Professional Documents
Culture Documents
attributes
(or columns)
tuples
(or rows)
Database System Concepts - 6th Edition 2.2 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
Attribute Types
The set of allowed values for each attribute is called the domain
of the attribute
Attribute values are (normally) required to be atomic; that is,
indivisible
The special value null is a member of every domain
The null value causes complications in the definition of many
operations
Database System Concepts - 6th Edition 2.3 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
Relation Schema and Instance
A1, A2, …, An are attributes
Database System Concepts - 6th Edition 2.4 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
Relations are Unordered
Database System Concepts - 6th Edition 2.5 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
Database
A database consists of multiple relations
Information about an enterprise is broken up into parts
instructor
student
advisor
Bad design:
univ (instructor -ID, name, dept_name, salary, student_Id, ..)
results in
repetition of information (e.g., two students have the same instructor)
the need for null values (e.g., represent an student with no advisor)
Normalization theory (Chapter 7) deals with how to design “good”
relational schemas
Database System Concepts - 6th Edition 2.6 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
Keys
Let K R
K is a superkey of R if values for K are sufficient to identify a unique
tuple of each possible relation r(R)
Example: {ID} and {ID,name} are both superkeys of instructor.
Superkey K is a candidate key if K is minimal
Example: {ID} is a candidate key for Instructor
One of the candidate keys is selected to be the primary key.
which one?
Foreign key constraint: Value in one relation must appear in another
Referencing relation
Referenced relation
Database System Concepts - 6th Edition 2.7 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
Schema Diagram for University Database
Database System Concepts - 6th Edition 2.8 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
Relational Query Languages
Procedural vs.non-procedural, or declarative
“Pure” languages:
Relational algebra
Tuple relational calculus
Domain relational calculus
Relational operators
Database System Concepts - 6th Edition 2.9 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
Selection of tuples
Relation r
Database System Concepts - 6th Edition 2.10 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
Selection of Columns (Attributes)
Relation r:
Select A and C
Projection
Π A, C (r)
Database System Concepts - 6th Edition 2.11 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
Joining two relations – Cartesian Product
Relations r, s:
r x s:
Database System Concepts - 6th Edition 2.12 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
Union of two relations
Relations r, s:
r s:
Database System Concepts - 6th Edition 2.13 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
Set difference of two relations
Relations r, s:
r – s:
Database System Concepts - 6th Edition 2.14 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
Set Intersection of two relations
Relation r, s:
rs
Database System Concepts - 6th Edition 2.15 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
Joining two relations – Natural Join
Database System Concepts - 6th Edition 2.16 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
Natural Join Example
Relations r, s:
Natural Join
r s
Database System Concepts - 6th Edition 2.17 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
Figure in-2.1
Database System Concepts - 6th Edition 2.18 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
End of Chapter 2
Database System Concepts - 6th Edition 2.20 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
Figure 2.02
Database System Concepts - 6th Edition 2.21 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
Figure 2.03
Database System Concepts - 6th Edition 2.22 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
Figure 2.04
Database System Concepts - 6th Edition 2.23 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
Figure 2.05
Database System Concepts - 6th Edition 2.24 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
Figure 2.06
Database System Concepts - 6th Edition 2.25 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
Figure 2.07
Database System Concepts - 6th Edition 2.26 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
Figure 2.10
Database System Concepts - 6th Edition 2.27 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
Figure 2.11
Database System Concepts - 6th Edition 2.28 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
Figure 2.12
Database System Concepts - 6th Edition 2.29 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
Figure 2.13
Database System Concepts - 6th Edition 2.30 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan