Change of state.

The three states or phases of matter are solid, liquid and gas. A transition from
one phase to another is called a phase change or a change of state. The changes of state
are:

HEAT GAINED

SUBLIMATION

FUSION VAPORIZATION GAS OR

SOLID LIQUID
VAPOUR
SOLIDIFICATION CONDENSATION

INVERSE SUBLIMATION

HEAT LOST

Changes of state of water.

The compound H2O exists in the solid phase as ice, in the liquid phase as water,
and in the gaseos phase as steam.

When ice melts to form water the change of state is called fusion. When the
water freezes to form ice the change of state is called solidification.

When water boils, bubbles form within the body of the liquid and water turns
into steam. The change of state is called vaporization. When water turns into vapour at
its surface the change of state is called evaporation. When the steam condenses to form
water the change of state is called condensation.

In the highest layers of the atmosphere, when white hoarfrost or snow flakes are
formed, water vapour changes directly into ice crystals skipping the liquid state.This
change of state is called sublimation. Sublimation is a two-way change of state
(sublimation and inverse sublimation).

Graphs Q-t:

1
 We are going to learn how to draw graphs Q-t.

When there is a temperature change, the heat is measured using the equation:

Q=mc∆ t

In state changes, without temperature change, the heat is measured using the
equation:

Q= ±mL

For the fusion: Q = ± m Lf

For the vaporization: Q = ± m Lv

To draw the graphs Q-t, we put on the ordinate the temperature in degrees
centigrade t(ºC). We put on the abscissa the total heat gained or lost in Joules Q(J).

Every segment is a straight line.

Exercise:

Draw the graph Q-t to heat 500 g of ice at –30ºC until it becomes steam at
120ºC.

t (ºC)
t2

100

0
-
t1
Q1 Q1+Q2 Q1+Q2+Q3
Q1+Q2+Q3+Q4
Q1+Q2+Q3+Q4+Q5