Abbreviations and their Expansions

A
AA: Anti-Aircraft; Author’s Alterations
AAAS: American Association of Advancement of Science
AAFI: Amateur Athletics Federation of Afro-Asian Games
AAI: Airport Authority of India
AAOU: Asian Association for Open Universities
AAPl: American Association of Physicians of Indian Origin
APSO: Afro-Asian Peoples Solidarity Organisation
AASU: All-Assam Students’ Union
ABC: Audit Bureau of Circulations; American Broadcasting Company; Australian
Broadcasting Company
ABM: Anti-Ballistic Missiles
ABSU: All Bodo Students’ Union
ABU: Asian Broadcasting Union
AC: Alternating Current; Ashok Chakra; Ante Christum (Before Christ)
ACAS: Airborne Collision Avoidance System
ACC: Auxiliary Cadet Corps; Air Coordinating Committee
ACD: Asian Co-operation Dialogue
ACL: Access Control List
ACU: Asian Clearing Union
AD: Anno Domini (After Christ)
ADB: Asian Development Bank
ADBS: Advanced Data Broadcast System
ADC: Aide-de-Camp
ADF: Asian Development Fund
ADRs: American Depository Receipts
AEC: Atomic Energy Commission
AERB: Atomic Energy Regulation Board
AF: Audio Frequency
AFC: Asian Football Confederation
AFP: Agence France-Presse
AFSPA: Armed Forces (Special Powers)
AIIMS: All India Institute of Medical Sciences
AILTA: All India Lawn Tennis Association
AIMA: All India Management Association
AIMCET: All India Common Entrance Fest for Master of Computer Applications
A1MO: All India Manufacturers Organisation
AIMPLB: All India Muslim Personal Law Board
AINEC: All India Newspaper Editors’ Conference
AIR: All India Radio
AISNEC: All India Small Newspaper Editors’ Conference
AISSF: All India Sikh Students’ Federation
AITUC: All India Trade Union Congress
AIWHA: All India Women Hockey Association
AJT: Advance Jet Trainer
ALGOL: Algorithmic Language
ALH: Advanced Light Helicopter
am: Ante meridiem (before noon)
AMC: Army Medical Corps
AMICE: Associate Member of the Institute of Civil Engineers
AMIE: Associate Member of Institute of Engineers
AMIEE: Associate Member of the Institute of Electrical Engineers
AMU: Aligarh Muslim University; Asian Monetary Union
ANANDI: Area Networking Development Initiative
ANC: African National Congress
ANCA: Alternative Nuclear Command Authority
ANERT: Agency for Non-Conventional Energy and Rural Technology
ANMC-21: Asian Network of Major Cities-21
ANN: Asian News Network
ANZUS: Australia, New Zealand and United States (Three-Nation Defense Pact)
AOC: Air Officer Commanding
AP: Andhra Pradesh; Associated Press
APASL: Asia Pacific Association for Study of Liver
APCTT: Asia and Pacific Centre for Transfer of Technology
APEC: Asia Pacific. Economic Community
APHLC: All Parties Hill Leaders Conference
APM : Administered Price Mechanism
APPLE: Ariane Passenger Payload Experiment
APPU: Asian Pacific Postal Union
APT: Asia Pacific Tele community
ARC: Administrative Reforms Commission; Agricultural Refinance Corporation
ARDC: Agricultural Refinance and Development Corporation
ARF: ASEAN Regional Forum
ARP: Air Raid Precaution
ARPANET: Advanced Research Project Agency Network
ARTRAC: Army Training Command
ASCI: Administrative Staff College of India
ASCON: Army Static Switched Communication Network
ASEAN: Association of South East Asian Nations
ASEM: Asia Europe Meeting
ASI: Archaeological Survey of India
ASIDE: Assistance to States for Infrastructural Development for Exports
ASK : Aaykar Sampark Kendra
ASLV: Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle
ASSOCHAM: Associated Chamber of Commerce and Industry
AT&C Losses: Aggregate Technical & Commercial Losses
AT&T: American Telegraphic and Telephone Co. Ltd.
ATC: Air Traffic Control
ATGM : Anti-Tank Guided Missile
ATM : Automatic Teller Machine
ATR: Action Taken Report
ATS: Anti Tetanus Serum
AU: African Union (formerly Organisation of African Unity)
AVARD: Association of Voluntary Agencies for Rural Development
AVC: Army Veterinary Corps
AVSM: Ati Vishisht Seva Medal
AVTAR: Army Vocational Training and Rehabilitation
AVUT: Association of Victims of Uphaar Tragedy
AWACS: Airborne Warning and Control System
AWWA: Army Wives’ Welfare Association

B
BITS: Birla Institute of Technology & Sciences
BJP: Bharatiya Janata Party
BKKP: Bhartiya Kisan Kamgar Party
B.Com.:Bachelor Commerce

B.Ed.: Bachelor of Education

B.Pharrn.: Bachelor of Pharmacy

B.Sc.: Bachelor of Science

B2B: Business to Business

B2C: Business to Consumer

BAC: Business Advisory Committee

BAI: Badminton Association of India

BALCO: Bharat Aluminium Company ltd

BARC: Bhabha Atomic Research Centre

BBC: British Broadcasting Corporation

BC: Before Christ

BCCI: Board of Control for Cricket in India: Bank of Credit and Commerce

International

BCG: Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (preventive vaccine for tuberculosis)

BCL: Bachelor of Civil law

BDO: Block Development Officer
BEL: Bharat Electronics Limited
BENELUX: Belgium. Netherlands and Luxembourg
BFA: Boao Forum for Asia
BGA: Blue Green Algae
BHEL: Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd.
BHU: Banaras Hindu University
BICP: Bureau of Industrial Costs and Prices
BIFR: Board for Industrial and Financial Reconstruction
BIMARU: Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh
BIMSTEC: Bangladesh, India, Myanmar. Sri Lanka, Thailand Economic Cooperation.
BIPPA: Bilateral Investment Promotion and Protection Agreement
BIS: Bureau of Indian Standards~ Bank of International Settlement
BKU: Bharatiya Kisan Union
BLOB: Binary Large Objects
BMW: Bayerische Motoren Warke AG
BOAC: British Overseas Airways Corporation (now British Airways)
BOLT: Build-Own-Lease-Transfer
BP: Blood Pressure
BPE: Bureau of Public Enterprises
BPO: Business Process Outsourcing
bps: bytes per second
BRAI : Broadcast Regulatory Authorities of India
BREAD : Basic Research Education And Development Society
BRIC: Brazil. Russia, India and China
BRO: Border Roads Organisation
BRPSE: Board for Reconstruction of Public Sector Enterprises
BSE: Bombay Stock Exchange
BSES: Bombay Suburban Electricity Supply
BSF: Border Security Force
BSI: Botanical Survey of India
BSNL: Bharat Sanchar Nigam
BSP: Bahujan Samaj Party
BSS: Bharat Sewak Samaj; Standard Specifications.

C
C2C: Consumer to Consumer
CAB: Civil Aeronautics Board; Central Advisory Board
CABE: Central Advisory Board for education
CACCI: Confederation of Asia-Pacific Chambers of Commerce & Industry
CACP: Commission on Agricultural Costs and Prices
CADA: Command Area Development Agency
CAG: Comptroller and Auditor-General w India
CAMELS: Capital Adequacy. Asset Quality, Management, Earnings, Liquidity & Systems
CAN: Calcium Ammonium Nitrate
Cantab: Cantabrigienis (of Cambridge)
CAPART: Council for Advancement of People’s Action and Rural Technology
CAPD: Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis
CAPES: Computer-Aided Paperless Examination System
CARD: Centre for Astronomical Research and Development
CARE: Cooperative for American Relief Everywhere
CAS: Chief of the Air Staff; Conditional Access System
CASE: Commission on Alternative Sources of Energy
CASI: Centre for the Advanced Study of India
CAT: Computerised Axial Tomography
CAZRI: Central Arid Zone Research Institute Ltd.
CBDT: Central Board of Direct Taxes
CBEC: Central Board of Excise and British Customs
CBFC: Central Board of Film Certification
CBI: Central Bureau of investigation
CBM: Confidence Building Measures Central CBR: Central Board of Revenue
CBRI: Central Building Research Institute
CBSE: Central Board of Secondary Education
CBT: Children’s Book Trust
CBU: Completely built-up
CCDP: The Committee for Coordination on Disappearances in Punjab.
CCEA: Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs
CCI: Cricket Club of India; Cement Corporation of India
CCP: Cabinet Committee on Prices CCS: Cash Compensatory Support
CD: Civil Defence; Community Development: Certificate of Deposit: Compact Disc
CDAC: Centre for Development of Advanced Computing
C-DAC: Centre for Development of Advanced Computing
CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access
C-DOT: Centre for Development of Telematics
CDRI: Central Drug Research Institute
CD-ROM: Compact Disc-Read Only Memory
CDS: Compulsory Deposit Scheme
CEC: Chief Election Commissioner: Chief Executive Councilor
CECRI: Central Electro Chemical Research institute
CEERI: Central Electronic Engineering Research Institute
CENTO: Central Treaty Organisation
CENVAT: Central Value Added Tax
CEO: Chief Electoral Officer; Chief Executive Officer
CERC: Consumer Education and Research Centre
CFC: Chloro Fluoro Carbon
CFSL: Central Forensic Science Laboratory
CGA: Central Ganga Authority
CGF: Commonwealth Games Federation
CGHS: Central Government Health Scheme
CGI: Common Gateway Interface
CGIAR: Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research
CGS: Centimetre Gram Second (units of measurement)
CHOGM: Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting
CHOGRM: Commonwealth Heads of Government Regional Meeting
CIA: Central Intelligence Agency (U.S.A.)
CIB: Credit information Bureau
CICA: Conference on Interaction and confidence-building Measures in Asia
CID: Criminal Investigation Department
CIET: Central Institute of Educational Technology
CIGAR: Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research
CII: Confederation of Indian Industry
CIIL: Central Institute of Indian Languages
C-in-C: Commander-in-Chief C IS: Commonwealth of Independent States
CISF: Central Industrial Security Force
CITES: Convention on International Trade on Endangered Species
CITU: Centre of Indian Trade Unions
CIWTC: Central Inland Water Transport Corporation
CKD: Completely Knocked Down
CLASP: Child Labour Action and Support Project
CLAWS : Centre for Land Warfare Studies
CLB: Company Law Board
CM: Chief Minister; Common Market
CMA: Coal Mines Authority
CMAG: Commonwealth Ministerial Action Group
CMC: Computer Maintenance Corporation
CMEA: Council for Mutual Economic Assistance
CMERI: Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute
CMIE: Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy
CMO: Chief Medical Officer
CMP: Common Minimum Programme
CNC: Computerised Numerical Control
CNG: Compressed Natural Gas
CNN: Cable News Network
CNS: Chief of Naval Staff
CO: Commanding Officer
COAS: Chief of Army Staff
COD: Cash On Delivery: Central Ordnance Depot
COFEPOSA: Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Act
COL: Commonwealth of Learning
COMECON: Council for Mutual Economic Assistance
COMESA : Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa
COMEX: Commonwealth Expedition
COMPS: Coastal Ocean Monitoring and Prediction Centre
CONCORD: Council of North Indian States for Cooperation and Regional Development
COPO: Citizens Organisation for Public Opinion
COPRA: Consumer Protection Act
COPU: Committee on Public Undertakings (of Parliament)
CORDET: Cooperative Rural Development [rust
CPC: Civil Procedure Code
CPCB: Central Pollution Control Board
CPCSEA: Committee for the Purpose of Control and Supervision of Experiments on
Animal\
CPF: Contributory Provident Fund
CPHERI: Central Public health Engineering Research Institute
CPIkNI1: Communist Party of India. (Marxist)
CPI(ML): Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist)
CPI: Communist Party of India CPI-IW: Consumer Price Index for industrial Workers
CPMT: Combined Pre-Medical Tests
CPR: Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation
CPSU: Communist Party of the Soviet Union
CPU: Committee on Public Undertakings; Commonwealth Press Union
CPWD: Central Public Works Department
CR: Central Railway; Chakravarty Rajagopalachari (Rajaji)
CRIDA: Central Research Institute for Dry-land Agriculture
CRIS: Centre for Railway information systems
CRISIL: Credit Rating Information Services of India
CRPF: Central Reserve Police Force
CRR: Cash Reserve Ratio CRRI: Central Road Research Institute
CRRID: Centre for Research in Rural and Industrial Development
CRY: Child Relief and You
CSCAP: Council for Security Cooperation in Asia Pacific
CSCE: Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe
CSDS: Centre for the Studs’ of Developing Societies
CSIO: Central Scientific Instruments Organisation
CSIR: Council of Scientific and Industrial Research
CSIRO: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation
CSIS: Centre for Strategic and International Studies/Centre for Studies in Integrated
Sciences
CSMCRI : Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute Bhavnagar)
CSO: Central Statistical Organisation
CSSRI: Central Soil Salinity Research Institute
CST: Central Sales lax
CT: Computerised Tomography
CTBT: Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty
CTO: Central Telegraph Office; Central Tractor Organisation; Chief Technical Officer
CTV: Colour Television
CV: Curriculum Vitae
CVC: Central Vigilance Commission
CVR: Cockpit Voice Recorder
CVRDE: Combat Vehicles Research Development Establishment
CWC: Central Warehousing Corporation: Chemical Weapons Convention
CWF: Consumer Welfare Fund
CWPC: Central Water and Power Commission
CWPRS: Central Water and Power Research Station
cwt: hundredweight (112 Ibs)

D
D & C: Dilation and Curettage
D Phil: Doctor of Philosophy
DA: Daily Allowance; Dearness Allowance
DAE: Department of Atomic Energy
DANICS: Delhi-Andaman Nicobar Island Civil Services
DAP: Di-Ammonium Phosphate
DAVP: Directorate of Advertising and Visual Publicity
DC: Direct Current; Deputy Commissioner
DCC: District Congress Committee
DCL: Doctor of Civil Law
DD: Doordarshan
DDT: Dichloro Diphenyl Trichloroethane (insecticide)
DEAL: Defence Electronics Applications Laboratory
DEG: German Investment and Development Company
DFDR: Digital Flight Data Recorder
DG: Director General. Dei Gratia (By the Grace of God)
DGAD: Directorate-General of Anti-Dumping And Allied Duties
DGCA: Director General of Civil Aviation
DGCEI: Directorate General of Central Excise Intelligence
DGHC: Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council
DGMS: Directorate General of Mines Safety
DGS & D: Directorate General of Supplies and Disposals
DGTD: Directorate General of Technical Development
DHSD: Duplex-High Speed Data Service
DIA : Defence Intelligence Agency
DIC: District industries Centre
DIG: Deputy Inspector General
DIR: Defence of India Rules
DLO: Dead Letter Office (see RLO)
DM: District Magistrate
DMA: Direct Memory Access
DM1: Directorate of Marketing and Inspection
DMK: Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
DMRC: Delhi Metro Rail Corporation
DMRTS: Delhi Metro Rapid Transport System
DNA: Di-oxyribonucleic Acid (biological elements)
DO: Demi-Official
DOARS : Deep Ocean Assessment and Reporting System
DOD: Department of Ocean Development
DOE: Department of Electronics
DOTS: Directly Observed Treatment Short-Course
DP: Displaced Person
DPBS: Developmental Press Bulletin Service
DPI: Director of Public Instruction
DPSA: Deep Penetration Strike Aircraft
DPT: Diptheria, Pertussis and Tetanus (Vaccine)
DRDO: Defence Research and Development Organisation
DRES: Department of Renewable Energy Sources
DRF: Depreciation Reserve Fund
DRI: Differential Rate of Interest; Directorate of Revenue Intelligence
DSB: Digital Satellite Broadcasting
DSC: Distinguished Service Cross
DSIDC: Defence Scientific Information and Documentation Centre
DSL: Digital Subscriber Line
DST: Department of Science and Technology
DTAA: Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement
DTH: Direct-to-Home
DTS: Digital Theatre System
DVC: Damodar Valley Corporation
DVD: Digital Versatile/Video Disc
DVM: Doctor of Veterinary Medicine
DWT: Dead Weight Tonnes

E
E & 0 E: Errors and Omissions Excepted
EAC: Employment Assistance Centre
EARC: Economic Administrative Reforms Commission
EAS: Employment Assurance Scheme
ECA: Essential Commodities Act
ECAFE: Economic Commission for Asia and Far East (now ESCAP)
ECE: Economic Commission for Europe
ECG: Electrocardiogram
ECGC: Export Credit and Guarantee Corporation
ECHR: European Commission on Human Rights
ECM: European Common Market
ECOSOC: Economic and Social Council (UN)
ECS: Electronic Clearance Service
EDBI: Educational Development Bank of India
EDCIL: Educational Consultants India Ltd.
EDI: Electronic Data Interchange
EDMS: Electronic Document Management System
EEC: European Economic Community
EEC: Electro Encephalogram
EEZ: Exclusive Economic Zone
EFA: Education For All
EFF: Extended Fund Facility
EFTA: European Free Trade Association - eg. exempli gratia (for example)
EGP: Exterior Gateway Protocol
EIL: Engineers India Limited
E-in-C : Engineer-in-Chief
EIS: Executive Information System
ELCINA: Electronics Compone0~ Industries Association
ELJSA: Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay
ELSS: Equity Linked Saving Scheme
E-mail: Electronic Mailing
EMF: Electro Motive Force
EMG: Electro Myograni
EMS: European Monetary System
EMU: Electric Multiple Unit, European Monetary Union
ENS: Eastern Newspapers Society EOU: Export Oriented Units
EPABX: Electronic Private Automatic Branch Exchange
EPCG: Export Promotion Capital Goods
EPCH: Export Promotion Council for Handicrafts
EPCJ: Enhanced Proliferation Control Initiative
EPF: Employees Provident Fund EPO: Earth Parking Orbit
EPRLF: EJam People’s Revolutionary Liberation Front
EPROM: Erasable, Programmable Read Only Memory
EPZ: Export Processing Zone ER: Eastern Railway ERM: Exchange Rate Mechanism
ERNET: Educational and Research Network
ERS: European Remote Sensing (satellite)
ESA: European Space Agency
ESC: Electronics and Computer Software Export Promotion Council
ESCAP: Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific
ESIC: Employees’ State Insurance Corporation
ESMA: Essential Services Maintenance Act
ESP: Extra Sensory Perception
EST: Eastern Standard Time
Est: Established
ETA: Euskadi to Askalasuma (a terrorist organisation in Spain)
etc: etcetera (and other)
ETT: Embryo Transfer Technology
ETTDC: Electronics Trade and Technology Development Corporation
ETV: Educational Television
EURATOM: European Atomic Community
EUTELSAT: European Telecommunications Satellite
EVM: Electronic Voting Machine
EVR: Electro video Recording
EW: East-West

F
FACT: Fertilizers & Chemicals Travancore limited
FACTS : Fingerprint Analysis and Criminal Tracing System
FAO: Food and Agriculture Organisation (of United Nations)
FBI: Federal Bureau of Investigation (of I’SA)
FBTR: Fast Breeder Test Reactor
FBW: Fly-By-Wire
FCI: Food Corporation of India
FCNRA: Foreign Currency Non-Resident Account
FCRA: Foreign Contribution Regulation Act
FDI: Foreign Direct Investment
FEDEX: Federal Express
FEMA: Foreign Exchange Management
FERA: Foreign Exchange Regulation Act
FICCI: Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry .
FIDE: Federation International D’Eches (International Chess Federation)
FIEO: Federation of Indian Exports Organisations
FIFA: International Football Federation
FIH: International Hockey Federation
FII: Foreign Institutional Investors
FIPB: Foreign Investment Promotion Board
FIPC: Foreign Investment Promotion Council
FIR: First Information Report
FIRE: Fully Integrated Robotised Engine
FLAG: Fibre-optic Link Around the Globe
FM: Field Marshal
FMCT: Fissile Material Cut-off Treaty
FMD: Foot and Mouth Disease f.o.b.: free on board for free on rail
FORE: Foundation for Organisational Research and Education
FPS: Foot-Pound-Second (Units of measurement); Fare Price, Shop
FRCP: Fellow of Royal College of Physicians
FRCS: Fellow of Royal College of Surgeons
FRGS: Fellow of Royal Geographical Society
FRN: Floating Rate Note
FRS: Fellow of Royal Society
FTII: Films and. Television institute 01 India
FTP : File Transfer Protocol
FTS: Foreign Travel Scheme
FTU: Free Trade Union
FTZ: Free Trade Zone

G
GAAP: Generally Accepted Accounting Practices
GAEL: Global Alliance for The Elimination of Leprosy
GAIL: Gas Authority of India Limited
GAP: Ganga Action Plan
GATE: Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering
GATT: General Agreement on Tariff and Trade
GB: Great Britain
GCC: Gulf Cooperation Council
GCF: Greatest Common Factor
GCM: Greatest Common Measure; General Court Martial
GCMMF : Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation
GDI: Gender-related Development Index
GDP: Gross Domestic Product
GDR: German Democratic Republic (East Germany); Global Depository Receipt
GEDIS: Gateway Electronic Data Interchange Services
GEF: Global Environment Facility
GEM: Gender Empowerment Measure
GHC: Gorkha lull Council
GHQ: General Headquarters
GI: Government Issue; General Issue
GIAS: Gateway Internet Access Services
GIC: General Insurance Corporation
GIDC: Gujarat Industrial Development Corporation
GIEC: Global Indian Entrepreneurs Conference
GIS: Global Information System
GIST: Graphics and Intelligence-based Script Technology
GLOBE: Global Learning and Observation to Benefit the Environment
GM: General Manager. General Motors
GMAT: Graduate Management Admission Test
GMDSS: Global Maritime Distress and Safety System
GMPS: Global Mobile Personnel Communications System
GMRT: Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope
GMT: Greenwich Mean Time
GMUNET: Global Mega University Net
GNLF: Gorkha National Liberation Front
GNP: Gross National Product
GOC: General Officer Commanding
GOI: Government of India
GOP: Grand Old Party
Govt: Government
GPF: General Provident Fund; Gandhi Peace Foundation
GPO: General Post Office
GPRS: General Pocket Radio System
GRAM: Geo Reference ‘ Area Management
GRE: Graduate Record Examination
GRT: Gross Rated Tonnage
GSI: Geological Survey of India
GSLV: Geo-synchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle
GSM: Global System for Mobile Communication
GSP: Generalised System of Preferences
GSTP: Global System of Trade Practices
GTICL : Gas Transportation & infrastructure Co. Ltd.

H
HAI: Health Action International
HAL: Hindustan Aeronautics Limited
HC: House of Commons; High Court
HCF: Highest Common Factor
HDI: Human Development Index
HDML: Hyper Devices Markup Language
HE: His Excellency; Her Excellency
HEH: His/Her Exalted Highness
HEMRL: High Energy Materials Research Laboratory
HESSI: High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager
HF: High Frequency
HG: His/Her Grace
HH: Her Highness; His Highness; His Holiness
HHEC: Handicrafts and Handloom Exports Corporation
HISA: Hero Indian Sports Academy
HITEC: Hyderabad Information Technology Engineering Consultancy
HIV: Human Immunodeficiency Virus
HLC: Humanitarian Law Commission (Red Cross)
HM: Her Majesty. His Majesty
HMI: Himalayan Mountaineering Institute
IIMT: Hindustan Machine Tools; Head Micro Telephone
HMY: His Master’s Voice
HP: Harmonic Progression: Himachal Pradesh
hp: horse power
HPU: Hill People’s Union
HQ: Headquarters
Hr: Hour
HRD: Human Resource Development
HRH: His Royal Highness: Her Royal Highness
HSD: High Speed Diesel
HSL: Hindustan Steel Limited
HSRRSS: high Spatial Resolution Remote Sensing Satellite
HSTS: High Speed Tram System
HT: high Tension
HTCG : High Technology Cooperation Group
HTML: Hyper Text Markup Language
HTR: High Temperature Reactor
http: hypertext Transfer Protocol
HUDCO: Housing and Urban Development Corporation
HV: High Voltage
HVNET: High Speed VSAF Network
HZL: Hindustan Zinc Limited

I
I & B: Information and Broadcasting
IA: Indian Airlines
IAAF: International Amateur Athletic Federation
IAAS: Indian Audit and Accounts Service
IAC: Indian Airlines Corporation
IAEA: International Atomic Energy Agency
IAF: Indian Air Force
IAMC: Indian Army Medical Corps
IAMR: Institute of Applied Manpower Research
IARI: Indian Agricultural Research Institute
IAS: Indian Administrative Service
IASRI: Indian Agricultural Statistical Research Institute
IATA: International Air Transport Association
IATP: Income Adjusted to Total Population
ib, ibid: Ibidem (in the same place)
IBEF: India Brand Equity Fund
IBM: International Business Machines: Indian Bureau of Mines
IBRD: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank)
ICAA: international Civil Airports Association
ICADR: The International Centre for Alternate Dispute Resolution
ICAI: Institute of Chartered Accountants of India
ICAO: International Civil Aviation Organisation
ICAR: Indian Council of Agricultural Research
ICBL: International Campaign to Ban Landmines
ICBM: Inter-Continental Ballistic Missile
ICC: International Chamber of Commerce; International Control Commission;
International Cricket Council
ICCR: Indian Council for Cultural Relations
ICCS: International Commission of Control and Supervision
ICCW: Indian Council of Child Welfare
ICDS: Integrated Child Development Scheme
ICE: InfoTech Communications And Entertainment
ICFTU: International Confederation of Free Trade Unions
ICHR: Indian Council of Historical Research
ICICI: Industrial Credit and investr~1ent Corporation of India
ICJ: International Court of Justice’
ICMR: Indian Council of Medical Research
ICOR: International Capital Output Ratio
ICPD: International Conference on Population and Development
ICRA: Investment Information and Credit Rating Agency of India
ICRC: International Committee of Red Cross
ICRIER: Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations
ICRISAT: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics
ICS: Indian Civil Service
ICSI: Institute of Company Secretaries of India
ICSSR: Indian Council of social Sciences Research
ICSW: Indian Council of Social Welfare
ICW: International Council of Women
ICWA: Indian Council of World Affairs
IDA: International Development Agencies.
IDBI: Industrial Development Bank of India
IDC: Industrial Development Corporation
IDD: International Direct Dialing
IDE: Integrated deice Electronics
IDPL: Indian Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Limited
IDRC: International Development Research Centre
IDSA: Institute of Defence Studies and Analysis
ie: id est (that is)
IELTS: International English Language Testing System
IES: Indian Economic Service
IETE: Institution of Electronics and Telecommunications Engineers
IFA: Indian Football Association
IFAD: International Fund for Agricultural Development
IFC: Industrial Finance Corporation: international Finance Corporation
IFCI: Industrial Finance Corporation of India
IFCS: International Federation of Company Secretaries
IFFCO: Indian Farmers Fertilisers Corporation Limited
IFFI: International Film Festival of India
IFP: Inkatha Freedom Party
IFRI: Indian Forest Research Institute
IFS: Indian Foreign Service; Indian Forest Service
IFTU: International Federation of Trade Unions
IFWJ: Indian Federation of Working Journalists
IG: Inspector-General
IGCAR: Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research
IGIA: Indira Gandhi International Airport
IGMDP: Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme.
IGNCA: Indira Gandhi National Centre for Arts
IGNFA: Indira Gandhi National Forest Academy
IGNOU: Indira Gandhi National Open University
IGNP: Indira Gandhi Nahar Pariyojana
IHF: Indian Hockey Federation
IIAS: Indian institute of Advanced Studies
IIFT: Indian Institute of Foreign Trade
IIIT: Indian Institute of Information Technology
TIMC: Indian Institute of Mass Communications
IIP: Indian Institute of Petroleum
IIPA: Indian Institute of Public Administration
IIPA: International Intellectual Property Alliance
IIRS: Indian Institute of Remote Sensing
IISS: International Institute of Strategic Studies
IIT: Indian Institute of Technology
ILA: International Law Association
ILO: International Labour Organisation
ILS: Instrument Landing System
IMAP: Internet Mail Access Protocol
IMC: Indian Medical Council
IMDT: Illegal Migrants Determination by Tribunal Act
IMEWS: Integrated Missile Early Warning Satellites
IMF: International Monetary Fund
IMPPA: Indian Motion Picture Producers’ Association
IMPRES: Integrated Multi-train Passenger Reservation System
IMS: Indian Medical Service
IMT: Institute of Management and Technology
IMY: Indira Mahila Yojana
IN: Indian Navy
INA: Indian National Army; Iraqi News Agency
INFINET: Indian Financial Network
INFLIBNET: Information and Library Network Centre
INL: Indian National League
INMARSAT: International Maritime Satellite Organisation
INMAS: Institute of Nuclear Medicines and Allied Sciences
INPEX: Indian National Philatelic Exhibition
INS: Indian Newspaper Society: Indian Navy Ship
INSA: Indian National Science Academy
INSAT: Indian National Satellite
INTACFI: Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage
INTELEX: International Teleprinter Exchange
INTELSAT: International Telecommunication Satellite Consortium
INTERPOL: International Criminal Police Organisation
INTUC: Indian National Trade Union Congress
IOA: Indian Olympic Association
IOC: International Olympic Committee; Indian Oil Corporation
IOCOM: Indian Ocean Commonwealth
[OR-ARC: Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation
IOSCO: International Organisation of Securities Commission
IOU: I owe you
IP: Internet Protocol
IPBA: Inter-Pacific Bar Association
IPC: Indian Penal Code
IPCL: Indian Petro-chemicals Corporation Limited
IPEC: International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour
IPKF: Indian Peace Keeping Force
IPO: Initial Public Offering
IPR: Intellectual Property Rights
IPS: Indian Police Service
IPSA: International Peace & Security Advancement
IPU: International Parliamentary Union IQ: Intelligence Quotient
IRA: Irish Republican Army; Insurance Regulatory Authority
IRBM: Intermediate Range Ballistic Missile
IRC: International Red Cross
IRCI: International Reconstruction Corporation of India -
IRCON: Indian Railway Construction Company
IRCS: International Red Cross Society
IRDA: Insurance Regulatory Development Authority
IRDP: Integrated Rural Development Programme
IREDA: Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency
IRNA: Iranian News Agency
IRRI: International Rice Research Institute
IRS: Indian Remote Sensing (satellite)
IRSE: Indian Railway Service of Engineers
ISAF: International Security Assistance Force
ISB: Indian School of Business
ISBA: International Sea-Bed Authority
ISBN: International Standard l3ook Number
ISC: Indian Science Congress
ISCON: Indian Steel Construction Company
ISD: International Subscriber Dialing
ISDN: Integrated Services Digital Network
ISI: Indian Standards Institute; Inter-services Intelligence (of Pakistan)
ISKCON: International Society for Krishna Consciousness
ISO: International Organisation for Standardisation
ISP: Internet Service Provider
ISRO: Indian Space Research Organisation
ISS: Islamic Sevak Sangh
IST: Indian Standard Time
ISTRAC: ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Centre
ITBP: Indo-Tibetan Border Police
ITDC: India Tourism Development Corporation
ITES: Infotech Enabled Services
ITI: Indian Telephone Industries; Industrial Training Institute
ITO: Income Tax Officer; International Trade Organisation
ITPO: Indian Trade Promotion Oganisation
ITR: Interim Test Range
ITU: International Telecommunication Union
IUCD: Intra-Uterine contraceptive device
IUML: Indian Union Muslim League
IUPEP: Integrated Urban Poverty Eradication Programme
IVF: In-Vitro Fertilisation
IWAI: Inland Waterways Authority of India
TWDP: Integrated Watershed Development Programme
IWRS: Isolated Word Re-organisation System
IYC: Indian Youth Congress

J
J&K: Jammu and Kashmir
JAAC: Jharkhand Area Autonomous Council
JANAM: Jan Natya Manch
JBRI: Japanese Bond Research Institute
JCC: Junior Chamber of Commerce
JCO: Junior Commissioned Officer
JEIH: Jamaat-e-Tslami Hind
JIPMER: Jawaharlal lnstittite of Postgraduate1 Medical Education & Research
(Pondicherry)
JKLF: Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front
JMM: Jhatkund Mukthi Morcha
JNU: Jawaharlal Nehru University
JP: Janatha Party, Jayprakash Narayan; Justice of Peace
JPC: Joint Parliamentary Committee
JRC: Junior Red Cross
JRY: Jawahar Rozgar Yojana
JVM: Janata Vidyarthi Morcha
JVP: Janata Vimukthi Peramuna
KANU: Kenya African National Union
KAVAL: Kanpur, Allahabad, Varanasi, Agra and Lucknow
KBE: Knight of British Empire
KC: King’s Counsel
KCP: Karnataka Congress Party
Kg: Kilogram
KG: Kindergarten
KGB: Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosty (Committee for State Security)
KKK: Ku-Klux-Klan
KMBY: Khetihar Mazdoor Bima Yojana
KMT: Kuomintang (Nationalist Party of Taiwan)
KRC: Konkan Railway Corporation
KVA: Kilo-Volt-Ampere
KVIC: Khadi and Village Industries Commission
KVS: Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan
Kw: Kilowatt

L
L: 50 (in Roman numerals)
LAC: Line of Actual Control
LAN: Local Area Network
LASER: Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
lbw: leg, before wicket (in cricket)
LCA: Light combat Aircraft
LCD: Liquid Crystal Display; Least Common Denominator
LCM: Lowest Common Multiple.
LDC: Least Developed Countries; Lower Division Clerk
LED: Light Emitting Diode
LEE: Licentiate in Electrical Engineering
LERMS: Liberalised Exchange Rate Management Scheme
LES: Lunar Escape System
LH: Left hand
LIC: Life Insurance Corporation
LIPS: Language Independent Programme Sub-titles
LL D: Legum Doctor (Doctor of Laws)
LLB: Legum Baccalareous (Bachelor of Laws)
LLM: Master of Laws
LM: Lunar Module
LME: Licentiate in Mechanical Engineering
LMG: Light Machine Gun
LNG: Liquefied Natural Gas
LOAC: Line of Actual Control
Loc cit: loco citato (at the p~ace1uoted)
LoC: Line of Conti~o1.
LPG: Liquefied Petroleum Gas
LPT: Licentiate in Printing technology
LSA: Lok Shakti Abhiyan
LSD: dextro-lysergic acid diethylamide(hallucinogen)
Lt. Col: Lieutenant Colonel
Lt: Lieutenant
LTC: Leave Travel Concession
Ltd: Limited
LTTE: Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam.
LZ: Landing Zone

M
M.Ed.: Master of Education
M. Sc.: Master of Science
M: 1000 (in Roman numerals)
M.A.: Master of Arts
MAC: Multi-Agency Centre -
MAD: Mutual Assured Destruction
MA!: Multilateral Agreement on Investment’
MAI: Manufacturers’ Association of Information Technology
MAMC: Mining and Allied Machinery Corporation
MASER: Microwave Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
MAT: Management Aptitude Test, Minimum Alternate Tax
MBA: Master of Business Administration
MBBS: Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery
MBFC: Mutual Benefit Financial Company
MBRS: Multi-Barrel Rocket System
MBT: Main Battle Tank
MC: Master of Ceremonies; Municipal Commissioner;
Municipal Committee; Medical Certificate
MCA: Monetary Compensatory Account; Master of Computer Application
MCC: Marylebone Cricket Club; Missile Control Centre
MCD: Municipal Corporation of Delhi
MCI: Medical Council of India
MCOCA: Maharashtra Control of Organised Crime Act
MD: Managing Director; Doctor of Medicine
MDA: Market Development Assistance MDMA : Multi Disciplinary Monitoring Agency
MDMK: Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
MDS: Master of Dental Surgery
ME: Mechanical Engineer
MEA: Ministry of External Affairs
MECON: Metallurgical and Engineering Consultants
MES: Military Engineering Service
MFA: Multi-Fibre Agreement
MFN: Most Favoured Nation
MI: Military Intelligence
MIBOR: Mumbai Inter-Bank Offered Rate
MIC: Methyle isocyanate
MIGA: Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency
MISA: Maintenance of Internal Security Act
MLA: Member of Legislative Assembly: Money Laundering Act
MLC: Member of Legislative Council
MMDS: Multi-Channel Microwave Distribution System
MMMF: Money Market Mutual Fund
MMS: Multimedia Messaging Service
MMT: Million Metric Tonnes
MMTC: Minerals and Metals Trading Corporation
MNAMS: Member of the National Academy of Medical Sciences
MNC: Multinational Corporation
MNF: Mizo National Front
MNNA : Major Non-NATO Ally
MO: Money Order; Medical Officer
MODEM: Modulator demodulator
MODVAT: Modified Value Added Tax
MONEX: Monsoon Experiment
MOU: Memorandum of Understanding
MOX: Mixed Oxide Fuel
MP: Member of Parliament; Military Police; Madhya Pradesh
MPA: Master of Public Administration
MPF: Multinational Protection. Force
MPFI: Multiple Fuel Infection System
mpg: mules per gallon
mph: miles per hour
MPLADS: Member of Parliament Local Aiea Development Scheme
mps: metres per second
mps: metres per second
MQM: Mohajir Quami Movement (of Pakistan)
MRA: Moral Re-armament
MRAS: Member of the Royal Academy Sciences
MRCP: Member of Royal College of Physicians
MRCS: Member of Royal College of Surgeons
MRCVS: Member of Royal College of ~Veterinary Surgeons
MRD: Movement for Restoration of Democracy (in Pakistan)
MRTPC: Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Commission
MRTS: Mass Rapid Transit System
MRVC: Mumbai Railway Vikas Corporation
MSS: Manuscripts
MSW: Master of Social Work
MSY: Mahila Sainriddhi Yojna
MTCR: Missile Technology Control Regime
MTV: Music Television
MVC: Maha Vir Chakra

N
N & Q: Notes and Queries
N’CYP: National Centre of Films for Children and Young People-
NAAI: National Airport Authority of India
NABARD: National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development
NAC : National Advisory Council
NAECL: National Authority on Elimination of Child Labour
NAFED: National Agricultural Co- operative Marketing Federation of India Ltd.
NAFTA: North America Free Trade Agreement
NALCO: National Aluminium Company Limited
NAM: Non-Aligned Movement
NAMS: National Academy of Medical Science
NAPP: Narora Atomic Power Plant
NARO: National Amnesty and Redemption Organisation
NASA: National Aeronautics and Space Administration (of U.S.A.)
NASDAQ: National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotation
NASSCOM: National Association of Software and Service Companies
NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
NAV: Net Asset Value
NAWO: National Alliance for Women
NAYE: National Alliance of Young Entrepreneurs
NB: nota bene (mark well)
NBA: Narmada Bachao Andolan
NBCC: National Building Construction Corporation
NBDB: National Book Development Board
NBFC: Non-banking Finance Company
NBT: National Book Trust
NCA: National Commission on Agriculture
NCAER: National Council of Applied Economic Research
NCB: Narcotics Control Board
NCBC: National Commission for Backward Classes
NCBE: National Confederation of Bank Employees
NCC: National Cadet Corps
NCDC: National Coal Development Corporation
NCERT: National Council of Educational Research and Training
NCL: National Centre for Labour
NCNA: New China News Agency
NCO: Non-Commissioned Officer
NCRB: National Capital Region Board
NCSC & ST: National Commission for Scheduled Castes & Scheduled Tribes .
NCST: National Committee of Science and Technology:
National Conference on Science and Technologies
NCTE: National Council for Teachers Education
NCW: National Commission on Women
NDA: National Defence Academy; National Democratic Alliance
NDC: National Development Council
NDDB: National Dairy Development Board
NDFB: National Democratic Front of Bodoland
NDMA : National Disaster Management Authority
NDMC: New Delhi Municipal Committee
NDRI: National Dairy Research institute
NDTF: National Democratic Teachers Front
NE: North-East
NEC: North-Eastern Council
NEDC: National Economic Development Council
NEEM: National Elementary Education Mission
NEERI: National Environmental Engineering Research Institute
NEFA: North East Frontier Agency
NEHU: North-Eastern Hill University
NEP: New Education Policy
NER: North Eastern Railway
NES: National Extension Service
NEW: Net Economic Welfare
NF: National Front
NFAI: National Film Archives of India
NFC: Nuclear Fuel Complex
NFDC: National Film Development Corporation
NFIR: National Federation of Indian Railwaymen
NFR: Northeast Frontier Railway
NFSIT: The National Venture Fund for Software and IT Industries
NGO: Non-Governmental Organisation
NGRI: National Geophysical Research Institute
NHAI: National Highway Authority of India
NHB: National Housing Bank
NHPC: National Hydro-electric Power Corporation
NHRC: National Human Rights Commission
NIB: National investment Bank
NIC: National Integration Council; National Informatics Centre
NICD: National Institute of Communicable Diseases
NICO: New Information and Communication Order
NID: National Institute of Designs. (Ahmedabad)
NIDC: National Industrial Development Corporation
NIDS: National Immunisation Days
NIEPA: National Institute for Educational Planning & Administration
NIESBUD: National Institute of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Development
NIFT: National Institute of Fashion Technology
NII: National Institute of Immunology; National Information infrastructure
NIIT: National Institute of Information Technology
NIM: Nehru Institute of Mountaineering
NIMHANS: National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences
NIO: National Institute of Oceanography
NIOT: National Institute of Ocean Technology
NIPFP: National institute of Public Finance and Policy
NIS: Netaji Subhash Institute of Sports
NISTADS: National Institute of Science, Technology and Development Studies
NIV: National Institute of Virology
NLF: National Liberation Front (Vietnam)
NLM: National literacy Mission
NLTA: National Lawn Tennis Association
NMCC: National Manufacturing Competitiveness Council
NMD: National Missile Defence
NMDC: National Mineral Development Corporation
NMEP: National Malaria Eradication Programme
NMNH: National Museum of Natural History
NMR: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
NNP: National Nutrition Policy
NOC: No Objection Certificate
non seq: now sequiture (it does not follow)
NP: Notary Public
NPC: National Productivity Council
NPCC: National Projects Construction Corporation
NPCL: Nuclear Power Corporation of India
NPP: National Perspective Plan
NPT: Non-Proliferation Treaty
NR: Northern Railway
NRA: National Reconstruction Army
NRC: Nuclear Regulatory Commission (of US); National Register of Citizens
NRDC: National Research Development Corporation
NREGP: National Rural Employment Guarantee Programme
NRF: National Renewable Fund
NRHM : National Rural Health Mission
NRI: Non-Resident Indian
NRSA: National Remote Sensing Agency
NRT : Net Registered Tonnes
NRY: Nehru Rozgar Yojana
NS: North-South
NSA: National Security Act; National Security Agency (of US)
NSAP: National Social Assistance Programme
NSC: National Security Council; National Saving Certificate
NSCI: National Sports Club of India
NSCN: National Socialist Council of Nagaland
NSD: National School of Drama
NSEI: National Stock Exchange of India
NSG: National Security Guards
NSIC: National Small Industries Corporation
NSS: National Service Scheme
NSSO: National Sample Survey Organisation
NSUI: National Students Union of India
NTC: National Textile Corporation
NTP: National Temperature and Pressure
NTPC: National Thermal Power Corporation
NTS: National Testing Service
NUJ: National Union of Journalists
NVF: National Volunteer Force
NWDA: National Water Development Agency
NWGP: National Working Group on Power
NWRC: National Water Resources Council

O
O & M: Organisation & Methods
OAPEC: Organisation of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries
OAS: Organisation of American States
OBC: Other Backward Classes
OBE: Officer (or the Order) of the British Empire
OC: Officer Commanding
OCS: Overseas Communication Service
ODA: Official Development Assistance
OECD: Organisation of Economic Cooperation and Development
OECF: Overseas Economic Cooperative Fund
OEEC: Organisation for European Economic Cooperation
OGL: Open General Licence
OIC: Organisation of Islamic Conference
0IDB: Oil India Development Board
OIGS: On Government of India Service
OIL: Oil India Limited
OIP : Office of the Iraq Programme
OK: orl korrect (all correct, all right)
ONGC: Oil and Natural Gas Corporation
op at: opero citato (in the work cited)
OPCW : Organisation for the Prohibition f Chemical Weapons
OPEC: Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries
OPECNA: OPEC News Agency
OPF: Ordnance Parachute Factory
OPV: Oral Polio Vaccine
ORT: Oral Rehydration Therapy
OSCE: Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe
OTCEI: Over the Counter Exchange of India
OTS: Officers’ Training School (military)
OXFAM: Oxford Committee For Famine Relief
OYT: Own Your Telephone
OYW: Own Your Wagon

P
P&K: Phosphate & Potash
P&T: Posts & Telegraphs
PAC: Public Accounts Committee;
Provincial Armed Constabulary; Political Affairs Committee
PAL: Phase Alternative Line
PAN: Permanent Account Number
PATA: Pacific Asia Travel Association
PBS: Public Broadcasting Service
PBX: Private Branch Exchange (telephone)
PC: Privy Council; Petty Cash
PCC: Pradesh Congress Committee
PCI: Press Council of India
PCM: Public Code Modulation
PCRA : Petroleum Conservation Research Association
PCS: Provincial Civil Service
PDA: Personal Digital Assistant; Preventive Detention Act
PDPA: People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan
PBS: Public Distribution System
PEC: Projects and Equipment Corporation
PEN: Poets, Editors and Novelists Association
PERT: Project Evaluation and Review Technique
PESB: Public Enterprises Selection Board
PETA: People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals
PFC: Power Finance Corporation
PFRDA: Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority
PGA: Parliamentarians for Global Action
PHC: Primary Health Centre
PHDCCI: Progress, Harmony and Development Chambers of Commerce & Industry
PIA: Pakistan International Airways
PIB: Press Information Bureau
PIL: Public Interest Litigation
PIM: Personal Information Management
PIN-Code: Postal Index Number Code
PIO: Persons of Indian Origin
PLO: Palestine Liberation Organisation
PLOTE: People’s Liberation Organisation of Tamil Eelam
PLR: Prime Lending Rates
pm: post meridiem (after noon); post mortem
PM: Prime Minister
PMG: Post Master General
PML: Pakistan Muslim League.
PMRTS: Personal Mobile Radio Trunking Services
PMUPEP: Prime Minister Urban Poverty Eradication Programme
PO: Post Office; Postal Order
P0A: Programme of Action; Power of Attorney
P0K: Pakistan Occupied Kashmir
POTA: Prevention of Terrorism Act
POW: Prisoner of War
PP: Particular Person; Public-Prosecutor
PPF: Planet Protection Fund
PPP: Pakistan People’s Party; Purchasing Power Parity
PRCL : Pipavav Railway Corporation Ltd.
Pro tem: pro tempore (for the time being)
PRO: Public Relations Officer
PROLOG: Programming Logic
Prox: proximo (in the next month)
PS: Postscript; Personal Secretary; Private Secretary
PSC: Public Service Commission
PSLV: Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle
PT: Physical Training
PTA: Parent-Teacher Association; Pilotless Target Aircraft
PTBT: Partial Test Ban Treaty
PTI: Press Trust of India
PTO: Please Turn Over
PUCL: People’s Union of Civil Liberties
PUDR: The People’s Union for Democratic Rights - Explosive
PVC: Param Vir Chakra; Poly Vinyl Chloride
PVSM: Param Vishisht Seva Medal
PWD: Public Works Department
PWG: People’s War Group

Q
QCT: Quality Council of India
QED: quod erat demonstrandum, (Which was to-be-proved).
QEF: quod erat faciendum (which was to be done)
QEI: quod erat inveniendum (which was to be found)
QMG: Quarter Master General
QMT: Quantitative Management Technique
QR: Quantitative Restriction
Qr: Quarter
qv: quod vide (which see)

R
R&D: Research and Development
RABMN: Remote Area Business Message Network
RAD: Research And Development
RADAR: Radio Detecting and Ranging
RAF: Royal Air Force (of UK); Rapid Action Force (India)
RAM: Random Access Memory
RAW: Research and Analysis Wing
RAX: Random Access Exchange
RBI: Reserve Bank of India
RBS : Risk Based Supervision
RCC: Reinforced Cement Concrete
RCI: Rehabilitation Council of India
RD: Refer to Drawer
RDA: Rural Development Agency
RDSO: Research, Designs and Standard Organisation
REACH: Rehabilitate, Educate and Support Street Children
REC: Rural Electrification Corporation; Regional Engineering College
REM: Rapid Eye Movement
REP: Replenishment Export Permit
RI: Rigorous Imprisonment
RIA: Radio Immuno Assay
RIMC: Rashtriya Indian Military College
RIP: Requiescat in Peace (May he or she rest in peace)
RIS: Research & Information System for the non-aligned & other developing
Countries.
RITA: Regional Trade & Investment Agreement
RITES: Rail India Technical and Economic Services

RJD: Rashtriya Janta Dal

RJP: Rashtriya Janta Party
RLEGS: Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Scheme
RLM: Rashtriya Loktantrik Morcha
RLO: Returned Letter Office (formerly DLO—Dead Letter Office)
RMO: Resident Medical Officer
RMS: Railway Mail Service
RNA: Ribonucleic Acid
RNO: Resident Naval Officer
ROBERT: Rocket Borne Emergency Radio Transmitter
ROM: Read Only Memory
ROO : Rules of Origin
RPF: Railway Protection Force
RPM: Revolutions Per Minute
RPV: Remote-controlled Pilotless Vehicle
RRB: Rural Regional Bank
RRC: Regional Reactor Centre
RSE: Renewable Source of Energy
RSP: Rourkela Steel Plant; Revolutionary Socialist Party
RSS: Rashtriya Swayamsewak Sangh
RSVP: Respondez sil vous plait (please reply)
RTA: Railway Territorial Army
RTC: Round Table Conference
RTG: Radio-isotope Thermo-electric Generator
RTIA: Regional Trade & Investment Area

S
SAARC: South Asian Association fir Regional Cooperation
SAC: Space Application Centre; Science Advisory Council
SACEPS: South Asia Centre for Policy Studies
SACODIL: SAARC Consortium of Open & Distance Learning.
SAD: Shiromani Akali Dal
SADCC: South African Development Coordination Council
SADF: South Asian Development Fund
SAEC: South Asian Economic Community
SAFMA: South Asia Free Media Association
SAFTA: South-Asian Free Trade Agreement
SAHR: South Asians Human Rights Forum
SAI: Sports Authority of India
SAIDC: South African Industrial Development Corporation.
SAIL: Steel Authority of India Limited
SALT: Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty
SAM: Surface-to-Air Missile
SAPTA: South Asian Preferential Trading Arrangement
SARF: South Asia Regional Fund
SARS: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
SAS: Subordinate Accounts Service. $mall Astronomy Satellite
SASEC: South Asian Sub-regional Economic Co-operation
SASER: Sound Amplification by stimulated Emission of Radiation
SAT: Scholastic Aptitude Test
SATTE: South Asia Travel and Tourism Exchange
SAVE: SAARC Audio Visual Exchange
SC: Scheduled Castes; Space Commission; Supreme Court; Security Council
SCBA: Supreme Court Bar Association
SCI: Shipping Corporation of India
SCOPE: Standing Committee of Public Enterprises
SCUBA: Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus
SDI: Strategic Defence Initiative
SDO: Sub-Divisional Officer
SDR: Special Drawing Rights
SEARCH : Society for Environmental Awareness. Rehabilitation for Child and
Handicapped
SEATO: South Fast Asia Treaty Organisation
SEBC: Socially and Educationally Backward
SEBI: Securities Exchange Board of India
SEMFEX: Self Employment for Ex-servicemen
SEMIBOMBLA: Scheme of the Economists for Monetary Immobilisation through Bond
Medallions and Blocked Accounts
SENSEX: Sensitive Index (of share price)
SEPUR: Self-Employment Programme for the Urban Poor
SER: South Eastern Railway
SEWA: Self-Employed Women’s Association
SEZ: Special Economic Zone
SFC: State Financial Corporation’ Strategic Forces Command
SF1: Students Federation of India
SF10: Serious Fraud Investigation Office
SGPC: Shiromani Gurudwara Prabandhak Committee
SHAR: Sriharikota Tracking Station
SHCIL: Stock Holding Corporation of India Ltd.
SIA: Singapore Airlines
SIAM : Society’ for Indian Automobile Manufacturers
SIDBI: Small Industries Development Bank of India
SIDC: State Industrial Development Corporation
SIEMA: Southern India Engineering Manufacturers Association
SIF: Stock Index Futures
SIMI: Students Islamic Movement of India
SIPRI: Stockholm International Peace Research Institute
SIT: Special Investigation Team
SITA: Suppression of Immoral Traffic Act
SITE: Satellite Instructional Television Experiment
SLBM: Sea-Launch Ballistic Missile
SLFP: Sri Lanka Freedom Party
SLR: Statutory Liquidity Ratio
SLV: Satellite Launch Vehicle
SMART: Small Missions for Advanced Research & Technology
SMS: Short Messaging Service
SMTP: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
SNIPES: Society of National Institutes for Physical Education and Sports
SO: Special Officer; Section Officer
SOS: Save Our Souls—distress signal
SP: Superintendent of Police
SPCA : Society for the Prevention of to Animals
SPE: Special Police Establishment
SPG: Special Protection Group
SPIC MACAY: Society for the of Indian Classical Music & Culture
SR: Southern Railway; Supplementary Rules
SRAM: Short Range Attack Missile
SRI: Systems Research Institute
SRO: Statutory Rules and Orders
SSA : Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan
SSB: Service Selection Board
SSC: Staff Selection Commission
SSI : Supplemental Security Income; Small Scale Industry
SSM: Surface to Surface Missile
SST: Supersonic Transport
ST: Scheduled Tribes
STARS: Satellite Tracking and Ranging Station
START: Strategic Arms Reduction Talks
STC: State Trading Corporation
STD: Subscriber Trunk Dialing (telephone); Sexually Transmitted Disease
STEP: Satellite Telecommunication Experiment Project
STF: Special Trust Fund; Special Task Force
STPI: Software Technology Parks of India
SUNFED: Special United Nations Fund br Economic Development
SUV: Sports Utility Vehicle
SVP: Saturated Vapour Pressure
SW: South-West
SWAPO: South-West Africa People Organisation
SWIFT: Society for World-wide International Financial Transactions,
SWOT: Strength,- Weakness, opportunities, Threats
SYL: Sutlej-Yamuna Link (canaL)

T
TA: Travelling Allowance; Territorial Army
TAB: Tetanus anti-bacilli (for inoculation against tetanus)
TAC: Technical Advisory Committee
TACDE: Tactics and Aircraft Development Establishment
TAFE: Technical and Further Education
TAFTA: Trans-Atlantic Free Travel Agreement
TAPS: Tarapur Atomic Power Station
TAX: Trunk Automatic Exchange
TB: Tubercle bacillus (Tuberculosis); Torpedo Boat
TC: Transfer Certificate; Ticket Collector; Trusteeship Council
TCAS: Tactical Collision Avoidance System
TCIL: Telecommunication Consultants India Limited
TDA: Trade Development Authority
TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access
TDP: Telugu Desam Party
TDS: Tax-Deduction at Source
TDSAT: Telcom Dispute Settlement and Appellate Tribunal
TELCO: Tata Engineering and Locomotive Company
TELEX: Teleprinter Exchange
TERI: Tata Energy Research Institute
TERLS: Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station
TFAI: Trade Fair Authority of India
TFT: Thin Film Transistor
TGS: Trade Guarantee Scheme
THDP: Tehri Hydro Development Project
THI: Temperature Humidity Index
TIFAC: Technology and Information Forecasting and Assessment Council
TIFR: Tata Institute of Fundamental Research
TISCO: Tata Iron and Steel Company
TMC: Tamil Maanila Congress
TMO: Telegraph Money Order
TNC: Transnational Corporation
TNT: Tri nitro toluene (explosive)
TNV: Tripura National Volunteers
TOEFL: Test of English as a Foreign language
TPDS: Targeted Public Distribution System
TRACT: Transportable Remote Area Communications Terminal
TRAI: Telecom Regulatory Authority of India
TRIFED: Tribal Cooperative Marketing Development Federation of India Ltd.
TRIMS: Trade Related Investment Measures
TRIPS: Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights
TRP: Television Rating Points
TRYSEM: National Scheme of Training for Rural Youth for Self-Employment
TTCI: Tea Trading Corporation of India
TTD: Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanam
TTE: Travelling Ticket Examiner
TULF: Tamil United Liberation Front
TV: Television
TWA: Trans-World Airlines (of U.S.A.)

U
UAD: United Akali Dal
UAE: United Arab Emirates
UAPA: Unlawful Activities (Prevention Act)
UAR: United Arab Republic
UAV: Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
UC: Upper Case (capital letter)
UDC: Upper Division Clerk
UDF: United Democratic Front
UDI: Unilateral Declaration Independence
UFO: Unidentified Flying Object
UGC: University Grants Commission
UHF: Ultra High Frequency
UK: United Kingdom
ULF: United Legislature Front
ULFA: United Liberation Front of Assam
ULMS: Undersea Long-range Missile System
ult: ultimo (in last month)
UN: United Nations
UNAEC: United Nations Atomic Energy Commission
UNCED: United Nations Conference on Environment and Development
IJNCHS: United Nations Commission on Human Settlements
UNCIP: United Nations Commission for India & Pakistan
UNCITRAL: United Nations Conference on International Trade Law
UNCLOS: United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea
UNCNRSE: United Nations Conference for New and Renewable Sources of Energy
UNCOD: United Nations Conference on Desertification
UNCSTD: United Nations Conference on Science and Technology for Development
UNCTAD: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
UNDC: United Nations Disarmament Commission
UNDOF: United Nations Disengagement Observer Force
UNDP: United Nations Development Programme
UNEP: United Nations Env4~nme::tProgramme
UNESCO: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation
UNFCC: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
UNFPA: United Nations Fund for Population Activities
UNHCR: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
UNI: United News of India
UNIC: United Nations information Centre
UNICEF: United Nations Children’s Fund
UNIDO: United Nations Industrial Development Organisation
UNIIMOG: United Nations Iran-Iraq Military Observer Group
UNIKOM: United Nations Iraq-Kuwait Observer Mission
UNISCA: United States Indo Commercial Alliance
UNISPACE: United Nations Conference on Peaceful Uses of Space
UNITA: Union for the Total Independence of Angola
UNMOVIC: United Nations Monitoring Verification and Inspection Commission
UNP: United National Party (of Sri Lanka)
UNPROFOR: United Nations’ Protection Force
UNSC: United Nations Security Council
UNSCOM: UN Special Commission
UNTAC: United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia
UNTAG: United Nations Transition Assistance Group
UPA: United Progressive Alliance
UPC: Under Postal Certificate
UPS: Uninterrupted Power Supply
UPSC: Union Public Service Commission
UPU: Universal Postal Union
USA: United States of America
USAID: United States Agency for International Development
USIS: United States Information Service
USO: Udaipur Solar Observatory
USOC: United States Olympic Committee
USP: Unique Selling Proposition
UTI: Unit Trust of India

V
V: Five (Roman numeral)
VABAL: Value Based Advanced Licensing
VAM: Virtual Area Network
VAT: Value-Added Tax
VC: Vice-Chancellor; Victoria Cross; Venture Capital
VCR: Video Cassette Recorder
VCRC: Vector Control Research Centre
VD: Venereal Disease
VDIS: Voluntary Disclosure Income Scheme
VECC: Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre
VHF: Very High Frequency
VHP: Vishwa Hindu Parishad
VHRR: Very High Resolution Radiometre
VHS: Video Home System
VIP: Very Important Person
VIRUS: Vital Information Resources Under Siege
VOA: Voice of America
VPP: Value Payable Post
VRDE: Vehicles Research and Development Establishment
VRS: Voluntary Retirement Scheme
VSAT: Very Small Aperture Terminal
VSNL: Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited
VSP: Visakhapatnam Steel Plant
VSSC: Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre
VTEC: Variable Value Timing and Lift Electronic Control
VTR: Video Tape Recorder

W
WADA: World Anti-Doping Agency
WAP: Wireless Application Protocol
WAPCOS: Water and Power Development Consultancy Services (India) Limited
WASME: World Assembly of Small and Medium Enterprises
WAY: World Assembly of Youth
WCAR: World Conference Against
WCD: World Commission of Dams
WCO: World Customs Organisation
WEF: World Economic Forum/World Environment Forum
WFP: World Food Programme
WFS: World Food Summit
WFTU: World Federation of Trade Unions
WHO: World Health Organisation
WILL: Wireless in Local Loop
WIFO: World Intellectual Property Organisation
WMA: Ways & Means Advances
WMD: Weapons of Mass Destruction
WMO: World Meteorological Organisation
WOMFC: World Mining Environment Congress
WOP: Warrant of Precedence
WP: Word Processor
WPI: Wholesale Price Index
WR: Western Railway
WSIS: World Summit on Information Society
WTO: World Tourism Organisation; and Trade Organisation
WWF: World Wildlife Fund WWW: World Wide Web
WYS1WYG: What You See You Get

X
XLRI: Xavier’s Labour Relations Institute.
X-mas: Christmas

Y
YMCA: Young Men’s Christian Association
YWCA: Young Women’s Christian Association

Z
ZANU: Zimbabwe African National Union
ZAPU: Zimbabwe African People’s Union
ZBB: Zero-Based Budgeting
ZETA: Zero Energy Thermonuclear Assembly
ZOPFAN: Zone Of Peace, Freedom And Neutrality
ZPG: Zero Population Growth
ZS: Zoological Society
ZSI: Zoological Survey of India
ZUPO: Zimbabwe United People’s Organisation

Abbreviations and their Expansions

A
AA: Anti-Aircraft; Author’s Alterations
AAAS: American Association of Advancement of Science
AAFI: Amateur Athletics Federation of Afro-Asian Games
AAI: Airport Authority of India
AAOU: Asian Association for Open Universities
AAPl: American Association of Physicians of Indian Origin
APSO: Afro-Asian Peoples Solidarity Organisation
AASU: All-Assam Students’ Union
ABC: Audit Bureau of Circulations; American Broadcasting Company; Australian
Broadcasting Company
ABM: Anti-Ballistic Missiles
ABSU: All Bodo Students’ Union
ABU: Asian Broadcasting Union
AC: Alternating Current; Ashok Chakra; Ante Christum (Before Christ)
ACAS: Airborne Collision Avoidance System
ACC: Auxiliary Cadet Corps; Air Coordinating Committee
ACD: Asian Co-operation Dialogue
ACL: Access Control List
ACU: Asian Clearing Union
AD: Anno Domini (After Christ)
ADB: Asian Development Bank
ADBS: Advanced Data Broadcast System
ADC: Aide-de-Camp
ADF: Asian Development Fund
ADRs: American Depository Receipts
AEC: Atomic Energy Commission
AERB: Atomic Energy Regulation Board
AF: Audio Frequency
AFC: Asian Football Confederation
AFP: Agence France-Presse
AFSPA: Armed Forces (Special Powers)
AIIMS: All India Institute of Medical Sciences
AILTA: All India Lawn Tennis Association
AIMA: All India Management Association
AIMCET: All India Common Entrance Fest for Master of Computer Applications
A1MO: All India Manufacturers Organisation
AIMPLB: All India Muslim Personal Law Board
AINEC: All India Newspaper Editors’ Conference
AIR: All India Radio
AISNEC: All India Small Newspaper Editors’ Conference
AISSF: All India Sikh Students’ Federation
AITUC: All India Trade Union Congress
AIWHA: All India Women Hockey Association
AJT: Advance Jet Trainer
ALGOL: Algorithmic Language
ALH: Advanced Light Helicopter
am: Ante meridiem (before noon)
AMC: Army Medical Corps
AMICE: Associate Member of the Institute of Civil Engineers
AMIE: Associate Member of Institute of Engineers
AMIEE: Associate Member of the Institute of Electrical Engineers
AMU: Aligarh Muslim University; Asian Monetary Union
ANANDI: Area Networking Development Initiative
ANC: African National Congress
ANCA: Alternative Nuclear Command Authority
ANERT: Agency for Non-Conventional Energy and Rural Technology
ANMC-21: Asian Network of Major Cities-21
ANN: Asian News Network
ANZUS: Australia, New Zealand and United States (Three-Nation Defense Pact)
AOC: Air Officer Commanding
AP: Andhra Pradesh; Associated Press
APASL: Asia Pacific Association for Study of Liver
APCTT: Asia and Pacific Centre for Transfer of Technology
APEC: Asia Pacific. Economic Community
APHLC: All Parties Hill Leaders Conference
APM : Administered Price Mechanism
APPLE: Ariane Passenger Payload Experiment
APPU: Asian Pacific Postal Union
APT: Asia Pacific Tele community
ARC: Administrative Reforms Commission; Agricultural Refinance Corporation
ARDC: Agricultural Refinance and Development Corporation
ARF: ASEAN Regional Forum
ARP: Air Raid Precaution
ARPANET: Advanced Research Project Agency Network
ARTRAC: Army Training Command
ASCI: Administrative Staff College of India
ASCON: Army Static Switched Communication Network
ASEAN: Association of South East Asian Nations
ASEM: Asia Europe Meeting
ASI: Archaeological Survey of India
ASIDE: Assistance to States for Infrastructural Development for Exports
ASK : Aaykar Sampark Kendra
ASLV: Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle
ASSOCHAM: Associated Chamber of Commerce and Industry
AT&C Losses: Aggregate Technical & Commercial Losses
AT&T: American Telegraphic and Telephone Co. Ltd.
ATC: Air Traffic Control
ATGM : Anti-Tank Guided Missile
ATM : Automatic Teller Machine
ATR: Action Taken Report
ATS: Anti Tetanus Serum
AU: African Union (formerly Organisation of African Unity)
AVARD: Association of Voluntary Agencies for Rural Development
AVC: Army Veterinary Corps
AVSM: Ati Vishisht Seva Medal
AVTAR: Army Vocational Training and Rehabilitation
AVUT: Association of Victims of Uphaar Tragedy
AWACS: Airborne Warning and Control System
AWWA: Army Wives’ Welfare Association

B
BITS: Birla Institute of Technology & Sciences
BJP: Bharatiya Janata Party
BKKP: Bhartiya Kisan Kamgar Party
B.Com.: Bachelor of Commerce
B.Ed.: Bachelor of Education
B.Pharrn.: Bachelor of Pharmacy
B.Sc.: Bachelor of Science
B2B: Business to Business
B2C: Business to Consumer
BAC: Business Advisory Committee
BAI: Badminton Association of India
BALCO: Bharat Aluminium Company ltd
BARC: Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
BBC: British Broadcasting Corporation
BC: Before Christ
BCCI: Board of Control for Cricket in India: Bank of Credit and Commerce
International
BCG: Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (preventive vaccine for tuberculosis)
BCL: Bachelor of Civil law
BDO: Block Development Officer
BEL: Bharat Electronics Limited
BENELUX: Belgium. Netherlands and Luxembourg
BFA: Boao Forum for Asia
BGA: Blue Green Algae
BHEL: Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd.
BHU: Banaras Hindu University
BICP: Bureau of Industrial Costs and Prices
BIFR: Board for Industrial and Financial Reconstruction
BIMARU: Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh
BIMSTEC: Bangladesh, India, Myanmar. Sri Lanka, Thailand Economic Cooperation.
BIPPA: Bilateral Investment Promotion and Protection Agreement
BIS: Bureau of Indian Standards~ Bank of International Settlement
BKU: Bharatiya Kisan Union
BLOB: Binary Large Objects
BMW: Bayerische Motoren Warke AG
BOAC: British Overseas Airways Corporation (now British Airways)
BOLT: Build-Own-Lease-Transfer
BP: Blood Pressure
BPE: Bureau of Public Enterprises
BPO: Business Process Outsourcing
bps: bytes per second
BRAI : Broadcast Regulatory Authorities of India
BREAD : Basic Research Education And Development Society
BRIC: Brazil. Russia, India and China
BRO: Border Roads Organisation
BRPSE: Board for Reconstruction of Public Sector Enterprises
BSE: Bombay Stock Exchange
BSES: Bombay Suburban Electricity Supply
BSF: Border Security Force
BSI: Botanical Survey of India
BSNL: Bharat Sanchar Nigam
BSP: Bahujan Samaj Party
BSS: Bharat Sewak Samaj; Standard Specifications.

C
C2C: Consumer to Consumer
CAB: Civil Aeronautics Board; Central Advisory Board
CABE: Central Advisory Board for education
CACCI: Confederation of Asia-Pacific Chambers of Commerce & Industry
CACP: Commission on Agricultural Costs and Prices
CADA: Command Area Development Agency
CAG: Comptroller and Auditor-General w India
CAMELS: Capital Adequacy. Asset Quality, Management, Earnings, Liquidity & Systems
CAN: Calcium Ammonium Nitrate
Cantab: Cantabrigienis (of Cambridge)
CAPART: Council for Advancement of People’s Action and Rural Technology
CAPD: Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis
CAPES: Computer-Aided Paperless Examination System
CARD: Centre for Astronomical Research and Development
CARE: Cooperative for American Relief Everywhere
CAS: Chief of the Air Staff; Conditional Access System
CASE: Commission on Alternative Sources of Energy
CASI: Centre for the Advanced Study of India
CAT: Computerised Axial Tomography
CAZRI: Central Arid Zone Research Institute Ltd.
CBDT: Central Board of Direct Taxes
CBEC: Central Board of Excise and British Customs
CBFC: Central Board of Film Certification
CBI: Central Bureau of investigation
CBM: Confidence Building Measures Central CBR: Central Board of Revenue
CBRI: Central Building Research Institute
CBSE: Central Board of Secondary Education
CBT: Children’s Book Trust
CBU: Completely built-up
CCDP: The Committee for Coordination on Disappearances in Punjab.
CCEA: Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs
CCI: Cricket Club of India; Cement Corporation of India
CCP: Cabinet Committee on Prices CCS: Cash Compensatory Support
CD: Civil Defence; Community Development: Certificate of Deposit: Compact Disc
CDAC: Centre for Development of Advanced Computing
C-DAC: Centre for Development of Advanced Computing
CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access
C-DOT: Centre for Development of Telematics
CDRI: Central Drug Research Institute
CD-ROM: Compact Disc-Read Only Memory
CDS: Compulsory Deposit Scheme
CEC: Chief Election Commissioner: Chief Executive Councilor
CECRI: Central Electro Chemical Research institute
CEERI: Central Electronic Engineering Research Institute
CENTO: Central Treaty Organisation
CENVAT: Central Value Added Tax
CEO: Chief Electoral Officer; Chief Executive Officer
CERC: Consumer Education and Research Centre
CFC: Chloro Fluoro Carbon
CFSL: Central Forensic Science Laboratory
CGA: Central Ganga Authority
CGF: Commonwealth Games Federation
CGHS: Central Government Health Scheme
CGI: Common Gateway Interface
CGIAR: Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research
CGS: Centimetre Gram Second (units of measurement)
CHOGM: Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting
CHOGRM: Commonwealth Heads of Government Regional Meeting
CIA: Central Intelligence Agency (U.S.A.)
CIB: Credit information Bureau
CICA: Conference on Interaction and confidence-building Measures in Asia
CID: Criminal Investigation Department
CIET: Central Institute of Educational Technology
CIGAR: Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research
CII: Confederation of Indian Industry
CIIL: Central Institute of Indian Languages
C-in-C: Commander-in-Chief C IS: Commonwealth of Independent States
CISF: Central Industrial Security Force
CITES: Convention on International Trade on Endangered Species
CITU: Centre of Indian Trade Unions
CIWTC: Central Inland Water Transport Corporation
CKD: Completely Knocked Down
CLASP: Child Labour Action and Support Project
CLAWS : Centre for Land Warfare Studies
CLB: Company Law Board
CM: Chief Minister; Common Market
CMA: Coal Mines Authority
CMAG: Commonwealth Ministerial Action Group
CMC: Computer Maintenance Corporation
CMEA: Council for Mutual Economic Assistance
CMERI: Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute
CMIE: Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy
CMO: Chief Medical Officer
CMP: Common Minimum Programme
CNC: Computerised Numerical Control
CNG: Compressed Natural Gas
CNN: Cable News Network
CNS: Chief of Naval Staff
CO: Commanding Officer
COAS: Chief of Army Staff
COD: Cash On Delivery: Central Ordnance Depot
COFEPOSA: Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Act
COL: Commonwealth of Learning
COMECON: Council for Mutual Economic Assistance
COMESA : Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa
COMEX: Commonwealth Expedition
COMPS: Coastal Ocean Monitoring and Prediction Centre
CONCORD: Council of North Indian States for Cooperation and Regional Development
COPO: Citizens Organisation for Public Opinion
COPRA: Consumer Protection Act
COPU: Committee on Public Undertakings (of Parliament)
CORDET: Cooperative Rural Development [rust
CPC: Civil Procedure Code
CPCB: Central Pollution Control Board
CPCSEA: Committee for the Purpose of Control and Supervision of Experiments on
Animal\
CPF: Contributory Provident Fund
CPHERI: Central Public health Engineering Research Institute
CPIkNI1: Communist Party of India. (Marxist)
CPI(ML): Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist)
CPI: Communist Party of India CPI-IW: Consumer Price Index for industrial Workers
CPMT: Combined Pre-Medical Tests
CPR: Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation
CPSU: Communist Party of the Soviet Union
CPU: Committee on Public Undertakings; Commonwealth Press Union
CPWD: Central Public Works Department
CR: Central Railway; Chakravarty Rajagopalachari (Rajaji)
CRIDA: Central Research Institute for Dry-land Agriculture
CRIS: Centre for Railway information systems
CRISIL: Credit Rating Information Services of India
CRPF: Central Reserve Police Force
CRR: Cash Reserve Ratio CRRI: Central Road Research Institute
CRRID: Centre for Research in Rural and Industrial Development
CRY: Child Relief and You
CSCAP: Council for Security Cooperation in Asia Pacific
CSCE: Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe
CSDS: Centre for the Studs’ of Developing Societies
CSIO: Central Scientific Instruments Organisation
CSIR: Council of Scientific and Industrial Research
CSIRO: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation
CSIS: Centre for Strategic and International Studies/Centre for Studies in Integrated
Sciences
CSMCRI : Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute Bhavnagar)
CSO: Central Statistical Organisation
CSSRI: Central Soil Salinity Research Institute
CST: Central Sales lax
CT: Computerised Tomography
CTBT: Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty
CTO: Central Telegraph Office; Central Tractor Organisation; Chief Technical Officer
CTV: Colour Television
CV: Curriculum Vitae
CVC: Central Vigilance Commission
CVR: Cockpit Voice Recorder
CVRDE: Combat Vehicles Research Development Establishment
CWC: Central Warehousing Corporation: Chemical Weapons Convention
CWF: Consumer Welfare Fund
CWPC: Central Water and Power Commission
CWPRS: Central Water and Power Research Station
cwt: hundredweight (112 Ibs)

D
D & C: Dilation and Curettage
D Phil: Doctor of Philosophy
DA: Daily Allowance; Dearness Allowance
DAE: Department of Atomic Energy
DANICS: Delhi-Andaman Nicobar Island Civil Services
DAP: Di-Ammonium Phosphate
DAVP: Directorate of Advertising and Visual Publicity
DC: Direct Current; Deputy Commissioner
DCC: District Congress Committee
DCL: Doctor of Civil Law
DD: Doordarshan
DDT: Dichloro Diphenyl Trichloroethane (insecticide)
DEAL: Defence Electronics Applications Laboratory
DEG: German Investment and Development Company
DFDR: Digital Flight Data Recorder
DG: Director General. Dei Gratia (By the Grace of God)
DGAD: Directorate-General of Anti-Dumping And Allied Duties
DGCA: Director General of Civil Aviation
DGCEI: Directorate General of Central Excise Intelligence
DGHC: Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council
DGMS: Directorate General of Mines Safety
DGS & D: Directorate General of Supplies and Disposals
DGTD: Directorate General of Technical Development
DHSD: Duplex-High Speed Data Service
DIA : Defence Intelligence Agency
DIC: District industries Centre
DIG: Deputy Inspector General
DIR: Defence of India Rules
DLO: Dead Letter Office (see RLO)
DM: District Magistrate
DMA: Direct Memory Access
DM1: Directorate of Marketing and Inspection
DMK: Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
DMRC: Delhi Metro Rail Corporation
DMRTS: Delhi Metro Rapid Transport System
DNA: Di-oxyribonucleic Acid (biological elements)
DO: Demi-Official
DOARS : Deep Ocean Assessment and Reporting System
DOD: Department of Ocean Development
DOE: Department of Electronics
DOTS: Directly Observed Treatment Short-Course
DP: Displaced Person
DPBS: Developmental Press Bulletin Service
DPI: Director of Public Instruction
DPSA: Deep Penetration Strike Aircraft
DPT: Diptheria, Pertussis and Tetanus (Vaccine)
DRDO: Defence Research and Development Organisation
DRES: Department of Renewable Energy Sources
DRF: Depreciation Reserve Fund
DRI: Differential Rate of Interest; Directorate of Revenue Intelligence
DSB: Digital Satellite Broadcasting
DSC: Distinguished Service Cross
DSIDC: Defence Scientific Information and Documentation Centre
DSL: Digital Subscriber Line
DST: Department of Science and Technology
DTAA: Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement
DTH: Direct-to-Home
DTS: Digital Theatre System
DVC: Damodar Valley Corporation
DVD: Digital Versatile/Video Disc
DVM: Doctor of Veterinary Medicine
DWT: Dead Weight Tonnes

E
E & 0 E: Errors and Omissions Excepted
EAC: Employment Assistance Centre
EARC: Economic Administrative Reforms Commission
EAS: Employment Assurance Scheme
ECA: Essential Commodities Act
ECAFE: Economic Commission for Asia and Far East (now ESCAP)
ECE: Economic Commission for Europe
ECG: Electrocardiogram
ECGC: Export Credit and Guarantee Corporation
ECHR: European Commission on Human Rights
ECM: European Common Market
ECOSOC: Economic and Social Council (UN)
ECS: Electronic Clearance Service
EDBI: Educational Development Bank of India
EDCIL: Educational Consultants India Ltd.
EDI: Electronic Data Interchange
EDMS: Electronic Document Management System
EEC: European Economic Community
EEC: Electro Encephalogram
EEZ: Exclusive Economic Zone
EFA: Education For All
EFF: Extended Fund Facility
EFTA: European Free Trade Association - eg. exempli gratia (for example)
EGP: Exterior Gateway Protocol
EIL: Engineers India Limited
E-in-C : Engineer-in-Chief
EIS: Executive Information System
ELCINA: Electronics Compone0~ Industries Association
ELJSA: Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay
ELSS: Equity Linked Saving Scheme
E-mail: Electronic Mailing
EMF: Electro Motive Force
EMG: Electro Myograni
EMS: European Monetary System
EMU: Electric Multiple Unit, European Monetary Union
ENS: Eastern Newspapers Society EOU: Export Oriented Units
EPABX: Electronic Private Automatic Branch Exchange
EPCG: Export Promotion Capital Goods
EPCH: Export Promotion Council for Handicrafts
EPCJ: Enhanced Proliferation Control Initiative
EPF: Employees Provident Fund EPO: Earth Parking Orbit
EPRLF: EJam People’s Revolutionary Liberation Front
EPROM: Erasable, Programmable Read Only Memory
EPZ: Export Processing Zone ER: Eastern Railway ERM: Exchange Rate Mechanism
ERNET: Educational and Research Network
ERS: European Remote Sensing (satellite)
ESA: European Space Agency
ESC: Electronics and Computer Software Export Promotion Council
ESCAP: Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific
ESIC: Employees’ State Insurance Corporation
ESMA: Essential Services Maintenance Act
ESP: Extra Sensory Perception
EST: Eastern Standard Time
Est: Established
ETA: Euskadi to Askalasuma (a terrorist organisation in Spain)
etc: etcetera (and other)
ETT: Embryo Transfer Technology
ETTDC: Electronics Trade and Technology Development Corporation
ETV: Educational Television
EURATOM: European Atomic Community
EUTELSAT: European Telecommunications Satellite
EVM: Electronic Voting Machine
EVR: Electro video Recording
EW: East-West

F
FACT: Fertilizers & Chemicals Travancore limited
FACTS : Fingerprint Analysis and Criminal Tracing System
FAO: Food and Agriculture Organisation (of United Nations)
FBI: Federal Bureau of Investigation (of I’SA)
FBTR: Fast Breeder Test Reactor
FBW: Fly-By-Wire
FCI: Food Corporation of India
FCNRA: Foreign Currency Non-Resident Account
FCRA: Foreign Contribution Regulation Act
FDI: Foreign Direct Investment
FEDEX: Federal Express
FEMA: Foreign Exchange Management
FERA: Foreign Exchange Regulation Act
FICCI: Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry .
FIDE: Federation International D’Eches (International Chess Federation)
FIEO: Federation of Indian Exports Organisations
FIFA: International Football Federation
FIH: International Hockey Federation
FII: Foreign Institutional Investors
FIPB: Foreign Investment Promotion Board
FIPC: Foreign Investment Promotion Council
FIR: First Information Report
FIRE: Fully Integrated Robotised Engine
FLAG: Fibre-optic Link Around the Globe
FM: Field Marshal
FMCT: Fissile Material Cut-off Treaty
FMD: Foot and Mouth Disease f.o.b.: free on board for free on rail
FORE: Foundation for Organisational Research and Education
FPS: Foot-Pound-Second (Units of measurement); Fare Price, Shop
FRCP: Fellow of Royal College of Physicians
FRCS: Fellow of Royal College of Surgeons
FRGS: Fellow of Royal Geographical Society
FRN: Floating Rate Note
FRS: Fellow of Royal Society
FTII: Films and. Television institute 01 India
FTP : File Transfer Protocol
FTS: Foreign Travel Scheme
FTU: Free Trade Union
FTZ: Free Trade Zone

G
GAAP: Generally Accepted Accounting Practices
GAEL: Global Alliance for The Elimination of Leprosy
GAIL: Gas Authority of India Limited
GAP: Ganga Action Plan
GATE: Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering
GATT: General Agreement on Tariff and Trade
GB: Great Britain
GCC: Gulf Cooperation Council
GCF: Greatest Common Factor
GCM: Greatest Common Measure; General Court Martial
GCMMF : Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation
GDI: Gender-related Development Index
GDP: Gross Domestic Product
GDR: German Democratic Republic (East Germany); Global Depository Receipt
GEDIS: Gateway Electronic Data Interchange Services
GEF: Global Environment Facility
GEM: Gender Empowerment Measure
GHC: Gorkha lull Council
GHQ: General Headquarters
GI: Government Issue; General Issue
GIAS: Gateway Internet Access Services
GIC: General Insurance Corporation
GIDC: Gujarat Industrial Development Corporation
GIEC: Global Indian Entrepreneurs Conference
GIS: Global Information System
GIST: Graphics and Intelligence-based Script Technology
GLOBE: Global Learning and Observation to Benefit the Environment
GM: General Manager. General Motors
GMAT: Graduate Management Admission Test
GMDSS: Global Maritime Distress and Safety System
GMPS: Global Mobile Personnel Communications System
GMRT: Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope
GMT: Greenwich Mean Time
GMUNET: Global Mega University Net
GNLF: Gorkha National Liberation Front
GNP: Gross National Product
GOC: General Officer Commanding
GOI: Government of India
GOP: Grand Old Party
Govt: Government
GPF: General Provident Fund; Gandhi Peace Foundation
GPO: General Post Office
GPRS: General Pocket Radio System
GRAM: Geo Reference ‘ Area Management
GRE: Graduate Record Examination
GRT: Gross Rated Tonnage
GSI: Geological Survey of India
GSLV: Geo-synchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle
GSM: Global System for Mobile Communication
GSP: Generalised System of Preferences
GSTP: Global System of Trade Practices
GTICL : Gas Transportation & infrastructure Co. Ltd.

H
HAI: Health Action International
HAL: Hindustan Aeronautics Limited
HC: House of Commons; High Court
HCF: Highest Common Factor
HDI: Human Development Index
HDML: Hyper Devices Markup Language
HE: His Excellency; Her Excellency
HEH: His/Her Exalted Highness
HEMRL: High Energy Materials Research Laboratory
HESSI: High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager
HF: High Frequency
HG: His/Her Grace
HH: Her Highness; His Highness; His Holiness
HHEC: Handicrafts and Handloom Exports Corporation
HISA: Hero Indian Sports Academy
HITEC: Hyderabad Information Technology Engineering Consultancy
HIV: Human Immunodeficiency Virus
HLC: Humanitarian Law Commission (Red Cross)
HM: Her Majesty. His Majesty
HMI: Himalayan Mountaineering Institute
IIMT: Hindustan Machine Tools; Head Micro Telephone
HMY: His Master’s Voice
HP: Harmonic Progression: Himachal Pradesh
hp: horse power
HPU: Hill People’s Union
HQ: Headquarters
Hr: Hour
HRD: Human Resource Development
HRH: His Royal Highness: Her Royal Highness
HSD: High Speed Diesel
HSL: Hindustan Steel Limited
HSRRSS: high Spatial Resolution Remote Sensing Satellite
HSTS: High Speed Tram System
HT: high Tension
HTCG : High Technology Cooperation Group
HTML: Hyper Text Markup Language
HTR: High Temperature Reactor
http: hypertext Transfer Protocol
HUDCO: Housing and Urban Development Corporation
HV: High Voltage
HVNET: High Speed VSAF Network
HZL: Hindustan Zinc Limited
I
I & B: Information and Broadcasting
IA: Indian Airlines
IAAF: International Amateur Athletic Federation
IAAS: Indian Audit and Accounts Service
IAC: Indian Airlines Corporation
IAEA: International Atomic Energy Agency
IAF: Indian Air Force
IAMC: Indian Army Medical Corps
IAMR: Institute of Applied Manpower Research
IARI: Indian Agricultural Research Institute
IAS: Indian Administrative Service
IASRI: Indian Agricultural Statistical Research Institute
IATA: International Air Transport Association
IATP: Income Adjusted to Total Population
ib, ibid: Ibidem (in the same place)
IBEF: India Brand Equity Fund
IBM: International Business Machines: Indian Bureau of Mines
IBRD: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank)
ICAA: international Civil Airports Association
ICADR: The International Centre for Alternate Dispute Resolution
ICAI: Institute of Chartered Accountants of India
ICAO: International Civil Aviation Organisation
ICAR: Indian Council of Agricultural Research
ICBL: International Campaign to Ban Landmines
ICBM: Inter-Continental Ballistic Missile
ICC: International Chamber of Commerce; International Control Commission;
International Cricket Council
ICCR: Indian Council for Cultural Relations
ICCS: International Commission of Control and Supervision
ICCW: Indian Council of Child Welfare
ICDS: Integrated Child Development Scheme
ICE: InfoTech Communications And Entertainment
ICFTU: International Confederation of Free Trade Unions
ICHR: Indian Council of Historical Research
ICICI: Industrial Credit and investr~1ent Corporation of India
ICJ: International Court of Justice’
ICMR: Indian Council of Medical Research
ICOR: International Capital Output Ratio
ICPD: International Conference on Population and Development
ICRA: Investment Information and Credit Rating Agency of India
ICRC: International Committee of Red Cross
ICRIER: Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations
ICRISAT: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics
ICS: Indian Civil Service
ICSI: Institute of Company Secretaries of India
ICSSR: Indian Council of social Sciences Research
ICSW: Indian Council of Social Welfare
ICW: International Council of Women
ICWA: Indian Council of World Affairs
IDA: International Development Agencies.
IDBI: Industrial Development Bank of India
IDC: Industrial Development Corporation
IDD: International Direct Dialing
IDE: Integrated deice Electronics
IDPL: Indian Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Limited
IDRC: International Development Research Centre
IDSA: Institute of Defence Studies and Analysis
ie: id est (that is)
IELTS: International English Language Testing System
IES: Indian Economic Service
IETE: Institution of Electronics and Telecommunications Engineers
IFA: Indian Football Association
IFAD: International Fund for Agricultural Development
IFC: Industrial Finance Corporation: international Finance Corporation
IFCI: Industrial Finance Corporation of India
IFCS: International Federation of Company Secretaries
IFFCO: Indian Farmers Fertilisers Corporation Limited
IFFI: International Film Festival of India
IFP: Inkatha Freedom Party
IFRI: Indian Forest Research Institute
IFS: Indian Foreign Service; Indian Forest Service
IFTU: International Federation of Trade Unions
IFWJ: Indian Federation of Working Journalists
IG: Inspector-General
IGCAR: Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research
IGIA: Indira Gandhi International Airport
IGMDP: Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme.
IGNCA: Indira Gandhi National Centre for Arts
IGNFA: Indira Gandhi National Forest Academy
IGNOU: Indira Gandhi National Open University
IGNP: Indira Gandhi Nahar Pariyojana
IHF: Indian Hockey Federation
IIAS: Indian institute of Advanced Studies
IIFT: Indian Institute of Foreign Trade
IIIT: Indian Institute of Information Technology
TIMC: Indian Institute of Mass Communications
IIP: Indian Institute of Petroleum
IIPA: Indian Institute of Public Administration
IIPA: International Intellectual Property Alliance
IIRS: Indian Institute of Remote Sensing
IISS: International Institute of Strategic Studies
IIT: Indian Institute of Technology
ILA: International Law Association
ILO: International Labour Organisation
ILS: Instrument Landing System
IMAP: Internet Mail Access Protocol
IMC: Indian Medical Council
IMDT: Illegal Migrants Determination by Tribunal Act
IMEWS: Integrated Missile Early Warning Satellites
IMF: International Monetary Fund
IMPPA: Indian Motion Picture Producers’ Association
IMPRES: Integrated Multi-train Passenger Reservation System
IMS: Indian Medical Service
IMT: Institute of Management and Technology
IMY: Indira Mahila Yojana
IN: Indian Navy
INA: Indian National Army; Iraqi News Agency
INFINET: Indian Financial Network
INFLIBNET: Information and Library Network Centre
INL: Indian National League
INMARSAT: International Maritime Satellite Organisation
INMAS: Institute of Nuclear Medicines and Allied Sciences
INPEX: Indian National Philatelic Exhibition
INS: Indian Newspaper Society: Indian Navy Ship
INSA: Indian National Science Academy
INSAT: Indian National Satellite
INTACFI: Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage
INTELEX: International Teleprinter Exchange
INTELSAT: International Telecommunication Satellite Consortium
INTERPOL: International Criminal Police Organisation
INTUC: Indian National Trade Union Congress
IOA: Indian Olympic Association
IOC: International Olympic Committee; Indian Oil Corporation
IOCOM: Indian Ocean Commonwealth
[OR-ARC: Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation
IOSCO: International Organisation of Securities Commission
IOU: I owe you
IP: Internet Protocol
IPBA: Inter-Pacific Bar Association
IPC: Indian Penal Code
IPCL: Indian Petro-chemicals Corporation Limited
IPEC: International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour
IPKF: Indian Peace Keeping Force
IPO: Initial Public Offering
IPR: Intellectual Property Rights
IPS: Indian Police Service
IPSA: International Peace & Security Advancement
IPU: International Parliamentary Union IQ: Intelligence Quotient
IRA: Irish Republican Army; Insurance Regulatory Authority
IRBM: Intermediate Range Ballistic Missile
IRC: International Red Cross
IRCI: International Reconstruction Corporation of India -
IRCON: Indian Railway Construction Company
IRCS: International Red Cross Society
IRDA: Insurance Regulatory Development Authority
IRDP: Integrated Rural Development Programme
IREDA: Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency
IRNA: Iranian News Agency
IRRI: International Rice Research Institute
IRS: Indian Remote Sensing (satellite)
IRSE: Indian Railway Service of Engineers
ISAF: International Security Assistance Force
ISB: Indian School of Business
ISBA: International Sea-Bed Authority
ISBN: International Standard l3ook Number
ISC: Indian Science Congress
ISCON: Indian Steel Construction Company
ISD: International Subscriber Dialing
ISDN: Integrated Services Digital Network
ISI: Indian Standards Institute; Inter-services Intelligence (of Pakistan)
ISKCON: International Society for Krishna Consciousness
ISO: International Organisation for Standardisation
ISP: Internet Service Provider
ISRO: Indian Space Research Organisation
ISS: Islamic Sevak Sangh
IST: Indian Standard Time
ISTRAC: ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Centre
ITBP: Indo-Tibetan Border Police
ITDC: India Tourism Development Corporation
ITES: Infotech Enabled Services
ITI: Indian Telephone Industries; Industrial Training Institute
ITO: Income Tax Officer; International Trade Organisation
ITPO: Indian Trade Promotion Oganisation
ITR: Interim Test Range
ITU: International Telecommunication Union
IUCD: Intra-Uterine contraceptive device
IUML: Indian Union Muslim League
IUPEP: Integrated Urban Poverty Eradication Programme
IVF: In-Vitro Fertilisation
IWAI: Inland Waterways Authority of India
TWDP: Integrated Watershed Development Programme
IWRS: Isolated Word Re-organisation System
IYC: Indian Youth Congress

J
J&K: Jammu and Kashmir
JAAC: Jharkhand Area Autonomous Council
JANAM: Jan Natya Manch
JBRI: Japanese Bond Research Institute
JCC: Junior Chamber of Commerce
JCO: Junior Commissioned Officer
JEIH: Jamaat-e-Tslami Hind
JIPMER: Jawaharlal lnstittite of Postgraduate1 Medical Education & Research
(Pondicherry)
JKLF: Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front
JMM: Jhatkund Mukthi Morcha
JNU: Jawaharlal Nehru University
JP: Janatha Party, Jayprakash Narayan; Justice of Peace
JPC: Joint Parliamentary Committee
JRC: Junior Red Cross
JRY: Jawahar Rozgar Yojana
JVM: Janata Vidyarthi Morcha
JVP: Janata Vimukthi Peramuna
KANU: Kenya African National Union
KAVAL: Kanpur, Allahabad, Varanasi, Agra and Lucknow
KBE: Knight of British Empire
KC: King’s Counsel
KCP: Karnataka Congress Party
Kg: Kilogram
KG: Kindergarten
KGB: Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosty (Committee for State Security)
KKK: Ku-Klux-Klan
KMBY: Khetihar Mazdoor Bima Yojana
KMT: Kuomintang (Nationalist Party of Taiwan)
KRC: Konkan Railway Corporation
KVA: Kilo-Volt-Ampere
KVIC: Khadi and Village Industries Commission
KVS: Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan
Kw: Kilowatt

L
L: 50 (in Roman numerals)
LAC: Line of Actual Control
LAN: Local Area Network
LASER: Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
lbw: leg, before wicket (in cricket)
LCA: Light combat Aircraft
LCD: Liquid Crystal Display; Least Common Denominator
LCM: Lowest Common Multiple.
LDC: Least Developed Countries; Lower Division Clerk
LED: Light Emitting Diode
LEE: Licentiate in Electrical Engineering
LERMS: Liberalised Exchange Rate Management Scheme
LES: Lunar Escape System
LH: Left hand
LIC: Life Insurance Corporation
LIPS: Language Independent Programme Sub-titles
LL D: Legum Doctor (Doctor of Laws)
LLB: Legum Baccalareous (Bachelor of Laws)
LLM: Master of Laws
LM: Lunar Module
LME: Licentiate in Mechanical Engineering
LMG: Light Machine Gun
LNG: Liquefied Natural Gas
LOAC: Line of Actual Control
Loc cit: loco citato (at the p~ace1uoted)
LoC: Line of Conti~o1.
LPG: Liquefied Petroleum Gas
LPT: Licentiate in Printing technology
LSA: Lok Shakti Abhiyan
LSD: dextro-lysergic acid diethylamide(hallucinogen)
Lt. Col: Lieutenant Colonel
Lt: Lieutenant
LTC: Leave Travel Concession
Ltd: Limited
LTTE: Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam.
LZ: Landing Zone

M
M.Ed.: Master of Education
M. Sc.: Master of Science
M: 1000 (in Roman numerals)
M.A.: Master of Arts
MAC: Multi-Agency Centre -
MAD: Mutual Assured Destruction
MA!: Multilateral Agreement on Investment’
MAI: Manufacturers’ Association of Information Technology
MAMC: Mining and Allied Machinery Corporation
MASER: Microwave Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
MAT: Management Aptitude Test, Minimum Alternate Tax
MBA: Master of Business Administration
MBBS: Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery
MBFC: Mutual Benefit Financial Company
MBRS: Multi-Barrel Rocket System
MBT: Main Battle Tank
MC: Master of Ceremonies; Municipal Commissioner;
Municipal Committee; Medical Certificate
MCA: Monetary Compensatory Account; Master of Computer Application
MCC: Marylebone Cricket Club; Missile Control Centre
MCD: Municipal Corporation of Delhi
MCI: Medical Council of India
MCOCA: Maharashtra Control of Organised Crime Act
MD: Managing Director; Doctor of Medicine
MDA: Market Development Assistance MDMA : Multi Disciplinary Monitoring Agency
MDMK: Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
MDS: Master of Dental Surgery
ME: Mechanical Engineer
MEA: Ministry of External Affairs
MECON: Metallurgical and Engineering Consultants
MES: Military Engineering Service
MFA: Multi-Fibre Agreement
MFN: Most Favoured Nation
MI: Military Intelligence
MIBOR: Mumbai Inter-Bank Offered Rate
MIC: Methyle isocyanate
MIGA: Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency
MISA: Maintenance of Internal Security Act
MLA: Member of Legislative Assembly: Money Laundering Act
MLC: Member of Legislative Council
MMDS: Multi-Channel Microwave Distribution System
MMMF: Money Market Mutual Fund
MMS: Multimedia Messaging Service
MMT: Million Metric Tonnes
MMTC: Minerals and Metals Trading Corporation
MNAMS: Member of the National Academy of Medical Sciences
MNC: Multinational Corporation
MNF: Mizo National Front
MNNA : Major Non-NATO Ally
MO: Money Order; Medical Officer
MODEM: Modulator demodulator
MODVAT: Modified Value Added Tax
MONEX: Monsoon Experiment
MOU: Memorandum of Understanding
MOX: Mixed Oxide Fuel
MP: Member of Parliament; Military Police; Madhya Pradesh
MPA: Master of Public Administration
MPF: Multinational Protection. Force
MPFI: Multiple Fuel Infection System
mpg: mules per gallon
mph: miles per hour
MPLADS: Member of Parliament Local Aiea Development Scheme
mps: metres per second
mps: metres per second
MQM: Mohajir Quami Movement (of Pakistan)
MRA: Moral Re-armament
MRAS: Member of the Royal Academy Sciences
MRCP: Member of Royal College of Physicians
MRCS: Member of Royal College of Surgeons
MRCVS: Member of Royal College of ~Veterinary Surgeons
MRD: Movement for Restoration of Democracy (in Pakistan)
MRTPC: Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Commission
MRTS: Mass Rapid Transit System
MRVC: Mumbai Railway Vikas Corporation
MSS: Manuscripts
MSW: Master of Social Work
MSY: Mahila Sainriddhi Yojna
MTCR: Missile Technology Control Regime
MTV: Music Television
MVC: Maha Vir Chakra

N
N & Q: Notes and Queries
N’CYP: National Centre of Films for Children and Young People-
NAAI: National Airport Authority of India
NABARD: National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development
NAC : National Advisory Council
NAECL: National Authority on Elimination of Child Labour
NAFED: National Agricultural Co- operative Marketing Federation of India Ltd.
NAFTA: North America Free Trade Agreement
NALCO: National Aluminium Company Limited
NAM: Non-Aligned Movement
NAMS: National Academy of Medical Science
NAPP: Narora Atomic Power Plant
NARO: National Amnesty and Redemption Organisation
NASA: National Aeronautics and Space Administration (of U.S.A.)
NASDAQ: National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotation
NASSCOM: National Association of Software and Service Companies
NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
NAV: Net Asset Value
NAWO: National Alliance for Women
NAYE: National Alliance of Young Entrepreneurs
NB: nota bene (mark well)
NBA: Narmada Bachao Andolan
NBCC: National Building Construction Corporation
NBDB: National Book Development Board
NBFC: Non-banking Finance Company
NBT: National Book Trust
NCA: National Commission on Agriculture
NCAER: National Council of Applied Economic Research
NCB: Narcotics Control Board
NCBC: National Commission for Backward Classes
NCBE: National Confederation of Bank Employees
NCC: National Cadet Corps
NCDC: National Coal Development Corporation
NCERT: National Council of Educational Research and Training
NCL: National Centre for Labour
NCNA: New China News Agency
NCO: Non-Commissioned Officer
NCRB: National Capital Region Board
NCSC & ST: National Commission for Scheduled Castes & Scheduled Tribes .
NCST: National Committee of Science and Technology:
National Conference on Science and Technologies
NCTE: National Council for Teachers Education
NCW: National Commission on Women
NDA: National Defence Academy; National Democratic Alliance
NDC: National Development Council
NDDB: National Dairy Development Board
NDFB: National Democratic Front of Bodoland
NDMA : National Disaster Management Authority
NDMC: New Delhi Municipal Committee
NDRI: National Dairy Research institute
NDTF: National Democratic Teachers Front
NE: North-East
NEC: North-Eastern Council
NEDC: National Economic Development Council
NEEM: National Elementary Education Mission
NEERI: National Environmental Engineering Research Institute
NEFA: North East Frontier Agency
NEHU: North-Eastern Hill University
NEP: New Education Policy
NER: North Eastern Railway
NES: National Extension Service
NEW: Net Economic Welfare
NF: National Front
NFAI: National Film Archives of India
NFC: Nuclear Fuel Complex
NFDC: National Film Development Corporation
NFIR: National Federation of Indian Railwaymen
NFR: Northeast Frontier Railway
NFSIT: The National Venture Fund for Software and IT Industries
NGO: Non-Governmental Organisation
NGRI: National Geophysical Research Institute
NHAI: National Highway Authority of India
NHB: National Housing Bank
NHPC: National Hydro-electric Power Corporation
NHRC: National Human Rights Commission
NIB: National investment Bank
NIC: National Integration Council; National Informatics Centre
NICD: National Institute of Communicable Diseases
NICO: New Information and Communication Order
NID: National Institute of Designs. (Ahmedabad)
NIDC: National Industrial Development Corporation
NIDS: National Immunisation Days
NIEPA: National Institute for Educational Planning & Administration
NIESBUD: National Institute of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Development
NIFT: National Institute of Fashion Technology
NII: National Institute of Immunology; National Information infrastructure
NIIT: National Institute of Information Technology
NIM: Nehru Institute of Mountaineering
NIMHANS: National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences
NIO: National Institute of Oceanography
NIOT: National Institute of Ocean Technology
NIPFP: National institute of Public Finance and Policy
NIS: Netaji Subhash Institute of Sports
NISTADS: National Institute of Science, Technology and Development Studies
NIV: National Institute of Virology
NLF: National Liberation Front (Vietnam)
NLM: National literacy Mission
NLTA: National Lawn Tennis Association
NMCC: National Manufacturing Competitiveness Council
NMD: National Missile Defence
NMDC: National Mineral Development Corporation
NMEP: National Malaria Eradication Programme
NMNH: National Museum of Natural History
NMR: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
NNP: National Nutrition Policy
NOC: No Objection Certificate
non seq: now sequiture (it does not follow)
NP: Notary Public
NPC: National Productivity Council
NPCC: National Projects Construction Corporation
NPCL: Nuclear Power Corporation of India
NPP: National Perspective Plan
NPT: Non-Proliferation Treaty
NR: Northern Railway
NRA: National Reconstruction Army
NRC: Nuclear Regulatory Commission (of US); National Register of Citizens
NRDC: National Research Development Corporation
NREGP: National Rural Employment Guarantee Programme
NRF: National Renewable Fund
NRHM : National Rural Health Mission
NRI: Non-Resident Indian
NRSA: National Remote Sensing Agency
NRT : Net Registered Tonnes
NRY: Nehru Rozgar Yojana
NS: North-South
NSA: National Security Act; National Security Agency (of US)
NSAP: National Social Assistance Programme
NSC: National Security Council; National Saving Certificate
NSCI: National Sports Club of India
NSCN: National Socialist Council of Nagaland
NSD: National School of Drama
NSEI: National Stock Exchange of India
NSG: National Security Guards
NSIC: National Small Industries Corporation
NSS: National Service Scheme
NSSO: National Sample Survey Organisation
NSUI: National Students Union of India
NTC: National Textile Corporation
NTP: National Temperature and Pressure
NTPC: National Thermal Power Corporation
NTS: National Testing Service
NUJ: National Union of Journalists
NVF: National Volunteer Force
NWDA: National Water Development Agency
NWGP: National Working Group on Power
NWRC: National Water Resources Council

O
O & M: Organisation & Methods
OAPEC: Organisation of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries
OAS: Organisation of American States
OBC: Other Backward Classes
OBE: Officer (or the Order) of the British Empire
OC: Officer Commanding
OCS: Overseas Communication Service
ODA: Official Development Assistance
OECD: Organisation of Economic Cooperation and Development
OECF: Overseas Economic Cooperative Fund
OEEC: Organisation for European Economic Cooperation
OGL: Open General Licence
OIC: Organisation of Islamic Conference
0IDB: Oil India Development Board
OIGS: On Government of India Service
OIL: Oil India Limited
OIP : Office of the Iraq Programme
OK: orl korrect (all correct, all right)
ONGC: Oil and Natural Gas Corporation
op at: opero citato (in the work cited)
OPCW : Organisation for the Prohibition f Chemical Weapons
OPEC: Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries
OPECNA: OPEC News Agency
OPF: Ordnance Parachute Factory
OPV: Oral Polio Vaccine
ORT: Oral Rehydration Therapy
OSCE: Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe
OTCEI: Over the Counter Exchange of India
OTS: Officers’ Training School (military)
OXFAM: Oxford Committee For Famine Relief
OYT: Own Your Telephone
OYW: Own Your Wagon

P
P&K: Phosphate & Potash
P&T: Posts & Telegraphs
PAC: Public Accounts Committee;
Provincial Armed Constabulary; Political Affairs Committee
PAL: Phase Alternative Line
PAN: Permanent Account Number
PATA: Pacific Asia Travel Association
PBS: Public Broadcasting Service
PBX: Private Branch Exchange (telephone)
PC: Privy Council; Petty Cash
PCC: Pradesh Congress Committee
PCI: Press Council of India
PCM: Public Code Modulation
PCRA : Petroleum Conservation Research Association
PCS: Provincial Civil Service
PDA: Personal Digital Assistant; Preventive Detention Act
PDPA: People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan
PBS: Public Distribution System
PEC: Projects and Equipment Corporation
PEN: Poets, Editors and Novelists Association
PERT: Project Evaluation and Review Technique
PESB: Public Enterprises Selection Board
PETA: People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals
PFC: Power Finance Corporation
PFRDA: Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority
PGA: Parliamentarians for Global Action
PHC: Primary Health Centre
PHDCCI: Progress, Harmony and Development Chambers of Commerce & Industry
PIA: Pakistan International Airways
PIB: Press Information Bureau
PIL: Public Interest Litigation
PIM: Personal Information Management
PIN-Code: Postal Index Number Code
PIO: Persons of Indian Origin
PLO: Palestine Liberation Organisation
PLOTE: People’s Liberation Organisation of Tamil Eelam
PLR: Prime Lending Rates
pm: post meridiem (after noon); post mortem
PM: Prime Minister
PMG: Post Master General
PML: Pakistan Muslim League.
PMRTS: Personal Mobile Radio Trunking Services
PMUPEP: Prime Minister Urban Poverty Eradication Programme
PO: Post Office; Postal Order
P0A: Programme of Action; Power of Attorney
P0K: Pakistan Occupied Kashmir
POTA: Prevention of Terrorism Act
POW: Prisoner of War
PP: Particular Person; Public-Prosecutor
PPF: Planet Protection Fund
PPP: Pakistan People’s Party; Purchasing Power Parity
PRCL : Pipavav Railway Corporation Ltd.
Pro tem: pro tempore (for the time being)
PRO: Public Relations Officer
PROLOG: Programming Logic
Prox: proximo (in the next month)
PS: Postscript; Personal Secretary; Private Secretary
PSC: Public Service Commission
PSLV: Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle
PT: Physical Training
PTA: Parent-Teacher Association; Pilotless Target Aircraft
PTBT: Partial Test Ban Treaty
PTI: Press Trust of India
PTO: Please Turn Over
PUCL: People’s Union of Civil Liberties
PUDR: The People’s Union for Democratic Rights - Explosive
PVC: Param Vir Chakra; Poly Vinyl Chloride
PVSM: Param Vishisht Seva Medal
PWD: Public Works Department
PWG: People’s War Group

Q
QCT: Quality Council of India
QED: quod erat demonstrandum, (Which was to-be-proved).
QEF: quod erat faciendum (which was to be done)
QEI: quod erat inveniendum (which was to be found)
QMG: Quarter Master General
QMT: Quantitative Management Technique
QR: Quantitative Restriction
Qr: Quarter
qv: quod vide (which see)

R
R&D: Research and Development
RABMN: Remote Area Business Message Network
RAD: Research And Development
RADAR: Radio Detecting and Ranging
RAF: Royal Air Force (of UK); Rapid Action Force (India)
RAM: Random Access Memory
RAW: Research and Analysis Wing
RAX: Random Access Exchange
RBI: Reserve Bank of India
RBS : Risk Based Supervision
RCC: Reinforced Cement Concrete
RCI: Rehabilitation Council of India
RD: Refer to Drawer
RDA: Rural Development Agency
RDSO: Research, Designs and Standard Organisation
REACH: Rehabilitate, Educate and Support Street Children
REC: Rural Electrification Corporation; Regional Engineering College
REM: Rapid Eye Movement
REP: Replenishment Export Permit
RI: Rigorous Imprisonment
RIA: Radio Immuno Assay
RIMC: Rashtriya Indian Military College
RIP: Requiescat in Peace (May he or she rest in peace)
RIS: Research & Information System for the non-aligned & other developing
Countries.
RITA: Regional Trade & Investment Agreement
RITES: Rail India Technical and Economic Services

RJD: Rashtriya Janta Dal

RJP: Rashtriya Janta Party
RLEGS: Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Scheme
RLM: Rashtriya Loktantrik Morcha
RLO: Returned Letter Office (formerly DLO—Dead Letter Office)
RMO: Resident Medical Officer
RMS: Railway Mail Service
RNA: Ribonucleic Acid
RNO: Resident Naval Officer
ROBERT: Rocket Borne Emergency Radio Transmitter
ROM: Read Only Memory
ROO : Rules of Origin
RPF: Railway Protection Force
RPM: Revolutions Per Minute
RPV: Remote-controlled Pilotless Vehicle
RRB: Rural Regional Bank
RRC: Regional Reactor Centre
RSE: Renewable Source of Energy
RSP: Rourkela Steel Plant; Revolutionary Socialist Party
RSS: Rashtriya Swayamsewak Sangh
RSVP: Respondez sil vous plait (please reply)
RTA: Railway Territorial Army
RTC: Round Table Conference
RTG: Radio-isotope Thermo-electric Generator
RTIA: Regional Trade & Investment Area

S
SAARC: South Asian Association fir Regional Cooperation
SAC: Space Application Centre; Science Advisory Council
SACEPS: South Asia Centre for Policy Studies
SACODIL: SAARC Consortium of Open & Distance Learning.
SAD: Shiromani Akali Dal
SADCC: South African Development Coordination Council
SADF: South Asian Development Fund
SAEC: South Asian Economic Community
SAFMA: South Asia Free Media Association
SAFTA: South-Asian Free Trade Agreement
SAHR: South Asians Human Rights Forum
SAI: Sports Authority of India
SAIDC: South African Industrial Development Corporation.
SAIL: Steel Authority of India Limited
SALT: Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty
SAM: Surface-to-Air Missile
SAPTA: South Asian Preferential Trading Arrangement
SARF: South Asia Regional Fund
SARS: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
SAS: Subordinate Accounts Service. $mall Astronomy Satellite
SASEC: South Asian Sub-regional Economic Co-operation
SASER: Sound Amplification by stimulated Emission of Radiation
SAT: Scholastic Aptitude Test
SATTE: South Asia Travel and Tourism Exchange
SAVE: SAARC Audio Visual Exchange
SC: Scheduled Castes; Space Commission; Supreme Court; Security Council
SCBA: Supreme Court Bar Association
SCI: Shipping Corporation of India
SCOPE: Standing Committee of Public Enterprises
SCUBA: Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus
SDI: Strategic Defence Initiative
SDO: Sub-Divisional Officer
SDR: Special Drawing Rights
SEARCH : Society for Environmental Awareness. Rehabilitation for Child and
Handicapped
SEATO: South Fast Asia Treaty Organisation
SEBC: Socially and Educationally Backward
SEBI: Securities Exchange Board of India
SEMFEX: Self Employment for Ex-servicemen
SEMIBOMBLA: Scheme of the Economists for Monetary Immobilisation through Bond
Medallions and Blocked Accounts
SENSEX: Sensitive Index (of share price)
SEPUR: Self-Employment Programme for the Urban Poor
SER: South Eastern Railway
SEWA: Self-Employed Women’s Association
SEZ: Special Economic Zone
SFC: State Financial Corporation’ Strategic Forces Command
SF1: Students Federation of India
SF10: Serious Fraud Investigation Office
SGPC: Shiromani Gurudwara Prabandhak Committee
SHAR: Sriharikota Tracking Station
SHCIL: Stock Holding Corporation of India Ltd.
SIA: Singapore Airlines
SIAM : Society’ for Indian Automobile Manufacturers
SIDBI: Small Industries Development Bank of India
SIDC: State Industrial Development Corporation
SIEMA: Southern India Engineering Manufacturers Association
SIF: Stock Index Futures
SIMI: Students Islamic Movement of India
SIPRI: Stockholm International Peace Research Institute
SIT: Special Investigation Team
SITA: Suppression of Immoral Traffic Act
SITE: Satellite Instructional Television Experiment
SLBM: Sea-Launch Ballistic Missile
SLFP: Sri Lanka Freedom Party
SLR: Statutory Liquidity Ratio
SLV: Satellite Launch Vehicle
SMART: Small Missions for Advanced Research & Technology
SMS: Short Messaging Service
SMTP: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
SNIPES: Society of National Institutes for Physical Education and Sports
SO: Special Officer; Section Officer
SOS: Save Our Souls—distress signal
SP: Superintendent of Police
SPCA : Society for the Prevention of to Animals
SPE: Special Police Establishment
SPG: Special Protection Group
SPIC MACAY: Society for the of Indian Classical Music & Culture
SR: Southern Railway; Supplementary Rules
SRAM: Short Range Attack Missile
SRI: Systems Research Institute
SRO: Statutory Rules and Orders
SSA : Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan
SSB: Service Selection Board
SSC: Staff Selection Commission
SSI : Supplemental Security Income; Small Scale Industry
SSM: Surface to Surface Missile
SST: Supersonic Transport
ST: Scheduled Tribes
STARS: Satellite Tracking and Ranging Station
START: Strategic Arms Reduction Talks
STC: State Trading Corporation
STD: Subscriber Trunk Dialing (telephone); Sexually Transmitted Disease
STEP: Satellite Telecommunication Experiment Project
STF: Special Trust Fund; Special Task Force
STPI: Software Technology Parks of India
SUNFED: Special United Nations Fund br Economic Development
SUV: Sports Utility Vehicle
SVP: Saturated Vapour Pressure
SW: South-West
SWAPO: South-West Africa People Organisation
SWIFT: Society for World-wide International Financial Transactions,
SWOT: Strength,- Weakness, opportunities, Threats
SYL: Sutlej-Yamuna Link (canaL)

T
TA: Travelling Allowance; Territorial Army
TAB: Tetanus anti-bacilli (for inoculation against tetanus)
TAC: Technical Advisory Committee
TACDE: Tactics and Aircraft Development Establishment
TAFE: Technical and Further Education
TAFTA: Trans-Atlantic Free Travel Agreement
TAPS: Tarapur Atomic Power Station
TAX: Trunk Automatic Exchange
TB: Tubercle bacillus (Tuberculosis); Torpedo Boat
TC: Transfer Certificate; Ticket Collector; Trusteeship Council
TCAS: Tactical Collision Avoidance System
TCIL: Telecommunication Consultants India Limited
TDA: Trade Development Authority
TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access
TDP: Telugu Desam Party
TDS: Tax-Deduction at Source
TDSAT: Telcom Dispute Settlement and Appellate Tribunal
TELCO: Tata Engineering and Locomotive Company
TELEX: Teleprinter Exchange
TERI: Tata Energy Research Institute
TERLS: Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station
TFAI: Trade Fair Authority of India
TFT: Thin Film Transistor
TGS: Trade Guarantee Scheme
THDP: Tehri Hydro Development Project
THI: Temperature Humidity Index
TIFAC: Technology and Information Forecasting and Assessment Council
TIFR: Tata Institute of Fundamental Research
TISCO: Tata Iron and Steel Company
TMC: Tamil Maanila Congress
TMO: Telegraph Money Order
TNC: Transnational Corporation
TNT: Tri nitro toluene (explosive)
TNV: Tripura National Volunteers
TOEFL: Test of English as a Foreign language
TPDS: Targeted Public Distribution System
TRACT: Transportable Remote Area Communications Terminal
TRAI: Telecom Regulatory Authority of India
TRIFED: Tribal Cooperative Marketing Development Federation of India Ltd.
TRIMS: Trade Related Investment Measures
TRIPS: Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights
TRP: Television Rating Points
TRYSEM: National Scheme of Training for Rural Youth for Self-Employment
TTCI: Tea Trading Corporation of India
TTD: Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanam
TTE: Travelling Ticket Examiner
TULF: Tamil United Liberation Front
TV: Television
TWA: Trans-World Airlines (of U.S.A.)

U
UAD: United Akali Dal
UAE: United Arab Emirates
UAPA: Unlawful Activities (Prevention Act)
UAR: United Arab Republic
UAV: Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
UC: Upper Case (capital letter)
UDC: Upper Division Clerk
UDF: United Democratic Front
UDI: Unilateral Declaration Independence
UFO: Unidentified Flying Object
UGC: University Grants Commission
UHF: Ultra High Frequency
UK: United Kingdom
ULF: United Legislature Front
ULFA: United Liberation Front of Assam
ULMS: Undersea Long-range Missile System
ult: ultimo (in last month)
UN: United Nations
UNAEC: United Nations Atomic Energy Commission
UNCED: United Nations Conference on Environment and Development
IJNCHS: United Nations Commission on Human Settlements
UNCIP: United Nations Commission for India & Pakistan
UNCITRAL: United Nations Conference on International Trade Law
UNCLOS: United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea
UNCNRSE: United Nations Conference for New and Renewable Sources of Energy
UNCOD: United Nations Conference on Desertification
UNCSTD: United Nations Conference on Science and Technology for Development
UNCTAD: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
UNDC: United Nations Disarmament Commission
UNDOF: United Nations Disengagement Observer Force
UNDP: United Nations Development Programme
UNEP: United Nations Env4~nme::tProgramme
UNESCO: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation
UNFCC: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
UNFPA: United Nations Fund for Population Activities
UNHCR: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
UNI: United News of India
UNIC: United Nations information Centre
UNICEF: United Nations Children’s Fund
UNIDO: United Nations Industrial Development Organisation
UNIIMOG: United Nations Iran-Iraq Military Observer Group
UNIKOM: United Nations Iraq-Kuwait Observer Mission
UNISCA: United States Indo Commercial Alliance
UNISPACE: United Nations Conference on Peaceful Uses of Space
UNITA: Union for the Total Independence of Angola
UNMOVIC: United Nations Monitoring Verification and Inspection Commission
UNP: United National Party (of Sri Lanka)
UNPROFOR: United Nations’ Protection Force
UNSC: United Nations Security Council
UNSCOM: UN Special Commission
UNTAC: United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia
UNTAG: United Nations Transition Assistance Group
UPA: United Progressive Alliance
UPC: Under Postal Certificate
UPS: Uninterrupted Power Supply
UPSC: Union Public Service Commission
UPU: Universal Postal Union
USA: United States of America
USAID: United States Agency for International Development
USIS: United States Information Service
USO: Udaipur Solar Observatory
USOC: United States Olympic Committee
USP: Unique Selling Proposition
UTI: Unit Trust of India

V
V: Five (Roman numeral)
VABAL: Value Based Advanced Licensing
VAM: Virtual Area Network
VAT: Value-Added Tax
VC: Vice-Chancellor; Victoria Cross; Venture Capital
VCR: Video Cassette Recorder
VCRC: Vector Control Research Centre
VD: Venereal Disease
VDIS: Voluntary Disclosure Income Scheme
VECC: Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre
VHF: Very High Frequency
VHP: Vishwa Hindu Parishad
VHRR: Very High Resolution Radiometre
VHS: Video Home System
VIP: Very Important Person
VIRUS: Vital Information Resources Under Siege
VOA: Voice of America
VPP: Value Payable Post
VRDE: Vehicles Research and Development Establishment
VRS: Voluntary Retirement Scheme
VSAT: Very Small Aperture Terminal
VSNL: Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited
VSP: Visakhapatnam Steel Plant
VSSC: Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre
VTEC: Variable Value Timing and Lift Electronic Control
VTR: Video Tape Recorder

W
WADA: World Anti-Doping Agency
WAP: Wireless Application Protocol
WAPCOS: Water and Power Development Consultancy Services (India) Limited
WASME: World Assembly of Small and Medium Enterprises
WAY: World Assembly of Youth
WCAR: World Conference Against
WCD: World Commission of Dams
WCO: World Customs Organisation
WEF: World Economic Forum/World Environment Forum
WFP: World Food Programme
WFS: World Food Summit
WFTU: World Federation of Trade Unions
WHO: World Health Organisation
WILL: Wireless in Local Loop
WIFO: World Intellectual Property Organisation
WMA: Ways & Means Advances
WMD: Weapons of Mass Destruction
WMO: World Meteorological Organisation
WOMFC: World Mining Environment Congress
WOP: Warrant of Precedence
WP: Word Processor
WPI: Wholesale Price Index
WR: Western Railway
WSIS: World Summit on Information Society
WTO: World Tourism Organisation; and Trade Organisation
WWF: World Wildlife Fund
WWW: World Wide Web
WYS1WYG: What You See You Get

X
XLRI: Xavier’s Labour Relations Institute.
X-mas: Christmas

Y
YMCA: Young Men’s Christian Association
YWCA: Young Women’s Christian Association

Z
ZANU: Zimbabwe African National Union
ZAPU: Zimbabwe African People’s Union
ZBB: Zero-Based Budgeting
ZETA: Zero Energy Thermonuclear Assembly
ZOPFAN: Zone Of Peace, Freedom And Neutrality
ZPG: Zero Population Growth
ZS: Zoological Society
ZSI: Zoological Survey of India
ZUPO: Zimbabwe United People’s Organisation
http://www.flyhighonline.com/indianmba/abr.htm