of constant air-gap flux, will be maximum and the
S6 EM Lab II Manual as on 1-1-2010 prepared by TGS, GEC Thrissur 26
armature terminal voltage will be minimum. The ratio of minimum armature terminal
voltage per phase to maximum armature current per phase gives Zsq.
IXd
Eo IXd
IXq
V
δ Eo
IXq
ψ φ
IRa
I p. f. lag
IXd ψ =δ
V IRa
IXq unity p. f.
I
Eo
ψ
δ V IRa
φ
p. f. lead PHASOR DIAGRAMS
When the armature mmf is in line with field poles, the armature flux linkage with
field winding is maximum and rate of change of this flux linkage is zero, so that induced
voltage across the field winding is zero. On the other hand, when armature mmf is in line
with q-axis, the flux linkage with field winding is minimum and rate of change of this
flux linkage is maximum, so that induced voltage across the field winding is maximum.
PROCEDURE:
SLIP TEST
Make the connections as shown in figure.
Precautions : i) Keep the autotransformer at minimum voltage position
ii) Keep DPST, TPST and SPST switches open
iii) Keep dc motor field rheostat at minimum resistance position
Switch on the d.c. supply by closing the DPST switch. Using the three point
starter, start the motor. Run the motor at synchronous speed by varying the motor field
rheostat. Close the TPST switch. By adjusting the autotransformer, apply 20% to 30% of
the rated voltage to the armature of the synchronous machine. Make sure that the
direction of rotation of the prime mover and the direction of rotation of the magnetic field
produced in the armature are the same by closing the SPST switch. If the voltmeter
reading across the alternator field winding is very small, both the directions are correct. If
S6 EM Lab II Manual as on 1-1-2010 prepared by TGS, GEC Thrissur 27
the voltmeter reading is high, interchange the two lines of 3 phase supply after switching
off the 3 phase supply. SPST switch is kept open.
S6 EM Lab II Manual as on 1-1-2010 prepared by TGS, GEC Thrissur 28
+ U
V
V
28V DC 0-30V MC -
N
10A
-
Vmax
Z sd = =______Ω
I min
Vmin
Z sq = =______Ω
I max
X d = Z sd 2 − Ra 2 =_______Ω
X q = Z sq 2 − Ra 2 =________Ω
E f −V
% regulation = × 100 = ______%
V
a) % regulation at full load V = 231V, I = 11.5A
power factor
Ф Ψ δ Ef Regulation
0 lag 90
0.2 lag 78.46
0.4 lag 66.42
0.6 lag 53.13
0.8 lag 36.87
1 0
0.8 lead -36.87
0.6 lead -53.13
0.4 lead -66.42
0.2 lead -78.46
0 lead -90
⎛ V sin Φ + IX q ⎞ −1 ⎛
−231× 0.6 + 11.5 × X q ⎞
Ψ = tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ = tan ⎜ ⎟ = ____ °
⎝ V cos Φ + IRa ⎠ ⎝ 231× 0.8 + 11.5 × Ra ⎠
δ = Ψ − Φ = _____+36.87= _____˚
E f = V cos δ + IRa cos Ψ + IX d sin Ψ =________V
E f −V
% regulation = × 100 = ________%
V
b) % regulation at Half full load V = 231V, I = 5.75A
power factor
Ф Ψ δ Ef Regulation
0 lag 90
0.2 lag 78.46
0.4 lag 66.42
0.6 lag 53.13
0.8 lag 36.87
1 0
0.8 lead -36.87
0.6 lead -53.13
0.4 lead -66.42
0.2 lead -78.46
0 lead -90
MODEL GRAPH
S6 EM Lab II Manual as on 1-1-2010 prepared by TGS, GEC Thrissur 31
3V 2 ( X d − X q ) Sin 2δ
P2 = =___________W
2Xd Xq
Load
Angle δ P1 watts P2 watts P watts
-180
-150
-135
-120
-90
-60
-45
-30
0
30
45
60
90
120
135
150
180
S6 EM Lab II Manual as on 1-1-2010 prepared by TGS, GEC Thrissur 32
MODEL GRAPH
RESULT
Slip Test was conducted, direct axis and quadrature axis synchronous reactances were
determined and % regulation at various power factors was found out. Also regulation
curves and power-angle characteristics were plotted.
================================================================
Do you know?
1. During slip test, what does happen if rated voltage is applied to the armature?
Since the excitation emf is zero, heavy currents would be drawn by the armature if
connected to the rated voltage supply. Also, if the voltage is large, the reluctance
torque due to saliency may bring the rotor in synchronism with the rotating flux (ie.
the synchronous machine will run as a reluctance motor).
Noiseless operation
Less windage loss
Better in dynamic balancing
S6 EM Lab II Manual as on 1-1-2010 prepared by TGS, GEC Thrissur 34
================================================================
Experiment No. 4
VOLTAGE REGULATION OF ALTERNATOR
================================================================
AIM: To predetermine the voltage regulation of the given 3 phase alternator by i) emf
method ii) mmf method and iii) Zero power factor (Potier) method.
APPARATUS:
S.No. Name of the apparatus Type Range Quantity
1. Voltmeter MI (0-500V) 2
2. MI (0-300V) 1
3. MC (0-30V) 1
4. Ammeter MI (0-15A) 1
5. MC (0-10A) 1
6. MC (0-5A) 1
7. MC (0-2A) 1
8. Rheostat Wire Wound 9Ω 8.5A 1
9. 272Ω 1.7A 1
10. 145Ω, 2.5A 2
11. Tachometer 1
PRINCIPLE:
The terminal voltage of an alternator under load conditions is different from the
open circuit voltage due to the effects of armature resistance, leakage reactance and
armature reaction. Voltage regulation is defined as the rise in voltage, expressed as per
cent of rated voltage, when the load current is reduced to zero, the field excitation and
frequency being maintained constant. Thus,
E f −V
Voltage regulation = × 100
V
The term rise in voltage used in the above definition pre-supposes a resistive or
inductive load. If the load is capacitive, the magnetizing effect of armature reaction, due
to the leading current, may cause V to be higher than Ef, thus causing a drop in voltage,
when the load current is reduced to zero. In that case, the regulation is negative.
The regulation of a synchronous generator can be predetermined by the following
methods: a) synchronous impedance or emf method, b) mmf or ampere-turn method c)
zero power factor or potier method.
Open circuit characteristic (OCC) : The open circuit characteristic of an alternator is a
curve of the armature terminal voltage on open circuit as a function of field excitation
when the machine is running at synchronous speed.
S6 EM Lab II Manual as on 1-1-2010 prepared by TGS, GEC Thrissur 35
Xar Xl Ra
Ia L
Er O
A V
Ef D
Short circuit characteristic (SCC) : It is the plot of short circuit armature current as a
function of field current when the machine is running at synchronous speed.
Zero power factor curve (ZPFC) : Zero power factor characteristic of an alternator
gives the variation of terminal voltage with field current, when the alternator is delivering
its full load current to a zero power factor (lagging) load.
PROCEDURE:
i) OPEN CIRCUIT & SHORT CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTICS (OCC & SCC)
Make the connections as shown in diagram.
Precautions/Initial settings:
i) TPST in open position
ii) DPST1 and DPST2 in open position
iii) Motor field rheostat in minimum position
iv) Potential divider in minimum voltage position
220V 272Ω,1.7A N
DC Z M
30A
5A C B
ZZ AA X XX
-
DPST1 + - TPST
A
+ 5A 0-2A MC
145Ω, 2.5A
220V
DC
Machine details : DC motor
5A 11.7HP, 220V, 48A,1500rpm
Alternator 7.5kVA, 400V, 10.9A,
- 50Hz, 1500rpm
DPST2 145Ω, 2.5A
Switch on the DC supply to the DC motor by closing the switch DPST1. Start the DC
shunt motor using 3-point starter. Increase the resistance of dc motor field rheostat and
drive the alternator at rated speed. Now, dc supply is given to the alternator field winding
and for different values of field current, note down the open circuit voltage across the
S6 EM Lab II Manual as on 1-1-2010 prepared by TGS, GEC Thrissur 36
armature terminals. Take care to keep the speed constant (rated value) through out the
experiment. The above procedure is repeated till the open circuit voltage reaches 120% of
rated value. Open circuit voltage/phase Ef Vs field current If gives OCC.
For SCC, reduce the armature voltage to zero by bringing the potential divider to
minimum voltage position. Now, close the TPST switch. By varying the potential divider,
increase the current through the short circuited armature up to rated value. Note both the
ammeter readings. Isc Vs If gives SCC.
10A
-
Precaution: Keep the rheostat at maximum position.
Switch on 28V d.c. supply. Note down the voltmeter and ammeter readings for
different positions of rheostat (If possible, take readings for rated armature current).
OCC
Field Current
If
O.C. Volt Ef
SCC ZPFC
Isc (A) If (A) Ia (A) If (A)
Rdc
CALCULATION
EMF METHOD
Rated voltage/phase V = 230V
Short circuit current corresponding to rated voltage from SCC, Isc = ______A
V
Synchronous impedance, Z s = =_______Ω
I sc
S6 EM Lab II Manual as on 1-1-2010 prepared by TGS, GEC Thrissur 39
Ef Isc
OCC
230V
SCC
0
If
SAMPLE CALCULATION
Regulation at full load and ____ pf. Lag
Full load current = 10.9A, V = 230V, Xs = _____ Ω, Ra = ______Ω, cosΦ = ____ lag
EMF METHOD
Sl. No. Full load Ia = 10.9A
p.f.
Ef Regulation
1 0 lag
2 0.2 lag
3 0.4 lag
4 0.6 lag
5 0.8 lag
6 1
7 0.8 lead
8 0.6 lead
9 0.4 lead
10 0.2 lead
11 0 lead
−
V = V ∠0° = 230∠0°
− −
I = I ∠ − Φ° = 10.9∠ − Φ° for lag ( I = I ∠ + Φ° = 10.9∠ + Φ° for lead)
S6 EM Lab II Manual as on 1-1-2010 prepared by TGS, GEC Thrissur 40
−
E f = V ∠0 + I ∠ − Φ × ( Ra + jX s ) = E f ∠δ ° =________V
E f −V
% regulation = × 100 =___________%
V
PHASOR DIAGRAMS - EMF METHOD
Ef
IXs
Ef IXs
δ δ
V IRa Φ IRa
I V
Leading power factor
Unity power factor
Ef
IXs
δ V
Φ
I IRa
Lagging power factor
SAMPLE CALCULATION
MMF METHOD
SAMPLE CALCULATION
Regulation at full load and ____ pf. Lag
−
V = V ∠0° = 230∠0° V
cosΦ = ____ lag
− −
I = I ∠ − Φ° = 10.9∠ − Φ° for lag ( I = I ∠ + Φ° = 10.9∠ + Φ° for lead)
E ' = V ∠0° + I ∠ − Φ°× Ra = E ' ∠ − σ ° =________V
Refer OCC and find Ifr corresponding to E’.
S6 EM Lab II Manual as on 1-1-2010 prepared by TGS, GEC Thrissur 41
Ifr
Ifa
δ V IR
a
Φ σ
E'
I
Lagging power factor
Ef
IXs
If Ifr
δ
Ifa E'
I V IRa
Unity power factor
Ef IXs
Ifr
I
If E'
δ
Φ σ IRa
V
POTIER METHOD
The zero power factor curve can be used to determine leakage reactance Xl and armature
reaction mmf Ifa . It is not necessary to plot full curve. Only two points F and A are
sufficient. Point F on ZPF characteristics corresponds to field current to circulate full-load
short circuit current during SC test. The point A corresponds to rated terminal voltage and
rated armature current condition when the load is zero power factor lagging.
voltage air gap line
OCC
C
230V ZPFC
D B A
O F E Field Current
(If from (If from
SC test) ZPF test)
If
Ifr Er
Ifar
IaXal
δ σ
Φ
IaRa
Ia
Lagging power factor
Ef IaXar
Er IaXal
Ifr Ia
If σ δ
Φ IaRa
V
Ifar Leading power factor
Ef
IaXar
Er
If IaXal
Ifr
δ σ
Ifar Ia V IaRa
Unity power factor
S6 EM Lab II Manual as on 1-1-2010 prepared by TGS, GEC Thrissur 44
SAMPLE CALCULATION
Regulation at full load and ____ pf. Lag
DE = I × X al =_____ V(from Potier triangle)
Xal = ______Ω
−
V = V ∠0° = 230∠0°
− −
I = I ∠ − Φ° = 10.9∠ − Φ° for lag ( I = I ∠ + Φ° = 10.9∠ + Φ° for lead)
−
E r = V ∠0 + I ∠ − Φ × ( Ra + jX al ) =_________V= Er ∠σ °
Refer OCC and find Ifr corresponding to Er.
−
I f r = I fr ∠(σ + 90)° =_________A
− −
I f a = I fa ∠( − Φ + 180)° =________A for lag ( I f a = I fa ∠( + Φ + 180)° for lead)
− − −
I f = I fr + I fa =__________A= I f ∠(90 + δ )°
Hence, If = ____A and δ = _____º
Refer OCC and find Ef corresponding to If.
−
E f = E f ∠δ ° =__________V
E f −V
% regulation = × 100 =_________%
V
MODEL GRAPHS
RESULT
Voltage regulation of the given 3 phase alternator at various power factors was
predetermined i) by emf method ii) by mmf method and iii) by potier method.
================================================================
Do you know?
saturation (at low saturation its value is higher because the effect of armature
reaction is larger than that at high saturation). Now under short-circuit conditions,
saturation is very low and therefore, the value of synchronous impedance measured is
higher than that in actual operating conditions and the regulation determined is
higher than actual one.
Ia
S.C.
Ef V= 0
conductor permits to increase the current and hence, the power output of the
machine.
When a synchronous generator is under load, the voltage induced in each phase
becomes distorted, and the waveform is no longer sinusoidal. The distortion is mainly
due to an undesired third harmonic voltage. With a star-connection, the distorting
line-to-neutral harmonics do not appear between the lines because they affectively
cancel each other. Consequently, the line voltages remain sinusoidal under all load
conditions. Unfortunately, when a delta connection is used, the harmonic voltages do
not cancel, but add up. Because the delta is closed on itself, they produce a third-
harmonic circulating current, which increases the I2R losses.
10. What are the conditions for paralleling an alternator with the infinite bus?
Before the alternator can be connected to the infinite bus, the incoming alternator
and the infinite bus must have the same i) voltage ii) frequency iii) phase sequence
and iv) phase.
11. What is the effect of increase in excitation of a synchronous generator
connected to an infinite busbar?
An under-excited generator operates at leading power factor, a normal excited
generator at unity power factor and overexcited generator at lagging power factor.
Now, the field excitation is adjusted such that voltages of the incoming alternator and
the bus-bar are equal. The speed of the prime-mover of the incoming machine is
further adjusted slowly until the lamps flicker at a very low rate. The paralleling
switch is closed at the instant all the three lamps are dark. The incoming alternator
thus gets connected in parallel with the bus-bar.
S6 EM Lab II Manual as on 1-1-2010 prepared by TGS, GEC Thrissur 48
================================================================
Experiment No. 5
NO-LOAD AND BLOCKED-ROTOR TESTS ON A 3-PHASE
SLIP RING INDUCTION MOTOR
================================================================
AIM: i) To conduct no load and blocked rotor tests on 3 phase slip ring induction motor
ii)To determine the equivalent circuit parameters and hence predetermine the
performance at full load from the equivalent circuit and
iii)To draw the circle diagram and hence predetermine the performance at full load
from circle diagram.
APPARATUS:
S.No. Name of the Type Range Quantity
apparatus
1. Voltmeter MI 0-500V 1
2. MI 0-150V 1
3 MC 0-30V 1
4. Ammeter MI 0-5A 1
5. MI 0-10A 1
6. MC 0-10A 1
7. Wattmeter Dynamometer 500/250/125V, 2
5/10A,UPF
8. 150V,10A,LPF 1
9. Rheostat Wire wound 9Ω,8.5A 1
PRINCIPLE:
Depending upon the construction of rotor, there are two types of 3-phase
induction motors - a) squirrel cage and b) wound rotor or slip ring type.
A squirrel cage rotor has a number of conducting bars (made of copper or
aluminum) laid in the slots of the rotor core. These bars are short-circuited at both ends
by conducting end rings. The cage winding is adaptable to any number of poles. The cage
rotor motor is cheap and robust. However it’s starting torque is low.
A wound rotor has a laminated core with slots on its outer surface. These slots
carry 3-phase rotor winding, which is similar to the stator winding. Both the stator and
rotor windings are designed for the same number of poles. The 3-phase rotor winding is
usually star connected. The ends of three phases are tied to slip rings mounted on the
motor shaft. The rotor windings are shorted through brushes, which ride on the slip rings.
Thus the rotor currents are accessible at these brushes. Extra resistance can be connected
to the slip rings. This extra resistance is usually necessary to give a high starting torque.
The simplest and cheapest method of starting wound-rotor induction motors is by
means of added rotor resistance, with full-line voltage across the stator terminals. At the
S6 EM Lab II Manual as on 1-1-2010 prepared by TGS, GEC Thrissur 49
time of start, the addition of external resistance in the rotor circuit of a wound-rotor
induction motor i) decreases its starting current ii) increases its starting torque and iii)
improves its starting power factor.
A wound-rotor induction motor is used for loads requiring large starting torque or
for loads requiring speed control. A wound-rotor induction motor is more expensive than
a squirrel-cage motor and also it requires more maintenance because of the brushes and
slip rings. A wound-rotor motor may be used for hoists, cranes, elevators, compressors
etc.
PROCEDURE:
A) NO LOAD TEST
Make the connections as shown in the diagram.
Precautions : i) Keep the autotransformer in minimum voltage position
ii) Keep belt on brake drum in loose position (motor on no load)
iii) Starter handle should be in maximum anticlockwise position (External
rotor resistance is maximum)
Switch on the 3 phase supply. Adjust the autotransformer and apply rated voltage
to the stator. By pressing the push button provided on the starter, rotate the handle of the
starter slowly in clockwise direction so that rotor resistance is gradually cut off. Now, the
motor runs on no-load. Since the power factor on no-load is quite low, less than 0.5, (the
no load current is mainly used for magnetizing the core which is largely inductive in
nature), one of the wattmeter will read negative. Then switch off the supply and
interchange the connections of the pressure coil (or current coil) of that wattmeter and
again start the motor by the above procedure. Note down the ammeter, voltmeter and
wattmeter readings. The sum of the wattmeter readings shows the rotational losses
(rotational losses = core loss + mechanical losses).
S6 EM Lab II Manual as on 1-1-2010 prepared by TGS, GEC Thrissur 50
S6 EM Lab II Manual as on 1-1-2010 prepared by TGS, GEC Thrissur 51
+
28V DC 0-30V MC
V
- R
- 10A
B C
19. By keeping the point C as center draw a semi circle with radius CA.
20. Let EB be the line of total loss [EB = ED + DB where ED = constant loss and DB
= variable loss]
21. In the line DB locate the point G to separate the stator and rotor copper losses by
I '2 R ' R '
using the formula (rotor copper loss/stator copper loss) = 2 2 2 = 2 where
I 2 ' R1 R1
BG R2 '
R1= stator resistance per phase and R2= rotor resistance per phase. Or, = .
BD Ro1
22. To get the torque line, join the points A and G.
23. To find the full load quantities, draw line BK (=Full load output/power scale).
Now, draw line PK parallel to output line meeting the circle at point P.
24. Draw line PT parallel to Y-axis meeting output line at Q, torque line at R, constant
loss line at S and X-axis at T.
Note: Choose the current scale such that the circle diagram will be as large as possible.
The larger the circle diagram more will be the accuracy. Select power scale =
3 × Vrated × current scale .
TABULATION
NO LOAD TEST BLOCKED ROTOR TEST
Voc Ioc W1 W2 Woc Vsc Isc W1 W2 Wsc
CIRCLE DIAGRAM
Voc = 400V , Ioc = ___ A , Woc = _____ W
Vsc = _____ V, Isc = 7.8A, Wsc = _____ W
Per phase values are
I oc
Vo = Voc = _____ V Io = = ____ A
3
I sc
Vs = Vsc = _____ V Is = = ____ A
3
Rdc = _____ Ω
S6 EM Lab II Manual as on 1-1-2010 prepared by TGS, GEC Thrissur 54
3
R1 = × 1.2 × Rdc = ______ Ω
2
W
Ro1 = sc2 = _______ Ω
3I s
R2 ' = Ro1 − R1 = _______ Ω
BG R2 '
= = ______
BD Ro1
BG = ____× BD
Selection of current and power scale
Current scale = 1cm = _____A (Take the current as large as possible, 1cm = 1 or 1.5A)
Io = ______A =_____cm
Vrated
I SN = ( ) I sc = ____A = ____ cm
Vsc
Woc
Φ o = cos −1 ( ) = _______˚
3Vo I o
Wsc
Φ SC = cos −1 ( ) = _______˚
3Vsc I sc
Power Scale = 3 × Vrated × current scale = _______W = 1cm
S6 EM Lab II Manual as on 1-1-2010 prepared by TGS, GEC Thrissur 55
Vo
Rc = =_________Ω
I o × cos Φ o
Vo
Xm = = ________Ω
I o × sin Φ o
V
Z o1 = s = _________Ω
Is
W
Ro1 = sc2 = _______Ω
3I s
X o1 = Z o12 − Ro12 = ________Ω
3
R1 = *1.2* Rdc =1.5 x 1.2 x ____ = ______Ω
2
R2 ' = Ro1 − R1 =_______Ω
X
X 2 = X 2 ' = o1 = ______Ω
2
EXACT EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
R1 I1 X1 I2' R2' X2'
Io
Ic Im
400V
Rc Xm 1− s
RL ' = R2 '( )
s
Io
Ic Im
400V
Rc Xm 1− s
RL ' = R2 '( )
s
V ∠0°
I 2' = =________A per phase
( Ro1 + RL ') + jX o1
I1 = I o + I 2 ' = I1∠ − Φ1 ° = _________A
Line current IL = 3 × I1 = ______A
Power factor = cos(Φ1 °) = _______lag
Output = 3 × I 2 '2 × RL ' =________W
Output
Torque = =_________N-m (N=1400rpm)
( πN )
2
60
Input = 3VI L cos Φ1 = __________W
Output
Efficiency = × 100% = ________%
Input
RESULT
vi) No-load and blocked rotor tests were conducted on 3 phase squirrel cage
induction motor
vii) Equivalent circuit parameters were determined
viii) Circle diagram was drawn
ix) Performance at full load from equivalent circuit and circle diagram were
determined
================================================================
Do you know?
2. How can frequencies greater than the supply frequency can be obtained
with the use of a 3 phase slip ring induction motor?
By running the rotor against the direction of rotating magnetic field by means of a
prime-mover. If rotor speed is Nr rpm and rotating magnetic field speed Ns, then
relative speed between rotor conductors and rotating magnetic field would be
(Ns+Nr) rpm. This gives rotor frequency f2 of the voltage at slip rings as
P( N s + N r ) PN s
f2 = Hz which is higher than the supply frequency f 2 = .
120 120
4. What are the speed control methods used in slip ring induction motors?
a) stator voltage variation, b) Rotor resistance variation, c) slip power recovery
================================================================
Experiment No. 6
INDUCTION MACHINE AS GENERATOR AND MOTOR
================================================================
AIM: i) To operate the given 3 phase induction machine as a) induction motor and b)
induction generator
ii) To conduct load test in both generating and motor modes
iii) To plot the performance characteristics and
iv) To plot W Vs slip and hence determine the hysteresis power.
APPARATUS:
S.No. Name of the Type Range Quantity
apparatus
1. Voltmeter MI (0-500V) 1
2. MC (0-500V) 1
3. MC (0-250V) 1
4. Ammeter MI (0-10A) 1
5. (10-0-10A) 2
6. Wattmeter Dynamometer 250V,10A,upf 1
7. Rheostat Wire Wound 272Ω 1.7A 1
8. Stopwatch 1
9. Tachometer 1
PRINCIPLE:
An induction generator is asynchronous in nature because of which it is
commonly used as windmill generator since a windmill runs at non-fixed speed. These
are used in remote areas to supplement power received from weak transmission links.
If the induction machine is driven at a speed greater than synchronous speed by a
prime mover, the direction of induced torque reverses and it acts as an induction
generator. The rotating magnetic field is set up by the magnetizing current drawn from
the mains. Based on the way with which the generator gets the required lagging reactive-
power, they are classified into i) Line excited induction generator and ii) Self-excited
induction generator.
Line excited induction generator : Induction machine connected to supply mains and
driven at super-synchronous speed by its prime mover is called a line excited induction
generator. The generator draws the required lagging reactive power from the mains.
Self excited induction generator : In this generators, the necessary lagging reactive
power for its excitation is obtained by a capacitor bank connected across the generator
terminals. If the rotor of the machine is driven by its prime-mover, the presence of
residual flux (present in rotor core) causes a small emf to get induced in the stator
S6 EM Lab II Manual as on 1-1-2010 prepared by TGS, GEC Thrissur 60
windings at a frequency proportional to the rotor speed. This voltage impresses over the
3-phase capacitor gives rise to leading current drawn by the capacitor which is equivalent
to lagging current supplied to the generator. The flux set up by this current assists the
initial residual flux. Hence the net flux will increase causing the voltage to build up
further. The steady state voltage induced on no load is given by the intersection of
magnetization characteristic of the machine and capacitance V-I characteristic.
PROCEDURE:
Make the connections as shown in figure.
Precaution: i) Keep the dc machine (separately excited) field rheostat at maximum
resistance position (Reason: Initially dc machine will act as dc generator)
ii) Keep DPST, SPST and TPST switches open
iii) Keep rotor rheostat at maximum resistance position
Switch on the three phase supply by closing the TPST switch. Induction machine
will start as induction motor. As the motor gathers speed, gradually cut off the rotor
resistance. Now, switch on the DC supply by closing the DPST switch. Decrease the
resistance of the dc motor field rheostat (i.e., excitation is increased) and note the
voltmeter reading across the SPST switch. If it is increasing, switch off the dc supply and
interchange the armature terminals A & AA. Again switch on the dc supply keeping the
motor field rheostat at maximum position. Decrease the resistance of the field rheostat
gradually and make the voltmeter reading across the SPST switch zero. Now, the SPST
switch is closed.
Again increase the excitation till the dc ammeter shows rated current (10A).
Please note that during this time, the connection of the reversing switch across the
wattmeter should be such that the wattmeter reading is positive. Note down all the meter
readings and time for 10 (or 5) oscillations. Now, decrease the excitation in steps for
different values of dc ammeter and note all the readings each time. This procedure is
continued till the wattmeter reads zero. Note the speed using tachometer.
If the excitation is again decreased, induction machine will be in generator mode.
Now, interchange the connections of the pressure coil of the wattmeter using the
reversing switch. Decrease the excitation and take readings for different values of dc
ammeter. This procedure is continued till the dc ammeter reading reaches rated value
(10A). Before switching off the dc supply, increase the excitation till the dc ammeter
reads zero. Now switch off the ac supply also.
S6 EM Lab II Manual as on 1-1-2010 prepared by TGS, GEC Thrissur 61
S6 EM Lab II Manual as on 1-1-2010 prepared by TGS, GEC Thrissur 62
TABULATION
Note :-
i) Wattmeter reading negative indicates induction generator mode.
ii) Since the supply frequency is usually slightly less than 50Hz, induction machine
acts as generator even if the speed is less than 1000rpm.
iii) Here, the dc generator is separately excited type; not self-excited.
SAMPLE CALCULATION
Vdc = _____V, Idc = _____A, Vac = ______V, Iac = ______A Wph = _____W
Time for 10 oscillations = ____ sec
Ns = 1000rpm
Rotor frequency, f2 = 10/T = ____Hz
Input = 3 Wph = 3 x ____ = ______W
Output = Vdc x Idc = ______W
f2
% Slip = × 100 =_______%
f
Speed, N = (1 − s ) × N s = _______ rpm
S6 EM Lab II Manual as on 1-1-2010 prepared by TGS, GEC Thrissur 63
output
Efficiency = ×100 =________%
input
INDUCTION MACHINE WORKING AS GENERATOR (Set No. ___)
Vdc = ______V, Idc = ____A, Vac = ______V, Iac = _____A, Wph = _____W
Time for 10 oscillations = _____ sec
Ns = 1000rpm
Rotor frequency, f2 = 10/T = ______Hz
Input = Vdc x Idc = ______W
Output = 3 Wph = _______W
f2
% Slip = − × 100 = ______% (Note: Slip is negative)
f
Speed, N = (1 − s) × N s = ________rpm (Note: Speed will be above synchronous speed,
1000rpm)
output
Efficiency = ×100 =________%
input
From 3Wph Vs % slip characteristics,
AB
Hysteresis power = =______W
2
MODEL GRAPHS
3Wph
Generator
Efficiency %
Motor
% Slip
B
Output in W
RESULT
a) Performance characteristics were plotted while the induction machine is
operating as generator and motor.
b) hysteresis power = _______W.
================================================================
S6 EM Lab II Manual as on 1-1-2010 prepared by TGS, GEC Thrissur 64
Do you know?
================================================================
Experiment No. 7
NO LOAD & BLOCKED ROTOR TESTS ON POLE
CHANGING INDUCTION MOTOR
================================================================
AIM: i) To study the different modes of operation of a 3 phase pole changing induction
motor
ii) To perform no load and blocked rotor tests on pole-changing induction motor,
determine the equivalent circuit parameters and plot the torque-speed
characteristics for both low speed and high speed connections.
APPARATUS:
PRINCIPLE:
Figure 1 (a) shows schematically only four coils of one phase of the windings
connected in series, along with the direction of current in them, producing four poles in
the stator. If the current in coils 2 and 4 is reversed and the connection is changed to
parallel with two coils (1 and 3, and 2 and 4) connected in series for each path, eight poles
are formed in the stator (Figure 1 (b)). It may be noted that the direction of current in
coils 1 and 3 remains the same. Only one type of connection is shown.
Let V = Line voltage, I = Maximum current that the winding can carry.
Then, the power drawn from the supply is given by,
1. For series-star connection, PY = 3VI cos ΦY
It is assumed that the power factor remains unchanged and the motor losses are
negligible. With the changeover of stator winding from series-star to parallel-star, the
power drawn from the supply is doubled. Simultaneously, the speed is also doubled. So,
the motor torque remains constant.
b) Constant power type
S6 EM Lab II Manual as on 1-1-2010 prepared by TGS, GEC Thrissur 69
If constant power output is to be obtained from the motor at both the speeds, i.e.
the torque is inversely proportional to the speed, the connection of the winding may be
done as shown in figure 3. For low speed operation, the voltage is applied to terminals S1-
S2-S3 and terminals S4-S5-S6 are left open, while for high speed operation, the voltage is
applied to terminals S4-S5-S6 and S1-S2-S3 are shorted.
1. For series-delta connection, PΔ = 3VI cos Φ Δ
PROCEDURE:
TABULATION
LOW SPEED
NO LOAD TEST BLOCKED ROTOR TEST
Voc Ioc W1 W2 Woc Vsc Isc W1 W2 Wsc
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S6 EM Lab II Manual as on 1-1-2010 prepared by TGS, GEC Thrissur 71
TABULATION
HIGH SPEED
NO LOAD TEST BLOCKED ROTOR TEST
Voc Ioc W1 W2 Woc Vsc Isc W1 W2 Wsc
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S6 EM Lab II Manual as on 1-1-2010 prepared by TGS, GEC Thrissur 74
+ S5 S6
28V 0-30V MC
DC V
- R
- 10A
S3 S4 S2
I sc
Vs = Vsc = _____ V Is = = ____ A
3
Woc
cos Φ 0 = = _______
3Vo I o
sin Φ 0 = _______
Vo
Rc = =_________Ω
I o × cos Φ o
Vo
Xm = = ________Ω
I o × sin Φ o
V
Z o1 = s = _________Ω
Is
Wsc
Ro1 = 2 = _______Ω
3I s
X o1 = Z o12 − Ro12 = ________Ω
3
R1 = *1.2* Rdc =1.5 x 1.2 x ____ = ______Ω
2
R2 = Ro1 − R1 =_______Ω
'
X
X 2 = X 2 ' = o1 = ______Ω
2
Io
Ic Im
400V
Rc Xm 1− s
RL ' = R2 '( )
s
s
R'
Rotor Input P2= 3 × I 2 '2 × 2 = _______W
s
S6 EM Lab II Manual as on 1-1-2010 prepared by TGS, GEC Thrissur 77
P2 60 × P2
Torque developed = = = _________N-m
2π N s 2 × π × 750
( )
60
Io
Ic Im
254V
Rc Xm 1− s
RL ' = R2 '( )
s
Ns − N 1500 − 1440
Slip = s = × 100% = ×100 = 4 %
Ns 1500
440
V= = 254V
3
V
Rotor current, I 2 ' = = _________ A per phase
R '
( R1 + 2 ) 2 + ( X 1 + X 2' ) 2
s
R2'
Rotor Input P2 = 3 × I 2 '2 ×= ________W
s
P2 60 × P2
Torque developed = = = ________N-m
2π N s 2 × π × 1500
( )
60
Note: Find the torque for different values of speed and hence plot torque Vs speed
characteristics using MATLAB, C, EXCEL or any software.
TABULATION
LOW SPEED HIGH SPEED
Sl.No. Speed Slip Torque Speed Slip Torque
1 0 0
2 30 60
3 60 120
4 90 180
5 120 240
6 150 300
7 180 360
8 210 420
9 240 480
10 270 540
11 300 600
12 330 660
13 360 720
14 390 780
15 420 840
16 450 900
17 480 960
18 510 1020
19 540 1080
20 570 1140
21 600 1200
22 630 1260
23 660 1320
24 690 1380
25 710 1440
26 750 1500
S6 EM Lab II Manual as on 1-1-2010 prepared by TGS, GEC Thrissur 79
RESULT
i) Different modes of operation of a 3-phase pole-changing induction motor
studied.
ii) No-load and blocked rotor tests conducted with low and high speed
connections
iii) Equivalent circuit parameters determined for both low and high speed.
iv) Torque-speed characteristics plotted for both low and high speed.
================================================================
Do you know?
1. Explain the reasons for lower power factor of low speed, 3 phase induction
motors as compared to that of high speed motors.
Because of larger number of poles in low speed 3 phase induction motors as
compared to high speed motors, magnetizing current is more due to increase in
leakages, which increases with the increase in number of poles. So the power
factor of low speed induction motors is poor in comparison to that for high speed
induction motors.
2. If the number of poles on a motor is increased to lower the speed, how will
the power factor be affected?
Power factor will be reduced.
S6 EM Lab II Manual as on 1-1-2010 prepared by TGS, GEC Thrissur 80
================================================================
Experiment No. 8
NO-LOAD AND BLOCKED-ROTOR TESTS ON SINGLE
PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
================================================================
AIM: i) To conduct the no load and blocked rotor tests on single phase induction motor
ii) To find the equivalent circuit parameters
iii) To predetermine its performance at rated speed.
APPARATUS:
PRINCIPLE:
Since a single phase induction motor does not have a starting torque, it needs
special methods of starting. The stator is provided with two windings, called main and
auxiliary windings, whose axes are space displaced by 90 electrical degrees. The rotor is
of squirrel cage construction. The auxiliary winding is excited by a current which is out of
phase with the current in the main winding, both current derived from the same supply
mains. The auxiliary winding is disconnected by a centrifugal switch after the motor has
achieved about 75% speed. Depending upon the starting methods, single phase induction
motors are classified into i) split phase motor, ii) capacitor start motor, iii) Capacitor start
and run motor, iv) shaded pole motor and v) repulsion start induction run motor. In all
these methods, it will act as a two-phase motor at the time of starting.
Here, no load and blocked rotor tests on capacitor start induction motor are done.
In a capacitor start motor, the main (or running) and auxiliary (or starting) windings are
space displaced by 90˚. The time displacement between the currents in the main and
auxiliary winding is achieved by connecting a capacitor in series with auxiliary winding.
By using a capacitor of proper value, the current Ia in the auxiliary winding can be made
to lead the current Im in the main winding by 90˚ at standstill. Thus the motor develops a
S6 EM Lab II Manual as on 1-1-2010 prepared by TGS, GEC Thrissur 82
starting torque. Both the capacitor and auxiliary winding are designed for short time duty
and are disconnected by centrifugal switch when the motor has reached 75% speed.
PROCEDURE:
NO LOAD TEST
Make the connections as shown in the diagram.
0-10A MI 250V,10A
P 10A LPF 1 2
A M L
C V
1'
A
R
230V E
1-phase 0-250V MI
50Hz 2' CS
C V
C
N
0-10A MI 100V,10A
10A UPF 1 2
A M L
P
C V
1'
A
R
230V E
1-phase 0-100V MI
50Hz 2' CS
C V
C
N
Note: For blocked rotor test, the auxiliary winding is disconnected and only the main
winding is connected to ac supply.
Precaution: Keep the autotransformer at minimum voltage position.
S6 EM Lab II Manual as on 1-1-2010 prepared by TGS, GEC Thrissur 83
Switch on the supply. Adjust the autotransformer and make the current equal to
rated value. Note down the ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter readings. Switch off the
supply.
28V
0-30V V
V
MC -
DC
10A
-
TABULATION
NO LOAD TEST BLOCKED ROTOR TEST
Vo Io Wo Vsc Isc Wsc
I1 R1 X1
I2f' I1 R1 X1
Imf
R2'/2s
Rf
Xm/2
Ef
X2'/2 Xf
V1
V1
Imb I2b'
Rb
R2'/2(2-s) Eb
Xm/2
Xb
X2'/2
R1 Io X1
R1 Isc X1 Xm/2
Io
R2'
Vsc Vo Xm/2
R2'/4 Vo
X2'
X2'/2
Equivalent circuit during R1+R'2/4+j(X1+X'2/2) << jXm/2
blocked rotor test
Equivalent circuit during
no load test
CALCULATION
Wsc
cos Φ sc = = ______
Vsc I sc
W
Rsc = R1 + R2 ' = sc2 = _______Ω
I sc
R1dc = ______ Ω
R1 = 1.2 x R1dc = _______Ω
R2 = Rsc − R1 = _______Ω
V
Z SC = sc = _______ Ω
I sc
X sc = X 1 + X 2 ' = Z sc 2 − Rsc 2 = __________ Ω
X sc
X1 = X 2 ' = = _________ Ω
2
NO LOAD TEST
Vo = _______V , Io = _____A , Wo = _______W
R2 '
Rotational loss Wrot = Wo − I o 2 ( R1 + ) =______W
4
X m Vo
= = ________ Ω
2 Io
Xm = ________Ω
⎛ jX ⎞ ⎛ R2 ' jX ' ⎞
Backward impedance, Z b = Rb + jX b = ⎜ m ⎟ // ⎜ + 2 ⎟ = _______ Ω
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2(2 − s ) 2 ⎠
V1∠0°
Current, I1∠ − Φ = = _______ Ω
Z
Power factor = cos Φ = ______lag
Input power = V1 I1 cos Φ =________W
RESULT :
i) No load and blocked rotor tests on single phase induction motor were
conducted
ii) Equivalent circuit parameters determined and
iii) its performance at rated speed determined from equivalent circuit
================================================================
Do you know?
2. How will you reverse the direction of rotation of a single phase induction
motor ?
Interchange the connections of either main winding or auxiliary winding (not both).
3. Why are the single phase induction motors with one stator winding not self
starting?
If the rotor is stationary and the stator winding is connected to a single phase supply,
a pulsating flux (not rotating) is produced. This pulsating flux induces current by
transformer action in the rotor circuit, which in turn produces a pulsating rotor flux
along the same axis as the stator flux. By Lenz’s law, these two fluxes tend to oppose
each other. As the angle between these fluxes is zero, no starting torque is developed.
S6 EM Lab II Manual as on 1-1-2010 prepared by TGS, GEC Thrissur 87
5. What is the typical capacitor value for a capacitor run induction motor?
300 μF for 0.5 hp motor
================================================================
Experiment No. 9
V CURVES OF SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE
================================================================
AIM: i) To synchronize a 3 phase alternator to the supply mains using Dark lamp
method
ii) Plot the V curves and inverted V curves when synchronous machine is acting as
generator and motor at no load and constant power.
APPARATUS:
S.No. Name of the apparatus Type Range Quantity
1. Voltmeter MI (0-500V) 2
2. MC (0-300V) 1
3 MC (0-30V) 1
4. Ammeter MI (0-15A) 1
5. MC (0-3A) 1
6. Rheostat Wire Wound 145Ω 2.5A 2
7. 272Ω 1.7A 1
8. Tachometer 1
PRINCIPLE:
Assume constant power operation of a synchronous machine connected to an
infinite bus. The equivalent circuit, neglecting the stator resistance, and the phasor
diagram are shown in figures. For a 3 phase machine, the power transfer is P = 3VIacosф.
Because V is constant, for constant power operation I a cos Φ is constant; that is, the in-
phase component of the stator current on the axis of the phase V is constant. The locus of
the stator current is therefore the vertical line passing through the current phasor for unity
power factor.
Efsinδ
VE f
The power can also be expressed as P = 3 sin δ . Again for constant power operation,
Xs
E f sin δ is constant. Thus the locus of Ef (or If) is also a straight line parallel to the
phasor V such that the vertical difference between the locus of Ef and the phasor V is
constant and equals E f sin δ .
The excitation voltage Ef changes linearly with the field current If. Therefore, as If
is changed, Ef will change along the locus of Ef and Ia will change along the locus of Ia,
signifying a change in the power factor angle ф of the stator current.
When the machine is working as synchronous motor, for low field current If1,
underexcitation (Ef = Ef1), the stator current (Ia = Ia1) is large and lagging. The stator
current is minimum (Ia = Ia2) and at unity power factor for the field current If2 (Ef = Ef2)
which is called normal excitation. For larger field current If2, overexcitation (Ef = Ef3) the
stator current (Ia = Ia3) is large and leading. The variation of the stator current with the
field current for constant-power operation is shown in figure. This is known as the V-
S6 EM Lab II Manual as on 1-1-2010 prepared by TGS, GEC Thrissur 90
curve because of the characteristic shape. The variation of the power factor with the field
current is the inverted V-curve.
When the machine is working as synchronous generator, for low field current If1,
underexcitation (Ef = Ef1), the stator current (Ia = Ia1) is large and leading. The stator
current is minimum (Ia = Ia2) and at unity power factor for the field current If2 (Ef = Ef2)
which is called normal excitation. For larger field current If2, overexcitation (Ef = Ef3) the
stator current (Ia = Ia3) is large and lagging.
PROCEDURE:
Make the connections as per the diagram.
Precautions : i) Keep dc motor field rheostat in minimum position
ii) Keep alternator field potential divider in the minimum voltage position
iii) Keep DPDT, DPST, TPST1, TPST2 switches open
iv) Keep the load on DC side in off position.
S6 EM Lab II Manual as on 1-1-2010 prepared by TGS, GEC Thrissur 91
S6 EM Lab II Manual as on 1-1-2010 prepared by TGS, GEC Thrissur 92
Switch on the supply to the dc motor (DPDT switch in position 1-1’). Start the
motor using the 3 point starter and increase the speed to the synchronous speed by
varying the motor field rheostat. Now, switch on the supply to the alternator field and
vary the potential divider so that the generated voltage is nearly equal to rated value.
Close the TPST switch and note down the 3 phase supply voltage. Adjust the potential
divider and make the generator terminal voltage equal to the 3 phase supply voltage.
Now, the lamps will flicker in sequence. If the lamps are flickering uniformly ie. all the
lamps become dim or bright simultaneously (phase sequence is wrong), then interchange
the two terminals of the 3 phase supply voltage after switching off the TPST and DPST
switches. If the flickering is so fast, the motor field rheostat is adjusted very slightly so
that the frequency of flickering is convenient and the synchronization switch is closed
when two lamps show maximum brightness and the third dark. Synchronization is over.
Now, the wattmeter shows zero reading.
Synchronous machine working as generator
Now, decrease the field current of the dc motor (i.e. make synchronous machine in
generator mode) so that wattmeter reads a specified output (say, 600W per phase) (Please
take care of the multiplication factor of wattmeter). Keeping the wattmeter reading at
600W/phase, increase the synchronous machine field current If by adjusting the potential
divider so that ammeter reading Ia shows rated current. Note If and Ia. Now decrease If
gradually and note down Ia each time. We can see that Ia decreases from rated current,
reaches minimum, again increases and reaches rated value. Wattmeter reading should be
same while taking each reading (Otherwise, vary motor field rheostat). Ia Vs If curve (V
curve) is plotted for the generator for a constant power output of 1800W. Now increase If
so that armature current is minimum. Increase the motor field current, so that wattmeter
reads zero.
Synchronous machine working as motor
For getting V curves of synchronous motor on no load, switch off the supply to
the dc machine and connect the dc machine to the lamp load by using DPDT switch when
the wattmeter reading is zero and ammeter reading minimum. Now the synchronous
machine will act as motor and dc machine as generator. Note down the wattmeter reading
which shows the no-load losses of both dc machine and synchronous motor. Increase the
field current If of synchronous machine till the armature current Ia becomes rated value
and note down the readings. Decrease If in steps and note down Ia each time. Plot the V-
curves (Ia Vs If) for synchronous motor on no-load. Now, for getting V curves of
S6 EM Lab II Manual as on 1-1-2010 prepared by TGS, GEC Thrissur 93
synchronous motor drawing constant power input (say, 800W/phase), vary the lamp/water
load and make the wattmeter reading equal to 800W/phase. Increase the field current of
the synchronous machine to rated current and the above procedure is repeated. Plot the V
curves of the synchronous motor drawing constant power input.
GENERATING MODE MOTOR MODE MOTOR MODE
Sl. ON NO LOAD
OUTPUT = ________W INPUT = _________W
No. (INPUT = _______W)
Ia If cosф Ia If cosф Ia If cosф
(lag/lead) (lag/lead) (lag/lead)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Note: a) Over-excited synchronous generator operates at lagging p.f. and under-excited
synchronous generator at leading p.f. and b) over-excited synchronous motor operates at
leading p.f. and under-excited synchronous motor at lagging p.f.
MODEL GRAPH
Ia Vs If Input=____W
No-load
RESULT
3 phase synchronous machine was synchronized to the supply mains using bright
lamp method and V-curves and inverted V-curves were plotted while the synchronous
machine is working as generator and motor.
================================================================
Do you know?
3. What are the conditions for paralleling an alternator with the infinite bus?
Before the alternator can be connected to the infinite bus, the incoming alternator
and the infinite bus must have the same i) voltage ii) frequency iii) phase sequence
and iv) phase.
10. Why a 3 phase synchronous motor will always run at synchronous speed?
The synchronous motor always runs at synchronous speed because there is an inter-
locking action between stator and rotor fields of this motor.
Now, the field excitation is adjusted such that voltages of the incoming alternator
and the bus-bar are equal. The speed of the prime-mover of the incoming machine is
further adjusted slowly until the lamps flicker at a very low rate. The paralleling
switch is closed at the instant when one lamp is dark and other two are maximum
bright. The incoming alternator thus gets connected in parallel with the bus-bar.
13. NOTE: 44MW, 10kV, 60Hz, 50pole, 144rpm synchronous motor is used to drive the
Queen Elizabeth II passenger ship (Second largest luxury ship after Queen Mary II).
A solid state V/f drive circuit provides speed control though frequency adjustment.
After 40 years of service, in 2009, this ship will become a seven star hotel in Dubai.
S6 EM Lab II Manual as on 1-1-2010 prepared by TGS, GEC Thrissur 96
================================================================
Experiment No. 10
SPEED CONTROL OF INDUCTION MOTOR BY
VARIABLE FREQUENCY METHOD
================================================================
AIM: To control the speed of the 3 phase induction motor by changing the supply
frequency and to plot the speed Vs frequency curve.
APPARATUS:
S.No. Name of the apparatus Type Range Quantity
1. Voltmeter MI (0-500V) 1
2. Frequency meter Digital (0-60Hz) 1
3. Ammeter MC (0-3A) 1
4. MI (0-10A) 1
5. Tachometer 1
6. Rheostat Wire Wound 145Ω, 2.5A 2
7. 272Ω 1.7A 1
PRINCIPLE:
The synchronous speed Ns of an induction motor is related to supply frequency f
120 f
and number of poles P by the equation, N s = . Rotor speed is given by
P
N = (1 − s ) N s where s is the slip. The basic methods of speed control of an induction
motor are a) by changing the number of poles and b) by varying the line frequency.
The emf per phase of an induction motor is given by E = 4.44 K w f ΦT volts. The induced
emf E is nearly equal to the applied voltage V (neglecting drop in stator impedance).
V
Thus, we can write = 4.44 K wΦT .
f
When the frequency is reduced, the applied voltage also must be reduced
proportionally so as to maintain constant flux, otherwise the core will get saturated
resulting in excessive core loss and magnetizing current. The maximum torque also
remains constant under this condition. However, the voltage is not varied proportionately
in the low frequency range to account for the voltage drop in the winding resistance. This
type of control (constant V/f) is used for speed control below base frequency (line
frequency of 50Hz).
As the voltage increases above rated value, when the input frequency goes above
base frequency, only constant (rated) voltage with variable frequency (frequency control)
S6 EM Lab II Manual as on 1-1-2010 prepared by TGS, GEC Thrissur 97
is used for speed control. Under this condition, both flux and maximum torque decrease
as the frequency is increased.
PROCEDURE:
Make the connections as shown in diagram.
Precautions:
v) TPST in open position
vi) DPST1 and DPST2 in open position
vii) Motor field rheostat in minimum position
viii) Potential divider in minimum voltage position
ix) Autotransformer at minimum voltage position
x) Keep the belt on the brake drum of induction motor in loose position
(induction motor on no load).
Switch on the DC supply to the DC motor by closing the switch DPST1. Start the DC
shunt motor using 3-point starter. Increase the resistance of dc motor field rheostat and
drive the alternator at rated speed (1500rpm). Now, dc supply is given to the alternator
field winding and adjust the potential divider so that the generated voltage is rated value
(400V). Close the TPST switch.
Increase the autotransformer. Induction motor starts running on no load. Apply rated
voltage by adjusting autotransformer. Note down the frequency, voltage and speed of the
induction motor. Now, increase the frequency keeping the voltage constant (=400V).
Again, note down frequency, voltage and speed each time. Repeat the procedure till
frequency reaches 54Hz.
Now, decrease the frequency till it becomes 50Hz. Decrease the voltage and
V 400
frequency in proportion ( = = 8 ) and note down the frequency, voltage and speed
f 50
of the induction motor each time. This procedure is continued till frequency decreases to
44Hz.
Repeat the above procedure for another load (say IL = 4A). Switch off the supply after
bringing the motor to no-load.
S6 EM Lab II Manual as on 1-1-2010 prepared by TGS, GEC Thrissur 98
S6 EM Lab II Manual as on 1-1-2010 prepared by TGS, GEC Thrissur 99
TABULATION
RESULT
Speed of the 3 phase induction motor was controlled by variable frequency
method and speed Vs frequency characteristics were plotted.
================================================================
Do you know?
MODEL QUESTIONS
INSTRUCTIONS
Phase 1:- Copy the question to the answer sheet. Draw a neat CONNECTION DIAGRAM
and TABULAR COLUMN with PEN, write the RELEVANT EQUATIONS, and draw the
expected shape of graph (if any) and get approval from the examiner (No need to write
procedure/principle).
Phase 2:- Make the connections and GET VERIFIED by the examiner before switching
on. Conduct the experiment. Show one set of readings to the examiner before switching
off.
Phase 3:- Complete the calculations, draw the graphs (if any), write down the RESULTs
and submit the answer sheet.
Qn.A1:- By conducting suitable test on the given slip ring induction motor (______KW,
_______V, _____A, ∆ connected, _______rpm) obtain the equivalent circuit & hence
predetermine efficiency & torque developed at a speed of ________rpm. Assume stator
resistance/phase (ac) R1 = _______Ω.
Qn.A2:- By conducting suitable test on the given slip ring induction motor (______KW,
_______V, _____A, ∆ connected, _______rpm) draw the circle diagram and hence obtain
the efficiency & torque developed at an output of _____kW. Assume stator
resistance/phase (ac) R1 = _______Ω.
Qn.A3:- By conducting suitable test on the given slip ring induction motor (______KW,
_______V, _____A, ∆ connected, _______rpm) obtain the equivalent circuit i) during no
load test ii) during blocked rotor test & iii) at a speed of ________rpm.
Assume stator resistance/phase (ac) R1 = _____Ω.
Qn.A4:- By conducting suitable test on the given slip ring induction motor (______KW,
_______V, _____A, ∆ connected, _______rpm) draw the circle diagram & hence obtain
the following i) maximum torque ii) maximum power output iii) maximum power input & iv)
starting torque. Assume stator resistance/phase (ac) R1 = _____Ω.
Qn.A5:- By conducting suitable test on the given slip ring induction motor (______KW,
_______V, _____A, ∆ connected, _______rpm), draw the circle diagram and hence obtain
the line current, power factor, slip, torque and efficiency at an output of _____kW. Assume
stator resistance/phase (ac) R1 = _____Ω.
Qn.A6:- By conducting suitable test on the given slip ring induction motor (______KW,
_______V, _____A, ∆ connected, _______rpm) draw the circle diagram & hence obtain
the slip Vs output characteristics. Assume stator resistance/phase (ac) R1 = _____Ω.
Qn.B1:- By conducting suitable test on the given 3phase squirrel cage induction motor
(______KW, _______V, _____A, ∆ connected, _______rpm), determine the torque &
efficiency at a slip of 3%.
Qn.B2:- By conducting suitable test on the given 3phase squirrel cage induction motor
(______KW, _______V, _____A, ∆ connected, _______rpm), determine the value of
capacitance required to improve the power factor to unity while the induction motor is
running at a slip of 3%.
Qn.B3:- By conducting suitable test on the given 3phase squirrel cage induction motor
(______KW, _______V, _____A, ∆ connected, _______rpm), determine the torque &
efficiency at 3/4th full load.
Qn.B4:- By conducting suitable test on the given 3phase squirrel cage induction motor
(______KW, _______V, _____A, ∆ connected, _______rpm), determine the torque, slip &
efficiency at 0.5 p.f.
Qn.B5:- By conducting suitable test on the given 3phase squirrel cage induction motor
(______KW, _______V, _____A, ∆ connected, _______rpm), determine i) the slip at no
load , ii) slip at 0.5 p.f. & iii) slip at ½ full load.
S6 EM Lab II Manual as on 1-1-2010 prepared by TGS, GEC Thrissur 101
Qn.E1:- By conducting suitable test on the given 3 phase pole changing induction motor
(______KW, _______V, _____A, _____ connected, _______rpm) while running at low
speed, obtain the equivalent circuit & hence find the efficiency at a slip of 5%. Assume
stator resistance/phase (ac) R1 = _____Ω.
Qn.E2:- By conducting suitable test on the given 3 phase pole changing induction motor
(______KW, _______V, _____A, ____ connected, _______rpm) while running at high
speed, obtain the equivalent circuit & hence find the efficiency at a slip of 5%. Assume
stator resistance/phase (ac) R1 = _____Ω.
Qn.E3:- By conducting suitable test on the given 3 phase pole changing induction motor
(______KW, _______V, _____A, _____ connected, _______rpm) while running at low
speed, draw the circle diagram & hence find the torque, slip & efficiency when the power
factor is maximum. Assume stator resistance/phase (ac) R1 = 8Ω.
Qn.C1:- By conducting suitable test on the given 3 phase alternator (______KW,
_______V, _____A, ∆ connected, _______rpm), predetermine the power factor at which
the full load regulation is zero. Use synchronous impedance method. Neglect Ra.
Qn.C2:- By conducting suitable test on the given 3 phase alternator (______KW,
_______V, _____A, ∆ connected, _______rpm), predetermine the percentage regulation
when the given 3 phase alternator is delivering full load at a) unity p.f. & b) zero p.f. (lag &
lead). Use pessimistic method. Draw the relevant phasor diagrams. Neglect Ra.
Qn.C3:- By conducting suitable test on the given 3 phase alternator (______KW,
_______V, _____A, ∆ connected, _______rpm), predetermine the full load regulation at
unity p.f. by a) pessimistic method and b) optimistic method. Draw the relevant phasor
diagrams. Neglect Ra.
Qn.C4:- By conducting suitable test on the given 3 phase alternator (______KW,
_______V, _____A, Y connected, _______rpm), predetermine the full load regulation at
0.5 p.f. lag by a) pessimistic method and b) optimistic method. Compare the results. Draw
the relevant phasor diagrams. Neglect Ra.
Qn.D1:- By conducting suitable test on the given 3 phase salient pole type synchronous
machine (______KW, _______V, _____A, ∆ connected, _______rpm), predetermine the
full load regulation at zero p.f. (lag & lead). Draw the relevant phasor diagrams. Neglect Ra.
Qn.D2:- By conducting suitable test on the given 3 phase salient pole type synchronous
machine (______KW, _______V, _____A, ∆ connected, _______rpm), predetermine the
full load regulation at zero p.f. lag & lead. Draw the relevant phasor diagrams. Neglect Ra.
Qn.D3:- By conducting suitable test on the given 3 phase salient pole type synchronous
machine (______KW, _______V, _____A, ∆ connected, _______rpm), predetermine the
excitation power & reluctance power at a load (torque) angle of 45°. Assume excitation emf
= 120% of rated voltage. Neglect Ra.
Qn.D4:- By conducting suitable test on the given 3 phase salient pole type synchronous
machine ((______KVA, _______V, _____A, ∆ connected, _______rpm), predetermine the
excitation power & reluctance power at a load (torque) angle of 60°. Assume excitation emf
= 80% of rated voltage. Neglect Ra.
Qn.E4:- By conducting suitable test on the given 3 phase pole changing induction motor
(______KVA, _______V, _____A, _____ connected, _______rpm) while running at low
speed, draw the circle diagram & hence find the efficiency when the input is maximum.
Assume stator resistance/phase (ac) R1 = _____Ω.
Qn.E5:- By conducting suitable test on the given 3 phase pole changing induction motor
(______KW, _______V, _____A, ____ connected, _______rpm) while running at low
speed, draw the circle diagram & hence find the efficiency when the output is maximum.
Assume stator resistance/phase (ac) R1 = _____Ω.
S6 EM Lab II Manual as on 1-1-2010 prepared by TGS, GEC Thrissur 102
Qn.E6:- By conducting suitable test on the given 3 phase pole changing induction motor
(______KW, _______V, _____A, ____ connected, _______rpm) while running at low
speed, draw the circle diagram & hence find the slip when the torque is maximum. Assume
stator resistance/phase (ac) R1 = ______Ω.
Qn.H1:- By conducting suitable test on the given 3 phase alternator (______KVA,
_______V, _____A, Y connected, _______rpm), predetermine the regulation at full load &
unity p.f. by POTIER method. Neglect Ra.
Qn.H2:- By conducting suitable test on the given 3 phase alternator (______KVA,
_______V, _____A, Y connected, _______rpm), predetermine the regulation at full load &
zero p.f. lag by POTIER method. Neglect Ra.
Qn.G1:- By conducting suitable test on the given 1 phase induction motor (______KW/HP,
_______V, _____A, _______rpm) obtain the equivalent circuit during running condition &
hence find the efficiency at a slip of 4%. Assume stator resistance (ac) = ____Ω.
Qn.G2:- By conducting suitable test on the given 1 phase induction motor (______KW/HP,
_______V, _____A, _______rpm) obtain the equivalent circuit during running condition &
hence find the efficiency at a slip of 6%. Assume stator resistance (ac) = _____Ω.
Qn.J1:- By conducting suitable test on the given 3 phase synchronous machine (______KVA,
_______V, _____A, Y connected, _______rpm), obtain the V curves & inverted V curves
(for Ia ≤ 6A) while working as a motor drawing a power input of _______W.
Qn.J2:- By conducting suitable test on the given 3 phase synchronous machine (______KVA,
_______V, _____A, Y connected, _______rpm), obtain the V curves & inverted V curves
(for Ia ≤ 6A) while working as a generator delivering a power output of ________W.
Qn.F1:- By conducting suitable test on the given 3 phase induction machine (______KW,
_______V, _____A, ∆ connected, _______rpm) coupled with a DC machine (______kW,
____V, _____A), determine the efficiency when the induction machine is working as motor
drawing an input of _____W.
Qn.F2:- By conducting suitable test on the given 3 phase induction machine (______KW,
_______V, _____A, ∆ connected, _______rpm) coupled with a DC machine (______kW,
____V, _____A), determine the efficiency when the induction machine is working as
generator delivering an output of _______W.
Qn.F4:- By conducting suitable test on the given 3 phase induction machine (______KW,
_______V, _____A, ∆ connected, _______rpm) coupled with a DC machine (______kW,
______V, ______A), determine the efficiency when the dc machine is working as motor
drawing an input current of _____A.
Qn.F3:- By conducting suitable test on the given 3 phase induction machine (______KW,
_______V, _____A, ∆ connected, _______rpm) coupled with a DC machine (_____kW,
_____A, ______V), determine the efficiency when the dc machine is working as generator
delivering an output current of _____A.
Qn.G1:- By conducting suitable test on the given 1 phase induction motor (______KW/HP,
_______V, _____A, _______rpm) obtain a) the equivalent circuit during running condition
at slip of 5% b) equivalent circuit during no-load test c) the equivalent circuit during blocked
rotor test. Assume stator resistance (ac) = ____Ω.
Qn.G2:- By conducting suitable test on the given 1 phase induction motor (______KW/HP,
_______V, _____A, _______rpm) obtain the efficiency at a slip of 4%. Assume stator
resistance (ac) = ____Ω.