Anatomy &

Physiology
cont….
By: Jesse Gift D. Miguel
The Respiratory Process

• During inspiration – diaphragm descends

• Negative pressure
•In the lungs – air passess terminal
bronchioles into alveoli

•End of inspiration – diaphragm and

intercostal muscle relaxes
• - lungs recoil
Mechanisms of Breathing
 Pressure Relationships in the Thoracic
Cavity
• Intrapulmonary pressure
• Intrapleural pressure

Pulmonary Ventilation: Inspiration

and Expiration
•Gases travel from an area of higher
pressure to an area of lower pressure
•Inspiration occurs when the
diaphragm and external intercostal
muscles contract
• Expiration is largely passive
• occurring as the inspiratory muscles
Physical Factors Influencing Pulmonary
Ventilation
• Friction in the air
passageways
• Surface tension of alveolar
fluid
• Premature infants
• elasticity of lung tissue and
flexibility of the bony thorax
Gas Exchanges Between the Blood,
Lungs, and Tissues
• Basic Properties of Gases
• Dalton’s law
• Henry’s law

• What is the
composition of
alveolar gas ?
External Respiration: Pulmonary Gas
Exchange
• Gas exchange in the lungs

Oxygen - pulmonary capillaries

Carbon dioxide – leaves blood the
enters in alveoli
Internal Respiration: Capillary Gas Exchange
in the Body Tissues
• the gas exchange that occurs between the
systemic capillaries and the tissues
CO2 – enters the blood
O2 – leaves the blood – then enters the
tissues
Transport of Respiratory Gases by Blood

• Oxygen Transport
• Carbon dioxide transport
Control of Respiration

• Medullary respiratory centers

• pontine respiratory centers
Review Questions:

When the inspiratory muscles contract:

(a) the size of the thoracic cavity is increased in diameter
(b) the size of the thoracic cavity is increased in length
(c) the volume of the thoracic cavity is decreased
(d) the size of the thoracic cavity is increased in both length
and diameter.
Most oxygen carried in the blood is:
(a) in solution in the plasma
(b) combined with plasma proteins
(c) chemically combined with the heme in
red blood cells
(d) in solution in the red blood cells.
Damage to which of the following
would most likely result in cessation
of breathing?
(a) the pontine respiratory group
(b) the ventral respiratory group of the
medulla
(c) the stretch receptors in the lungs
(d) the dorsal respiratory group of the
medulla.