Field of Glory Renaissance - Wars of Religion

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CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION 4 LATER THIRTY YEARS’ WAR 53

SWEDISH AND WEIMARIAN
LATER EIGHTY YEARS’ WAR 6 Later Thirty Years’ War Swedish and
DUTCH Weimarian Allies
Later Eighty Years’ War Dutch Allies
THIRTY YEARS’ WAR FRENCH 58
LATER IMPERIAL SPANISH 9
Later Imperial Spanish Allies THIRTY YEARS’ WAR 62
PENINSULAR SPANISH
EARLY 17TH CENTURY FRENCH 15
Early 17th Century French Allies SCOTS COVENANTER 65
THIRTY YEARS’ WAR DANISH 18 SCOTS ROYALIST 72
EARLY THIRTY YEARS’ WAR 21 EARLY RESTORATION 77

GERMAN PROTESTANT PORTUGUESE
Early Thirty Years’ War German
Protestant Allies CONFEDERATE IRISH 79
EARLY THIRTY YEARS’ WAR 26 EARLY ENGLISH CIVIL WAR 81

GERMAN CATHOLIC ROYALIST
Early Thirty Years’ War German
Catholic Allies ENGLISH CIVIL WAR 87
PARLIAMENTARIAN
HUNGARIAN-TRANSYLVANIAN 32
Hungarian-Transylvanian Allies LATER ENGLISH CIVIL WAR 93
ROYALIST
EARLY CAROLINE ENGLISH 36
Early Caroline English Allies NEW MODEL ARMY 98
New Model Army Allies
EARLY THIRTY YEARS’ WAR 40
SWEDISH EARLY LOUIS XIV FRENCH 102
Early Thirty Years’ War Swedish Allies Early Louis XIV French Allies
LATER THIRTY YEARS’ WAR 46 APPENDIX 1 – USING THE LISTS 105

GERMAN
Later Thirty Years’ War German Allies INDEX 108

WARS OF RELIGION
INTRODUCTION
T he history of Western Europe in the first

half of the 17th century is dominated by
the great conflict known as the Thirty Years’ War,
into four phases: the Bohemian revolt, the Danish
intervention, the Swedish phase and the French
phase, each named after the state which acted so
although in reality it may be better to view it as as to continue the war at that point. From its
a series of related conflicts rather than a single starting point in Bohemia it expanded to cover
whole. Starting in 1618, and fought mainly in all of Germany, taking in the latter stages of
modern day Germany, its influence was felt as far the Spanish-Dutch Eighty Years’ War and the
west as Ireland, and filtered eastwards through ongoing rivalry and conflict that was endemic
Poland and Hungary. between the French and both Habsburg family
The causes of the war go back to the start of the branches ruling in Austria and Spain.
Reformation in the early 16th century, when the Although largely fought in Germany, by
authority of the Catholic Church was questioned German soldiers in the pay of various masters, the
and rejected by thinkers such as Martin Luther war drew in large numbers of men from the Low
and John Calvin. The Reformed Religion, or Countries, France, Denmark, Sweden, Spain and
Religions, were adopted by many of the Princes of the British Isles as the conflict escalated into a
the Holy Roman Empire, which did nothing to pan-European war. Additionally, soldiers from
help what was already a rather disunited political Hungary and Transylvania in Eastern Europe
entity. However, around the middle of the century played an important role in the early stages of
a formula was reached whereby the various states the war, and remained a factor until the final
within the Empire could coexist regardless of their resolution in 1648.
nominal religion, and so Germany stayed more or Inevitably, such a prolonged war, fought over
less at peace for over half a century. the same area for so long, caused a huge amount
By the start of the 17th century things had of suffering and loss. Parts of Germany, especially,
started to change. Not only had the Catholic suffered periods of extreme devastation as armies
“counter-reformation” got underway, but the crossed, and recrossed, the countryside. With the
Habsburg Emperors of the time, heavily influenced universal use of the system of “contributions”, in
by their Jesuit confessors, saw it as their ordained reality forced exactions, to supply armies both on
duty to re-impose Catholicism on their subjects. the march and when they were in quarters, there
Unsurprisingly, the Protestant Princes were was a strong economic incentive to fight the war
somewhat worried by this turn of events and outside of your own borders, so that the enemy
tensions within the Empire rose. paid for both your army and his own. However, it
The event that was to push things over the must be remembered that even areas outside of
edge and ignite the war that was to rage for thirty the immediate war zone could suffer. For example
years, was the election of Frederick V, the Elector Sweden, with its low population, sent a very high
Palatine, to the throne of Bohemia by the proportion of its male workforce to the war, which
Bohemian estates, who were in revolt against the impacted heavily on the population that remained
Habsburgs. The resulting war is traditionally split at home.
4
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
The Earl of Essex takes command!
In terms of military technology the Thirty • Brief historical notes on the army, its wars,
Years’ War produced little that was new. All the its famous generals, weapons and/or troop
weapons used in the war existed before it started, types.
and would remain in use after it ended. However, • A ready-to-play starter army – just put it
the period did see the musket coming to the together and play a balanced small game.
fore as the most important infantry weapon, as • Instructions for building a customised army
the decisive effects of firepower started to be using our points system.
understood. This resulted in infantry formations • A table with the full list of compulsory and
becoming shallower than they had been in the optional troops.
16th century, and the start of the development of
linear tactics that would dominate the battlefield Although each of the army lists in this book
for the next two centuries. A side effect of contains useful historical notes, the Thirty
the increasing importance of firearms was the Years’ War is a very complex subject and it
continued decline in the use of armour for is impossible to fully do it justice in
personal protection. such a short space. Players who are
This volume covers the armies interested in the wider history of
that took part in the great European the war, and its origins, are advised
conflict of the Thirty Years’ War and to buy one of the substantial studies
its associated peripheral wars such of the war, such as the recently
as the English Civil Wars and the published “Europe’s Tragedy”, by Peter
Portuguese War of Restoration. H. Wilson.
As you look at each army, you will
find the following sections: Pikemen
5
WARS OF RELIGION
LATER EIGHTY YEARS’ WAR DUTCH
T he rebellion of the Dutch provinces against

their Spanish overlords broke out in 1568,
It was initially, on the whole, a military disaster,
unable to pay its troops regularly, unlike the
Dutch, and so suffered constant desertions as
a result - often to the Dutch, who promptly
with the Dutch unable to stand in the field against enrolled such troops in their army.
the veteran Spanish tercios. As a result, the war By 1609 both sides were exhausted and needed
descended into a series of sieges of the many peace, but the Spanish could not yet face up to
fortified towns and cities in the Low Countries. losing the valuable provinces, and so a 12-year
Around 1590, partly inspired by classical works truce was agreed and the two sides dramatically
by authors such as Aelian and Vegetius, Maurice reduced their armies. By the time the truce
and William Louis of Nassau began to reform the expired in 1621, the Dutch had become involved
army. The cavalry were converted from lancers and in the opening stages of the Thirty Years’ War by
mercenary reiters into charging cuirassiers who their support of their fellow Protestants in the
used their pistols as close combat weapons rather Rhine Palatinate. An attempt was made to extend
than missile weapons. In this they may the truce, but this was a failure and war with Spain
have been partly inspired by the reforms of the was resumed.
Huguenot cavalry by Henri of Navarre (Henri IV As previously, the war in the Low Countries
of France), some of whom served as volunteers was marked by a lack of field battles, and was
in the Dutch army. Additionally, the infantry again a series of sieges and manoeuvres by the
were reorganised into smaller, handier, battlefield respective armies with, from 1635, the Spanish
formations called “hopen”, which were formed by being hampered by also fighting against the
dividing larger regiments, or by combining French. By the late 1640s the Spanish had finally
companies of smaller regiments. come to accept that they would never regain
Despite these undoubted improvements, field control of the Dutch provinces, and peace was
battles remained rare, with encounters such agreed between the Dutch Republic and Spain as
as Nieuwpoort in 1600 being very much the part of the negotiations that brought the Thirty
exception rather than the rule. However, by Years’ War to an end.
maintaining a credible army in being, the Dutch This list covers the armies of the Dutch
forced the Spanish to likewise maintain a large Republic from the military reforms of Maurice and
force in the field. This, given the parlous state of William Louis of Nassau from 1590 until the
Spanish finances, worked to the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 ended both the Eighty
advantage of the Dutch, as they and Thirty Years’ Wars. The army of the
were better placed economically initial revolt from 1568 until 1589
to endure a prolonged war. is covered in Field of Glory
Indeed, the Spanish crown Renaissance Companion 2:
was forced to admit to Trade and Treachery.
bankruptcy on more than
one occasion, and was chronically Dutch veteran infantry
6
LATER EIGHTY YEARS’ WAR DU TCH
TROOP NOTES owing to the nature of the terrain in the Low LATER EIGHTY YEARS’
WAR DUTCH
Whilst Dutchmen were a minority in the armies Countries. Maurice and William Louis converted
of the United Provinces, the foreign troops, the lance armed cavalry into cuirassiers although
English, Scots and Germans in the main, were a few lancers are recorded as late as 1600. The new
organised into Dutch style units and fought in cuirassiers formed the majority of the Dutch
the same manner as the Dutch. Some of the best cavalry and were supported by less well armoured
regiments of the army were in fact foreign, such “Arquebusiers”. It is unclear whether the Dutch
as the English foot (commanded by Sir Francis followed the trends of the rest of Europe and
Vere) who performed so well at the Battle of lightened their cavalry equipment during the
Nieuwpoort in 1600. Thirty Years’ War, but we allow for the possibility.
In 1600 and 1603 large bodies of unpaid The shot component of the foot regiments
Spanish troops (in reality Walloons and Germans) were initially armed with a mixture of arquebus
deserted to the Dutch and were incorporated into and muskets, with the latter replacing the former
the army in larger than usual regiments. We allow over time. We give battle groups the capability
for the possibility that these may have briefly of the majority weapon type. However, some
operated like tercios and thus allow them to use Walloon regiments may have been predominantly
the Later Tercio rules. Despite being deserters, musket armed even in the early part of this list
the unit in 1600 fought effectively at the Battle of and, therefore, we allow a small number of musket
Nieuwpoort and so justifies Average rating. armed battle groups at this time as well as the
Cavalry formed a minor part of the army majority arquebus armed.
LATER EIGHTY YEARS’ WAR DUTCH STARTER ARMY

Commander-in-Chief 1 Field Commander
Sub-commanders 2 2 x Troop Commander
Each comprising 4 bases of cuirassiers: Superior, Heavily Armoured, Horse –
Cuirassiers 2 BGs
Impact Pistol, Melee Pistol
Arquebusiers 1 BG 4 bases of arquebusiers: Average, Armoured, Horse – Carbine, Melee Pistol
Each comprising 6 bases of infantry hopen: 2 Average, Armoured, Heavy
Infantry Hopen 6 BGs
Foot – Pike; and 4 Average, Unarmoured, Medium Foot – Musket
Field Guns 1 BG 2 bases of field artillery: Average, Medium Artillery – Medium Artillery
Camp 1 Unfortified camp
Total 10 BGs Camp, 12 mounted bases, 38 foot bases, 3 commanders
BUILDING A CUSTOMISED LIST • Commanders should be depicted as

USING OUR ARMY POINTS cuirassiers.
Choose an army based on the maxima and • French allies cannot be used with Swedes
minima in the list below. The following special and Hessians.
instructions apply to this army: • Battle groups designated as “(LT)” count as
later tercios as defined in the rule book.
7
WARS OF RELIGION
LATER EIGHTY YEARS’ WAR DUTCH

Territory Types: Agricultural
C-in-C Great Commander/Field Commander/Troop Commander 80/50/35 1
Field Commander 50 0–2
Sub-commanders
Troop Commander 35 0–3
Troop Type Capabilities Points Bases Total
Troop name
Type Armour Quality Shooting Impact Melee per base per BG bases
Core Troops
Only before Heavily Heavy
Lancers Horse Superior – Swordsmen 16 4 0–4
1601 Armoured Lancers
Heavily 4–
Any date Horse Superior – Pistol Pistol 16 4
Armoured 0– 12
Cuirassiers
Only from 12
Horse Armoured Superior – Pistol Pistol 13 4
1640
Armoured 11
Arquebusiers Horse Average Carbine – Pistol 4–6 4–8
Unarmoured 9
Medium
Only before Unarmoured Average Arquebus – – 7 4
Foot 6
1610
Infantry Heavy Foot Armoured Average – Pike Pike 6 2
12–102
Hopen Medium
Only from Unarmoured Average Musket – – 8 4
Foot 6
1610
Heavy Foot Armoured Average – Pike Pike 6 2
Medium Medium
– Average – – 20 2, 3 or 4 2–6
Artillery Artillery
Field Guns 2–6
Heavy Heavy
– Average – – 25 2 0–2
Artillery Artillery
Optional Troops
Veteran Medium
Unarmoured Superior Arquebus – – 10 4
infantry Foot 6 0–18
regiments Only before Heavy Foot Armoured Superior – Pike Pike 9 2
1610 Medium
Walloon Unarmoured Average Musket – – 8 4
Foot 6 0–12
regiments
Dragoons Dragoons Unarmoured Average Musket – – 8 2 0–2
Warships Naval Units – Average Naval – – 30 – 0–2
Field
Field defences – – – – – – – 0–24
Fortifications
Allies
English allies (only before 1595) – Elizabethan English (FOGR Companion 2: Trade and Treachery)
French allies (only from 1621to1639) – Early 17th Century French (before 1635) or Thirty Years’ War French (only from 1635)
Special Campaigns
Only in 1600 or 1603
Medium
Unarmoured Average Arquebus – – 7 6 9
“Spanish” deserters Foot 0–9
(LT)
Only in 1633
Swedish allied
Field Commander/Troop Commander 40/25 1
commander
Determined
Swedish lätta ryttare Armoured Superior – Pistol Pistol 21 4 4–12
Horse
Horse Armoured Average – Pistol Pistol 10 4
Hessian cavalry Armoured 11 4
Horse Average Carbine – Pistol 4
Unarmoured 9
8
LATER IMPERIAL SPANISH
LATER EIGHTY YEARS’ WAR DUTCH ALLIES

LATER EIGHTY YEARS’
Allied commander Field Commander/Troop Commander 40/25 1
WAR DUTCH
Sub-commanders LATER IMPERIAL
Troop Commander 35 0–3 SPANISH
Troop name
Heavily
Armoured
Cuirassiers 0–8
Only from
Horse Armoured Superior – Pistol Pistol 13 4 4–8
1640
Armoured 11
Arquebusiers Horse Average Carbine – Pistol 4 0–4
Unarmoured 9
Medium
Foot 6
1610
12–30
Hopen Medium
Foot 6
1610
Medium Medium
Field Guns – Average – – 20 2 0–2
Artillery Artillery
A t the start of this period Spain was still the

most powerful state in Europe, despite
its failure to defeat the rebellious Dutch provinces
and also to assist their Austrian Habsburg cousins
in their struggles with a series of Protestant
enemies. Additionally, there were a series of minor
and its financial difficulties. The Twelve Years’ wars in Italy to resolve local issues in the favour
Truce (1609–1621) and the policies of “The of their Italian satellite states, which also brought
Archdukes”, Archduchess Isabella, half sister of them into conflict with a re-emerging France, a
Phillip III, and her husband Archduke Ferdinand fight that would have serious repercussions for
of Austria, restored stability to the Spanish Spain in the longer term.
Netherlands, whilst both the Spanish peninsula By 1634, in the aftermath of Breitenfeld,
and their Italian provinces remained quiet. Lützen and the death of Wallenstein, with the
With the resumption of the war, the Spanish Swedes running rampant across Germany and the
made a major effort to extinguish the Dutch Dutch still unconquered, the Spanish decided that
Republic, attacking it both on land and at sea in they needed to send major reinforcements to the
an attempt to strangle the Dutch economy, which Low Countries, but also with an eye to their use
relied heavily on sea trade. This spread to the to assist the Emperor. Collecting the best of the
colonies and trading posts of both sides around Spanish forces in Italy, the Cardinal-Infante, Don
the world. Fernando, led them along the “Spanish Road”
At the same time the Spanish intervened in the into Germany where he joined with his cousin,
growing conflict of the Thirty Years’ War, both to Ferdinand of Hungary (later Emperor). Together
enhance their own position in the Netherlands, they achieved a crushing victory at Nördlingen,
9
WARS OF RELIGION
which in a single day reversed all the gains of in 1621 until the Peace of the Pyrenees in 1659
the Swedes in the preceding years, putting the confirmed Spanish decline in Europe. It also
Catholic forces into the ascendant for a number of includes Spanish armies in Italy, or from Italy,
years. However, possibly the main effect of this such as that the Cardinal-Infante Don Fernando
victory was that it drew France into committing led to the Low Countries via the victory at
its armies into the mainstream of the Thirty Years’ Nördlingen in 1634.
War. The net result was that for the next decade,
the Spanish would be fighting the French at the TROOP NOTES
same time as fighting the Dutch. The main strength of the Spanish army was still
Despite now fighting a war on at least two, and the famous infantry tercio, but these went through
often three, fronts in France, the Low Countries a number of changes during this period.
and Southern Germany, the Spanish were still the When the Twelve Years’ Truce expired in 1621
dominant military force in the area. Indeed in and the war against the Dutch flared up again, the
1636 the Spanish overran northern France after Tercio was still, in theory, circa 3,000 men strong,
the capture of Corbie, and were within striking but in practice actual numbers were roughly half
distance of Paris – which might just have knocked of this. In 1632 an ordinance was issued that
France out of the war if the success had been restated that the strength of a Tercio should be
followed up boldly. However, it was not, and 3,000 men, however it directed that they should
thus the war with France continued for over form up 10 ranks deep – this latter appears to be a
20 more years. case of bringing the theory in line with actual
By the early 1640s the Spanish were very much practice in the field rather than a radical reform,
focused on the wars with the Dutch and France whilst the former remained an unattained ideal.
and had more or less withdrawn from the war in Tercios of this size fought at Nördlingen. In our
Germany. The war with France swung to and fro, opinion these formations prior to 1635 should be
with victories and defeats on both sides, although treated as Later Tercios as defined in the rule book.
in general the Spanish had the better of these. Subsequently the Tercio again declined in size,
Often seen as a turning point in the war, the and by the time of the Battle of Rocroi in 1643
Battle of Rocroi in 1643 was not as decisive as the actual size of individual units in the army of
French mythology has made out, although it did
see the destruction of the most effective units of Spanish Arquebusiers
the Spanish infantry.
Although both the Eighty and Thirty Years’
Wars were brought to a conclusion in 1648 by the
Peace of Westphalia, the war between Spain and
France continued until the Peace of the Pyrenees
in 1659. By this time it was clear that Spain
was utterly exhausted, again bankrupt, and now
eclipsed as the major power in Europe.
This list covers Spanish armies in the Low
Countries from the end of the Twelve Years’ Truce
10
Flanders was roughly 900 men. Montecuccoli, amongst the Caballos corazas in the Army of
writing around this time, suggests that the normal Flanders. As Spanish sources maintained that
LATER IMPERIAL
fighting depth was now 7 ranks. These smaller lancers were able to defeat pistol armed horse, the SPANISH
formations are more akin to the “battalions”, and change may have been due to factors other than
similar, of other contemporary armies and thus perceived effectiveness.
in our opinion do not qualify to be treated as Caballos corazas could variously be equipped as
Later Tercios anymore, but as “other pike & shot heavily armoured cuirassiers or as lighter armoured
formations” as defined in the rule book. demi-cuirassiers in the German fashion. The
In addition to size and fighting formation, the continued contact with the Swedes and Swedish
weaponry of the Tercio went through changes as influenced Germans from the mid-1630s may
well. Up until at least the Battle of Nördlingen, well have also led to shallower formations being
the arquebus was still a common firearm in many adopted. Cavalry certainly became more important
units, and indeed remained so in the relative at this time in the Army of Flanders as its
backwater of Italy subsequent to this. Before 1635, operations in France were in more cavalry
therefore, we allow a choice of firearm capability friendly country; Italy, however, remained a
for many battle groups. military backwater.
The Guardias viejas (“Old Guard”), the The first dragoon company was created
remnants of the old feudal nobility, may well have in 1632, and by the end of the period there
retained the lance until the Battle of Nördlingen were three units with a total establishment of
in 1634, being subsequently re-equipped as 2600 men.
cuirassiers, or they may have been cuirassiers for French rebel allies represent the troops of the
the whole period, Hence we allow both options. Prince de Condé present at the second battle of
We assume that whenever they became the Dunes in 1658. Two battalions of English
cuirassiers they adopted the same fighting style Royalist foot were also present fighting with the
as other Spanish cuirassiers, and they are included Spanish army.
LATER IMPERIAL SPANISH STARTER ARMY

4 bases of guardias viejas: Superior, Heavily Armoured, Horse – Impact Pistol,
Guardias viejas 1 BG
Melee Pistol
Each comprising 4 bases of caballos corazas: Average, Armoured, Horse –
Caballos corazas 2 BGs
9 bases of Spanish tercios: 3 Superior, Armoured, Heavy Foot – Pike; and 6
Spanish tercios (LT) 1 BG
Superior, Unarmoured, Medium Foot – Musket (Later Tercio)
Each comprising 9 bases of Spanish tercios: 3 Average, Armoured, Heavy Foot
Spanish tercios (LT) 2 BGs
– Pike; and 6 Average, Unarmoured, Medium Foot – Musket (Later Tercio)
Dragoons 1 BG 3 bases of dragoons: Average, Unarmoured, Dragoons – Musket
Field artillery 1 BG 2 bases of field artillery: Average Medium Artillery – Medium Artillery
11
WARS OF RELIGION
BUILDING A CUSTOMISED LIST • The army of the Cardinal-Infante in 1634 is

USING OUR ARMY POINTS treated as if the “Army of Flanders” for the
Choose an army based on the maxima and options it is allowed.
minima in the list below. The following special • Only battle groups designated as “(LT)”
instructions apply to this army: count as later tercios as defined in the
rule book.
• Commanders should be depicted as Guardias • If any English Royalists are used then French
viejas or caballos corazas. rebel allies must be.

Sub-commanders
Troop Type Capabilities
Points Bases Total
Troop name
Type Armour Quality Shooting Combat Melee per base per BG bases
Core Troops
Only before Heavily Light
Gendarmes Superior – Swordsmen 21 2–4
Guardias 1635 Armoured Lancers
0–4
viejas Heavily
Horse Superior – Pistol Pistol 16 4 4–8
Armoured
Only before Heavily
1635 or Horse Superior – Pistol Pistol 16 4 0–8
Armoured
Army of
Italy Heavily
Horse Average – Pistol Pistol 12 4
Armoured 4–8
Heavily
Horse Superior – Pistol Pistol 16 4
Caballos Armoured
4–12
corazas Determined
Army of Armoured Superior – Pistol Pistol 21 4
Horse
Flanders
Heavily
only from Horse Average – Pistol Pistol 12 4
Armoured
1635
Horse Armoured Average – Pistol Pistol 10 4 4–12
Determined
Armoured Average – Pistol Pistol 12 4
Horse
Only before Armoured 11
1635 or
Horse Average Carbine – Pistol 4–6 4–8
Army of
Italy Unarmoured 9
Arquebusiers
Army of
Flanders
Horse Unarmoured Average Carbine – Pistol 9 4 0–8
only from
1635
Only Army Medium Foot Unarmoured Elite Musket – – 13 6 9
of Flanders
Tercios viejos before 1635 Heavy Foot Armoured Elite – Pike Pike 11 3 (LT)
0–12
españoles Only Army Medium Foot Unarmoured Elite Musket – – 13 4
of Flanders 6
from 1635 Heavy Foot Armoured Elite – Pike Pike 11 2
12
Medium Foot Unarmoured Superior Arquebus – – 10 6 9 0–

Only Army Heavy Foot Armoured Superior – Pike Pike 9 3 (LT) 27 9–
of Italy Medium Foot Unarmoured Arquebus – – 7 6 9 9– 90
Average LATER IMPERIAL
Heavy Foot Armoured – Pike Pike 6 3 (LT) 90 SPANISH
Medium Foot Unarmoured Superior Musket – – 11 6 9

Heavy Foot Armoured Superior – Pike Pike 9 3 (LT)
Other Medium Foot Unarmoured Average Musket – – 8 6 9
Spanish Only Army Heavy Foot Armoured Average – Pike Pike 6 3 (LT)
tercios and of Flanders 9–54
“Tercios de las before 1635 Medium Foot Unarmoured Superior Arquebus – – 10 6 9
Naciones” Heavy Foot Armoured Superior – Pike Pike 9 3 (LT)
Medium Foot Unarmoured Average Arquebus – – 7 6 9
Heavy Foot Armoured Average – Pike Pike 6 3 (LT)
Medium Foot Unarmoured Superior Musket – – 11 4
Only Army Heavy Foot 6
Armoured Superior – Pike Pike 9 2
of Flanders 6–54
From 1635 Medium Foot Unarmoured Average Musket – – 8 4
6
Only before Medium Foot Unarmoured Average Arquebus – – 7 4
6
1635 Heavy Foot Armoured Average – Pike Pike 6 2
Only before Medium Foot Unarmoured Average Musket* – – 7 4
6
Other 1626 Heavy Foot Armoured Average – Pike Pike 6 2 0–24
foreign Only from Medium Foot Unarmoured Average Musket – – 8 4
regiments 1626 to 6
Only from Medium Foot Unarmoured Average Musket – – 8 4

6 6–36
1635 Heavy Foot Unarmoured Average – Pike Pike 5 2
Medium Medium
Field guns – Average – – 20 2, 3 or 4
Artillery Artillery
2–6
Heavy Heavy
Heavy guns – Average – – 25 2
Artillery Artillery
Optional Troops
Only from
Dragoons Dragoons Unarmoured Average Musket – – 8 3 or 4 0–6
1632
Austrian Habsburg Light Horse Unarmoured Average Carbine – Pistol 9 4–6
0–8
supplied Croats or similar Light Horse Unarmoured Average Carbine – – 7 4–6
Field
Breastworks and redoubts – – – – – 3 – 0–24
Fortifications
Allies
Imperialist allies (only from 1632 to 1639) – Later Thirty Years’ War German (Imperial options)
Special Campaigns
Only joint Imperial–Spanish army at Nördlingen in 1634
Up to 1/2 of the army’s points can be spent on troops from the Later Thirty Years’ War German army list (Imperial options).
Minima must be adhered to, but otherwise any eligible troops may be selected. No allies are allowed. All generals count in
line of command to all troops in the army.
Only in Flanders in 1658
French rebel allies (only in 1658) – Early Louis XIV French
Medium Foot Unarmoured Average Musket – – 8 4

English Royalist Foot 6 0–12
Heavy Foot Unarmoured Average – Pike Pike 5 2
13
WARS OF RELIGION
LATER IMPERIAL SPANISH ALLIES

Points per Bases Total
Troop name
Type Armour Quality Shooting Combat Melee base per BG bases
Heavily
Only before Horse Superior – Pistol Pistol 16 4 0–4
Armoured
1635 or
Heavily
Army of Horse Average – Pistol Pistol 12 4
Armoured 4
Italy
Heavily
Caballos Armoured
4–8
corazas Determined
Army of Armoured Superior – Pistol Pistol 21 4
Horse
Flanders
Heavily
only from Horse Average – Pistol Pistol 12 4
Armoured
1635
Horse Armoured Average – Pistol Pistol 10 4 4–8
Determined
Armoured Average – Pistol Pistol 12 4
Horse
Armoured 11
Unarmoured 9
Medium Foot Unarmoured Superior Arquebus – – 10 6 9
0–9
Only Army Heavy Foot Armoured Superior – Pike Pike 9 3 (LT) 9–
of Italy Medium Foot Unarmoured Arquebus – – 7 6 9 9– 36
Average
Heavy Foot Armoured – Pike Pike 6 3 (LT) 36
Other
Spanish Medium Foot Unarmoured Superior Musket – – 11 6 9
tercios and Heavy Foot Armoured Superior – Pike Pike 9 3 (LT)
“Tercios Medium Foot Unarmoured Average Musket – – 8 6 9
de las Only Army Heavy Foot Armoured Average – Pike Pike 6 3 (LT)
Naciones” of Flanders
before 1635 Medium Foot Unarmoured Superior Arquebus – – 10 6 9
Medium Foot Unarmoured Average Arquebus – – 7 6 9 9–30
Other Medium Foot Unarmoured Superior Musket – – 11 4
Spanish 6
Only Army Heavy Foot Armoured Superior – Pike Pike 9 2
tercios and
of Flanders
“Tercios Medium Foot Unarmoured Average Musket – – 8 4
From 1635
de las 6
Naciones” Heavy Foot Armoured Average – Pike Pike 6 2
Only before Medium Foot Unarmoured Average Arquebus – – 7 4
6
Only before Medium Foot Unarmoured Average Musket* – – 7 4
6
Other 1626 Heavy Foot Armoured Average – Pike Pike 6 2
foreign Only from Medium Foot Unarmoured Average Musket – – 8 4 0–12
regiments 1626 to 6
Only from Medium Foot Unarmoured Average Musket – – 8 4
6
1635 Heavy Foot Unarmoured Average – Pike Pike 5 2
Medium Medium
Field guns – Average – – 20 2 0–2
Artillery Artillery
14
EARLY 17TH CENTURY FRENCH

LATER IMPERIAL
W
SPANISH
ith the assassination of Henri IV on the encirclement. To counter this they intervened with EARLY 17TH CENTURY
FRENCH
eve of a declaration of war against armies in Piedmont and northern Italy, in an
Spain, France remained somewhat inward looking attempt to break the so called “Spanish Road” that
and militarily weak with the ascension of the linked Spain’s Italian possessions with the Low
eight-year-old Louis XIII to the throne with his Countries, and also, more covertly, by financial
mother, Marie de Medici, as regent. Although he support for the Dutch and German Protestants.
legally came of age when he reached the age of It was in this period that the Musketeers of the
thirteen, it wasn’t until some years later that he Guard, as made famous by Alexandre Dumas’ “The
finally threw off the influence of his mother, Three Musketeers”, were founded. Players may
The first conflicts of Louis’ reign were to be be interested to know that one Charles Ogier de
internal. A rebellion by a number of nobles in Batz de Castelmore, Comte d’Artagnan, joined the
1620 was easily suppressed by royal forces, but this company in 1632, possibly aided by the influence
was followed by troubles with the Protestant of a family friend, Jean-Armand du Peyrer, Comte
Huguenots within France, supported, albeit de Troisville (or Tresville). D’Artagnan rose to the
ineffectively, by England. rank of captain of the company and was killed at
Following the rise of Armand Jean du Plessis the siege of Maastricht in 1673.
de Richelieu, Cardinal-Duc de Richelieu, to the This list covers French armies from the
position of the King’s first minister in 1624, France assassination of Henri IV in 1610 until the entry
entered a period of stability and started once again of French armies into the main Thirty Years’ War
to look to its interests on the international stage, conflict in 1635.
especially in regard to its traditional rivals, the
Habsburgs. With borders with Spain in both TROOP NOTES
the Pyrenees and the Low Countries, plus the The pikemen of the Guard infantry regiments
growing ascendancy of the Austrian Habsburgs and the established Vieux and Petits Vieux
in the Thirty Years’ War, the French feared regiments appear to have remained armoured in
this period, but more ephemeral regiments and
Enfants perdus led by King’s Musketeers militia were probably not so well equipped.
15
WARS OF RELIGION
French shot retained the arquebus in by the birds; we had covered the entire mountain with
significant numbers for a much longer period than tree trunks that we had pushed down the slope; we were
did their contemporaries, possibly due to relative fortified in different places and covered by a number of
peace at the start of the century. After 1622, forts.” To represent this tendency from 1623 we limit
however, the musket was the only firearm used French infantry to Musket* capability but give them
by the infantry. Impact Foot capability in addition.
During this period French infantry increasingly The Musketeers of the Guard were formed as
favoured a rapid advance to close combat, rather mounted Carabins in 1622 and were part of the
than a fire fight maybe followed by close combat, Maison du Roi. They fought both mounted and
as was more usual at the time. This behaviour on foot, and were occasionally attached to the
developed during the early 1620s during the Enfants Perdu for especially hazardous missions,
internal wars of the reign of Louis XIII. It even in which role they were considered superior to all
extended to attacking enemy in well prepared other troops. Thus we rate such Musketeer led
defences. Indeed one opposing general stated bodies as Superior, and the battle group bases
about a position attacked by the French: “We were of such should include dismounted Musketeers
entrenched in places that I believed approachable only figures in addition to normal musketeers.
EARLY 17TH CENTURY FRENCH STARTER ARMY

Cuirassiers 2 BGs
4 bases of chevaux-légers: Average, Armoured, Horse – Impact Pistol, Melee
Chevaux-légers 1 BG
Pistol
4 bases of forlorn hope carabins: Average, Unarmoured, Light Horse – Carbine,
Forlorn Hope Carabins 1 BG
Melee Pistol
6 bases of veteran guard infantry: 2 Superior, Armoured, Heavy Foot – Pike;
Veteran guard infantry 1 BG
and 4 Superior, Unarmoured, Medium Foot – Musket*, Impact Foot
Each comprising 6 bases of vieux infantry: 2 Average, Armoured, Heavy Foot –
Vieux Infantry 3 BGs
Pike; and 4 Average, Unarmoured, Medium Foot – Musket*, Impact Foot
6 bases of foreign infantry regiments: 2 Average, Armoured, Heavy Foot – Pike;
Foreign Infantry Regiments 1 BG
and 4 Average, Unarmoured, Medium Foot – Musket
Field artillery 1 BG 3 bases of field artillery: Average, Light Artillery – Light Artillery

USING OUR ARMY POINTS Cuirassiers.
Choose an army based on the maxima and • Only one allied contingent may be fielded.
minima in the list below. The following special • Mantuan allies can only include Bandellier
instructions apply to this army: Reiter and Infantry Regiments.
16

Territory Types: Agricultural, Woodlands, Hilly
Sub-commanders
Troop Commander 35 0–3 EARLY 17TH CENTURY
Troop Type Capabilities Points Bases Total FRENCH
Troop name
Core Troops
Heavily Superior 16
Cuirassiers Horse – Pistol Pistol 4 4–8
Armoured Average 12
Horse Unarmoured Average – Pistol Pistol 8 4 4–
Chevaux-légers or Carabins
Horse Armoured Average Carbine – Pistol 11 4 12 4–
Horse Unarmoured Average Carbine – Pistol 9 4 12
Light Horse Unarmoured Average Carbine – Pistol 9 4
Forlorn hope Carabins 0–4
Dragoons Unarmoured Average Arquebus – – 7 4
Medium
Only before Unarmoured Superior Arquebus – – 10 4
Foot 6 0–6
Veteran 1623
Heavy Foot Armoured Superior – Pike Pike 9 2
Guard
Medium Impact
infantry Only from Unarmoured Superior Musket* – 11 4
Foot Foot 6 0–12
1623
Medium
Other Guard, 1623 Foot 6
Vieux and Heavy Foot Armoured Average – Pike Pike 6 2
12–60
Petits Vieux Medium Impact
Only from Unarmoured Average Musket* – 8 4
infantry Foot Foot 6
1623
Medium Medium
– Average – – 20 2,3 or 4
Artillery Artillery
Field artillery 2–4
Light Light
– Average – – 12 2,3 or 4
Artillery Artillery
Optional Troops
Only before
Light Foot Unarmoured Average Arquebus – – 6 4–6
Enfants perdu 1623
Light Foot Unarmoured Average Musket – – 7 4–6
0–8
Enfants perdu Only from
led by King’s 1623 Light Foot Unarmoured Superior Musket – – 10 4
Musketeers
Medium
Only before Unarmoured Poor Arquebus – – 5 4
Foot 6
Other French 1623 Heavy Foot Unarmoured Poor – Pike Pike 3 2
infantry and 0–48
Medium Impact
militia Only from Unarmoured Poor Musket* – 6 4
Foot Foot 6
1623
Heavy Foot Unarmoured Poor – Pike Pike 3 2
Medium
Unarmoured Average Musket – – 8 4
Foreign infantry regiments Foot 6 0–18
Heavy foot Armoured Average – Pike Pike 6 2
Allies
Savoyard allies (only from 1625 to 1626) – Early Thirty Years’ War German Catholic
Mantuan allies (only from 1628 to 1631) – Early Thirty Years’ War German Catholic
Swedish allies (only in 1632) – Early Thirty Years’ War Swedish
17
WARS OF RELIGION
EARLY 17TH CENTURY FRENCH ALLIES

Troop name
Heavily Superior 16
Cuirassiers Horse – Pistol Pistol 4 4
Armoured Average 12
Horse Unarmoured Average – Pistol Pistol 8 4
Chevaux-légers or Carabins 4–8
Horse Armoured Average Carbine – Pistol 11 4
Horse Unarmoured Average Carbine – Pistol 9 4
Medium
Other Guard, 1623 Foot 6
Vieux and Heavy Foot Armoured Average – Pike Pike 6 2
6–24
Petits Vieux Medium Impact
Only from Unarmoured Average Musket* – 8 4
infantry Foot Foot 6
1623
Medium Medium
Artillery – Average – – 20 2 0–2
Artillery Artillery
THIRTY YEARS’ WAR DANISH
T his list covers Danish armies from the start

of the Swedish–Danish War in 1611
until the end of the Thirty Years’ War.
During this period Denmark under Christian
IV fought wars against Sweden in 1611–1613 (the
Kalmar War) and 1643–1645, and intervened in
the Thirty Years’ War on the side of the Protestants
from 1625 to 1629 – known as the Kejserkrig to
the Danes, the war against the Emperor.
The Kalmar War was fought against Sweden
with Christian’s newly modernised and reformed
army and was a success. The Swedish king,
Gustavus Adolphus, was forced to give way on
most of the Danish demands.
However, the subsequent wars were a different
story. Despite usually being well equipped and
supplied, the Danish army suffered defeats,
resulting in Denmark being relegated to a second
rank power in the Baltic, which was now dominated Danish pikemen
by their traditional enemies, the Swedes.
18
TROOP NOTES to Denmark were integrated into the army easily,

During the Danish intervention in the Thirty but some groups hired from further away were
Years’ War Christian IV hired large numbers of less easily accommodated and are treated as an
German mercenaries partly paid with French and allied contingent. EARLY 17TH CENTURY
FRENCH
English gold. Those hired from territories close
THIRTY YEARS’ WAR
DANISH
THIRTY YEARS’ WAR DANISH STARTER ARMY

Sub-Commanders 2 2 x Troop Commander
Cuirassiers 2 BGs
Each comprising 9 bases of infantry regiments: 3 Average, Armoured, Heavy
Infantry Regiments (LT) 2 BGs Foot – Pike; and 6 Average, Unarmoured, Medium Foot – Musket (Later
Tercio)
Infantry Regiments 2 BGs
Marines 1 BG 4 bases of marines: Average, Armoured, Heavy Foot – Heavy Weapon
Field Guns 1 BG 2 bases of field guns: Average Medium Artillery – Medium Artillery

USING OUR ARMY POINTS Cuirassiers.
Choose an army based on the maxima and • Battle groups designated as “(LT)” count as
minima in the list below. The following special later tercios as defined in the rule book.
instructions apply to this army:
19
WARS OF RELIGION

Sub-commanders
Troop name
Core Troops
Heavily
Armoured
Cuirassiers 4–12
Only from
1629
Armoured 11
Unarmoured 9
Only Medium
Unarmoured Average Musket – – 8 6 9
before Foot
(LT)
Infantry 1629 Heavy Foot Armoured Average – Pike Pike 6 3
9–90
regiments Medium
Foot 6
1625
Medium Medium
Field guns – Average – – 20 2, 3 or 4 2–4
Artillery Artillery
Optional Troops
Dragoons Dragoons Unarmoured Average Musket – – 8 2, 3 or 4 0–4
Heavy Heavy
Marines Heavy Foot Armoured Average – 6 4–6 0–12
Weapon Weapon
Heavy Heavy
Heavy artillery – Average – – 25 2 0–2
Artillery Artillery
Entrenchments and Field
– – – – – 3 – 0–48
barricades Fortifications
Allies
German mercenary allies (1624–1626) – Early Thirty Years’ War German Protestant
Special Campaigns
Only Danish intervention during the Thirty Years’ War (1625 to 1629)
German mercenary Heavily
Kürassiere Armoured
German mercenary Armoured 11
Horse Average Carbine – Pistol 4–6 0–12
Bandellier Reiter Unarmoured 9
Medium
Foot 12–
German mercenary foot 6
Armoured 6 48
Heavy Foot Average – Pike Pike 2
Unarmoured 5
20
EARLY THIRTY YEARS’ WAR GERMAN PROTESTANT
EARLY THIRTY YEARS’ WAR GERMAN

PROTESTANT
T
THIRTY YEARS’ WAR
he Holy Roman Empire had never been a led to the famous 2nd Defenestration of Prague in DANISH
properly unified political construct and 1618, and a revolt of the Bohemians against the EARLY THIRTY YEARS’
WAR GERMAN
things had become worse after Luther had Emperor. The Palatine Elector Friedrich V used PROTESTANT
introduced religion as a further cause of division. this to get himself elected King of Bohemia. In
Tension between the Catholic and Reformed an attempt to limit the inevitable conflict, the
Religions had been increasing since the late Protestant Union agreed with the Emperor on an
16th century. A legally dubious move by the armistice that excluded Bohemia, thus isolating
Emperor to allow the Catholic Maximilian I of Friedrich V. Deprived of support and hoping vainly
Bavaria to punish the free city of Donauwörth for help from England or the Low Countries, the
(for breaking the religious peace by interfering with initially promising revolt was now facing serious
the Catholic minority practicing their beliefs) and trouble. The only real help was a small mercenary
the subsequent forcible re-Catholicisation of the army under Ernst von Mansfeld, and Bethlen
city, finally convinced several Protestant leaders to Gábor‘s revolt and subsequent invasion of Hungary.
form a defensive union in 1608. However, many While Bethlen’s actions tied up Imperial troops the
Protestant leaders abstained from taking part, Emperor could still rely on the Catholic League
mostly because the Protestants themselves were split and Spanish troops to carry out his war, ultimately
along Calvinist and Lutheran lines and the defence leading to a total Bohemian defeat near Prague at
union was mostly led by Calvinists. the Battle of White Mountain (1620).
The attempt of the Archduke Ferdinand II to Whilst the fighting in Bohemia ended in
re-Catholicise economically important Bohemia May 1621, Friedrich V and other Protestant rulers
attempted to regain the Rhenish Palatinate from
Bandellier reiter the Spanish and the Catholic League until 1624.
These efforts were supported by the Dutch, who
had been battling the Spanish for decades, and
who could not ignore a strong Spanish presence
on the Rhine. Still Protestant attempts ended in
defeat in almost every battle, most notably the
battles of Wimpfen and Höchst in 1622.
The war might have ended here, but England,
Denmark, the Lower Saxon Circle and the Dutch
created the Protestant Coalition of the Hague,
which planned to attack the Habsburgs on multiple
fronts. However, the strongest member, Christian
IV of Denmark, found foreign help from
the coalition somewhat lacking. The Dutch
21
WARS OF RELIGION
and English only offered moral support, and which allowed Catholics to regain control of
co-ordination with the Protestant leaders of the territories, churches, monasteries, etc. that had been
other planned fronts, Christian von Braunschweig- under Protestant ownership since the second half
Wolfenbüttel and Ernst von Mansfeld, proved of the 16th century. This gave Gustavus Adolphus,
difficult at best. King of Sweden, a formal reason to start his
In the end Mansfeld was defeated by invasion, which he did with a small force in
Wallenstein at the Battle of Dessau Bridge in summer 1630. Having secured a base of operation,
April 1626, and in the same month Christian IV and aided by French money, Gustavus quickly
was also heavily defeated by Tilly at the Battle of increased the size of his army, becoming a
Lutter. After his defeat at Dessau Bridge, Ernst formidable force. Despite this, the Protestant
von Mansfeld tried to link up with Bethlan Gábor, powers of Germany were reluctant to directly assist
but Gábor had already been forced to sign a him. In 1631, however, Johann Georg of Saxony’s
peace treaty with Friedrich II. So Mansfeld was army joined Gustavus and together they met Tilly’s
stranded in the Balkans with his army and, lacking combined League and Imperial army at the First
pay, his troops deserted him. Mansfeld himself Battle of Breitenfeld where, despite the Saxon
died in late 1626. army almost wholly routing on first contact, Tilly
Fearing Swedish intervention in Germany, was overwhelmingly defeated.
Wallenstein persuaded Friedrich II to sign a This list covers German Protestant armies of
generous peace treaty with Christian IV in June the early Thirty Years’ War from the start of the
1629. However, in the same year, Friedrich II also Bohemian revolt in 1618 to the First Battle of
issued the highly controversial Edict of Restitution, Breitenfeld (September 17, 1631).
EARLY THIRTY YEARS’ WAR GERMAN PROTESTANT STARTER ARMY

4 bases of kürassiere: Superior, Heavily Armoured, Horse – Impact Pistol,
Kürassiere 1 BG
Melee Pistol
4 bases of kürassiere: Average, Heavily Armoured, Horse – Impact Pistol,

Kürassiere 1 BG
Melee Pistol
Each comprising 4 bases of bandellier reiter: Average, Unarmoured, Horse –
Bandellier Reiter 2 BGs
Carbine, Melee Pistol
Foot regiments in larger 9 bases of foot regiments in larger formations: 3 Average, Armoured, Heavy
1 BG
formations (LT) Foot – Pike; 6 Average, Unarmoured, Medium Foot – Musket (Later Tercio)
Each comprising 6 bases of other foot regiments: 2 Average, Armoured, Heavy
Other foot regiments 3 BGs
Dragoner 1 BG 3 bases of dragoons: Average, Unarmoured, Dragoons – Musket
4 bases of musketenkompanien: Average, Unarmoured, Medium Foot –
Musketenkompanien 1 BG
Musket
Field guns 1 BG 2 bases of field guns: Average Medium Artillery – Medium Artillery
22
EARLY THIRTY YEARS’

WAR GERMAN
PROTESTANT
German mercenary cavalry, 1632, by Richard Hook © Osprey Publishing Ltd. Taken from Men-at-
Arms 262: The Army of Gustavus Adolphus (2): Cavalry.
23
WARS OF RELIGION
TROOP NOTES fighting units and were deployed in their native

Many Protestant German infantry started the style. Regardless of organisation, Low Countries
Thirty Years’ War in regiments that were infantry in Germany was regularly considered to
theoretically up to 3,000 men strong, but they lack motivation and courage.
deployed in bodies of around 1,000 men 10 ranks Ungarn were Hungarian hussars (though often
deep, with large regiments forming multiple bodies. recruited from Croatia and other non-Hungarian
We consider that these are best represented by the Slavic areas). They served in Protestant armies until
Later Tercio rules. However, at the same time, Bethlen Gábor was forced to give up the Hungarian
smaller units based on the Dutch model were throne as part of the peace Treaty of Nikolsburg.
coming into fashion and eventually supplanted the
larger formations. BUILDING A CUSTOMISED LIST
Ill-equipped foot are hastily raised regiments USING OUR ARMY POINTS
lacking training and proper equipment, like Choose an army based on the maxima and
armour or good muskets. (In one extreme case minima in the list below. The following special
there is even mention of about 1/3 of the shooters instructions apply to this army:
having to make do with crossbows.) We treat the
mixture as arquebus and unarmoured pike to • Commanders should be depicted as
account for their reduced effectiveness. On the Kürassiere.
few occasions these regiments actually got into • No more than half of the Dutch infantry
battle, they proved no more than a speed bump battle groups can be of Average quality.
for the Catholic infantry. More usually they ran • After 1626 at least half of the battle groups
before being actually engaged. in the army must be of Poor quality.
Most Dutch infantry were incorporated into • Battle groups designated “(LT)” count as
regular regiments. A few showed up as complete later tercios as defined in the rule book.
24

Territory Types: Agricultural, Hilly, Woodlands
Sub-commanders
Troop name
Core Troops EARLY THIRTY YEARS’
Heavily WAR GERMAN
Horse Superior – Pistol Pistol 16 4 PROTESTANT
Armoured
Any date
Heavily
Kürassiere Horse Average – Pistol Pistol 12 4 0–16
Armoured
Only from Horse Armoured Superior – Pistol Pistol 13 4
1626 Horse Armoured Average – Pistol Pistol 10 4
Armoured 11
Average Carbine – Pistol
Unarmoured 9
Bandellier Reiter Horse 4–6 8–24
Armoured 8
Poor Carbine – Pistol
Unarmoured 7
Foot regiments Medium Foot Unarmoured Average Musket – – 8 6
Only 9
in larger
before 1626 Heavy Foot Armoured Average – Pike Pike 6 3 (LT)
formations
6
Heavy Foot Armoured Average – Pike Pike 6 2 18–66
Other foot regiments
Medium Foot Unarmoured Poor Musket – – 6 4
6
Heavy Foot Armoured Poor – Pike Pike 4 2
Medium Foot Unarmoured Poor Arquebus – – 5 4
Ill-equipped foot 6
Medium Average Medium 20
Field guns – – – 2, 3 or 4 2–4
Artillery Poor Artillery 14
Optional Troops
Before Unarmoured Average Carbine – – 7
Ungarn Light Horse 4–6 0–12
1622 Unarmoured Average Carbine – Pistol 9
Dragoner Dragoons Unarmoured Average Musket – – 8 3 or 4 0–6
Bürgeraufgebot Mob Unarmoured Poor – – – 2 8–12 0–12
Musketenkompanien Medium Foot Unarmoured Average Musket – – 7 4–6 0–12
6
Dutch infantry 0–24
6
Heavy Heavy
Artillery Artillery
Field
Schanzen & barrikaden – – – – – 3 – 0–48
Fortifications
Allies
Transylvanian allies (before 1622) – Hungarian–Transylvanian
25
WARS OF RELIGION
EARLY THIRTY YEARS’ WAR GERMAN PROTESTANT ALLIES

Troop name
Heavily
Armoured
Any date
Heavily
Kürassiere Horse Average – Pistol Pistol 12 4 0–8
Armoured
Only from Horse Armoured Superior – Pistol Pistol 13 4
1626 Horse Armoured Average – Pistol Pistol 10 4
Armoured 11
Average Carbine – Pistol
Unarmoured 9
Bandellier Reiter Horse 4–6 4–12
Armoured 8
Poor Carbine – Pistol
Unarmoured 7
Foot regiments
Only before Medium Foot Unarmoured Average Musket – – 8 6 9
in larger
1626 Heavy Foot Armoured Average – Pike Pike 6 3 (LT)
formations
6
Heavy Foot Armoured Average – Pike Pike 6 2 6–36
Other Foot regiments
6
Medium Foot Unarmoured Poor Arquebus – – 5 4
Ill equipped foot 6
Medium Average Medium 20
Field Guns – – – 2 0–2
Artillery Poor Artillery 14
EARLY THIRTY YEARS’ WAR GERMAN

CATHOLIC
A s a reaction to the founding of the Protestant

Union, the elector Maximilian I of Bavaria
created the Catholic League. The League proved to
Emperor Friedrich II accepted Maximilian’s
offer and in July 1620 30,000 League troops
under Graf von Tilly moved into Austria, forcing
be much more unified than the Protestant Union the Austrian Estates to break their alliance
and its troops were entrusted to Johann t’Serclaes, with Bohemia. From Austria, Tilly marched into
Graf von Tilly, who went on to prove himself as Bohemia, where he quickly won several victories
probably the most capable general of his time. until he managed to decisively defeat the
After the outbreak of the Bohemian revolt and Protestant army under Christian I von Anhalt
with the Imperial army weak and otherwise at the Battle of White Mountain (1620).
engaged, Maximilian offered the Emperor the Supported by Spanish troops from the Low
services of the armed forces of the Catholic Countries, and despite a rare defeat by Ernst
League – a move partly inspired by the latter’s von Mansfeld at the battle of Wiesloch (1622),
offer of the Electoral title held by Friedrich V Tilly then went on to conquer the Rhineland
to Maximilian. palatinate.
26
EARLY THIRTY YEARS’ WAR GERMAN CATHOLIC
Thus ended the first phase of the Thirty Years’ intervention, Wallenstein persuaded Friedrich II
War, but peace was not to be enjoyed, due to to sign a generous peace treaty with Christian in
the formation of the Protestant Coalition of the June 1629.
Hague. However, Friedrich II was ahead of the Partly because of his success, Wallenstein was
coalition. As early as 1624 he had appointed a not well-liked by the electoral princes as, through
capable military leader who was directly answerable him, a Holy Roman Emperor had, for the first
to the Emperor – Albrecht von Waldstein, better time in decades, the power to enforce his will EARLY THIRTY YEARS’
WAR GERMAN
known as Wallenstein. This was necessary as Tilly by military means. So when the time came for PROTESTANT
was head of the Catholic League, which was Friedrich II to ensure the continuity of his line on EARLY THIRTY YEARS’
WAR GERMAN
answerable to Maximilian of Bavaria rather than the throne (which required the electors to elect his CATHOLIC
the Emperor. If Maximilian should decide to pull son King of the Romans) the electoral princes
out of the war, having achieved all his personal jumped at the chance to pressure the Emperor
goals and becoming the only Elector with two to dismiss Wallenstein and cut the size of the
votes, the Emperor might easily find himself with Imperial army by two-thirds.
insufficient troops and without a reliable military Unfortunately, about the same time, the Swedish
leader. Wallenstein proved to be a good choice. King, Gustavus Adolphus, invaded Germany.
In April 1625, he was created Generalissimo of all With Wallenstein out of the way and the Imperial
the Imperial troops. He went on to recruit some army reduced in size and engaged in northern Italy,
24,000 troops to fight for the Emperor and Gustavus stormed from one victory to the next.
was made the Duke of Friedland. He and Tilly Even the combined armies of the Catholic League
made for a formidable combination, and the and what Imperial troops were available, led by the
three-pronged attack planned by the coalition came renowned Tilly, failed to stop the Swedes at the
to naught. First Battle of Breitenfeld. Tilly managed to rebuild
After shattering the armies of Christian an army but was defeated again at the Battle
von Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel and Ernst von of Rain in April 1632. He subsequently died of
Mansfield, the two Catholic generals then drove wounds received there. With the Catholic cause in
Christian IV back to Denmark. While Schleswig disarray, Wallenstein was reinstated by the Emperor
and Jutland were occupied by Tilly, Wallenstein and rapidly rebuilt his army.
occupied Mecklenburg. As a reward for this This list covers German Imperial and
success, Friedrich II made Wallenstein Catholic League armies of the early
Duke of Mecklenburg and named him Thirty Years’ War from the start of
“General of the whole Imperial Fleet the Bohemian revolt in 1618 until
and Lord of the Atlantic and the death of Tilly in June 1632. It also
Baltic”. Wallenstein also invaded includes the armies of Savoy that were
Pomerania, but failed to take the involved in the minor conflicts in and
important city of Stralsund due to around Italy, such as the War of the
Danish and Swedish intervention. Mantuan Succession, 1628–1631.
Another attack on Wallenstein’s
army by the Danes was routed with
loss, but, fearing a Swedish Graf von Tilly
27
WARS OF RELIGION
Imperial pikemen, 1618, by Darko Pavlovic © Osprey Publishing Ltd. Taken from Men-at-Arms 457:
Imperial Armies of the Thirty Years’ War (1): Infantry and artillery.
28
TROOP NOTES Whilst ideally the Kürassiere were three-quarter

Regiments of the Catholic League, especially armoured from head to knee, this was not always
those of Bavarian origin, tended to be a lot larger possible; some units fell below the standard and
than Imperial regiments. They commonly fielded were closer to Bandellier Reiter in their equipment.
about 2,000 to 2,500 men in actual fighting Despite this, they still charged to contact and
strength, whilst imperial regiments tended to reserved their pistols for combat rather than
have no more than 1,000 (although most were shooting at longer range.
substantially larger on paper). Due to this, and Tartshier were a development from the old
Tilly’s obsession with arranging his pikes in a Landsknecht forlorn hope troops and EARLY THIRTY YEARS’
WAR GERMAN
somewhat old fashioned wide and deep formation were equipped with armour and shield CATHOLIC
based on the square root method, League infantry that were supposedly bullet proof, and
regiments can be fielded as Early Tercios. Other swords. Their main role by this time
regiments formed up in smaller bodies and are was to disperse “unprotected”
therefore classified as Later Tercios. musketeers i.e. those not
Crabaten (Croats), Ungarn & Kossaken are supported by pike.
collective terms for various light eastern type Montecuccoli also
auxiliary riders of varying quality. At the start wanted them to front
of the war they were mainly Polish Kossacks. pike formations,
After control of Hungary had passed back to the but he admitted
Habsburgs, the majority were Hungarian hussars that this was unlikely
(though these were commonly recruited in to happen in practice.
Croatia). They were found in substantial numbers
mainly in Imperial armies, so should not be used
for pure Catholic League armies. Veteran infantryman
EARLY THIRTY YEARS’ WAR GERMAN CATHOLIC STARTER ARMY

Each comprising 4 bases of kürassiere: Superior, Heavily Armoured, Horse –
Kürassiere 2 BGs
Bandellier Reiter 1 BG 4 bases of bandellier reiter: Average, Armoured, Horse – Carbine, Melee Pistol
Infantry Regiments (LT) 3 BGs
Foot – Pike; and 6 Average, Unarmoured, Medium Foot – Musket (Later Tercio)
Musketencompanien 1 BG 6 bases of musketencompanien: Average, Unarmoured, Medium Foot – Musket
Crabaten, Ungarn and 4 bases of crabaten, ungarn and kossaken: Average, Unarmoured, Light Horse –
1 BG
Kossaken Carbine
Field artillery 1 BG 2 bases of field artillery: Average Medium Artillery – Medium Artillery
29
WARS OF RELIGION
BUILDING A CUSTOMISED LIST ( Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly), and be

USING OUR ARMY POINTS either a Great Commander or a Field
Choose an army based on the maxima and Commander.
minima in the list below. The following special • Savoyard armies can only include Core
instructions apply to this army: Troops, a single battle group of Light Horse,
Dragoons, Militia and Field Fortifications.
• Commanders should be depicted as • Only one allied contingent may be fielded.
Kürassiere. • Battle groups designated as “(ET)” and
• If Tilly’s veterans are used, the C-in-C must “(LT)” respectively count as early tercios
be Johann t’Serclaes, Graf von Tilly and later tercios as defined in the rule book.

Sub-commanders
Troop Type Capabilities Points Bases per Total
Troop name
Type Armour Quality Shooting Impact Melee per base BG bases
Core Troops
Heavily
Horse Elite – Pistol Pistol 19 4 0–4
Armoured
Any date
Heavily
Kürassiere Horse Superior – Pistol Pistol 16 4 4–16 4–24
Armoured
Only from
1628
Armoured 11 0–12
Bandellier Reiter Horse Average Carbine – Pistol 4–6 4–18
Unarmoured 9 4–18
Only Medium Foot Unarmoured Average Musket – – 8 6 12
Catholic
Infantry League army Heavy Foot Armoured Average – Pike Pike 6 6 (ET) 9–72
regiments
Medium Foot Unarmoured Average Musket – – 8 6 9
Any
Medium Medium
Field artillery – Average – – 20 2, 3 or 4 2–4
Artillery Artillery
Optional Troops
Only Tilly’s
Medium Foot Unarmoured Superior Musket – – 11 6
Tilly’s League army 12
0–36
veterans from 1622 to (ET)
1631
Medium Foot Unarmoured Superior Musket – – 11 6 9
Other veteran infantry 0–18
Militia Medium Foot Unarmoured Poor Musket – – 6 6 9
Any 0–36
regiments Heavy Foot Unarmoured Poor – Pike Pike 3 3 (LT)
Crabaten, Ungarn & Light Horse Unarmoured Average Carbine – – 7 4–6
0–12
Kossaken Light Horse Unarmoured Average Carbine – Pistol 9 4–6
Schützenkompanien Light Foot Unarmoured Superior Musket – – 10 4 0–4
30
Musketenkompanien Medium Foot Unarmoured Average Musket – – 7 4–6 0–12

Heavy Foot or Heavily
Tartschier Superior – – Swordsmen 10 4–6 0–6
Medium Foot Armoured
Heavy Heavy
Artillery Artillery
Field
Fortifications
Allies
Spanish allies (before 1626) – Later Imperial Spanish
French allies (only Savoy 1625 to 1626) – Early 17th Century French

WAR GERMAN
CATHOLIC
Imperial musketeers, 1618, by Darko Pavlovic © Osprey Publishing Ltd. Taken from Men-at-Arms 457:
31
WARS OF RELIGION
EARLY THIRTY YEARS’ WAR GERMAN CATHOLIC ALLIES

Allied commander Great Commander/Field Commander/Troop Commander 80/50/35 1
Troop name
Heavily
Any date Horse Superior – Pistol Pistol 16 4 4–12
Armoured
Kürassiere 4–12
Only from
1628
Armoured 11 0–4
Bandellier Reiter Horse Average Carbine – Pistol 4–6 4–8
Unarmoured 9 4–8
Only Catholic Medium Foot Unarmoured Average Musket – – 8 6 12
Infantry League army Heavy Foot Armoured Average – Pike Pike 6 6 (ET)
9–36
regiments Medium Foot Unarmoured Average Musket – – 8 6 9
Any
Crabaten, Light Horse Unarmoured Average Carbine – – 7 4
Ungarn & Only Imperial 0–4
Kossaken Light Horse Unarmoured Average Carbine – Pistol 9 4
Medium Medium
Field artillery – Average – – 20 2 0–2
Artillery Artillery
HUNGARIAN-TRANSYLVANIAN
T his list covers the Hungarian-

Transylvanian armies of Bethlen Gábor
during the Thirty Years’ War from 1618 – 1626,
staunchly Roman Catholic Hungarian nobility
rejected him.
In September 1619 Bethlen started his first
and also those of György I Rákóczi until the peace major campaign against Habsburg Hungary,
of Linz in December 1645. swiftly conquering most of Upper Hungary
Depending on the point of view, these wars including Pressburg, modern day Bratislava, the
were either an uprising against the Habsburg key to Lower Austria. By October 1619 it looked
overlords or the actions of an independent (but as though Bethlen’s army would join forces with
Turkish supported) realm during the chaos that the Bohemian Protestant army, which would
was the Thirty Years’ War. Whilst these rulers have caused serious problems for the Catholic
were the Fürsten von Siebenbürgen (Dukes of forces. However de Homonnay, an old enemy
Transylvania) many of their troops came from of Bethlen, had assembled a force in Poland
other parts of Hungary and invaded Upper Hungary, obliging Bethlen
Bethlen Gábor was a Calvinist nobleman from to march back to defend it and thus probably
Transylvania who, thanks to Turkish assistance, saving Vienna.
won the title of Prince of Transylvania in 1613. In January 1620 Bethlen was “officially”
Equally hostile to Austria and to the Ottoman crowned King of Hungary and immediately
Turks (but able to hide this very well), he sought proclaimed religious tolerance throughout his
to use both in order to create a united Hungary. realm. For the whole year Bethlen kept up small
Whilst many of the common people in scale operations, securing additional parcels of
Hungary favoured him, large sections of the territory for his Hungarian realm.
32
HUNGARIAN–TRANSYLVANIAN
After his Bohemian allies suffered total defeat but succeeded in preserving the political and
at the Battle of White Mountain in 1621, Bethlen territorial integrity of Transylvania for years to
ceased all further advances and tried to negotiate come. What set Bethlen apart were his diplomatic
a peace treaty with Emperor Friedrich II, but was skills and economically sound politics. The former
rejected. After several incursions into Lower allowed him to get comparably generous peace
Austria and taking parts of Moravia, Bethlen terms every time even although he had broken
was finally able to coerce Friedrich II into peace former treaties, and the latter permitted him
talks, much to his relief as he was convinced that to actually sustain his army without relying on
without additional aid from either Venice or plunder and foraging as much as other armies did EARLY THIRTY YEARS’
WAR GERMAN
the Turks he would not be able to keep going. during the Thirty Years’ War. CATHOLIC
The peace of Nikolsburg granted Bethlen the After Bethlen’s death his younger brother Istvan HUNGARIAN-
TRANSYLVANIAN
right to several counties in Hungary, but obliged followed him on the throne, but abdicated after
him to renounce the Hungarian Crown and give just two months, freeing the way for György I
up the recently conquered areas. Rákóczi. While György favoured a very aggressive
However, this peace wasn’t to last long. Having anti-Habsburg policy, he lacked the many talents
secured support from the Turks, and believing the of Bethlen, and as a result also lacked the money
Protestants had the Imperial forces well occupied, and troops. So for almost 18 years he was just a
Bethlen started a new offensive in mid 1623. Again nuisance to the Habsburgs. While he undertook
he swiftly conquered large areas of Hungary and regular large scale raids into Habsburg Hungary,
Moravia, and moved in on lower Austria. This time these had very little lasting effect and only served
there was even a Turkish army ready to join forces to make him unpopular with the Hungarian
with him. Before this came to pass, however, people. Only in 1643, after he agreed to treaties
massive logistical problems, in part created by the first with the Swedes and shortly after also with
Catholic Hungarian nobility, forced Bethlen to France, did he receive the economic backing and
offer a truce (something Wallenstein had urged experienced military advisors needed to conduct a
Friedrich to offer already) and fell back. large scale invasion into Hungary. During the next
By mid 1624 a new treaty had been two years he managed to occupy most of Hungary.
signed, more or less reinstating the Just before he could take Pressburg, and
treaty of Nikolsburg. combine his forces with the Swedish army
A third attack by Bethlen in 1626 under Lennart Torstensson, political
went along similar lines. He was pressure by the Ottomans forced him to
militarily successful but unable to keep abandon further military action.
his army supplied without resorting to
the same brutal foraging methods other TROOP NOTES
Thirty Years’ War armies employed. Bethlen’s Transylvanian and
Thus Bethlen was again forced to sue for Hungarian troops were frequently
peace. The treaty of Pressburg again veterans with considerable combat
restated the terms of Nikolsburg. experience, but were mostly used to
In the end Bethlen had failed
to create a united Hungary, Szekler
33
WARS OF RELIGION
fighting Turkish border troops in a style of warfare this area (aside of Hungary-Transylvania just being
consisting of skirmishes, raids and counter-raids. somewhat of a backwater) is that such armour was
Owing to the nature of the fighting in the area, effective against the arrows of the Turks thus saving
the heavy infantry that had become the mainstay the horseman – although their unprotected horses
in the rest of Europe was rare and not very good. would still suffer badly. Over time, and with more
Hence Bethlen found it necessary to supplement exposure to the western way of war one assumes,
his native troops with mercenary infantry. they changed to the somewhat less complete, but
Additionally he lacked sufficient artillery by the stronger around vital areas, armour of the German
standards of the day. Cuirassiers. Those that couldn’t afford the more
The nature of the warfare that Transylvania was complete armour found themselves among the
involved in allowed traditional lancers to survive far Viteji or Hussars.
longer in this area than in other neighbouring Dorobanti are Wallachian and Transylvanian
countries. They appear to have still formed the core mercenaries using muskets and large axes. We
of the heavy cavalry in Bethlen’s army in 1619 classify them as Musket*, Heavy Weapon.
& 1620. Whilst over time they adopted pistols Haiduks were border settlers and highly
in addition to their other weapons, they still skilled at guerrilla type warfare. Classification of
maintained an aggressive charging attack as Szekler foot is problematic as we know very little
their usual doctrine. For defence they wore about them, but they generally seem to have
“Trabharnische“ – basically 3/4 plate armour – at the fought in a similar style to the Haiduks, so we
start of this period. This style of armour was group them together.
considered outdated by the end of the 16th century Peasants armed with arquebus fought in
in western Europe. One theory for its survival in support of Bethlen’s mercenary infantry.
HUNGARIAN-TRANSYLVANIAN STARTER ARMY

4 bases of boyars: Superior, Heavily Armoured, Gendarmes – Light Lancers,
Boyars 1 BG
Melee Pistol
Viteji 1 BG 4 bases of viteji: Average, Unarmoured, Horse – Carbine, Melee Pistol
Hussars 1 BG 4 bases of hussars: Average, Unarmoured, Cavalry – Carbine, Melee Pistol
Each comprising 4 bases of hussars: Average, Unarmoured, Light Horse – Bow,
Hussars 3 BGs
Swordsmen
Hussars 1 BG 4 bases of hussars: Average, Unarmoured, Light Horse – Bow
4 bases of szekler or veteran Hussars: Superior, Unarmoured, Cavalry – Bow,
Szekler or veteran Hussars 1 BG
Swordsmen
Seimeni 1 BG 3 bases of seimeni: Average, Unarmoured, Dragoons – Musket
6 bases of dorobanti: Average, Unarmoured, Heavy Foot – Musket*,
Dorobanti 1 BG
Heavy Weapon
Haiduks 1 BG 6 bases of haiduks: Superior, Unarmoured, Medium Foot – Musket, Swordsmen
34
BUILDING A CUSTOMISED LIST • Commanders should be depicted as Boyars.

USING OUR ARMY POINTS • Battle groups designated as “(LT)” count as
Choose an army based on the maxima and later tercios as defined in the rule book.
minima in the list below. The following special
Sub-commanders
Troop Type Capabilities Points Bases Total HUNGARIAN-
Troop name TRANSYLVANIAN
Core Troops
4–12 before
Only
Heavily Heavy 1621
before Gendarmes Superior – Swordsmen 21 4–6
Armoured Lancers 0–8 from
1629
1621 4–
Boyars
Heavily Light 0–8 before 12
Gendarmes Superior – Pistol 21 4–6
Armoured Lancers 1621
Any date
Light 4–12 from
Cavaliers Armoured Superior – Pistol 19 4–6
Lancers 1621
Armoured 11
Viteji Horse Average Carbine – Pistol 4–6 4–12
Unarmoured 9
Carbine – Pistol 10
Cavalry Unarmoured Average
Bow – Swordsmen 10
4–6 8–40
Light Bow – Swordsmen 9 8–
Hussars Unarmoured Average
Horse Carbine – Pistol 9 40
Light Bow – – 7
Unarmoured Average 4–6 0–12
Horse Carbine – – 7
Unarmoured Superior
Cavalry
Szekler or veteran Carbine – Pistol 16
Armoured Superior 4–6 4–16
Hussars Bow – Swordsmen 16
Light Carbine – Pistol 12
Unarmoured Superior
Horse Bow – Swordsmen 12
Optional Troops
Seimeni Dragoons Unarmoured Average Musket – – 8 3 or 4 0–8
Unarmoured Heavy Heavy 7
Dorobanti Heavy Foot Average Musket* 6–8 0–12
Armoured Weapon Weapon 8
Average 7 0–18
Light Foot Unarmoured Musket – – 6–8
Superior 10 0–
Haiduks or Szekler Foot 0–6
Medium Superior 11 18
Unarmoured Musket – Swordsmen 6–8
Foot Average 7 0–12
Peasants Only
Medium
armed with before Unarmoured Poor Arquebus – – 4 6–12 0–12
Foot
arquebus’ 1627
Peasants Mob Unarmoured Poor – – – 2 8–12 0–12
Armoured 11
Mercenary Arquebusiers Horse Average Carbine – Pistol 4 0–8
Unarmoured 9
35
WARS OF RELIGION
Only
Mercenary Heavily Superior 16
before Horse – Pistol Pistol 4
Cuirassiers Armoured Average 12
1635
0–8
Mercenary
Only from
demi- Horse Armoured Average – Pistol Pistol 10 4
1635
cuirassiers
Only Medium
before Foot
(LT)
Mercenary 1627 Heavy Foot Armoured Average – Pike Pike 6 3
0–27
Infantry Medium
Any date Foot 6
Medium Medium
Field Guns – Average – – 20 2 0–2
Artillery Artillery
HUNGARIAN–TRANSYLVANIAN ALLIES
Troop name
4–8 before
Only
Heavily Heavy 1621
before Gendarmes Superior – Swordsmen 21 4–6
Armoured Lancers 0–4 from
1629
1621 4–
Boyars
Heavily Light 0–4 before 8
Gendarmes Superior – Pistol 21 4–6
Armoured Lancers 1621
Any date
Light 4–8 from
Cavaliers Armoured Superior – Pistol 19 4–6
Lancers 1621
Armoured 11
Viteji Horse Average Carbine – Pistol 4–6 0–6
Unarmoured 9
Cavalry Unarmoured Average
Bow – Swordsmen 10 4–6 4–20
Bow – Swordsmen 9 4–
Hussars Unarmoured Average
Light Carbine – Pistol 9 20
Horse Bow – – 7 4–6 0–6
Unarmoured Average
Carbine – – 7
Unarmoured Superior
Cavalry
Szekler or veteran Carbine – Pistol 16
Armoured Superior 4–6 4–8
Hussars Bow – Swordsmen 16
Light Carbine – Pistol 12
Unarmoured Superior
Horse Bow – Swordsmen 12
EARLY CAROLINE ENGLISH
U nlike his father James I (of England, VI of

Scotland), Charles I was romantic and
somewhat impetuous. He was thus willing to
His first foreign expedition was against Spain,
with an attack on Cádiz in 1625. Whilst his
Parliament was willing to fund a naval expedition,
involve England in foreign wars, which were Charles wished to send an army, which resulted in
universally unsuccessful. a poorly supplied force being landed under the
36
command of Sir Edward Cecil. Despite Cecil this, by the late 1630s Charles had managed to stir
being an experienced soldier (he had seen extensive up religious controversy in England and Scotland.
service in Dutch pay) he had no experience of By trying to enforce a new prayer book on his
naval expeditions, which resulted in the army Scottish kingdom, he caused them to rebel against
being landed in the wrong place without enough him under the aegis of the “Solemn League and
food or water. When the hungry and thirsty Covenant” which led to the two “Bishops’ Wars”.
soldiers found a supply of wine, nearly the whole As with his earlier military adventures, both of these
army was reduced to drunkenness. Cecil decided were disasters for Charles. Although there was no
the situation was hopeless. Abandoning the fighting in the first war, in the second a Scottish
expedition, he re-embarked the army, although the army invaded England, defeating Charles’ army at
Spanish captured 1,000 men who were still drunk. the Battle of Newburn and capturing Newcastle, HUNGARIAN-
TRANSYLVANIAN
Despite this disaster, Charles again sent an thus forcing Charles into a humiliating peace. EARLY CAROLINE
expedition overseas in 1627, this time to France. If trouble with his Scottish subjects was not ENGLISH
Charles’s favourite, the Duke of Buckingham, was enough, his Catholic Irish subjects then raised a
in command, and the aim was to aid the French rebellion in 1641, leading to a war that lasted until
Huguenots. This expedition landed on the Île 1652 when the rebellion was finally crushed by
de Ré in an attempt to capture the town of the army of the English Commonwealth.
Saint-Martin. As with Cádiz, the expedition This list covers the pre-Civil War English
was badly supplied and the attempt was a failure. armies of the reign of Charles I, including the
The army had to be re-embarked and withdrawn. overseas expeditions to Spain and France and the
In 1628 two attempts were made to send two Bishops’ Wars of 1639 and 1640. It also
reinforcements to La Rochelle, but both were includes various armies in Ireland from 1634,
dismal failures, with the English forces having no when the army was organised by Viscount
effect at all. La Rochelle was forced to surrender. Wentworth, through its partial disbandment on
Following this embarrassment, Charles realised his impeachment, reinforcement on the outbreak
that England was in no position to effectively of the Irish rebellion in 1641, and fragmentation
intervene on the Continent, and no further following the cessation of 1643 which allowed
expeditions were sent abroad during the period some troops to be sent to fight for the king
Charles ruled without calling a Parliament. Despite in England.
EARLY CAROLINE ENGLISH STARTER ARMY

Horse 2 BGs Each comprising 4 bases of horse: Average, Armoured, Horse – Carbine, Melee Pistol
Horse 1 BG 4 bases of horse: Average, Unarmoured, Horse – Carbine, Melee Pistol
Cuirassiers 1 BG 4 bases of cuirassiers: Average, Heavily Armoured, Horse – Impact Pistol, Melee Pistol
Each comprising 6 bases of foot: 2 Average, Armoured, Heavy Foot – Pike;
Foot 6 BGs
and 4 Average, Unarmoured, Medium Foot – Musket*
Medium Artillery 1 BG 2 bases of medium artillery: Average Medium Artillery – Medium Artillery
37
WARS OF RELIGION
TROOP NOTES • Commanders should be depicted as

A unit of cuirassiers was raised in Ireland at the Cuirassiers or Horse.
time of the Bishops’ Wars for service in England • Only one Cuirassier battle group can be used.
– there is no evidence of it serving in Ireland. • Armies in Ireland cannot have more than
At this time English cavalry were using four battle groups of mounted troops, all of
“Harquebusier” tactics and later, in the First which must be Unarmoured.
English Civil War, Haselrigge’s “Lobsters” at • The minimum marked * only applies after
Roundway Down may have received a Royalist 1629 or if any mounted troops are fielded.
charge halted – which possibly indicates that This represents the wholly infantry armies
English cuirassiers did not charge in the way their sent to Spain and France.
continental counterparts would. However, we give
them the benefit of the doubt and allow them the Cuirassier
option of Pistol Impact Phase capability.
Despite the existence of theoretically well
equipped and at least partly drilled “Trained
Band” militia, Charles instead chose to raise
forces for the Bishops’ Wars by commission. These
forces proved to be badly equipped and poorly
motivated, and some northern levies are stated
to have actually turned up armed with bills and
longbows instead of pikes and muskets. The horse,
however, proved to be somewhat better and
performed acceptably, although they were beaten
at Newburn.
BUILDING A CUSTOMISED LIST

USING OUR ARMY POINTS
Choose an army based on the maxima and
38

Sub-commanders
Troop name
Core Troops
Average 11
Armoured Carbine – Pistol 4
Poor 8
Horse Horse *8–24
Average 9
Unarmoured Carbine – Pistol 4
Poor 7
Medium
Any outside Unarmoured Average Musket* – – 7 4
Foot 6 24–144
Ireland EARLY CAROLINE
ENGLISH
Medium
Foot Only in Foot 6 24–96
Ireland Heavy Foot Unarmoured Average – Pike Pike 5 2
from 1634 Medium
to 1643 Unarmoured Poor Musket* – – 5 4
Foot 6 0–48
Heavy Heavy
Artillery Artillery
0–4
Medium Medium
Medium artillery – Average – – 20 2, 3 or 4 0–4
Artillery Artillery
Optional Troops
Heavily – Pistol Pistol 12
Cuirassiers Horse Average 2 or 4 0–4
Armoured Carbine – Pistol 13
Only before
Dragoons Unarmoured Average Arquebus – – 7 2, 3 or 4
1634
Dragoons 0–4
Only from
Dragoons Unarmoured Average Musket – – 8 2, 3 or 4
1634
Special Campaigns
Only Bishops’ Wars 1639 and 1640
Replace Foot with poorly Medium Unarmoured Poor Musket* – – 5 4
equipped and motivated Foot 6 All
levies Heavy Foot Unarmoured Poor – Pike Pike 3 2
Replace Dragoons with
poorly equipped and Dragoons Unarmoured Poor Arquebus – – 5 2, 3 or 4 All
motivated troops
Medium
Unarmoured Poor Bow* – – 3 4
Ill equipped northern Foot
6 0–12
levies Heavy Heavy
Heavy Foot Unarmoured Poor – 3 2
Weapon Weapon
Sconces and other Field
– – – – – 3 – 0–10
earthworks Fortifications
39
WARS OF RELIGION
EARLY CAROLINE ENGLISH ALLIES

Troop name
Average 9
Horse Horse Unarmoured Carbine – Pistol 4 0–8
Poor 7
Medium
Unarmoured Average Musket* – – 7 4
Foot Foot 6 12–48
Medium Medium
Medium artillery – Average – – 20 2 0–2
Artillery Artillery
EARLY THIRTY YEARS’ WAR SWEDISH
S weden had long desired to break the Danish

domination of the Baltic Sea, and one part
of Gustavus Adolphus’ plan to manage this was
Gustavus and Johann Georg met Tilly in battle
in September 1631. Despite the Saxon army
fleeing from the field at the first clash, the well
for Sweden to obtain a foothold on the German drilled and confident Swedish army went on to
Baltic coast of Pomerania. Having brought his completely defeat Tilly’s League army. The most
latest war with Poland to an end in 1629 with the significant result of the battle was that it finally
generally favourable Truce of Altmark, Gustavus decided the minds of German Protestants, who
was free to intervene in the Thirty Years’ War. now flocked to Gustavus’ banner. This was vital as
On 6th July 1630 Swedish troops arrived at Sweden was too small to provide the necessary
Usedom, off Pomerania, to join 5,000 men already manpower for an extended war in Germany, and
at Stralsund, and the build up continued slowly was too poor to finance it. German soldiers, raised
over the course of the year. To reinforce his ability by German officers, were an absolute necessity.
to wage a war in Germany, Sweden being a poor Following Breitenfeld the Swedes and their
country, Gustavus concluded an alliance with German allies proceeded to advance into southern
France, which provided him with a cash subsidy of Germany, carrying all before them. Tilly was killed
400,000 talers annually. in early 1632 and the Emperor was forced to recall
Despite his arrival at a low point for the Wallenstein, whom he had previously sacked at
Protestant cause in the war, and his stated aim, the insistence of the Imperial Princes. 1632 saw the
whether true or not, of restoring “German King and Wallenstein campaigning over large areas
liberties”, there was little immediate support for of Germany, with the King desperate to force a
Gustavus. It took a combination of the Edict of major battle and, hopefully, destroy the Imperial
Restitution, the sack of Magdeburg and the army, setting the stage for him to dictate terms to
Emperor authorising Tilly to demand supplies the Emperor. His eagerness for battle caused the
from Saxony to force the reluctant Elector of King to attempt a foolish attack on Wallenstein
Saxony, Johann Georg, to join the Swedes, bringing when he was heavily entrenched at Alte Veste,
with him a well equipped army of 18,000 men. where failure cost him many men. Later in the year,
40
however, his chance came as he caught Wallenstein son-in-law, Gustav Horn, and the German prince,
at Lützen when Wallenstein had started to disperse Bernhard von Sachsen-Weimar, took command of
his army into winter quarters. The resulting battle the army, having to put down a mutiny caused by
was long, confused and bloody, with the Swedes lack of pay as one of their first acts.
once again attacking the Imperial army in a well Despite the loss of Gustavus, the war continued
chosen position. At the end of the day both to go well for the Swedes and their allies. This was
Gustavus and the inspirational Imperial cavalry helped by the murder of Wallenstein in early 1634.
general, Papenheim, were dead, and the cream of However, much as with Breitenfeld, the whole
the Swedish infantry had been shattered. However, situation was to be turned on its head by a single
Wallenstein had also lost heavily and chose to battle, Nördlingen. Here the armies of Horn and
withdraw under cover of darkness, which allowed Sachsen-Weimar foolishly attacked the combined
the Swedes to claim victory as they held the field. forces of the Emperor and the Spanish Cardinal- EARLY CAROLINE
The death of Gustavus was a serious blow to the Infante who were well entrenched in a good position. ENGLISH
Swedes and they were somewhat paralysed by his Another bloody battle ensued, resulting in the WAR SWEDISH
loss. Politically the chancellor, Oxenstierna, now led almost complete destruction of the infantry of the
Sweden, but who was to lead the army was less clear. Swedish armies in repeated brave, but futile, attacks
In the end the Swedish marshal, and Oxenstierna’s on the veteran Spanish tercios brought from Italy.
Gustavus Adolphus and Swedish cavalry at Lützen, 1632, by Richard Hook © Osprey Publishing Ltd.
Taken from Men-at-Arms 262: The Army of Gustavus Adolphus (2): Cavalry.
41
WARS OF RELIGION
Swedish cavalry is the first definitive evidence that this formation

depth was being used in Germany by the Swedes,
who had deployed deeper in their wars against the
Poles. It is, however, unclear if this was a recent
change or more established, and so we optionally
allow such formations (as represented by the
Determined Horse classification) for the whole
period of this list.
The Finnish cavalry, known as Hakkapeliita from
their war cry of “hakkaa päälle!” (hack them down),
were better mounted and had a fearsome reputation
for savagery and brutality. They were the best of
Gustavus’ cavalry and at Lützen he turned to them
Inevitably, the to attack the Imperial cuirassiers who were the
cavalry were better greatest threat – “charge me those blacke fellows soundly:
placed to escape, but for the time for they are the men who will undo us”. There is some
being the Swedes had no field army in being. uncertainty about how well equipped the Finns
This list covers the Swedish armies in were. Certainly at times they were not equipped to
Germany during the so called “Swedish phase” of the standard required of the Swedish cavalry, but this
the Thirty Years’ War, from Gustavus’ landing in may not have been the case for the troops in
1630 until the first battle of Nördlingen in 1634. Germany. Both interpretations are allowed for.
Long service German mercenary cavalry
TROOP NOTES adopted Swedish tactics, however, we assume
Up to the first battle of Breitenfeld in 1631, the that more recently recruited units may have at
Swedish native cavalry was poorly horsed and so least initially
cannot be rated above Average, despite their retained their
undoubted good morale. Following the decisive traditional
defeat of Tilly’s army at this battle, and the flood tactics.
of support from German Protestants thereafter,
better mounts became available in significant
numbers and were allocated to the native cavalry,
sometimes to the detriment of the German units.
Even then this was no guarantee that the cavalry
would do well; one account from the Battle of
Lützen in 1632 states: “Had not our foote stoode like
a wall, there had not a man of us come off alive …
our horse did but poorely”.
The Swedish and German cavalry at the Battle
of Lützen are shown as being deployed 3 ranks
deep, unlike the Imperialists who are 6 deep. This Swedish infantry with regimental gun
42

WAR SWEDISH
The Yellow Regiment at Lützen 1632, by Richard Hook © Osprey Publishing Ltd. Taken from Men-at-
Arms 235: The Army of Gustavus Adolphus (1): Infantry.
EARLY THIRTY YEARS’ WAR SWEDISH STARTER ARMY

Swedish lätta ryttare and Each comprising 4 bases of Swedish lätta rytarre or veteran German cavalry:
2 BGs
veteran German cavalry Average, Armoured, Determined Horse – Impact Pistol, Melee Pistol
4 bases of mercenary karbinryttare: Average, Unarmoured, Horse – Carbine,
Mercenary karbinryttare 1 BG
Melee Pistol
7 bases of veteran “colour regiments”: 3 Superior, Armoured, Heavy Foot – Pike;
Veteran “colour regiments” 1 BG 4 Superior, Unarmoured, Medium Foot – Salvo; and 1 Superior Regimental
Guns (deployed in Swedish brigade)
Each comprising 7 bases of other regiments: 3 Average, Armoured, Heavy Foot –
Other regiments 2 BGs Pike; 4 Average, Unarmoured, Medium Foot – Salvo; and 1 Average Regimental
Guns (deployed in Swedish brigade)
6 bases of mercenary infantry regiments: 2 Average, Armoured, Heavy Foot –
Mercenary infantry regiments 1 BG
Pike; and 4 Average, Unarmoured, Medium Foot – Musket
2 bases of commanded shot: Average, Unarmoured, Medium Foot – Salvo; and
Commanded shot 1 BG
1 Average Regimental Guns
12-pounder guns 1 BG 2 bases of 12-pounder guns: Average, Medium Artillery – Medium Artillery
43
WARS OF RELIGION
BUILDING A CUSTOMISED LIST • At least half the Swedish brigade battle

USING OUR ARMY POINTS groups must have regimental guns.
Choose an army based on the maxima and • If any Commanded Shot battle groups have
minima in the list below. The following special regimental guns then all must.
instructions apply to this army: • Saxon allies in 1631 cannot have more than
one Average infantry battle group.
• Commanders should be depicted as lätta • Only one allied contingent may be fielded.
ryttare, with or without armour. Gustavus
should never be depicted in armour, however.

Sub-commanders
Troop Type Capabilities Points Bases
Troop name Total bases
Type Armour Quality Shooting Impact Melee per base per BG
Core Troops
Only before
Swedish Horse Armoured Average – Pistol Pistol 10 4
1633
lätta ryttare
Determine
and veteran Any date Armoured Average – Pistol Pistol 15 4 4–24
d Horse
German
Only from Determine
cavalry Armoured Superior – Pistol Pistol 21 4
1632 d Horse
Elite Impact 24
Cavaliers Armoured – Pistols 4
Mounted
Finnish hakkapeliita Superior 21 0–4
Elite Impact 21
Cavaliers Unarmoured – Swordsmen 4
Superior Mounted 18
Armoured 11
Mercenary karbinryttare Horse Average Carbine – Pistol 4–6 4–16
Unarmoured 9
Medium Superior 11
Commanded shot Unarmoured Salvo Salvo – 2 2–8
Foot Average 8
Only Medium
Unarmoured Elite Salvo Salvo – 13 4
Yellow Foot
+4 7 0–7
brigade
Heavy Foot Armoured Elite – Pike Pike 11 3
Infantry before 1633
deployed in Veteran Medium
Unarmoured Superior Salvo Salvo – 11 4 7–70
Swedish “colour Foot +4 7 7–28
brigades regiments” Heavy Foot Armoured Superior – Pike Pike 9 3
Medium
Other Unarmoured Average Salvo Salvo – 8 4
Foot +4 7 0–70
regiments
Elite 14
0–1 per
3-pounder guns attached Regimental Regimental Regimental
– Superior – 12 n/a Swedish
to Swedish brigades Guns Guns Guns
brigade BG
Average 9
Medium Medium 2, 3 or
12-pounder guns – Average – – 20
Artillery Artillery 4
2–6
Heavy Heavy 2, 3 or
24-pounder guns – Average – – 25
44
Optional Troops
Dragoons and mounted
Dragoons Unarmoured Average Musket – – 8 3 or 4 0–6
jägers
German or Livonian Heavily
cuirassiers Armoured
3-pounder
guns Superior 12 0 or 1 per
Only from Regimental Regimental Regimental
attached to – – n/a commanded
1632 Guns Guns Guns
commanded Average 9 shot BG
shot
Mercenary Medium
infantry Foot 6 0–36
1633
regiments Heavy Foot Armoured Average – Pike Pike 6 2
Allies
Saxon, Hessen – Kassel or other German Protestant allies – Early Thirty Years’ War German Protestant (only in 1631) or
Later Thirty Years’ War German (only from 1632)
French allies (only in 1632) – Early 17th Century French

WAR SWEDISH
EARLY THIRTY YEARS’ WAR SWEDISH ALLIES
Troop name
Only before
Swedish Horse Armoured Average – Pistol Pistol 10 4
1633
lätta ryttare
Determine
and veteran Any date Armoured Average – Pistol Pistol 15 4 4–8
d Horse
German
cavalry Only from Determine
Armoured Superior – Pistol Pistol 21 4
1632 d Horse
Armoured 11
Mercenary karbinryttare Horse Average Carbine – Pistol 4–6 0–8
Unarmoured 9
Medium Superior 11
Commanded shot Unarmoured Salvo Salvo – 2 0–4
Foot Average 8
Medium
Veteran Unarmoured Superior Salvo Salvo – 11 4
Foot
Infantry “colour +4 7 0–7
deployed in regiments” Heavy Foot Armoured Superior – Pike Pike 9 3
7–35
Swedish
Medium
brigades Other Unarmoured Average Salvo Salvo – 8 4
Foot +4 7 7–35
regiments
Superior Regimental Regimental 12 0–1 per
3-pounder guns attached Regimental
– – n/a Swedish
to Swedish brigades Guns Average Guns Guns 9 brigade BG
Medium Medium
12-pounder guns – Average – – 20 2 0–2
Artillery Artillery
45
WARS OF RELIGION
LATER THIRTY YEARS’ WAR GERMAN
T he First Battle of Breitenfeld had

transformed the military situation in
Germany. After this battle no army stood in the
Wallenstein captured Leipzig and then moved to
camp his army at Lützen for the winter.
Here on November 16th 1632 the Battle of
way of Gustavus Adolphus, as Wallenstein was Lützen was fought. The surprise attack Gustavus
still busy rebuilding his forces. The situation was had attempted turned out not to be a surprise, and
desperate enough that Ferdinand considered in fact Wallenstein had succeeded in drawing
withdrawing the Edict of Restitution and fleeing Gustavus out into a full-scale battle on his terms.
to Italy. By May 1632, Augsburg and Munich had The resulting battle was confused and bloody,
fallen to Gustavus, who was now at the height of but in the end Wallenstein chose to retreat and
his power. However, his future campaigns were fell back into Bohemia. The Swedes claimed
less successful. victory as they held the field, but at best this was
Avoiding an immediate direct confrontation, a Pyrrhic victory, they having lost, amongst their
Wallenstein moved to Nuremberg, entrenching many casualties, their charismatic King. Without
himself in a very strong position at the Alte Vetse. him the Protestant forces now lacked direction.
In September 1632, Gustavus launched an attack Count Horn and Bernhard von Sachsen-Weimar
on the Alte Veste that failed miserably, leading to tried to take over the Protestant forces, but they
many mercenaries deserting the Swedish force. lacked the authority of the late King.
Wallenstein then marched north to Saxony. Axel Oxenstierna, the regent for Gustavus’
Gustavus found himself powerless to stop him as daughter, called for a meeting of Sweden, the
Lower Saxon Circle and Saxony. The result was a
1. Gustavus’ attack.
2. Brahe’s attack.
defensive alliance, the Heilbronn League, whose
3. Bernard’s attack.
stated goal was to defend Protestantism in north
PAPPENHEIM
Germany. However, as the Saxon elector switched
to supporting the Emperor, the new league
HOLK
basically became a puppet of France and Sweden.
1
GUSTAVUS
In November 1633, the forces of this “defensive”
WALLENSTEIN
league had its first victory when it invaded Bavaria
2
KNYPHAUSEN and captured Regensburg.
COLLOREDO
At the same time there was growing disquiet
BRAHE
3
about Wallenstein within Imperialist ranks, not only
at the court in Vienna, but also within his army.
Lützen N It is difficult to account for Wallenstein’s actions.
ANHALT
BERNARD
0 500 yds
He was ill with gout and depression, and this may
0 500 m
have affected his decisions. He may also have been

The battle of Lützen, 1632 © Osprey Publishing playing a very complex strategy game which no-one
Ltd. Taken from Essential Histories 29: The else understood. The upshot of this was that in
Thirty Years’ War 1618–1648. early 1634 Ferdinand ordered Wallenstein’s arrest.
46
This order was made redundant when he was Germans) could not attack without French
murdered by some of his officers in February 1634. support, but the French Rhine army had been
The command of the Imperial army was now held back near Lorraine, so Bernhard was forced
given to Ferdinand, the son of the Emperor. He was to retreat and the Imperials took Kaiserslautern,
married to the Spanish Infanta, bringing both Heidelberg and besieged Mainz. When Bernard
houses of the Habsburgs closer together. Ferdinand was finally joined by the French in late July 1635,
(the son) also shared a friendship with the brother this allowed him to temporarily lift the siege
of his wife, the Spanish Cardinal-Infante Don of Mainz. With his army sadly diminished
Fernando. Both were able military leaders dedicated afterwards, Bernhard was then compelled to fall
to turning back the tide of Protestantism that swept back to Metz. As a result, Mainz fell to Imperial
through Europe, and their friendship re-vitalized forces in December 1635.
the Austrian-Spanish alliance. 1636 saw a partial reverse in fortunes as
The Imperial and Spanish armies joined forces Bernhard and La Valette made themselves the
in September 1634 near Nördlingen. They were masters of almost all of Upper Alsace, and in
opposed by the Protestant army under Horn and October 1636 an Imperial army was defeated by LATER THIRTY YEARS’
WAR GERMAN
Bernhard, who had planned to break them up and the Swedes at Wittstock, allowing the occupation
defeat each army on its own. Since that plan failed, most of north Germany. Matthias Gallas and
the outcome was a disaster for the Swedes, who his army had to be recalled from the so far
were heavily defeated and Horn was captured. rather successful French campaign to confront
With this one great victory, the power of the the Swedes. The Battle of Torgau saw the defeat
Emperor was suddenly restored. The Heilbronn of the Swedish army and forced them back to
League was in total disarray. The Protestants had Pomerania. Only the financial support of France
no army to speak of any more, while the Catholics allowed them to stay in the war at all.
now had two powerful armies again. It was almost In February 1637, the Emperor Ferdinand died
a reversal of the situation after Breitenfeld. By the and his son succeeded him as Ferdinand III.
Spring of 1635, all Swedish resistance in the south In late 1637 Bernhard fought two bloody
of Germany had been extinguished. A peace battles against Imperial armies. Although he lost
process which had been started in 1634 ended with the first, by winning at the second he was now in
the Peace of Prague in May 1635, which took a position to break Imperial power along the Rhine
most of the Protestant powers in German by taking the key fortress of Breisach. The siege of
out of the war. the fortress began in June 1638, but only after
This alarmed France, who, ever fearful receiving further French reinforcement was he
of a strong and seemingly united Holy strong enough to do so in earnest. Meanwhile
Roman Empire, but lacking the means to two Imperial armies, under the Bavarian
conduct a successful war herself, signed General Götz and the Imperial general
a treaty with Sweden in order to Savello, were sent out together with a
continue the fighting. convoy of reinforcements for Breisach.
Bernhard von Sachsen-Weimar, They failed to join forces and
commanding what was left of
the Swedish army (now mainly Kürassiere
47
WARS OF RELIGION
allowed themselves to be defeated in detail by Breitenfeld. In 1645, the Imperial army faced two
Bernhard who had been waiting for them. defeats, at Nördlingen by the French, and Jankau by
By 1638 the Swedes had also realised that they the Swedes. By now it had become clear that the
needed to use more than just German mercenaries Holy Roman Empire was no longer in a position to
to fight their war, and had recruited reinforcements continue the war. On the other hand, its opponents
of over 14,000 men in Sweden. However, plans for were too weak to actually defeat it. Later in the same
a joint Franco–Swedish campaign in 1639 came year, Sweden and Saxony signed a peace agreement,
to naught when Bernhard contracted the plague which meant that by 1646 Ferdinand III could no
and died that summer. After some discussion, longer expect support from Saxony, Brandenburg
his colonels determined to serve their paymasters or Spain.
the French, and entered into an agreement under Finally, in 1647, Maximilian of Bavaria was
which the troops were to continue as a separate forced by the Swedes and French to withdraw
army in the service of France. Meanwhile the his support to Ferdinand. When he broke this
Swedes, having hoped in vain for the appearance agreement in 1648, Swedish and French forces
of a French force, turned towards Saxony and devastated Bavaria, leaving Maximilian no choice
swept through it, defeating the Imperials under but to sign a truce. Bereft of all support, Ferdinand
Ferdinand’s brother, the Archduke Leopold- III finally agreed to the Peace of Westphalia,
Wilhelm, at Chemintz in April 1639. ending the Thirty Years’ War.
With the problems around Bernhard over, the This list covers German armies of the later
French and Swedes renewed their plans for a joint Thirty Years’ War from May 1632 to the end of
campaign. However, despite a powerful force being the war in 1648.
assembled in 1640, the results were less than
impressive. The Imperial forces, now under TROOP NOTES
Piccolomini, wisely refused battle. The Swedish After the Swedish intervention, armies across
commander, Banér, did not press the issue, and Germany adopted formations that were similar to,
drifted aimlessly through central Germany toward if not exactly the same as, the Swedish ones. The
the Weser. In the end, nothing was accomplished. infantry abandoned deep formations very quickly,
A second campaign, involving the armies of in fact many had already done so by the start of
Sweden, France and Brunswick, again accomplished this list, but the cavalry held onto older formations
nothing, with Banér spending all his energies for longer.
quarrelling with the French commander, de In the aftermath of the Battle of Lützen,
Guebriant. Upon his return from the central Wallenstein noted that the “unarmoured” cavalry
German campaign, Banér fell sick and died in May (the Bandellier Reiter of this list) were the ones
1641. His army, whose discipline had always been who had fled, whilst the armoured cavalry had
problematic at best, started to mutiny. stood and fought. He therefore ordered that all
In July 1641, Brandenburg and Sweden signed the cavalry be armoured and took away carbines
a truce. Many other German princes followed from those that had them. However, this was not
Brandenburg’s example to indicate their displeasure completed by the time of his assassination in
with Ferdinand III. In 1642, a Swedish army 1634, and some troops carried on in the old style
defeated an Imperial army at the Second Battle of throughout the war.
48
LATER THIRTY YEARS’

WAR GERMAN
Imperial pikemen, 1640, by Darko Pavlovic © Osprey Publishing Ltd. Taken from Men-at-Arms 457:
49
WARS OF RELIGION
Whilst German armies never adopted the other hand, would have discarded the armour
Swedish brigade system (and in fact the Swedes regardless. Whilst it is somewhat arbitrary, the
themselves abandoned it around 1635 in the aftermath of the Battle of Nördlingen has been
aftermath of the Battle of Nördlingen) regimental taken as a cut off point, as major battles became
guns did become a feature, at least for a while. less frequent after this, with armies just marching
As with most other armies of the period, across Germany much of the time – an occupation
armour was discarded as the campaigns wore on, that would discourage armour wearing.
especially amongst the infantry. However, the Crabaten (Croats), Ungarn & Kossaken
innate conservative nature of the Imperial armies are collective terms for various light eastern
meant that some regiments may have been issued type auxiliary riders of varying quality. They
with armour long after contemporaries had were found in substantial numbers mainly in
abandoned the practice. Veteran infantry, on the Imperial armies.
LATER THIRTY YEARS’ WAR GERMAN STARTER ARMY

4 bases of Kürassiere: Superior, Heavily Armoured Horse – Impact Pistol,
Kürassiere 1 BG
Melee Pistol
Kürassiere 1 BG 4 bases of Kürassiere: Superior, Armoured Horse – Impact Pistol, Melee Pistol
4 bases of Bandellier Reiter: Average, Unarmoured, Horse – Carbine,
Bandellier Reiter 1 BG
Melee Pistol
Each comprising 6 bases of infantry regiments: 2 Average, Armoured,
Infantry regiments 2 BGs
Heavy Foot – Pike; and 4 Average, Unarmoured, Medium Foot
6 bases of infantry regiments: 2 Average, Armoured, Heavy Foot – Pike; and 4
Infantry regiments 1 BG
Average, Unarmoured, Medium Foot – Musket; and 1 Average Regimental Gun
6 bases of infantry regiments: 2 Superior, Armoured, Heavy Foot – Pike; and 4
Veteran infantry regiments 1 BG
Superior, Unarmoured, Medium Foot – Musket; and 1 Superior Regimental Gun
Commanded shot 1 BG 2 bases of commanded shot: 2 Average, Unarmoured, Medium Foot – Musket
Dragoner 1 BG 3 bases of dragoons: Average, Unarmoured, Dragoons – Musket
Crabaten, Ungarn &
1 BG 4 bases of ungarn: Average, Unarmoured, Light Horse – Carbine
Kossaken
BUILDING A CUSTOMISED LIST • Protestant armies cannot use more than one
USING OUR ARMY POINTS battle group of Light Horse.
Choose an army based on the maxima and • Other than Catholic Imperial armies,
minima in the list below. The following special Armoured pike cannot be used from 1635.
instructions apply to this army: Catholic Imperial armies cannot have more
than half of their infantry regiments with
• Commanders should be depicted as Kürassiere. Armoured pike.
• Armies must be, nominally at least, either • No more than one allied contingent can
Catholic or Protestant. be used.
50

Sub-commanders
Troop name
Core Troops
Only before Heavily
1635 Armoured
Only from Heavily
Horse Superior – Pistol Pistol 16 4 0–8 4–24
1635 to 1638 Armoured
Kürassiere Any date Horse Armoured Average – Pistol Pistol 10 4
0–24
Determined Armoured 21
Superior – Pistol Pistol 4
Only from Horse Unarmoured 18
0–16
1635 Determined Armoured 15
Average – Pistol Pistol 4
Horse Unarmoured 12
Horse Armoured Average Carbine – Pistol 11 4–6 LATER THIRTY YEARS’
Bandellier Only before Horse Armoured Poor Carbine – Pistol 8 4–6 WAR GERMAN
4–18
Reiter 1635 Horse Unarmoured Average Carbine – Pistol 9 4–6
Horse Unarmoured Poor Carbine – Pistol 7 4–6
Medium
Any date Foot 6
12–60
regiments Medium
Foot 6
1635
0–1 per 2
Regimental Regimental Regimental
Falkone – Average – 9 n/a Infantry
Guns Guns Guns
Regiments
Light Light
Light artillery – Average – – 12 2
Artillery Artillery
2–6
Field guns – Average – – 20
Optional Troops
Bandellier Only from Horse Unarmoured Average Carbine – Pistol 9 4
0–12
Reiter 1635 Horse Unarmoured Poor Carbine – Pistol 7 4
Medium
Only before Unarmoured Superior Musket – – 11 4
Foot 6
Veteran 1635
infantry 0–18
Medium
regiments Only from Unarmoured Superior Musket – – 11 4
Foot 6
1635
Heavy Foot Unarmoured Superior – Pike Pike 8 2
0 or 1 per
Regimental Regimental Regimental Veteran
Falkone – Superior – 12 n/a
Guns Guns Guns Infantry
Regiment
Medium
Poor quality infantry Unarmoured Poor Musket – – 6 4
Foot 6 0–24
regiments
51
WARS OF RELIGION
Medium
Commanded shot Unarmoured Average Musket – – 8 2 0–6
Foot
Crabaten, Ungarn & Light Horse Unarmoured Average Carbine – – 7
4–6 0–12
Kossaken Light Horse Unarmoured Average Carbine – Pistol 9
Schützenkompanien Light Foot Unarmoured Superior Musket – – 10 4 0–4
Only Heavy Foot
Heavily Superior 10
Tartschier Imperial or Medium – – Swordsmen 4–6 0–6
Armoured Average 7
before 1639 Foot
Heavy Heavy
Artillery Artillery
Field
Fortifications
Allies
Spanish allies (only Catholics before 1640) – Later Imperial Spanish
Dutch allies (only Protestants) – Later Eighty Years’ War Dutch
French allies (only Protestants or Savoy from 1637) – Early 17th Century French (before 1635) or Thirty Years’ War French
(from 1635)
Swedish allies (only Protestants) – Early Thirty Years’ War Swedish (before 1635) or Later Thirty Years’ War Swedish and
Weimarian (from 1635)
LATER THIRTY YEARS’ WAR GERMAN ALLIES

Troop name
Only before Heavily
1635 Armoured
Only from Heavily
Horse Superior – Pistol Pistol 16 4 0–4 4–12
1635 to 1638 Armoured
Kürassiere Any date Horse Armoured Average – Pistol Pistol 10 4
0–12
Superior – Pistol Pistol 4
Only from Horse Unarmoured 18
0–8
1635 Determined Armoured 15
Average – Pistol Pistol 4
Horse Unarmoured 12
Horse Armoured Average Carbine – Pistol 11 4–6
Bandellier Only before Horse Armoured Poor Carbine – Pistol 8 4–6
4–8
Reiter 1635 Horse Unarmoured Average Carbine – Pistol 9 4–6
Horse Unarmoured Poor Carbine – Pistol 7 4–6
2, 3 or
Dragoner Dragoons Unarmoured Average Musket – – 8 0–4
4
Medium
Any date Foot 6
6–30
regiments Medium
Foot 6
1635
0–1 per 2
Regimental Regimental Regimental
Falkone – Average – 9 n/a Infantry
Guns Guns Guns
Regiments
Light Light
Artillery Artillery
0–2
Medium Medium
Field guns – Average – – 20 2
Artillery Artillery
52
LATER THIRTY YEARS’ WAR SWEDISH AND WEIMARIAN

WAR GERMAN
WAR SWEDISH AND
WEIMARIAN
The Imperial retreat, 1632, by Graham Turner © Osprey Publishing Ltd. Taken from Campaign 68:
Lützen 1632.
LATER THIRTY YEARS’ WAR SWEDISH

AND WEIMARIAN
T his list covers Swedish armies from

the aftermath of the first battle
of Nördlingen in 1634 until the Treaty of
Following the catastrophic defeat at
Nördlingen, the Swedes were forced back into
northern Germany, desperately trying to recruit a
Westphalia in 1648 brought the Thirty Years’ replacement army with which to defend their
War to an end. It also includes the mercenary Pomeranian possessions. Their situation was made
army of Bernhard von Sachsen-Weimar (the worse as the Emperor agreed the Peace of Prague
Weimarians or Bernhardines) in the service of with the major Protestant powers, one clause of
France from 1635 until his death in 1639, and which was the delayed implementation of the
then its continued existence as the French Armee Edict of Restitution for 40 years, which effectively
d’Allemagne until it became effectively just a meant it was a dead letter. At a stroke German
normal French army (albeit with a significant support for Sweden was almost entirely removed.
German proportion) in 1644 following This act, as it significantly bolstered the Habsburg
catastrophic losses in late 1643. position, effectively forced France into the war.
53
WARS OF RELIGION
As France was lacking an experienced army, becoming the most important arm. However, this
and general, Richelieu negotiated a deal with also resulted in the armies becoming smaller as
Bernhard by which he would provide an army for horses need a lot of food and water to keep them in
France in exchange for massive French subsidies, the field. When pitched battles did occur both sides
along the lines of those previously paid to had their successes, but in general the Swedes won
Gustavus. At the same time he was also the more than they lost and towards the end of the
general of the Heilbronn League of minor 1640s their French allies were also becoming more
German princes, which led him to veer between a effective. This led to a series of combined operations,
French inspired policy and a Heilbronn inspired with the French fighting in southern Germany and
one, making him a somewhat erratic person to the Swedes further north, in order to defeat both
deal with. However, as he had an army in being, the Bavarian led Catholic League and the Imperial
and was able to keep it at a meaningful strength armies. Eventually this proved successful, with
most of the time, he could not be discarded. Bavaria being forced out of the war in 1647. Facing
On his death from plague in 1639 his officers total exhaustion and collapse, the Imperials finally
concluded a deal with Richelieu whereby their agreed to peace in 1648, the famous Peace of
army more formally transferred into the service of Westphalia, which allowed a drastic reduction in
France. From then on it was usually led by a armies across the whole of Germany.
French marshal, the most famous of whom was
Turenne, who continued to lead the remaining TROOP NOTES
Bernhardine units after their severe losses in 1643 With the war now consisting of frequent long
forced the French to formally take the army into marches and fewer major engagements, armour
their establishment. became increasingly unpopular amongst the
The Swedes, after consolidating their troops, who now routinely abandoned it as
Pomeranian possessions and receiving reinforce- cumbersome and uncomfortable. At Christmas
ments from home, again started to campaign to the 1635 the Swedish chancellor Oxenstierna wrote
south. For the next decade the war became one of “No horsemen’s or soldier’s harness or pots need be sent
attrition, with neither side able to deliver a knockout here, since they have become little used, but mostly cast
blow to the other. Armies marched vast distances off because of the long marches one is engaged in here.”
to and fro across Germany which led to cavalry However, as Montecuccoli writing about 1640
Army arrayed for battle
54
at least implies that Swedish cavalry (like other marching, some regiments appear to have
demi-cuirassiers) wore armour, it would appear discarded their pikes as well as their armour.
that it came back into use, thus Armoured It was not until major Swedish foot levies were
classification is allowed from 1640. sent to Germany in 1638 that the Swedish
The defeat at Nördlingen all but destroyed the element was again significant.
veteran Swedish and German infantry regiments Whilst Commanded Shot were still used, this
of the two main Swedish armies. Their was no longer an automatic choice, as the cavalry
replacements no longer used the Swedish brigade was now at least as good as their enemies’, and
system and the associated salvo shooting, instead commanders often preferred to allow them full
using the same formations and tactics as most manoeuvrability rather than slow them down
other foot of the time. With the emphasis on with attached infantry.
LATER THIRTY YEARS’ WAR SWEDISH AND WEIMARIAN STARTER ARMY

Swedish and German Each comprising 4 bases of Swedish and German demi-cuirassiers:
2 BGs LATER THIRTY YEARS’
“demi-cuirassiers” Superior, Unarmoured, Determined Horse – Impact Pistol, Melee Pistol
WAR SWEDISH AND
Swedish and German Each comprising 4 bases of Swedish and German demi-cuirassiers: WEIMARIAN
2 BGs
“demi-cuirassiers” Average, Unarmoured, Determined Horse – Impact Pistol, Melee Pistol
6 bases of German or Swedish Infantry regiments: 2 Superior, Unarmoured,

German or Swedish
1 BG Heavy Foot – Pike; 4 Superior, Unarmoured, Medium Foot – Musket; and
Infantry regiments
1 Superior Battalion Guns – Regimental Guns
Each comprising 6 bases of German or Swedish Infantry regiments:

German or Swedish
2 BGs 2 Average, Unarmoured, Heavy Foot – Pike; 4 Average, Unarmoured,
Infantry regiments
Medium Foot – Musket
Commanded shot 1 BG 2 bases of commanded shot: Average, Unarmoured, Medium Foot – Musket
Dragoons 1 BG 3 bases of dragoons: Average, Unarmoured Dragoons – Musket
12-pounder guns 1 BG 2 bases of 12-pounder guns: Average, Medium Artillery – Medium Artillery
BUILDING A CUSTOMISED LIST • Minima marked * only apply if any non-allied

USING OUR ARMY POINTS foot are used other than Musket only German
Choose an army based on the maxima and infantry regiments and/or commanded shot.
minima in the list below. The following special • No more than half the Infantry Regiments
instructions apply to this army: fielded can be Superior.
• German and French allies may be fielded
• Commanders should be depicted as demi- together, otherwise only one allied
cuirassiers. contingent may be fielded.
55
WARS OF RELIGION
Swedish infantry, 1635, by Richard Hook © Osprey Publishing Ltd. Taken from Men-at-Arms 235:
The Army of Gustavus Adolphus (1): Infantry.
56

Sub-commanders
Troop name
Core Troops
Swedish Determined Superior 18
and Any date Unarmoured – Pistol Pistol 4
Horse Average 12
German 8–40
“demi- Only from Determined Superior 21
Armoured – Pistol Pistol 4
cuirassiers” 1640 Horse Average 15
Medium
Unarmoured Superior Musket – – 11 4
Foot 6 0–18
Medium
Unarmoured Average Musket – – 8 4 12–
Foot 6
German or Swedish 48
Infantry regiments
Medium *12– LATER THIRTY YEARS’
Unarmoured Poor Musket – – 6 4
Foot 6 0–24 48 WAR SWEDISH AND
WEIMARIAN
Medium Superior 10
Unarmoured Musket – – 6 0–12
Foot Average 7
French Only Medium Impact
Unarmoured Average Musket* – 8 4
Infantry Weimarians Foot Foot 6 0–24
Regiments from 1637 Heavy Foot Unarmoured Average – Pike Pike 5 2
Superior 12 0–1 per

Regimental Regimental Regimental non-Poor
Battalion guns – – n/a
Average 9 Regiment
Light Light
Artillery Artillery
*2–4
Field artillery – Average – – 20
Optional Troops
Medium
Commanded shot Unarmoured Average Musket – – 8 2 0–8
Foot
Mercenary Bandellier Average 9
Horse Unarmoured Carbine – Pistol 4 0–8
Reiter Poor 7
Allies
German Protestant allies – Later Thirty Years’ War German
French allies – Thirty Years’ War French
Transylvanian allies (only in 1644) – Hungarian–Transylvanian
57
WARS OF RELIGION
LATER THIRTY YEARS’ WAR SWEDISH AND WEIMARIAN ALLIES

Troop name
Swedish and Any date Determined Superior 18

Unarmoured – Pistol Pistol 4
German Horse Average 12
4–16
“demi- Only from Determined Superior 21
cirassiers” Armoured – Pistol Pistol 4
1640 Horse Average 15
2, 3 or
Dragoons Dragoons Unarmoured Average Musket – – 8 0–4
4
Medium
Foot 6 0–6
Medium
Foot 6 6–24
German or Swedish Heavy Foot Unarmoured Average – Pike Pike 5 2
Infantry regiments
Medium *6–
Foot 6 0–12 24
Medium Superior 10
Unarmoured Musket – – 6 0–6
Foot Average 7
French Only Medium Impact
Unarmoured Average Musket* – 8 4
Infantry Weimarians Foot Foot 6 0–12
Regiments from 1637 Heavy Foot Unarmoured Average – Pike Pike 5 2
0–1 per
Superior 12
Regimental Regimental Regimental non-Poor
Battalion guns – – n/a
Average 9
Regiment
Light Light
Artillery Artillery
0–2
Medium Medium
Field artillery – Average – – 20 2
Artillery Artillery
THIRTY YEARS’ WAR FRENCH
F ollowing the Battle of Nördlingen in 1634,

the French government, led by Cardinal
Richelieu, was faced by the prospect of Habsburg
On paper France had formidable military
resources and could deploy large numbers of
men on multiple fronts. However, the reality was
domination of Germany and the Low Countries that these armies were inexperienced, especially
in addition to the southern border with Habsburg compared to the Spanish, and there were,
Spain. France would be surrounded by Habsburgs, initially, few generals of any real skill. This,
who would then dominate the whole of Europe. unsurprisingly, led to poor performance on
This was obviously unacceptable, and France the battlefield and a number of heavy defeats.
finally entered the Thirty Years’ War proper in 1636 was an especially bad year, the so called
1635 with a quaintly outdated formal declaration “Year of Corbie”, when it was quite possible
of war with Spain sent by herald to Brussels. that Paris itself could have fallen to the
58
Cardinal-Infante. This was, however, weathered development of the French army, and probably
with some difficulty. marks the beginning of the ascendancy of France
In this early stage of France’s involvement, its over Spain on the battlefield.
only really effective army was the mercenary By the mid-1640s French armies were starting
German army of Bernhard von Sachsen-Weimar to campaign in Germany on a regular basis.
operating within Germany on the Rhine. Firstly that of Turenne, who had taken command
With most of France’s war now taking place on of the Armee d’Allemagne, based around the
its own soil, there were additional financial Bernhardine troops which had transferred to
hardships to be faced by the people. Richelieu had French service on the death of Sachsen-Weimar,
banked on the war being fought outside of France, and then also armies under Condé. These beat the
where the armies could be billeted and obtain Imperialists in the battles of Freiburg in 1644 and
supplies from the local, enemy, populations, as was Allerheim (also known as the second Battle of
the norm in the Thirty Years’ War, and so remove Nördlingen) in 1645, although both were bloody
this burden from the state. As this proved affairs, with the French losing huge numbers of
impossible, in addition to the manpower needed casualties. Condé, especially, was very cavalier with
to keep the armies up to strength, large sums of the lives of his troops, although he always shared
money were needed to pay them and Bernhard’s their dangers, leading from the front. Turenne was WAR SWEDISH AND
WEIMARIAN
army, which could only be obtained by additional more sparing with their lives, but often had to
THIRTY YEARS’ WAR
taxation and loans. serve under Condé who, being a Prince of the FRENCH
Despite the heavy financial burden, the French blood, outranked him.
managed to maintain armies on three or more In 1642 Richelieu, the architect of France’s
fronts simultaneously, including opening a policy for the war, died and was followed in 1643,
southern theatre of war by invading Spain itself five days before the battle of Rocroi, by Louis
to draw resources away from the Low Countries. XIII. The new king, his son Louis XIV, was a
In addition, the prolonged fighting toughened minor aged five. His mother, Anne of Austria,
the French armies and brought through a number became regent. Control of policy was effectively
of talented generals, the chief amongst whom in the hands of Richelieu’s successor, the Italian
were Henri de la Tour d’Auvergne, Cardinal Mazarin. Despite the change of regime,
Vicomte de Turenne, and Louis II there was no change in French policy.
Bourbon, Prince de Condé. It was In 1648 the Peace of Westphalia brought the
Condé, then Duc d’ Enghien (he Thirty Years’ War to a close. However, it did not
became Prince de Condé on his include the French war with Spain, which was
father’s death in 1646), who beat to continue for another decade. Also, just as the
the veteran Spanish Army of Peace of Westphalia was being signed, a series
Flanders at Rocroi in 1643. This of civil wars known as the Frondes broke out
victory, whilst over-rated in in France.
French mythology, was a This list covers French armies from the entry of
significant moment in the the French into the mainstream of the Thirty
Years’ War in 1635 until the Peace of Westphalia
French officer and the outbreak of the Frondes in 1648.
59
WARS OF RELIGION
TROOP NOTES French armies fighting in Catalonia contained

The pike of the Guard infantry regiments and the a high proportion of militia units as the better
established Vieux and Petits Vieux regiments in units were deployed to the armies fighting in
theory remained armoured in this period, but, as northern France and Germany.
with most other armies, the practicalities of In the early stages of their participation in the
campaigning meant that this was often discarded. war, French armies contained a relatively low
It is very unlikely that many, if any, of the new proportion of cavalry, and these continued to fight
infantry regiments raised in this period were in deeper formations than most contemporary
issued with significant amounts of armour; some cavalry according to Montecuccoli writing in about
did not have pikes in the later stages of the war. 1640. By the time of Rocroi in 1643, however,
During this period French infantry continued cavalry numbers had significantly increased and
to utilise a rapid advance to close combat as they appear to have fought in a similar manner to
described under the Early 17th Century French most other cavalry of the time.
list. We represent this by limiting French infantry Under Swedish influence
to Musket* capability but give them Impact Foot many infantry regiments
capability in addition. Despite this aggressive had small 4-pounder cannon
tendency, on occasion field fortifications were used. attached to them. However,
Whilst numbers of guards and Vieux troops around 1643 these were taken
were high, as they were larger than usual away and concentrated with the
regiments, they were not concentrated but rather other artillery.
a small number of battalions from them were
posted to separate armies. Guard pikeman
THIRTY YEARS’ WAR FRENCH STARTER ARMY

Chevaux-légers, Gendarmerie 4 bases of chevaux-légers, gendarmerie or carabins: Superior, Armoured,
1 BG
or Carabins Determined Horse – Impact Pistol, Melee Pistol
Chevaux-légers, Gendarmerie 4 bases of chevaux-légers, gendarmerie or carabins: Average, Armoured,
1 BG
or Carabins Determined Horse– Impact Pistol, Melee Pistol
Chevaux-légers, Gendarmerie Each comprising 4 bases of chevaux-légers, gendarmerie or carabins: Average,
2 BGs
or Carabins Unarmoured, Horse – Impact Pistol, Melee Pistol
4 bases of forlorn hope carabins: Average, Unarmoured, Light Horse – Carbine,
Forlorn Hope Carabins 1 BG
Melee Pistol
6 bases of guard and vieux infantry: 2 Superior, Unarmoured, Heavy Foot – Pike;
Guard and Vieux infantry 1 BG
and 4 Superior, Unarmoured, Medium Foot – Musket*, Impact Foot
Each comprising 6 bases of petits vieux and new infantry: 2 Average,
Petits Vieux and new infantry 2 BGs Unarmoured, Heavy Foot – Pike; and 4 Average, Unarmoured, Medium Foot –
Musket*, Impact Foot
6 bases of petits vieux and new infantry: Average, Unarmoured, Medium Foot –
Petits Vieux and new infantry 1 BG
Musket*, Impact Foot
Artillery 1 BG 2 bases of artillery: Average Heavy Artillery – Heavy Artillery
60
BUILDING A CUSTOMISED LIST many Superior battle groups must have them
USING OUR ARMY POINTS as Average battle groups.
Choose an army based on the maxima and • Battle groups without pike are not allowed
minima in the list below. The following special regimental guns.
instructions apply to this army: • Superior quality infantry, Horse or
Determined Horse cannot be used with
• Commanders should be depicted as Catalan War special campaigns options.
Chevaux-légers. • Catalan tercios do not count as tercios as
• If any regimental guns are used at least as defined in the rule book.

Territory Types: Agricultural, Woodland, Hilly
Sub-commanders
Troop name
Core Troops
Armoured 10
Only Horse Average – Pistol Pistol 4
Unarmoured 8 THIRTY YEARS’ WAR
before 4–20 FRENCH
1643 Armoured 11
Horse Average Carbine – Pistol 4
Chevaux- Unarmoured 9
légers,
Gendarmer Superior – Pistol Pistol 4
Horse Unarmoured 18
ie or
Carabins Only from Determined Armoured 15
Average – Pistol Pistol 4 8–32
1643 Horse Unarmoured 12
Armoured 10
Horse Average – Pistol Pistol 4
Unarmoured 8
Light Horse Unarmoured Average Carbine – Pistol 9 4
Forlorn hope Carabins 0–4
Dragoons Unarmoured Average Arquebus – – 7 4
Medium Impact
Unarmoured Superior Musket* – 11 4
Foot Foot 6
Guard and Vieux Heavy Foot Armoured Superior – Pike Pike 9 2
0–12
infantry Medium Impact
Unarmoured Superior Musket* – 11 4
Foot Foot 6
Medium Impact
Petits Unarmoured Average Musket* – 8 4
Any Foot Foot 6 12–48
Vieux and
Heavy Foot Unarmoured Average – Pike Pike 5 2 12–60
new
infantry Only from Medium Impact
Unarmoured Average Musket* – 7 6 0–24
1643 Foot Foot
Heavy Heavy
– Average – – 25 2
Artillery Artillery
Any
Medium Medium
Artillery – Average – – 20 2,3 or 4 2–4
Artillery Artillery
Only from Light Light
– Average – – 12 2,3 or 4
1643 Artillery Artillery
61
WARS OF RELIGION
Optional Troops
4-pounder Superior 12 0–1 per
Only
guns Regimental Regimental Regimental Guard, Vieux
before – – n/a
attached to Guns Guns Guns and Petits
1643 Average 9
infantry Vieux BG
Medium Impact
Newly raised French Unarmoured Poor Musket* – 6 4
Foot Foot 6 0–36
infantry and militia
Medium
Foreign infantry Unarmoured Average Musket – – 8 4
Foot 6 0–24
regiments
Heavy foot Unarmoured Average – Pike Pike 5 2
Dragoons Dragoons Unarmoured Average Musket – – 8 2,3 or 4 0–4
Field
Ditches and barricades – – – – – 3 – 0–20
Fortifications
Allies
German allies – Later Thirty Years’ War Germans (Protestant)
Weimarian allies (only before 1644) – Later Thirty Years’ War Swedish and Weimarian
Swedish allies – Later Thirty Years’ War Swedish and Weimarian
Dutch allies (only before 1640) – Later Eighty Years’ War Dutch
Special Campaigns
Catalan War from 1641 – no allies allowed
Medium Impact
Unarmoured Poor Musket* – 6 4
French militia Foot Foot 6 24–48
Medium
Foot 6
Catalan tercios and Heavy Foot Unarmoured Average – Pike Pike 5 2
0–18
militia Medium
Foot 6
Miquelets Light Foot Unarmoured Average Musket – – 7 6 6–18
THIRTY YEARS’ WAR PENINSULAR SPANISH
T his list covers Spanish armies in the Iberian

Peninsula from the beginning of the war
with France in 1635 until the Treaty of the
revolution in Catalonia in 1640. Since Catalonia
could not withstand Spanish power, the original
idea of an independent Republic was abandoned,
Pyrenees in 1659 freed the army to concentrate and the Crown offered to Louis XIII of France.
on its war with the rebellious Portuguese. Despite the fact that French efforts were
The military pressure on the French–Catalan hampered by the effects of their internal conflicts
border, combined with the aggressive fiscal and (Fronde), and that Catalonia officially abandoned
political measures of the Union de Armas of the war after the siege of Barcelona in 1652,
the Conde Duque de Olivares (Spain’s prime the war lasted until the signing of the Treaty of
minister) and a series of bad harvests, caused a the Pyrenees in 1659.
62
Parallel to the Catalan revolt, Portugal also field were somewhat below their paper strength,
rebelled in 1640, claiming its independence. This although up until c.1640 strengths of 1,000 men or
third front (after the Low Countries and the more were still common. By around 1643, however,
Pyrenees) was just too much for Spanish resources this had fallen to closer to 600 men. We classify the
and they were never able to send enough troops to larger formations as Later Tercios.
break Portuguese resistance. After an initial Spanish In respect of their weaponry, the tercios raised
success at Montijo in 1644, the Portuguese defeated in the Iberian peninsular initially still had more
the Spanish army at Elvas in 1659, Estremoz in arquebusiers than musketeers in their shot, but
1663 and finally at Villaviciosa in 1665. Spain their equipment progressively improved until it
recognised Portuguese independence with the matched the standards of other contemporary
Treaty of Lisbon in 1668. armies, being mostly musket armed.
Miquelets were irregular troops armed with
TROOP NOTES matchlock muskets and pistols, capable of either
Some old Tercios and foreign regiments were sniping or delivering heavy fire from ambushes
moved to the Peninsula in order to reinforce before retiring under cover. They emerged to fight
the French border, but newly raised Tercios were against the Spanish army during the Catalan
also needed to sustain this second battlefront. revolt, but after the surrender of the Catalan
The new units were originally called “Temporary” or Government in 1652, a sort of civil war started in
THIRTY YEARS’ WAR
“Auxiliary” tercios and were to be 1,000 men strong Catalonia between those still supporting the FRENCH
and proved to be of variable quality. From French party, and those that preferred to come THIRTY YEARS’ WAR
PENINSULAR
1637 “Provincial tercios” were created, theoretically back to Spanish rule. From that moment SPANISH
1,200 men strong, and were a more selective levy Miquelet parties were also raised by the Spanish
leading to better quality units. in order to fight the regular French army as well as
As with the tercios the Miquelets still fighting for France.
in other Spanish
armies, the actual Officer
strengths in the
Arquebusier
63
WARS OF RELIGION
THIRTY YEARS’ WAR PENINSULAR SPANISH STARTER ARMY

4 bases of guardias viejas: Superior, Armoured, Cavaliers – Light Lancers,
Guardias Viejas 1 BG
Swordsmen
Each comprising 4 bases of caballos corazas: Average, Armoured, Horse – Impact

Caballos corazas 2 BGs
Pistol, Melee Pistol
Each comprising 6 bases of provincial tercios: 2 Average, Armoured, Heavy Foot
Provincial Tercios 3 BGs
– Pike; and 4 Average, Unarmoured, Medium Foot – Musket
Foreign regiments not in 6 bases of foreign regiments not in tercio formation: 2 Average, Unarmoured,
1 BG
tercio formation Heavy Foot, Pike; and 4 Average, Unarmoured, Medium Foot - Musket
Miquelets 1 BG 6 bases of miquelets: Average, Unarmoured, Light Foot – Musket

USING OUR ARMY POINTS Guardias Viejas.
Choose an army based on the maxima and • Battle groups designated “(LT)” count as
minima in the list below. The following special later tercios as defined in the rule book.

Territory Types: Agricultural, Hilly
Sub-commanders
Points Bases Total
Troop name
Core Troops
Cavaliers Armoured Superior – Pistol Pistol 19 2–4
Guardias viejas Light 0–4
Cavaliers Armoured Superior – Swordsmen 19 2–4
Lancers
Only from Determined 0–8
Armoured Superior – Pistol Pistol 21 4
1640 Horse
0–8
Heavily
Caballos Horse Superior – Pistol Pistol 16 4
Armoured
corazas
Any Heavily
Armoured 4–12
64
SCOTS COVENANTER
Armoured 11
Unarmoured 9
Medium
Unarmoured Superior Musket – – 11 6 9
Foot
(LT)
Only before Heavy Foot Armoured Superior – Pike Pike 9 3
1643 Medium
Foot
(LT)
Old tercio Heavy foot Armoured Average – Pike Pike 6 3
0–18
foot Medium
Foot 6
Only from Heavy Foot Armoured Superior – Pike Pike 9 2
1644 Medium
Foot 6
Medium
“Temporary” Unarmoured Poor Arquebus – – 5 6
Only before Foot 9
or “Auxiliary” 18–72
1637 (LT)
tercios Heavy Foot Armoured Poor – Pike Pike 3 3
Only from Medium

Unarmoured Average Arquebus – – 7 6 9
1637 to Foot
(LT)
Provincial 1643 Heavy Foot Armoured Average – Pike Pike 6 3
18–72
Tercios Medium
Foot 6
1644
Heavy Foot Armoured – Pike Pike 6 2
Medium Medium
Field guns – Average – – 20 2, 3 or 4
Artillery Artillery THIRTY YEARS’ WAR
2–4
Heavy Heavy PENINSULAR
Heavy guns – Average – – 25 2 SPANISH
Artillery Artillery
Optional Troops SCOTS COVENANTER
Only from Medium

Unarmoured Poor Arquebus – – 5 6 9
1637 to Foot
(LT)
Newly raised 1643 Heavy Foot Armoured Poor – Pike Pike 4 3
0–30
tercios Medium
Only from Unarmoured Poor Musket – – 6 4
Foot 6
1644
Medium
Only before Unarmoured Average Musket – – 8 4
Foreign Foot 6
1644
regiments Heavy Foot Armoured – – Pike Pike 6 2
0–18
not in tercio Medium
formation Only from Unarmoured Average Musket – – 8 4
Foot 6
1644
Heavy Foot Unarmoured – – Pike Pike 5 2
Only after
Miquelets Light Foot Unarmoured Average Musket – – 7 6–8 6–18
1652
65
WARS OF RELIGION
SCOTS COVENANTER
S cotland of the mid-17th century was defined

by religion. In the highlands Catholicism
prevailed, but for the vast majority in the lowlands
things alone, but his son Charles I decided to
impose the English prayer book on Scotland.
The first reading from the prayer book in
it was the Presbyterian church of John Knox Edinburgh ended in a riot with the unfortunate
which dominated. Their religion was free from dean being assaulted, a situation that was repeated
ceremony, and the ministers so dour that even the throughout the land – other than in Brechin, where
English Puritans would have been regarded as too the preacher laid a brace of pistols alongside the
fun loving and fond of frippery. prayer book on the pulpit to retain his congregation’s
The Scottish kirk had existed uneasily peaceful attention. The next act was rebellious in
alongside the Church of England despite failed its nature, when two leading churchmen composed
efforts to create a closer union of religious the “Solemn League and Covenant” which would
practice. King James had known when to leave become a contract between the Scots and God,
Infantry of the Solemn League and Covenant, 1644, by Angus McBride © Osprey Publishing Ltd.
Taken from Elite 25: Soldiers of the English Civil War (1): Infantry.
66
SCOTS COVENANTER
making the Scots the new chosen people. The first tried to persuade him to sign the Covenant and
Covenant was signed by the nobles, led by James accept the primacy of the Presbyterian church in
Graham, Earl (and later Marquis) of Montrose, all his three kingdoms. This was too much even
and Archibald Campbell, Earl of Argyll. This for Charles, who refused. Frustrated, the Scots
was followed by the production of thousands more handed him over to Parliament in exchange for
copies, which were signed by the common folk, £200,000.This was a bad move, as with the King
frequently in blood. in their hands the Parliamentarians no longer had
Charles at first attempted to reach a peaceful any reason to make concessions to the Scots, nor
solution, but was eventually forced to resort to indeed sign the Covenant.
arms, leading to the Bishops’ Wars. Both were a As a result of this disappointment, the
total failure for Charles, who was forced to make Covenanters split into several factions. One of
a humiliating truce with the Covenanters, and pay these factions, the “Engagers”, supported the King
them substantial expenses for the privilege of the and joined the English Royalists. They were
Scots occupying Northern England. defeated at the battle of Preston by Cromwell,
Other than sending regiments to Ireland to who then marched into Scotland, and with
protect Scots settlers, Scotland remained aloof from Argyll’s help, crushed opposition there.
the growing troubles in England and Ireland, A period of peace seemed likely, but this ended
but was being courted by both Royalists and with the execution of Charles the First by the
Parliamentarians. Eventually the Scots agreed English parliament in 1649. Within five days the
to join the Parliamentarians, not so much for Covenanters declared his son, Charles II, King of
the financial inducements offered, but on the the three Kingdoms. Charles arrived in Scotland
understanding that England would sign the to accept his legacy, but was only to be allowed SCOTS COVENANTER
Covenant and the English church follow Scotland’s ashore if he signed the Covenant and accepted the
practices. The Scots army was sent into England, reduced view of his kingship. Charles accepted,
where it formed the major part of the allied army but would bide his time for revenge, not only
which defeated Rupert at Marston Moor. Other for this humiliation but for the fact that it was
than minor actions and sieges, however, the army the Covenanters who had handed his father over
fought no other major engagement, mainly because to Cromwell in the first place. More immediate
trouble was brewing at home.
Montrose, a signatory of the Covenant, but now Covenanters engage Royalist foot
a born-again Royalist, had been sent into Scotland
by Charles to raise a Royalist army and fight the
Covenanters in their own backyard. His victories
over the next year brought the Covenanters to the
edge of disaster, and led to the recall of many of the
best regiments from England. Finally, the remnants
of Montrose’s army was crushed by a mainly
mounted Covenanting army at Philiphaugh.
In 1646, with the war lost, King Charles
surrendered himself at Newark to the Scots, who
67
WARS OF RELIGION
problems for the Scots lay ahead, as Cromwell coat, with these mostly being given to the cavalry.
descended on Scotland, defeated the Scots at Before 1650 many regiments also struggled to
Dunbar and then pursued them to Worcester for reach the ratio of 2:1 of musket to pike, but the
a final reckoning. army that went into England in 1644 was much
This list covers Scottish armies of the better equipped. The early Covenanting armies
Covenant from the First Bishop’s war in 1639 to of the Bishops’ Wars period were even worse,
Cromwell’s conquest of Scotland in 1652. It also with many troops equipped with an arquebus (or
includes the forces sent to Ireland to intervene on hagbutt or hagbut as it was known in Scotland).
behalf of Protestant Scottish settlers from 1642 These units also had a higher proportion of
until their final withdrawal in 1650. pike. Despite this deficiency, these troops are still
classified as Musket*. The army in Ireland was
TROOP NOTES also habitually short of muskets, with priority
The Covenanting infantry, with a minister being given to the home army.
attached to each regiment for inspiration, were on Allowance for Campbell of Lawers’ regiment
the whole good steady foot, although local levies to be rated superior represents this unit’s sterling
raised in Scotland were often of lower quality. performance at both Auldearn and Dunbar, where
Armour was also in short supply and most in both instances it was virtually annihilated after
infantry could not even claim ownership of a buff holding off superior enemy forces.
Campbell of Lawers’ attack on Auldearn village, 1645, by Gerry Embleton © Osprey Publishing Ltd.
Taken from Campaign 123: Auldearn 1645.
68
SCOTS COVENANTER
Scottish cavalry of this time initially favoured (poor) cavalry and after this only occasional
shooting at range with large bore pistols, some dragoon troops are recorded.
cavalrymen having as many as four of these and Unregimented Highlander battle groups are
maybe a carbine as well, but as they were poorly graded as Musket* if they have a high proportion
mounted on native “light but weak nags” cannot of men armed with musket or arquebus, Bow* if
be rated better than Poor. A re-adoption of the these are outnumbered by men armed with bow.
lance made some improvements to performance, The army in Ireland could from time to time,
with at first half then the whole of nearly all units depending on the political situation, call upon
being so armed – however, David Leslie’s own “British” cavalry of the Anglo–Irish garrisons who
regiment appears to have remained wholly firearm were of passable quality. On occasion infantry were
equipped. Despite this change they were still also available in reasonable numbers, but such joint
usually outclassed by most opposing horse, but operations were not well co-ordinated and are best
their performance during the Preston campaign represented by the inclusion of an allied contingent.
in 1648 and the Dunbar campaign of 1650
justifies them being Average quality rather than Frame gun deployed for action
Poor; we assume this would apply earlier as well.
Dragoons were never common in Scottish
armies, although during the Bishops’ Wars there
were “two or three thousand carraidge horses with
swords and hagbutts”. A downside of these
improvised dragoons was that in 1639 the army
was short of baggage animals and thus unable to SCOTS COVENANTER
invade England! The army of 1643/44 included a

regiment of dragoons, but these converted into
SCOTS COVENANTER STARTER ARMY (SCOTLAND 1645)

Each comprising 4 bases of horse: Average, Unarmoured, Horse – Light
Horse 3 BG
Lancers, Swordsmen
6 bases of Campbell of Lawers’ regiment: 2 Superior, Unarmoured, Heavy
Campbell of Lawers’ regiment 1 BG
Foot – Pike; and 4 Superior, Unarmoured, Medium Foot – Musket
Each comprising 6 bases of foot regiments: 2 Average, Unarmoured, Heavy
Foot Regiments 3 BGs
Each comprising 6 bases of foot regiments: 2 Poor, Unarmoured, Heavy Foot –
Foot Regiments 3 BGs
Pike; and 4 Poor, Unarmoured, Medium Foot – Musket*
8 bases of unregimented highlanders: 8 Average, Unarmoured, Warriors –
Unregimented Highlanders 1 BG
Musket*, Impact Foot, Swordsmen,
Frames or similar light artillery 1 BG 3 bases of frames: Average, Light Artillery - Light Artillery
69
WARS OF RELIGION
BUILDING A CUSTOMISED LIST • Scots armies in Ireland cannot use Dragoons

USING OUR ARMY POINTS or Moss Troopers.
Choose an army based on the maxima and • Armies from 1642 to 1649 can only have one
minima in the list below. The following special more non-Lancer Horse battle group than
instructions apply to this army: they have Lancer Horse battle groups.
• “Engager” armies in 1648 cannot use
• Commanders should be depicted as Horse. artillery.
• Scots armies in Ireland need not take • Minima marked * only apply if English
otherwise compulsory Horse and cannot take Royalists are fielded in which case all the
more than the minimum if they do take any. English form an allied contingent.
SCOTS COVENANTER
Territory Types: Agricultural, Hilly, Woodland
Sub-commanders
Troop name
Core Troops
Only before
Horse Unarmoured Poor Pistol – Pistol 7 4 4–24
1642
Average Light 8
Only from Horse Unarmoured – Swordsmen 4
Poor Lancers 6 4–24
Horse 1642 to 1649
Horse Unarmoured Poor Pistol – Pistol 7 4
Horse Unarmoured Average Pistol – Pistol 9 4 0–4
Only from 4–
Average Light 8 4– 24
1650 Horse Unarmoured – Swordsmen 4
Poor Lancers 6 24
Medium Foot Unarmoured Average Musket* – – 7 4 0–
Only before Heavy Foot 6
Unarmoured Average – Pike Pike 5 2 60 24–
1642 or in
Ireland Medium Foot Unarmoured Poor Musket* – – 5 4 18– 168
6
Heavy Foot Unarmoured Poor – Pike Pike 3 2 120
Only from Medium Foot Unarmoured Average Musket – – 8 4 0–
1642 to 1649 Heavy Foot 6
Foot Unarmoured Average – Pike Pike 5 2 36 24–
except in
regiments
England in Medium Foot Unarmoured Poor Musket* – – 5 4 18– 168
6
1644 Heavy Foot Unarmoured Poor – Pike Pike 3 2 120
Only from Medium Foot Unarmoured Average Musket – – 8 4 18–

6
1650 in Heavy Foot Unarmoured Average – Pike Pike 5 2 96 24–
Scotland and Medium Foot Unarmoured Poor Musket – – 6 4 0– 120
England 6
Heavy Heavy 2, 3 or
Heavy artillery – Average – – 25
0–4
Medium artillery – Average – – 20
Frames or Only armies
Light Light
similar light outside – Average – – 12 2, 3 or 2–8
Artillery Artillery
artillery Ireland 4
70
SCOTS COVENANTER
Optional Troops
Campbell of Only in Medium Foot Unarmoured Superior Musket – – 11 4
Lawers Scotland 6 0–6
regiment 1645 to 1650 Heavy Foot Unarmoured Superior – Pike Pike 8 2
Average Impact 7
Only in Warriors Unarmoured Bow* Swordsmen 6–8
Unregimented Poor Foot 5
Scotland 0–12
highlanders Average Impact 8
1644 to 1645 Warriors Unarmoured Musket* Swordsmen 6–8
Poor Foot 6
Only before
Dragoons Unarmoured Average Arquebus – – 7 3 or 4 0–9
1642
Only from 2, 3 or
Dragoons Dragoons Unarmoured Average Musket – – 8 0–4
1642 to 1644 4
Only from
Dragoons Unarmoured Average Musket – – 8 2 0–2
1645
Only from Light
Moss troopers Light Horse Unarmoured Average Pistols Swordsmen 10 4 0–4
1650 Lancers
Allies
Only in Ireland 1642 – 1650
“British” allies – Early Caroline English
Special Campaigns
Only in Ireland 1642 – 1650 (no allies allowed)
“British” cavalry Horse Unarmoured Average Pistols – Pistols 9 4 0–8
Only in England in 1644
Optionally up to half the army’s points can be spent on troops from the English Civil War Parliamentarian army list. If so,
Foot and Horse minima from that list must be adhered to, but otherwise any troops may be selected. All generals count as in
line of command to all troops in the army regardless of nationality. This represents the allied army at the siege of York and the
Battle of Marston Moor.
SCOTS COVENANTER
6 12–72
Foot
Medium Foot Unarmoured Poor Musket* – – 5 4
6 12–24
Only in Scotland in 1645 – Battle of Philiphaugh
All cavalry minima and maxima are tripled and all are Average quality. All dragoons minima and maxima are tripled. Only
one infantry regiment can be fielded and that must be Average quality. No highlanders can be fielded. No artillery can be
fielded.
Only “Engagers” in England in 1648
English Allied commander
Field Commander/Troop Commander 40/25 *1
(Sir Marmaduke Langdale)
English Royalist horse Cavaliers Unarmoured Average – Pistol Pistol 11 4 *4
Medium Foot Unarmoured Average Musket – – 8 4 *6–
6
Heavy Foot Unarmoured Average – Pike Pike 5 2 18 *12
English Royalist infantry
Medium Foot Unarmoured Poor Musket – – 6 4 0– –24
6
71
WARS OF RELIGION
SCOTS ROYALIST
T his list covers the Scottish Armies that

supported King Charles against the
forces of the Covenant in Scotland. The first army
string of victories against Covenanting opposition
of varying quality, but was finally crushed at
Philiphaugh in September 1645 when confronted
was raised in 1639 by the Marquis of Huntly to by a vastly superior mounted Covenanting force.
oppose the Covenanters led by Montrose, but this Montrose did raise the king’s standard again in
venture was short-lived, with the army being April 1650, but his rag tag army was crushed quickly
disbanded shortly thereafter. at Carbisdale. He himself was dragged off to
The Royalist army which receives most Edinburgh to be executed and, thereafter, while no
historical attention was that which operated under doubt a talented general, achieved a somewhat
the Marquis of Montrose, who had changed sides undeserved legendary status in Scottish history of
in the interim period, during the years 1644 to being a military genius. Interestingly it was his
1645. From arriving in Scotland as a one man army deputy McColla, who history generally regards as
after Marston Moor, Montrose quickly raised a no more than a hot blooded Irishman who
mixed bag of Irish professional soldiers, highlanders Montrose often had to rescue, who may in fact have
and pike and shot armed foot. This army won a been the real professional soldier in the army.
The cavalry battle at Alford, 1645, by Gerry Embleton © Osprey Publishing Ltd. Taken from
Campaign 123: Auldearn 1645.
72
SCOTS ROYALIST
TROOP NOTES The reasons for Montrose’s victories in fact

The Royalist Army which served under Montrose tended to vary depending on the circumstances.
in 1644 and 1645 was inaccurately promoted by In 1644, when the opposition was mainly
historians for many years as achieving their great Covenanting levies, the discipline of the Irish
victories solely as a result of wild highland charges, Brigade was the principle difference, while in
which swept away the opposition who were 1645 an increasing strong cavalry arm can be seen
terrified by the fanatical assault. In practice, the as a vital part of the victories.
composition of the army, and the armament with Interestingly, the army raised by the Marquis
which it was equipped, changed continually during of Huntly in 1639 was the best equipped Royalist
the period, with the numbers of highlanders, Irish, army of the period in Scotland, as shipments of
cavalry and pike and shot armed foot varying from armour etc. from the King allowed Huntly to
battle to battle. The highlanders, in particular, provide the Strathbogie Regiment with armour
tended to disappear as soon as they had gathered for its pikemen as well as raising a small cuirassier
sufficient loot to take home and impress their cavalry unit. The Strathbogie regiment also turned
relatives. They were, therefore, not troops to be out with Montrose (without armour) and were
relied upon in a long campaign, with the Irish highly regarded as one of the best units in the
Brigade, the pike and shot foot and latterly army – hence their superior rating. This is in strict
the cavalry being the mainstay of the army. contrast to Kilpont’s regiment at Tippermuir, who
Interestingly, the largest turn out of highlanders fought on the Royalist side but actually thought
was at the battle of Inverlochy, where the clansmen they were being taken to fight for the Covenant.
seemed more interested in giving their traditional After the battle, when the regiment discovered
foes the Campbells a bloody nose than in that they had been misled, they murdered Kilpont
supporting the King. True to form they disappeared and disappeared into the hills. SCOTS ROYALIST
back to their homes shortly thereafter. It should be noted that the armies in Scotland
To be fair to Montrose, he was one of those few were invariably small and, therefore, troop scale is
individuals who genuinely seemed to be able to towards the low end, as without this armies could
empathise with highlanders, gain their respect, and not be properly represented on the tabletop.
bring the best out of them. This was demonstrated The army lists that follow do place historical
best at Inverlochy, where highlanders
were on both sides. Montrose fought
dismounted with his highlanders,
while his opponent Argyll
watched the battle from a
galley in the middle
of the loch, and
sailed away when
he perceived that
things were not going well.
Dragoons

WARS OF RELIGION
restrictions on choice, but equally represent the invincible status that earlier historians seemed
changing balance of forces that served under determined to grant it. The only significant
Montrose and Huntly at different times. On most difference in troop capabilities is to allow the
battlefields the composition of the army of Irish Brigade to be rated as Swordsmen. This
Montrose will differ little from their Covenanting distinction is justified by the fact that Montrose
foes both in fighting style and armament. in several key moments ordered them to set aside
Great care has been taken to rate this army in their pikes and muskets and close with their
relation to the quality of the historical opposition, swords. In the recorded instances this was a highly
rather than endow it with the legendary and successful tactic.
SCOTS ROYALIST STARTER ARMY (MONTROSE 1645)

Each comprising 4 bases of horse: Average, Unarmoured, Horse – Shooting
Horse 2 BG
Each comprising 6 bases of Irish brigade: 2 Average, Unarmoured, Heavy Foot
Irish Brigade 2 BG
– Pike; and 4 Average, Unarmoured, Medium Foot – Musket, Swordsmen
6 bases of Strathbogie regiment: 2 Superior, Unarmoured, Heavy Foot – Pike;
Strathbogie Regiment 1 BG
and 4 Superior, Unarmoured, Medium Foot – Musket
Each comprising 6 bases of Scottish foot: 2 Average, Unarmoured, Heavy Foot
Scottish Foot 2 BGs
– Pike; and 4 Average, Unarmoured, Medium Foot – Musket
6 bases of Scottish foot: 2 Poor, Unarmoured, Heavy Foot – Pike; and 4 Poor,
Scottish Foot 1 BG
Unarmoured, Medium Foot – Musket
6 bases of McColla’s bodyguard: 6 Superior, Unarmoured, Warriors – Bow*,
McCollas’ Bodyguard 1 BG
Impact Foot, Swordsmen
8 bases of unregimented highlanders: 8 Average, Unarmoured, Warriors –
Unregimented Highlanders 1 BG
Musket*, Impact Foot, Swordsmen
BUILDING A CUSTOMISED LIST • Commanders should be depicted as Horse or

USING OUR ARMY POINTS dismounted “Cavalier” style officers.
74
SCOTS ROYALIST
SCOTS ROYALIST
Territory Types: Hilly, Woodlands
Sub-commanders
Troop Name
Type Armour Quality Shooting Impact Melee per base Per BG Bases
Core Troops
Horse Unarmoured Poor Pistol – Pistol 7 4 0–16
Light 4–
Only in 1639 Horse Unarmoured Average – Swordsmen 8 4
Lancers 20
0–4
Light
Horse Unarmoured Poor – Swordsmen 6 4
Lancers
Horse
Horse Unarmoured Poor Pistol Pistol 7 4 0–8
Light 4–
Only in 1645 Horse Unarmoured Average – Swordsmen 8 4
Lancers 20
0–4
Light
Horse Unarmoured Poor – Swordsmen 6 4
Lancers
6 0–6
Medium Foot Unarmoured Average Musket – – 8 4 24–
Only in1639 6 6–24
Heavy Foot Unarmoured Average – Pike Pike 5 2 120
Medium Foot Unarmoured Poor Musket* – – 5 4 18–
6
6 0–12
Scottish Heavy Foot Unarmoured Average – Pike Pike 5 2
Foot Medium Foot Unarmoured Poor Musket – – 6 4 12–
Only in 1644 6 6–36
Medium Foot Unarmoured Poor Musket* – – 5 4
6 6–42 SCOTS ROYALIST
6
Heavy Foot Unarmoured Average – Pike Pike 5 2 48 12–
Only in 1645
Medium Foot Unarmoured Poor Musket – – 6 4 84
6 6–36
Heavy foot Unarmoured Poor – Pike Pike 3 2
Medium Foot Unarmoured Average Musket – Swordsmen 9 4
Only in 1644 6 12–24
Irish Heavy Foot Unarmoured Average – Pike Pike 5 2
Brigade Medium Foot Unarmoured Average Musket – Swordsmen 9 4
Only in 1645 6 6–18
Impact
Unarmoured Average Bow* Swordsmen 7 6–8 0–24
Foot 6–
Unregimented Highlanders Warriors
Impact 48
Unarmoured Average Musket* Swordsmen 8 6–8 0–24
Foot
Optional Troops
Heavily
Cuirassiers Only in 1639 Horse Poor Pistol – Pistol 9 2 0–2
Armoured
Moss Only in 1644 Light
Light Horse Unarmoured Average Pistol Swordsmen 10 4 0–4
Troopers and 1645 Lancers
Only in 1639
& 1645
McCollas’ Only in 1644 Impact
Warriors Unarmoured Superior Bow* Swordsmen 10 6 0–6
Bodyguard & 1645 Foot
Strathbogie Medium Foot Unarmoured Superior Musket – – 11 4
Only in 1645 6 0–6
regiment Heavy Foot Unarmoured Superior – Pike Pike 8 2
Frames or similar light Light
Light Artillery – Poor –– 9 2 0–2
artillery Artillery
75
WARS OF RELIGION
The Irish Brigade, 1644–45, by Graham Turner © Osprey Publishing Ltd. Taken from Men-at-Arms 331:
Scots Armies of the English Civil Wars.
76
EARLY RESTORATION PORTUGUESE
A s a result of the financial burdens of the

ongoing Spanish involvement in the
Thirty Years’ War, the Spanish government raised
actually deployed regiments of around 600 men
in standard pike and shot formations following
the Dutch or French model, thus we do not give
taxation levels on the Portuguese, despite Portugal Portuguese battle groups tercio abilities.
being theoretically a separate state, although Portuguese cavalry were also organised along
sharing the same king. Eventually this proved the lines of their Spanish counterparts, but was
too much for the Portuguese and they rose in considered to be inferior to that of their foes.
rebellion, proclaiming João, Duke of Braganza, Probably owing to that, Portuguese infantry
their king as João IV. regiments initially had quite a high proportion of
Although Portugal was a small country pike in comparison to the Spanish (although not
compared to the Spanish empire, the Spanish, enough to justify a different representation), and
involved as they were with the war with France, made extensive use of chevaux-de-frise to deter
were in no position to commit major forces to the Spanish cavalry.
crush the rebellion. As a result the war proceeded Foreign regiments represent the troops sent by
in a rather desultory fashion, with only one real other European powers to support the Portuguese
battle in this period, Montijo in 1644. Although front, such as the Dutch present at Montijo.
this went badly for the Portuguese, with so few Portuguese forces were mostly based in the
troops available the Spanish were unable to follow castles and fortresses along the Spanish border,
up their victory. from where they conducted a skirmishing war
This list covers Portuguese armies from the based on raids against the Spanish positions. SCOTS ROYALIST
EARLY RESTORATION
beginning of the War of Restoration until PORTUGUESE
the signature of the Treaty of the Pyrenees in Field guns in action
1659 allowed Spain to re-focus on defeating the
Portuguese rebellion.
TROOP NOTES
The first Portuguese infantry units raised in 1640
followed the Spanish Tercio model. They first
consisted of 10 Tercios, each with a theoretical
strength of 2,000 men: 700 pike, 400 musketeers,
790 arquebusiers and 110 officers. Later the
proportion of musketeers was increased, while
the total size of each unit was downsized to a
theoretical strength of around 1,500 men:
480 pike, 720 musketeers, 300 arquebusiers plus
officers. However, in the only major pitched battle
of the period (Montijo, 1644), the Portuguese
77
WARS OF RELIGION
EARLY RESTORATION PORTUGUESE STARTER ARMY

Each comprising 4 bases of cuirassiers: Average, Armoured, Horse – Impact
Cuirassiers 2 BGs
Each comprising 4 bases of arquebusiers: Average, Armoured, Horse –
Arquebusiers 2 BGs
Carbine, Melee Pistol
Each comprising 6 bases of Portuguese tercios: 2 Average, Armoured, Heavy
Portuguese tercios 3 BGs
Each comprising 6 bases of foreign regiments: 2 Average, Unarmoured, Heavy
Foreign regiments 2 BGs

USING OUR ARMY POINTS cuirassiers.
Choose an army based on the maxima and • Portuguese tercios do not count as tercios as
minima in the list below. The following special defined in the rule book.

Sub-commanders
Points Bases Total
Troop name
Core Troops
Heavily
Cuirassiers Armoured 0–12
Armoured 11
Unarmoured 9
Only before Medium foot Unarmoured Average Arquebus – – 7 4
6
Portuguese tercios 18–72
Only from Medium foot Unarmoured Average Musket – – 8 4
6
1645 Heavy foot Armoured Average – Pike Pike 6 2
Medium Medium
Artillery Artillery
Optional Troops
Only before Medium foot Unarmoured Poor Arquebus – – 5 4
Newly raised 6
1645 Heavy foot Armoured Poor – pike pike 4 2
Portuguese tercios 0–48
and militia Only from Medium foot Unarmoured Poor Musket – – 6 4
6
1645 Heavy foot Armoured Poor – Pike Pike 4 2
Medium foot Unarmoured Average Musket – – 8 4
Foreign regiments 6 0–18
Heavy foot Unarmoured Average – Pike Pike 5 2
Chevaux-de-frise to cover half the Portable
– – – – – 3 Any
bases of each Portuguese tercio Defences
78
CONFEDERATE IRISH
CONFEDERATE IRISH
I reland was, as always, very much the odd

one out of the three Stuart kingdoms ruled
by Charles I. The most obvious difference was
By late 1643, with the civil war turning against
him, Charles ordered the Duke of Ormonde, his
commander in Ireland, to organise a cessation of
that the majority of the population were Catholic, hostilities and the shipping to England of as many
but thanks to a long series of English laws, were troops as possible to fight in his armies. This was
second class citizens because of this. Additionally, done, and the war entered a stalemate.
those very same laws had been enacted to The Irish cause was reinvigorated in 1645 by the
encourage English settlers to move to Ireland and arrival of Giovanni Battista Rinuccini, the Papal
effectively to dispossess the Catholic population. nuncio, with arms and money to encourage Catholic
Thus, hopefully, Ireland would eventually be resistance against the Protestant English and Scots.
turned into a Protestant kingdom. To add extra His backing of more militant Confederates, such as
spice to the mix there were, in Ulster, a significant Owen Roe O’Neill, ensured the continuation of the
number of Presbyterian Scottish settlers, who war. However, this also coincided with the winding
naturally looked to their homeland for protection down of hostilities in England, which allowed the
in times of trouble. English Parliament to send reinforcements to the
By 1641 the various pressures on the Irish forces loyal to them in Ireland.
proved too much and a rebellion broke out. Finally, in 1649, the English Parliament
The Irish organised themselves under the dispatched a high quality force from the New
Irish Catholic Confederation, also known as the Model army, led by Oliver Cromwell, to finish the
Confederation of Kilkenny after the city where it Irish war. This he did efficiently, although also
EARLY RESTORATION
was based. They organised the rebels into military with some brutality as the massacres at Drogheda PORTUGUESE
districts which were responsible for providing and Wexford show. CONFEDERATE IRISH
a number of troops for a combined “marching This list covers Irish armies of the
army”, and additional troops for “home defence” Confederation of Kilkenny from the outbreak of
of each region. Inevitably, the rebellion forced an the rebellion in 1641 until their final defeat by the
English reaction, with a new army being raised in English Commonwealth in 1652. It includes
England for service in Ireland, but it also forced a Ormond’s coalition army of 1648–50, comprised
reaction in Scotland, where a force of 10,000 men of a bizarre alliance of Confederate Irish, Irish and
was despatched by the Covenanter government to English Royalists and Presbyterian Ulster Scots.
Ulster for the protection of the Scots settlers.
The initial stages of the resulting war saw little TROOP NOTES
in the way of pitched battles, and what there were Whilst Irish foot were supposed to be organised
went against the Irish. The majority of the fighting into conventional regiments, modern weapons
was of the “small war” variety, where the traditional were in short supply and many were equipped in
hit and run tactics of the Irish once again proved a more traditional manner and fought as they had
effective and dragged the conflict on and on. for centuries. Those regiments that were equipped
79
WARS OF RELIGION
properly still suffered from a shortage of firearms would be willing to fight them on one occasion.
and so are classified as Musket* – in fact even this However, the cavalry of the coalition army of
may be a touch generous. Ormond appears to have been both more
Irish horse were few in number and relatively numerous and of higher quality, even being able to
ineffective, even being afraid of the fairly weak stand up to the veteran English Commonwealth
Scottish cavalry – asking for armour before they horse for a short time on occasion.
CONFEDERATE IRISH STARTER ARMY

4 bases of Irish horse: Poor, Unarmoured, Horse – Shooting Pistol,
Irish Horse 1 BG
Swordsmen
Each comprising 4 bases of Irish horse: Average, Unarmoured, Determined
Irish Horse 2 BGs
Horse – Impact Pistol, Melee Pistol
Each comprising 6 bases of Irish foot: 2 Average, Unarmoured, Heavy Foot –
Irish Foot 4 BGs
Pike; and 4 Average, Unarmoured, Medium Foot – Musket*
Irish Foot 1 BG 8 bases of Irish foot: Average, Unarmoured, Warriors – Light Spear
Each comprising 8 bases of “Redshanks”: Average, Unarmoured, Warriors –
“Redshanks” 2 BGs
Bow*, Impact Foot, Swordsmen
Each comprising 4 bases of skirmishing shot: Average, Unarmoured, Light
Skirmishing Shot 2 BGs
Foot – Musket
BUILDING A CUSTOMISED LIST • Commanders should be depicted as Irish

USING OUR ARMY POINTS Horse.
80
EARLY ENGLISH CIVIL WAR ROYALIST
CONFEDERATE IRISH
Territory Types: Agricultural, Hilly, Woodland
Sub-commanders
Troop Commander 35
Troop name
Core Troops
Any date Horse Unarmoured Poor Pistols – Swordsmen 7 4 4–8
Irish Horse Only from Determined
Unarmoured Average – Pistols Pistols 12 4 0–12
1648 to 1650 Horse
Medium
Unarmoured Average Musket* – – 7 4 18–
Foot 6
72 18–
Irish Foot Heavy Foot Unarmoured Average – Pike Pike 5 2
120
Light 0–
Warriors Unarmoured Average – – 4 6–8
Spear 90
Skirmishing shot Light Foot Unarmoured Average Musket – – 7 4–6 0–8
Optional Troops
Medium
Unarmoured Poor Musket* – – 5 4
Irish militia regiments Foot 6 0–24
Dragoons Dragoons Unarmoured Average Musket – – 8 2 0–2
Impact
“Redshanks” Warriors Unarmoured Average Bow* Swordsmen 7 6–8 0–36
Foot
Kerns with traditional
Light Foot Unarmoured Average Javelins – – 4 6–8 0–48
weapons
Heavy Heavy
Demi-cannon or culverins – Average – – 25 2 0–2
Artillery Artillery

CONFEDERATE IRISH
B
EARLY ENGLISH CIVIL
WAR ROYALIST
y 1642 the accumulating troubles of from being available to the King. With the navy
Charles’ reign reached breaking point. A also declaring for Parliament, Charles was
bungled attempt early in the year to arrest four desperately short of equipment and his armies
leading members of parliament marked the final were destined to be less well equipped than their
breakdown of governmental processes. Charles enemies for much of the war.
felt forced to leave London, move north, and start Hostilities could be said to have formally
to raise an army for what was fast becoming an started on 22 August 1642 when the King raised
inevitable civil war. His Catholic French Queen, his standard in Nottingham. Recruits arrived only
Henrietta Maria, left for the continent to raise slowly and, faced by larger Parliamentarian forces
money and buy arms for her husband. under the Earl of Essex advancing from London,
Things started badly for Charles when the the King moved westwards where he could expect
governor of Hull, Sir John Hotham, refused the additional troops from loyal areas such as Wales.
King entry into the city, and thus prevented the The manoeuvres in this area led to the first clash
stock of arms stored there since the Bishops’ Wars of any significance of the war, at Powick Bridge
81
WARS OF RELIGION
just outside Worcester. Here, although surprised, cavalry. This immediately gave the Royalist horse
a force of Royalist cavalry led by the king’s a morale advantage over the Parliamentarians,
nephew, Prince Rupert, dramatically defeated a especially when Prince Rupert was present, that
roughly equal sized force of Parliamentarian they were to retain for most of the war.
Berwick
Carlisle Newburn
Newcastle
Scarborough
Lancaster Marston
Moor
Preston York
Leeds Tadcaster
Bradford Seacroft Moor
Adwalton Hull
Lathom Bolton
Wigan Moor Wakefield
Winwick Manchester
Liverpool Stockport
Bramhall
Warrington
Denbigh Chester Kettleshulme Gainsborough
Rowton Moor Beeston Lincoln
Holt Winceby
Barthomley Newark
Nantwich upon Trent Ancaster
Harlech Wem Hopton Heath
Oswestry Nottingham
Heath Belton
Myddle Morton
Derby Boston
Shrawardine Corbet
Grantham
Montgomery Shrewsbury Stafford
Lichfield
Bridgnorth Leicester King's Lynn
Hopton Birmingham Norwich
Brampton Bryan Coventry Naseby
Worcester
Warwick
Powick Bridge Edgehill Northampton
Hereford Cropredy Cambridge Bury St Edmunds
Haverfordwest Colby Moor Malvern Ripple Bridge
Chipping Campden
Milford Haven Compton Banbury Newport Pagnell
Gloucester Wynyates
Tenby Highnam
Pembroke Raglan Bletchingdon
Little Dean Stow on
Chepstow the Wold Oxford Colchester
St Fagans Cirencester
Cardiff Chalgrove
Bristol Roundway
Lansdown Hill Down Marlborough Reading Brentford London
Chewton Mendip Devizes Newbury Donnington Windsor Turnham Green
Nunney
Bridgwater Basing
Torrington Marshall’s Elm Maidstone
Taunton
Alton
Stratton Langport Winchester
Sourton Cheriton
Down
Launceston Lyme Regis
Exeter Chichester
Bodmin Abbotsbury Portsmouth Arundel
Boconnoc/ Bovey Tracey
Lostwithiel Braddock Down Corfe Nunwell
Truro Fowey Plymouth
0 50 miles
0 100 km
Battles of the English Civil War 1642–51 © Osprey Publishing Ltd. Taken from Essential Histories 58:
The English Civil Wars 1642–1651.
82
The first full field battle came shortly after importantly, a port. However, despite this significant
Powick Bridge, at Edgehill. Here the Royalist gain, the King was unable to capture Gloucester, a
cavalry again chased off most of their opposing move which would have opened the road from
numbers, however, in what was to become a Bristol to Oxford, and his army failed to defeat
feature of their behaviour throughout the war, the Earl of Essex at the First Battle of Newbury
they then left the field in uncontrolled pursuit of (20 September) despite having placed itself between
the routing Parliamentarians and headed for the the Earl and his London base. Perhaps more
enemy baggage. In the absence of the cavalry, the significantly for the longer term, the army of
infantry of both sides then fought their own battle the Parliamentarian Eastern Association, and their
which, thanks to a handful of Parliamentarian cavalry under Oliver Cromwell in particular, had
cavalry that avoided the rout, went against the won some victories in eastern counties.
Royalists, although by the end of the day they had This list covers English Civil War Royalist
withdrawn in fair order, and the battle ended up as armies from the outbreak of the First Civil War
an indecisive draw. Under the influence of Prince until the effects of the Royalist capture of Bristol,
Rupert, the Royalists then made a rapid advance and its associated arms industry, on 26th July 1643,
on London via Reading. However, faced by were felt. During this period Royalist armies were
the larger Parliamentarian army, bolstered by the often short of firearms and gunpowder compared
London Trained Bands, at Turnham Green, they to their Parliamentarian opponents. However, with
withdrew to Oxford for the winter. For the rest of Bristol producing 300 muskets per week, this was
the war Oxford was to be the King’s capital. redressed, at least for the main Royalist armies.
In the following year, 1643, the war expanded Those forces which benefitted from improved
to cover most of England. Initially things went supplies are covered in the Later English Civil War
well for the King, with victories in the north Royalist list, whilst less well equipped armies are
giving him control of most of Yorkshire, while covered by this list until the
in the south west the Cornish, led by Sir Ralph end of the war.
Hopton, embarked on a remarkable series of EARLY ENGLISH CIVIL
WAR ROYALIST
victories, often against superior numbers. Despite
this, the King’s armies remained short of firearms Prince Rupert of
and, more importantly, short of powder, which led the Rhine
to their being unable to prosecute the war as
strongly they would like and at times being forced
to withdraw from Parliamentarian forces they
might have been able to defeat.
The situation was improved in the summer of
1643 when, following the defeat and elimination
of Sir William Waller’s army at the Battle of
Roundway Down (known to the Royalists as
“Runaway Down”), the King’s western forces were
able to storm Bristol, the second city of the kingdom
and location of a major armaments industry and,
83
WARS OF RELIGION
Royalist infantry, 1642, by Graham Turner © Osprey Publishing Ltd. Taken from Campaign 82:
Edgehill 1642.
TROOP NOTES Their pike were especially formidable, and when

At Edgehill in 1642 Prince Rupert attempted to deployed in massed bodies with their shot
have the infantry formed up in the Swedish detached, as at Lansdowne, they attacked
fashion. Whether this meant the old Swedish rapidly – which we represent by making
brigade formation that the Swedes themselves had the pike Determined Foot. Note that
abandoned or something else is open to question. when combined with their shot
However, it is most unlikely that the recently their movement is restricted
levied infantry could have effectively used the to that of the shot. Heavy
Swedish brigade formation so it is not allowed casualties at the storming
even as an option. of Bristol, especially
At the start of the war Royalist dragoons were amongst their officers,
often armed with carbines rather than muskets reduced their ardour and
and so are classified as having Arquebus capability. they were never again the
The Cornish infantry were highly motivated, same force.
if somewhat ill-disciplined, and performed a
number of notable feats on the battlefield in 1643. Royalist musketeer
84
EARLY ENGLISH CIVIL WAR ROYALIST STARTER ARMY

Horse 3 BG 4 bases of horse: Superior, Armoured, Cavaliers – Impact Pistol, Melee Pistol
4 bases of horse: Average, Unarmoured, Cavaliers – Impact Pistol, Melee
Horse 1 BG
Pistol
Each comprising 6 bases of foot: 2 Average, Unarmoured, Heavy Foot – Pike;
Foot 4 BGs
and 4 Average, Unarmoured, Medium Foot – Musket*
Each comprising 2 bases of commanded shot: Average, Unarmoured, Medium
Commanded shot 2 BGs
Foot – Musket
BUILDING A CUSTOMISED LIST • Commanders should be depicted as Horse.

USING OUR ARMY POINTS • Only one of the battle groups of horse in the
Choose an army based on the maxima and Cornish army in 1643 can be Superior.
minima in the list below. The following special • Commanded out musketeers do not count as
instructions apply to this army: “commanded shot” as defined in the rules.
EARLY ENGLISH CIVIL

WAR ROYALIST
Prince Rupert’s charge, 1642, by Graham Turner © Osprey Publishing Ltd. Taken from Campaign 82:
Edgehill 1642.
85
WARS OF RELIGION

Sub-commanders
Troop name
Core Troops
0–
Cavaliers Armoured Average – Pistol Swordsmen 14 4
Only in 12 12–
1642 Average 11 8– 36
Cavaliers Unarmoured – Pistol Swordsmen 4
Poor 8 36
Superior 19
Cavaliers Armoured Average – Pistol Pistol 14 4
Horse
Poor 10
Only from Superior 16
12–36
1643 Cavaliers Unarmoured Average – Pistol Pistol 11 4
Poor 8
Average 11
Poor 8
Medium Foot Unarmoured Average Musket* – – 7 4 0–
6
Only in Heavy Foot Unarmoured Average – Pike Pike 5 2 66 18–
1642 Medium Foot Unarmoured Poor Musket* – – 5 4 18– 120
6
Foot
Medium Foot Unarmoured Average Musket* – – 7 4
6
Only from Heavy Foot Unarmoured Average – Pike Pike 5 2
12–72
1643 Medium Foot Unarmoured Poor Musket* – – 5 4
6
Medium Medium
Artillery Artillery
0–2
Light
Light artillery Light Artillery – Average – – 12 2 0–2
Artillery
Optional Troops
Average 8
Commanded shot Medium Foot Unarmoured Musket – – 2 0–4
Poor 6
Any Dragoons Unarmoured Average Arquebus – – 7 3 or 4 0–6
Only in
0–3
Dragoons 1642 0–6
Dragoons Unarmoured Average Musket – – 8 3 or 4
Only from
0–6
1643
Special Campaigns
Only Cornish army in 1643
Medium Foot Unarmoured Superior Musket* – – 10 4
Replace Foot with
Determined 6 All
Cornish regiments Unarmoured Superior – Pike Pike 9 2
Foot
Only rapid raiding force in 1643
Only Horse, Dragoons (twice normal number may be used) and Commanded out musketeers (see below) allowed
Commanded out
Medium Foot Unarmoured Average Musket – – 7 6 0–18
musketeers
86
ENGLISH CIVIL WAR PARLIAMENTARIAN
A t the start of hostilities between King

Charles and Parliament in 1642,
the latter were much better placed to raise forces
in Ireland in 1641, Parliament had been
responsible for raising new troops to fight there,
and so had been able to appoint, as far as possible,
than was the King. There were a number of officers who would be favourable to them should
contributory factors to this. Firstly, Parliament a break with the King occur. All of this meant that
held London which, in addition to being the by the autumn of 1642 Parliament had a
capital, was the mercantile centre of the kingdom significant force in the field well before the King.
and had both the Tower of London armoury and Despite all these advantages, the war, when
an existing armaments industry. Secondly, the it came, did not start auspiciously for the
magazine city of Hull declared for Parliament, as Parliamentarians. The defeat of their cavalry at
did the navy, which was able to disrupt supplies Powick Bridge gave them an inferiority complex
arriving in England from the continent, where the that was not overcome for most of the war, with
Queen was raising money and supplies for the the exception of Oliver Cromwell’s Ironsides of
King. Lastly, following the outbreak of rebellion the Eastern Association.
EARLY ENGLISH CIVIL

WAR ROYALIST
ENGLISH CIVIL WAR
PARLIAMENTARIAN
The Westminster Trained Bands, 1643, by Angus McBride © Osprey Publishing Ltd. Taken from
Elite 25: Soldiers of the English Civil War (1): Infantry.
87
WARS OF RELIGION
Initially, like the King, Parliament organised its Bands, it did not campaign far from the south
forces into a single field army with the expectation of England with any regularity.
that the war would be concluded quickly. As it Following the drawn Battle of Edgehill, the
became clear that this would not be the case, only major engagement of 1642, Parliamentarian
groupings of counties were organised into forces suffered a series of reverses in the north
“Associations”, who were to raise, and maintain, and south-west of England the following year.
additional armies to fight the Royalists in their However, towards the end of 1643 things started
locale. The main Associations were the Northern, to move more in the direction of Parliament.
Western and Eastern, with a Southern Association The campaign of the Earl of Essex, with the
added later after the elimination of the western main Parliamentarian field army, that prevented
army. Undoubtedly the best of the Association the fall of Gloucester and fought its way past
armies was that of the Eastern Association, led by the King at the First Battle of Newbury, raised
the Earl of Manchester, although it is most famous morale and showed that the Parliamentarian
for its cavalry. The main Parliamentarian army, forces could face off the best the Royalists
under the Earl of Essex, was not tied to an could throw at them. Even more encouragingly,
association. However, as it was mainly recruited the Eastern Association cavalry gained victories
from London and the south-east, plus was over the Royalist cavalry at Gainsborough
supported in the field by the London Trained and Winceby.
Haselrigge’s Lobsters at Roundway Down, 1643, by Angus McBride © Osprey Publishing Ltd.
Taken from Elite 27: Soldiers of the English Civil War (2): Cavalry.
88
The year of 1644 was the defining year of the Copredy Bridge, where he was outmanoeuvred by
war, although not in the way that it would first the King, and in the aftermath his army started to
appear. With a truce negotiated by the King’s desert him. The troops that did remain suffered
representative in Ireland, a new source of trained poor morale and often refused to march far from
troops was available to the Royalists, posing a their homes. The Earl of Essex, with what was in
threat to Parliament. However, a victory gained theory the main Parliamentarian field army,
by Sir Thomas Fairfax at Nantwich in Cheshire decided to campaign in the west country, where
destroyed the first of the Irish regiments shipped his army was forced to surrender in humiliating
to England, starting the year well for the circumstances at Lostwithiel in Cornwall, despite
Parliamentarian armies. Additionally, in March heavily outnumbering the Royalists. With the
Waller gained a victory at Cheriton over his old King suddenly in better circumstances than he
adversary, Hopton. With the threat of Irish had any right to be, Parliament combined the
manpower, not to mention Irish Catholicism, army of the Eastern Association, Waller and the
remaining, however, Parliament chose to enter remnants of Essex’s army, and faced the King at
into an alliance with the Scots Covenanters the Second Battle of Newbury. Stiff resistance by
with the aim of adding their substantial army the outnumbered Royalists, combined with
to Parliament’s own, and thus bring the war to a dissention in the ranks of the Parliamentarian
successful conclusion. The cost of this alliance, in leadership, resulted in a stalemate which, given the
addition to cash, was to be the imposition of the situation, was tantamount to a victory for the
Presbyterian Church on England. The Scots army King. The lasting result of this string of reverses
crossed the border in January, and despite a set was the realisation that a new army and structure
back when their cavalry was defeated at Corbridge, was needed if the war was to be concluded.
they joined with the armies of Fairfax and the Earl The result was the New Model Army.
of Manchester to besiege the Royalist northern This list covers English Civil War
commander, the Marquis of Newcastle, Parliamentarian armies other than the New Model
in York. This resulted in the King army. Thus it covers the main armies, such as those
sending Prince Rupert north to relieve of the Earl of Essex and Sir William Waller, and ENGLISH CIVIL WAR
York, which he did on 1st July. For the small regional forces that remained after the PARLIAMENTARIAN
reasons which are still controversial, formation of the New Model in 1645. The latter
Rupert then decided to fight the allied also covers the armies in Ireland, loyal
army, and caught them at Marston to the English Parliament, that were
Moor the following day. There, thanks significantly reinforced from 1647
to the exploits of Cromwell’s Eastern onwards, until the victories of the
Association cavalry, he was decisively Commonwealth field army in
defeated, giving Parliament control of 1649/50 made their presence in
the north. the field unnecessary.
Despite these successes the war,
rather unexpectedly, somewhat went London Trained
against Parliament thereafter. At the Band pikemen
end of June Waller lost the battle of
89
WARS OF RELIGION
TROOP NOTES “… all the Troops are to be drawn into battalia,

Following their early rout at Powick Bridge, the each being not above three deepe, likewise each troop
Parliamentarian cavalry, although well equipped, must be at least a hundred paces distance behind each
were easily outclassed by their Royalist other for the better avoiding of disorder, for those
counterparts, inspired by Prince Rupert. Through troops that are to give the first charge being drawn
1643, however, the situation improved, especially in up in battail as before, are to be at their close order,
the Eastern Association, where Cromwell’s famous every left hand mans right knee must be close locked
double strength “Ironsides” were raised. By the end under his right hand mans left ham, as has been
of the year at Winceby they were able to defeat a shown before. In this order they are to advance
strong Royalist cavalry force. By mid-1644, at the towards the Enemy with an easie pace, firing their
battle of Marston Moor, it is clear that the best of Carbines at a convenient distance, always aiming at
the Eastern Association horse were the equal to their enemies breast or lower, because the powder is of
Prince Rupert’s cavaliers. The tactics of the Eastern an elevating nature, then drawing near the Enemy,
Association cavalry are described by John Vernon in they are with their right hands to take forth one of
“The Young Horseman” as: their pistols out of their houlsters, and holding the lock
London Trained Bands, 1643, by Graham Turner © Osprey Publishing Ltd. Taken from Campaign 116:
First Newbury 1643.
90
uppermost firing as before, always reserving one of Essex. The most famous of these was that of
Pistol ready, charged, spann’d and primed in your Sir Arthur Haselrigge, which became a whole
houlsters … having thus fired the troops are to charge regiment, his famous “Lobsters” – so called for
the Enemy in full career, but in good order with their their complete armour – the only such regiment of
swords fastned with a Riband or the like to their the whole war. They were destroyed at Roundway
wrists … still keeping in close order close locked …”. Down in 1643, and although Haselrigge raised a
new regiment, this was conventionally armoured.
The London Trained Bands regiments which Parliamentarian foot regiments at the start of
took the field at Turnham Green, and also played the war were usually well equipped and many had
an important role at First Newbury, were well sufficient numbers of pikemen’s corselets to justify
equipped and of good morale, and are included Armoured classification. However, as with most
in the Foot Regiments in this list. The London armies of the period, these were soon discarded as
Auxiliary regiments were not always as effective, cumbersome, heavy and uncomfortable.
and can be represented by Poor quality foot The foot regiments of the Northern
battle groups. Association army that fought at Adwalton Moor
At the start of the war, a number of cuirassier in 1643 were comprised of nearly all musketeers
companies were formed, such as that of the Earl rather than the usual pike and shot arrangements.
ENGLISH CIVIL WAR PARLIAMENTARIAN (LATE 1643) STARTER ARMY

4 bases of “Lobsters”: Average, Heavily Armoured, Horse – Impact Pistol,
Haselrigge’s “Lobsters” 1 BG
Melee Pistol
Each comprising 4 bases of horse: Average, Armoured, Horse – Impact Pistol,
Horse 2 BGs
Melee Pistol
Horse 1 BG 4 bases of horse: Average, Armoured, Horse – Carbine, Melee Pistol
Foot 5 BGs
Each comprising 2 bases of commanded shot: Average, Unarmoured, Medium ENGLISH CIVIL WAR
Commanded shot 2 BGs PARLIAMENTARIAN
Foot – Musket
Field artillery 1 BG 2 bases of field artillery: Average, Medium Artillery – Medium Artillery
BUILDING A CUSTOMISED LIST • A Northern Association army in 1643

USING OUR ARMY POINTS cannot include any Eastern Association
Choose an army based on the maxima and troops.
minima in the list below. The following special • All cuirassiers must have the same
instructions apply to this army: capabilities.
• Cuirassiers cannot be used with Ironsides.
• Commanders should be depicted as Horse.
91
WARS OF RELIGION

Sub-commanders
Troop name
Core Troops
Only in 1642 Horse Armoured Poor Carbine – Pistol 8 4 8–40
Armoured Average 11
Only from
Horse Armoured Poor Carbine – Pistol 8 4
1643 0–
Unarmoured Poor 7 40
Only from late
1643
Horse Only Eastern 8–
Association 40
Determined
horse Armoured Superior – Pistol Pistol 21 4 0–8
Horse
(Ironsides) in
late 1643
Only Eastern Superior 21
Determined 0–
Association Armoured – Pistol Pistol 4
Horse Average 15 20
horse in 1644
6
Heavy Foot Armoured Average – Pike Pike 6 2 60
Medium Foot Unarmoured Poor Musket – – 6 4 18– 18–
Foot Only in 1642 6
Heavy Foot Armoured Poor – Pike Pike 4 2 36 96
Medium Foot Unarmoured Poor Musket* – – 5 4 0–
6
6
Only from Heavy Foot Unarmoured Average – Pike Pike 5 2 12–
Foot
1643 Medium Foot Unarmoured Poor Musket – – 6 4 96 12–
6
Veteran Medium Foot Unarmoured Superior Musket – – 11 4 0–
Only in 1644 6
Foot Heavy Foot Unarmoured Superior – Pike Pike 8 2 12
Medium Medium
Artillery Artillery
2–4
Light
Light artillery Light Artillery – Average – – 12 2 0–2
Artillery
Optional Troops
Only before Heavily – Pistol Pistol 12
Cuirassiers Horse Average 2 or 4 0–4
1644 Armoured Carbine – Pistol 13
Average 8
Poor 6
Average 8
Dragoons Dragoons Unarmoured Musket – – 3 or 4 0–6
Poor 6
Special Campaigns
Only Northern Association in 1643
Replace Foot with musketeer ¾ – all of
regiments foot BGs
Poorly armed levies Mob Unarmoured Poor – – – 2 6–8 0–8
92
LATER ENGLISH CIVIL WAR ROYALIST
T his list covers English Civil War Royalist

armies from when the beneficial effects
of the capture of Bristol in July 1643 were felt by
were lost at Nantwich in January 1644, and the
rest were too few to change the course of the war.
1644 also saw the largest battle of the war, at
some of the Royalist forces, notably the Oxford Marston Moor in Yorkshire. After breaking the
army and forces in the English midlands. The siege of York, Prince Rupert decided to fight the
major difference from early war armies was that larger allied army of Scots and Parliamentarians
there were now sufficient firearms to properly and was soundly beaten. It is not entirely clear
equip the armies and, indeed, some Royalist why Rupert felt he had to fight this battle, as the
infantry units appear to have been wholly musket alliance of the Scots and Parliamentarians was
armed by the end of the war. Despite the better anything but cordial, and their army was on the
availability of firearms, some regional forces verge of separating into its constituent parts,
remained less well equipped, and these are covered which might have been neutralised individually.
by the Early English Civil War list. Rupert always claimed his orders from the King
Despite the capture of Bristol and the benefits stated that he should fight, and for some time
this brought, this realistically marked the high afterwards he carried these with him to justify his
point of Royalist fortunes in the war. This was decision. The result was, however, that the north
demonstrated shortly afterwards when they failed was lost to the King and, in effect, occupied by the
to take Gloucester, probably due to a reluctance Scots for the remainder of the war.
to storm a defended city after the severe losses at
Bristol, and then also failed to defeat the Earl of Lord George Goring
Essex at the First Battle of Newbury, despite
having a superior strategic position, by being
between the Earl and his London base. The reality
was that Parliament still controlled the more ENGLISH CIVIL WAR
prosperous and populated areas of the country, PARLIAMENTARIAN
LATER ENGLISH CIVIL
and thus had an economic advantage. WAR ROYALIST
However, under orders from the King, the
Duke of Ormonde, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland,
negotiated a cessation of hostilities with the Irish,
which freed up experienced soldiers who could
be shipped to England to fight for the King.
This was, however, easier said than done. With
Parliament controlling the navy, shipping troops
in any numbers was difficult, and when they
did land Irish soldiers were even less popular
with civilians than English ones. Although a few
thousand troops were brought to England, many
93
WARS OF RELIGION
Royalist cavalry, 1645, by Angus McBride © Osprey Publishing Ltd. Taken from Elite 27: Soldiers of
the English Civil War (2): Cavalry.
94
In the south the King was faced by two major inevitable and the last effective Royalist field
Parliamentarian armies under the Earl of Essex army was destroyed.
and Sir William Waller. These failed to act in Despite further actions around the country,
close co-operation, however, and, remarkably, the Naseby to all intents ended the war, and in
King was able to defeat both of them, firstly 1646 Charles surrendered himself to the Scots
Waller at Cropredy Bridge, and then Essex in army at Newark, rather than to the English
Cornwall at Lostwithiel, where the entirety of Parliamentarians.
Essex’s foot were forced to surrender and lay
down their arms. The subsequent Second Battle TROOP NOTES
of Newbury again showed the fighting spirit of With an increased supply of muskets and a need
the Royalist army, as it beat off the combined for rapid movement, the Royalist armies, no doubt
forces of the Eastern Association and under Prince Rupert’s influence, started to make
Parliament’s sundry troops from the south use of large bodies of “commanded out” shot –
of England. that is musketeers operating independently from
Despite 1644 ending remarkably well for their regiment’s pike. An example of the scale of
the King, his strategic position was still weak. this is the start of the campaign that led to the
To add to his difficulties, Parliament had moved Battle of Cropredy Bridge, when the army that
to put its army on a sounder footing with marched from Oxford comprised of 5,000 horse
the creation of the New Model Army. The two and 2,500 musketeers. The remaining infantry
armies met at Naseby in June of that year. (1,500 musketeers and 200 pike) joined the army
Despite the improvements in the quality of the on the march somewhat later. In addition to this,
Parliamentarian cavalry, Prince Rupert’s troopers a number of foot regiments appear to have been
were again victorious, but as usual chased their made up of just musketeers, possibly because they
defeated enemy from the field and headed had been created out of garrison forces who had
towards the baggage train rather than turning on little need of pikes.
the flank of the infantry. The rest of the Royalist Firelocks are traditionally assumed to have
cavalry, facing Cromwell on the opposite wing, been used to guard the artillery train, as they are
also fought well, but superior numbers prevailed safer around gunpowder, lacking the burning
LATER ENGLISH CIVIL
and they were defeated. In the infantry fight the match of the matchlock musket. In the Royalist WAR ROYALIST
Royalists were initially successful, penetrating army, however, they became a form of assault
the first line of the New Model foot, however, troops, some gaining a fearsome reputation. This
they were also stalled by superior numbers and may have been due to the fact that they often
fell back. The superior control Cromwell had contained a significant Irish contingent, who were
over his cavalry now proved decisive as, unlike motivated by the fact that if captured by the
Rupert’s troopers, Cromwell’s did turn into the Parliamentarians they would be hanged forthwith.
flank of the Royalist foot. Despite a desperate Another use for firelock companies was as
last stand by the King’s Lifeguard and Rupert’s bodyguards for senior officers – both Prince
“Blewcoats”, both foot regiments, the result was Rupert and Prince Maurice had such guards.
95
WARS OF RELIGION
LATER ENGLISH CIVIL WAR ROYALIST (1644) STARTER ARMY

Each comprising 4 bases of horse: Superior, Armoured, Cavaliers – Impact
Horse 2 BGs
Each comprising 4 bases of horse: Average, Unarmoured, Cavaliers – Impact
Horse 2 BGs
6 bases of foot: 2 Superior, Unarmoured, Heavy Foot – Pike; and 4 Superior,
Foot 1 BG
Unarmoured, Medium Foot – Musket
Foot 2 BGs
Firelocks 1 BG 4 bases of firelocks: Superior, Unarmoured, Medium Foot – Musket
Each comprising 2 bases of commanded shot: Average, Unarmoured Medium
Commanded shot 2 BGs
Foot – Musket
Royalist and Parliamentary cavalry, 1643, by Graham Turner © Osprey Publishing Ltd. Taken from
Campaign 116: First Newbury 1643.
96
BUILDING A CUSTOMISED LIST • Commanded out musketeers do not count as

USING OUR ARMY POINTS “commanded shot” as defined in the rules.
Choose an army based on the maxima and • An army containing no Pike bases must have
minima in the list below. The following special more mounted and Dragoon bases than
instructions apply to this army: infantry and artillery bases. Commanders’
bases do not count as any of these.
• Commanders should be depicted as Horse.

Sub-commanders
Troop name
Core Troops
Superior 19
Cavaliers Armoured Average – Pistol Pistol 14 4
Poor 10
Superior 16
Horse 16–42
Cavaliers Unarmoured Average – Pistol Pistol 11 4
Poor 8
Average 11
Poor 8
6
Foot regiments or Medium Foot Unarmoured Poor Musket – – 6 4 12–
commanded out 6
musketeers
Average 7
Medium Foot Unarmoured Musket – – 6
Poor 5
Veteran foot Medium Foot Unarmoured Superior Musket – – 11 4 12–
regiments or 6 0– 72
Only from
commanded Heavy Foot Unarmoured Superior – Pike Pike 8 2
1644 18 LATER ENGLISH CIVIL
out
Medium Foot Unarmoured Superior Musket – – 10 6 WAR ROYALIST
musketeers
Medium Foot Unarmoured Average Musket* – – 7 4
6
Heavy Foot Unarmoured Average – Pike Pike 5 2 0–
Regional foot regiments
Medium Foot Unarmoured Poor Musket* – – 5 4 48
6
Medium Medium
Artillery Artillery
0–2
Light Light
Light artillery – Average – – 12 2 0–2
Artillery Artillery
Optional Troops
Average 8
Poor 6
Firelocks Medium Foot Unarmoured Superior Musket – – 10 4 0–4
97
WARS OF RELIGION
NEW MODEL ARMY
B y the end of 1644, prompted by the

failure of their combined armies to
defeat the King at the Second Battle of Newbury,
military command – although Oliver Cromwell
was given a dispensation from this as Sir Thomas
Fairfax requested he be allowed to fill the role
Parliament decided that a radical overhaul of their of Lieutenant-General of the Cavalry. Thus the
forces was needed to force a decision in what was “New Model Army” was created. The planned
becoming a drawn out war. The result of this strength of the army was to be 11 regiments of
was a “new modelling” of the main field army of horse, each of 600 troopers, 12 regiments of foot,
Parliament, drawing on the best of the soldiers each of 1,200 men, and a single regiment of
from the armies of Essex, Waller and the Eastern dragoons of 1,000 men. Additionally, an artillery
Association to form a hopefully war-winning train would be provided. Those soldiers not
force. This was accompanied by the Self Denying incorporated into the new army would remain
Ordinance, whereby members of Parliament, of in subsidiary regional forces.
both the House of Commons and the House Despite being able to draw on three existing
of Lords, debarred themselves from military armies for its recruits, the army was still rather
command in order to remove politics from under strength when it took the field in 1645.
The New Model Army, 1645, by Angus McBride © Osprey Publishing Ltd. Taken from Elite 25:
Soldiers of the English Civil War (1): Infantry.
98
NEW MODEL ARMY
Cavalry numbers were easily reached, but the in restoring his son to the throne as Charles II.
infantry numbers were very low. Despite a ruthless Following the restoration, most of the army
impressment campaign, they were still below was disbanded.
establishment at the Battle of Naseby – at which, The first Lord-General of the New Model was
nevertheless, the New Model Army was Sir Thomas Fairfax, with Oliver Cromwell as
victorious, finally destroying any chance the King Lieutenant-General of the Cavalry and Philip
had of winning the war. Skippon as Sergeant-Major General of the Foot.
Following the end of the First Civil War, Cromwell later took over as Lord-General in
Parliament chose to retain a standing army, the 1649 when Sir Thomas declined the command of
first significant standing force ever maintained by the army to campaign in Ireland.
England. Following the end of the war, however, This list covers the English army of
the army became radicalised by Protestant non- Parliament from the creation of the “New Model
conformists and started to intervene in politics. Army” in 1645, through the army of the English
This significantly affected the English view of Commonwealth, until most of the standing army
standing armies, and her politicians remained was demobilised following the restoration of
suspicious of such standing forces thereafter. King Charles II in 1660. The army sent to the
Subsequently the army fought in Ireland West Indies in 1654 is covered by a later list in
(1649–1652), in Scotland (1650), England Field of Glory Renaissance Companion 6: Cities
(against invading Scots in 1651 and various of Gold.
Royalist uprisings) and, strangely, in support of
Catholic France (1654) against Spain. English TROOP NOTES
infantry and naval gunfire were important in Despite being partly drawn from existing armies,
Turenne’s victory at the Battle of the Dunes. the quality of the New Model infantry was
An army was also sent to the West Indies in 1654 not high. This appears to be because many of
as part of the war against Spain. the soldiers were in fact impressed Royalists and
Ironically, after playing such a major part in the rounded-up deserters. The cavalry, on the other
defeat and overthrow of Charles I, the army was hand, was a quality force based around the
then instrumental, under General George Monck, formidable Eastern Association troops.
NEW MODEL ARMY STARTER ARMY NEW MODEL ARMY

Each comprising 4 bases of horse: Superior, Armoured, Determined Horse –
Horse 2 BGs
Each comprising 4 bases of horse: Average, Armoured, Determined Horse –
Horse 2 BGs
Foot 3 BGs
Field artillery 1 BG 2 bases of field artillery: Average, Medium Artillery – Medium Artillery
99
WARS OF RELIGION
BUILDING A CUSTOMISED LIST • Commanders should be depicted as Horse.

USING OUR ARMY POINTS
NEW MODEL ARMY

Sub-commanders
Troop name
Core Troops
Determined Superior 21
Horse Armoured – Pistol Pistol 4 8–32
horse Average 15
Foot 6
Only from Medium Foot Unarmoured Superior Musket – – 11 4 0– 72
Veteran Foot 6
1646 Heavy Foot Unarmoured Superior – Pike Pike 8 2 18
Medium Medium
Artillery Artillery
0–4
Light Light
Light artillery – Average – – 12 2 0–2
Artillery Artillery
Optional Troops
Firelocks Medium Foot Unarmoured Average Musket – – 7 4 0–4
Determined Average 15
Association or militia horse Armoured – Pistol Pistol 4 0–8
horse Poor 11
Association or militia foot 6 0–18
NEW MODEL ARMY ALLIES

Troop name
Horse Armoured – Pistol Pistol 4 4–12
Horse Average 15
Foot 6
Only from Medium Foot Unarmoured Superior Musket – – 11 4 24
Veteran Foot 6 0–6
1646 Heavy Foot Unarmoured Superior – Pike Pike 8 2
100
NEW MODEL ARMY
NEW MODEL ARMY
Cavalry of the New Model Army, 1645, by Angus McBride © Osprey Publishing Ltd. Taken from Elite 27:
Soldiers of the English Civil War (2): Cavalry.
101
WARS OF RELIGION
EARLY LOUIS XIV FRENCH
T his list covers French armies from the

outbreak of the Frondes series of civil
wars (1648–1653) until Louis XIV took over
The war with Spain was finally decided
following the Spanish defeat at the Battle of the
Dunes in 1658. The battle saw a French army led
personal control of the government after the death by Turenne, with allies supplied by the Protestant
of Cardinal Mazarin in 1661, which allowed Commonwealth of England, face a Spanish army
Louis to dictate military matters. which included French cavalry and infantry led by
During most of this period the French were at Condé. The subsequent Treaty of the Pyrenees
war with the Spanish in the Low Countries and, which brought the war to a mostly satisfactory
to a much lesser extent, in Catalonia. In addition, conclusion for France, also saw Condé pardoned
from 1648 to 1653 there were a series of civil wars by Louis and re-enter French service.
in France, which are known as the Frondes – from
fronde, meaning a sling, which was used by rioters TROOP NOTES
in Paris at the start of the first civil war. During this period, under the guidance of
The Frondes were notable in that the two best Turenne and Condé, French cavalry appear to
French generals, Turenne and Condé, were both have started to use a more aggressive “sword in
in opposition to the government of Cardinal hand” approach to combat, although this may not
Mazarin and the Queen Mother, Anne of Austria. have applied to all. At the same time, however,
However, in 1650 Turenne, realising he was being they gained a reputation for being somewhat
manipulated, asked for a pardon from the young ill-disciplined and this was only stamped out later
Louis XIV, which he received. He then led the in Louis XIV’s reign when Turenne was Colonel-
Royal armies to defeat the rebels, whilst Condé Général of Cavalry. Because of this ill-discipline
actually entered Spanish service. we classify them as Cavaliers.
EARLY LOUIS XIV FRENCH STARTER ARMY

Chevaux-légers, gendarmerie or 4 bases of chevaux-légers, gendarmerie or carabins: Superior, Armoured,
1 BG
similar Determined Horse – Impact Pistol, Melee Pistol
Chevaux-légers, gendarmerie or Each comprising 4 bases of chevaux-légers, gendarmerie or carabins: Superior,
2 BGs
similar Unarmoured, Cavaliers – Impact Mounted, Melee Pistol
Dragoons 1 BG 3 bases of dragoons: Average, Unarmoured Dragoons – Musket
6 bases of guard and vieux infantry: 2 Superior, Unarmoured, Heavy Foot –
Guard and Vieux infantry 1 BG
Pike; and 4 Superior, Unarmoured, Medium Foot – Musket*, Impact Foot
Each comprising 6 bases of petits vieux and other infantry:
Petits Vieux and other infantry 2 BGs 2 Average, Unarmoured, Heavy Foot – Pike; and 4 Average, Unarmoured,
Medium Foot – Musket*, Impact Foot
6 bases of petits vieux and other infantry: Average, Unarmoured, Medium
Petits Vieux and other infantry 1 BG
Foot – Musket*, Impact Foot
Artillery 1 BG 2 bases of artillery: Average Medium Artillery – Medium Artillery
102
BUILDING A CUSTOMISED LIST • The minimum marked * is reduced to 4 for

USING OUR ARMY POINTS rebel armies before 1653.
Choose an army based on the maxima and • Only Royal armies can use Armoured infantry.
minima in the list below. The following special • If English warships are used the English
instructions apply to this army: allies must also be used.
• Cavaliers, Superior infantry and Superior
• Commanders should be depicted as Determined Horse cannot be used with the
Chevaux-légers. Catalan War special campaign options.

Territory Types: Agricultural, Woodland, Hilly
Sub-commanders
Troop name
Core Troops
Impact
Cavaliers Armoured Superior – Swordsmen 21 4
Mounted
Impact
Cavaliers Unarmoured Superior – Swordsmen 18 4
Chevaux-légers, Mounted
Determined Superior 21 *8–36
gendarmerie or similar Armoured – Pistol Pistol 4
Horse Average 15
Horse Average 12
Determined
Only rebel Armoured Average – Pistol Pistol 15 4
German Horse
armies 4–12
cavalry Determined
before 1653 Unarmoured Average – Pistol Pistol 12 4
Horse
Impact
Medium Foot Unarmoured Superior Musket* – 11 4
Foot 6
Guard and Vieux infantry 0–18
Impact
Medium Foot Unarmoured Superior Musket* – 11 4
Foot 6
EARLY LOUIS XIV
Impact
Medium Foot Unarmoured Average Musket* – 8 4 12– FRENCH
Foot 6
Petits Vieux and other 36 12–
infantry 60
Impact 0–
Medium Foot Unarmoured Average Musket* – 7 6
Foot 36
Heavy Heavy
– Average – – 25 2,3 or 4
Artillery Artillery
Medium Medium
Artillery – Average – – 20 2,3 or 4 2–4
Artillery Artillery
Light Light
– Average – – 12 2,3 or 4
Artillery Artillery
103
WARS OF RELIGION
Optional Troops
Impact
Newly raised French Medium Foot Unarmoured Poor Musket* – 6 4
Foot 6 0–36
infantry and militia
Foreign infantry Medium Foot Unarmoured Average Musket – – 8 4
6 0–24
regiments Heavy foot Unarmoured Average – Pike Pike 5 2
Special Campaigns
Only Royal Army in 1658
English warships Naval Units – Average Naval – – 30 – 0–1
English allies (no mounted BGs) – New Model Army
Catalan War before 1658 (Royal army)
6
Catalan Only before Heavy Foot Unarmoured Average – Pike Pike 5 2
0–18
militia 1653 Medium Foot Unarmoured Poor Musket – – 6 4
6
Miquelets Light Foot Unarmoured Average Musket – – 7 6 6–18
EARLY LOUIS XIV FRENCH ALLIES

Troop name
Impact
Cavaliers Armoured Superior – Pistol 21 4
Mounted
Impact
Cavaliers Unarmoured Superior – Pistol 18 4
Chevaux-légers, Mounted
Determined Superior 21 4–16
gendarmerie or similar Armoured – Pistol Pistol 4
Horse Average 15
Horse Average 12
Determined
Only rebel Armoured Average – Pistol Pistol 15 4
German Horse
armies 0–4
cavalry Determined
before 1653 Unarmoured Average – Pistol Pistol 12 4
Horse
Impact
Medium Foot Unarmoured Average Musket* – 8 4 6–
Foot 6
Petits Vieux and other 18 6–
infantry 30
Impact 0–
Medium Foot Unarmoured Average Musket* – 7 6
Foot 18
Medium Medium
Artillery – Average – – 20 2 0–2
Artillery Artillery
104
APPENDIX 1
APPENDIX 1 – USING THE LISTS
T o give balanced games, armies can be

selected using the points system. The more
effective the troops, the more each base costs in
applying to an army list must be adhered to. They
also apply to allied contingents supplied by the army.
All armies must have a C-in-C and at least
points. The maximum points for an army will one other commander. No army can have more
usually be set at between 600 and 800 points for a than 4 commanders in total, including C-in-C,
singles game for 2 to 4 hours play. We recommend sub-commanders and allied commanders.
800 points for 15mm singles tournament games All armies must have a supply camp. This is
(650 points for 25mm) and between 900 and free unless fortified. A fortified camp can only
1000 points for 15mm doubles games. be used if specified in the army list. Field
The army lists specify which troops can be used fortifications and portable defences can only be
in a particular army. No other troops can be used. used if specified in the army list.
The number of bases of each type in the army must Allied contingents can only be used if specified
conform to the specified minima and maxima. in the army list. Most allied contingents have their
Troops that have restrictions on when they can be own allied contingent list, to which they must
used cannot be used with troops with a conflicting conform unless the main army’s list specifies
restriction. For example, troops that can only be used otherwise.
“before 1640” cannot be used with troops that can
only be used “from 1640”. All special instructions French infantry
EARLY LOUIS XIV

FRENCH
APPENDIX 1 - USING
THE LISTS
105
WARS OF RELIGION
BATTLE GROUPS • A battle group can only initially have

All troops are organized into battle groups. 9 bases if this is explicitly stated in the list.
Commanders, supply camps and field e.g. If the battle group size is specified in
fortifications are not troops and are not assigned the form “6,9,12”, and not if specified in
to battle groups. Portable defences are not troops, the form “6-12”.
but are assigned to specific battle groups. • A battle group can only include troops from
Battle groups must comply with the following one line in a list, unless the list specifies a
restrictions: mixed formation by indicating the battle
group to be of types from more than one line.
• The number of bases in a battle group must e.g. 6 musketeers & 3 pike or 4 musketeers
correspond to the range specified in the list. & 2 pike – as in the list example below.
• Each battle group must initially comprise an • All troops in a battle group must be of the
even number of bases (not counting same quality. Where a choice of quality is
regimental gun markers), with the following given in a list, this allows battle groups to
exceptions. These can only be used if differ from each other. It does not override
specified by the list: the above rule for each battle group.
• A battle group can only initially have • All troops in a battle group with the same
3 bases if this is explicitly stated in the list. troop type and combat capabilities must be
e.g. If the battle group size is specified in of the same armour class. Where a choice of
the form “2,3,4”, and not if specified in the armour class is given in a list, this allows
form “2-4”. battle groups to differ from each other.
• A battle group can only initially have It does not override the above rule for each
7 bases if it is specified in the list as a battle group.
Swedish brigade formation.

Troop name
Heavily
Armoured
Cuirassiers 4–12
Only from
1629
Armoured 11
Unarmoured 9
Only Medium
before Foot
(LT)
Infantry 1629 Heavy Foot Armoured Average – Pike Pike 6 3
9–60
regiments Medium
Foot 6
1625
Medium Medium
Artillery Artillery
106
APPENDIX 1
EXAMPLE LIST do not all have to be the same size, i.e. a

Here is a section of an actual army list, which will battle group of 4 bases and a battle group of
help us to explain the basics and some special 6 bases can be used in the same army. They
features. The list specifies the following items for cannot be fielded as 5 base battle groups.
each historical type included in the army: • Before 1625, all Infantry regiments must be
• Troop Type – comprising Type, Armour fielded as 9 base battle groups comprising
and Quality. 3 bases of pike and 6 bases of musketeers.
• Capabilities – comprising Shooting, Impact These fight in the Later Tercio formation, as
and Melee capabilities. is indicated by the “(LT)” in the Bases per
• Points cost per base. BG column.
• Minimum and maximum number of bases in • From 1629, Infantry regiments cannot be
each battle group. 9 bases strong and can only be fielded as
• Minimum and maximum number of bases in 6 base battle groups comprising 2 bases of
the army. pike and 4 bases of musketeers. 6 base
Infantry regiment battle groups are not
SPECIAL FEATURES: Tercios.
• From 1629, Cuirassiers can be fielded as • From 1625 to 1628 inclusive, Infantry
either Heavily Armoured or Armoured, regiments can be fielded as either 9 base
but before that date can only be Heavily battle groups or 6 base battle groups as the
Armoured. Different battle groups can have player wishes. Different sized battle groups
different Armour rating (from 1629), but all can be fielded at the same time.
the bases in each battle group must have the • The army must contain at least 9 Infantry
same Armour rating. regiment bases and cannot have more than
• Cuirassiers must always be fielded in battle 60. This minimum and maximum apply
groups of 4 bases. The army must include a to the total number of Infantry regiment
minimum of 4 bases of Cuirassiers and may bases fielded regardless of which size
include up to 12. or combination of size battle groups
• Arquebusiers can be fielded as either are fielded.
Armoured or Unarmoured, but all the bases • Field guns can be organised in battle groups
in a battle group must be rated in the same of 2, 3 or 4 bases. A 3 base battle group is
way i.e. all Armoured or all Unarmoured. allowed in this case because it is explicitly
Different battle groups can have different stated in the army list. If the list had “2-4” in APPENDIX 1 - USING
Armour rating. the Bases per BG column, a battle group of THE LISTS
• Arquebusiers must be organized in battle 3 would not be allowed. The army must have
groups of 4 or 6 bases, but the battle groups between 2 and 4 bases of Field guns.
107
WARS OF RELIGION
INDEX
References to illustrations are shown in bold. Christian I von Anhalt 26

Christian IV, King of Denmark 18, 19, 21, 22, 27
Adwalton Moor, Battle of (1643) 91 Condé, Louis II Bourbon, Prince de 11, 59, 102
Alford, Battle of (1645) 72 Corbie, capture of (1636) 10
Allerheim, Battle of (aka 2nd Battle of Nördlingen) (1645) Corbridge, Battle of (1644) 89
48, 55, 59 Cornish 83, 84
Alte Veste, Battle of (1632) 40, 46 Cromwell, Oliver 67, 68, 79, 83, 87, 89, 95, 98, 99
Altmark, Truce of (1629) 40 Cropredy Bridge, Battle of (1644) 89, 95
Anne of Austria, Queen Mother 102 cuirassiers see also Kürassieren, German
“Archdukes, The” 9 Dutch 7
Argyll, Archibald Campbell, Earl of 67, 73 early Caroline English 38, 38
Armee d’Allemagne 53, 54, 59
armour, “Trabharnische” 34 Danish, Thirty Years’ War 18–20
“Arquebusiers”, Dutch 7 building a customised list 19–20
arquebusiers, Spanish 10, 63 pikemen 18
Artagnan, Comte d’ 15 starter army 19
Augsburg 46 troop notes 19
Auldearn, Battle of (1645) 68, 68 Dessau Bridge, Battle of (1626) 22
Don Fernando, Cardinal-Infante 9, 10, 47
Bandellier Reiter 21, 48 Donauwörth 21
Banér 48 Dorobanti (Wallachian and Transylvanian mercenaries) 34
battle, army arrayed for 54 dragoons, Scots Royalist 73
battle formations, “hopen” 6 dragoons, Spanish 11
Bernhard von Sachsen-Weimar 41, 46, 47–48, 53, 54, 59 Drogheda, massacre of (1649) 79
“Bishops’ Wars” (1639 and 1640) 37, 38, 67, 69 Dumas, Alexandre 15
Bohemia 21, 26 Dunbar, Battle of (1650) 68, 69
Braganza, João, Duke of 77 Dunes, First Battle of the (1654) 99
Bratislava (Pressburg) 32 Dunes, Second Battle of the (1658) 11, 102
Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel, Christian von 22, 27 Dutch, later Eighty Years’ War 6–9
Brechin 66 allies 9
Breisach, siege of (1638) 47 building a customised list 7–8
Breitenfeld, First Battle of (1631) 22, 27, 42, 46 troop notes 7
Breitenfeld, Second Battle of (1642) 48 veteran infantry 6
Bristol, capture of (1643) 83, 84, 93
Buckingham, Duke of 37 Eastern Association army 83, 87, 88, 89, 90–91
Edgehill, Battle of (1642) 83, 84, 88
Caballos corazas 11 Eighty Years’ War (1568–1648) 10
Cádiz, attack on (1625) 36–37 Eighty Years’ War, later: Dutch 6–9
Campbell of Lawers’ regiment 68, 68 allies 9
Carbisdale, Battle of (1650) 72 building a customised list 7–8
Catalonia 62, 63 troop notes 7
Catholic League 26, 27, 29 veteran infantry 6
cavalry Elvas, Battle of (1659) 63
German mercenary 23 enfants perdus 15, 16
New Model Army 101 “Engagers” 67
Parliamentary 96 English, early Caroline 36–40
Royalist 94, 96 allies 40
Swedish 41, 42 building a customised list 38–39
Cecil, Sir Edward 37 cuirassiers 38, 38
Charles I, King 36–37, 38, 66, 67, 79, 81, 99 Haselrigge’s “Lobsters” 38
Charles II, King 67, 89, 93, 95, 99 starter army 37
Chemnitz, Battle of (1639) 48 troop notes 38
Cheriton, Battle of (1644) 89 English Civil War (1642–51), battles 82
108
INDEX
English Civil War, early: Royalist 81–86 Gábor, Bethlen (Prince of Transylvania) 21, 22, 24,
building a customised list 85–86 32–33, 34
Cornish 83, 84 Gábor, Istvan 33
infantry 84 Gainsborough, Battle of (1643) 88
musketeer 84 Gallas, Matthias 47
troop notes 84 Georg, Johann 22
English Civil War, later: Royalist 93, 95–97 German, later Thirty Years’ War 46–48, 50–52
building a customised list 97 allies 52
cavalry 94, 96 building a customised list 50–52
King’s Lifeguard 95 Kürassiere 47
Rupert’s “Blewcoats” 95 starter army 50
starter army 96 troop notes 48, 50
troop notes 95 German Catholic, early Thirty Years’ War 26–27, 29–32
English Civil War Parliamentarian 87–92 allies 32
building a customised list 91–92 building a customised list 30–31
cavalry 96 Kürassiere 29
Haselrigge’s “Lobsters” 88, 91 starter army 29
London Trained Bands 90, 91 Tartshier 29
pikemen 89 troop notes 29
Northern Association army 92 veteran infantryman 29
starter army 91 German mercenaries 19
troop notes 90–91 cavalry 23
Westminster Trained Bands 87 German Protestant, early Thirty Years’ War 21–22, 24–26
Essex, Earl of 5, 81, 83, 88, 89, 93, 95 allies 26
Estremoz, Battle of (1663) 63 Bandellier Reiter 21, 48
building a customised list 24–25
Fairfax, Sir Thomas 89, 98, 99 starter army 22
Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria 9 troop notes 24
Ferdinand II, Archduke of Austria (later Emperor) 21, 46, 47 Goring, Lord George 93
Ferdinand III, Emperor 47, 48 Götz, Gen 47–48
Ferdinand of Hungary 9 Guardias viejas (“Old Guard”) 11
Fernando, Cardinal-Infante Don 9, 10, 47 Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden 18, 22, 27, 40–41, 41,
Finnish cavalry (Kakkapeliita) 42 42, 46
Flanders, Army of 11 György I Rákóczi 32, 33
Freiburg, Battle of (1644) 59
French, early Louis XIV 102–104 Habsburgs 15, 58
allies 104 Hague, Coalition of the 21–22, 27
building a customised list 103–104 Haiduks 34
starter army 102 Haselrigge, Sir Arthur 91
troop notes 102 Haselrigge’s “Lobsters” 38, 88, 91
French, early 17th century 15–18 Heidelberg 47
allies 18 Heilbronn League 46, 47
building a customised list 16–17 Henri of Navarre (Henri IV of France) 6, 15
enfants perdus 15, 16 Henrietta Maria, Queen 81
King’s Musketeers 15 highlanders 73
Musketeers of the Guard 15, 16 Höchst, Battle of (1622) 21
pikemen 15 Holy Roman Empire 21 see also Imperial entries
starter army 16 Homonnay, de 32
troop notes 15–16 Hopton, Sir Ralph 83, 89
French, Thirty Years’ War 58–62 Horn, Count Gustav 41, 46, 47
building a customised list 61–62 Hotham, Sir John 81
officer 59 Huguenots 6, 15
starter army 60 cavalry 6
troop notes 60 Hull 81, 87
French infantry 105 Hungarian hussars (Ungarn) 24, 29
Friedrich II, Emperor 22, 26, 27, 33 Hungarian-Transylvanian 32–36
Friedrich V, Palatine Elector (later King of Bohemia) 21 allies 36
Frondes (civil wars) 59, 102 building a customised list 35–36
109
WARS OF RELIGION
starter army 34 Mazarin, Cardinal 59, 102

szekler 33, 34 McColla 72
troop notes 33–34 Medici, Marie de 15
Huntly, Marquis of 72, 73 mercenaries, Dorobanti 34
mercenaries, German 19
Île de Ré expedition (1627) 37 cavalry 23
Imperial musketeers 31 Miquelets (Spanish irregular troops) 63
Imperial pikemen 28, 49 Monck, Gen George 99
Imperial retreat (1632) 53 Montecuccoli 11, 29, 54–55, 60
Imperial Spanish, later see Spanish, later Imperial Montijo, Battle of (1644) 63, 77
Inverlochy, Battle of (1645) 73 Montrose, James Graham, Earl of 67, 72, 73, 74
Ireland 37, 69, 79, 87, 99 Munich 46
Irish, Confederate 79–81 musketeer, Royalist 84
building a customised list 80–81 musketeers, Imperial 31
starter army 80 Musketeers, King’s 15
troop notes 79–80 Musketeers of the Guard 15, 16
Irish Brigade 73, 74, 76
Isabella, Archduchess of Austria 9 Nantwich, Battle of (1644) 89, 93
Naseby, Battle of (1644) 95, 99
Jankau, Battle of (1645) 48 New Model Army 89, 95, 98, 98–100
Johann Georg, Elector of Saxony 40 allies 100
building a customised list 100
Kaiserslautern 47 cavalry 101
Kalmar War (1611–1613) 18 starter army 99
Kilkenny, Confederation of 79 troop notes 99
Kilpont 73 Newark 67, 95
Kingston-upon-Hull 81, 87 Newburn, Battle of (1640) 37, 38
Kürassieren, German 29, 47 Newbury, First Battle of (1643) 83, 88, 91, 93
Newbury, Second Battle of (1644) 89, 95, 98
La Rochelle 37 Newcastle, Marquis of 89
La Valette 47 Newcastle-upon-Tyne 37
Leipzig 46 Nieuwpoort, Battle of (1600) 6, 7
Leslie, David 69 Nikolsburg, Peace/Treaty of (1621) 24, 33
Lisbon, Treaty of (1668) 63 Nördlingen, Battle of (1634) 9–10, 41–42, 47
London Trained Bands 90, 91 Nördlingen, Second Battle of (aka Battle of Allerheim)
pikemen 89 (1645) 48, 55, 59
Lostwithiel, Battle of (1644) 89, 95 Northern Association army 92
Louis XIII, King of France 15, 59, 62 Nottingham 81
Louis XIV, early: French 102–104
allies 104 officer, French 59
building a customised list 103–104 officer, Spanish 63
starter army 102 O’Neill, Owen Roe 79
troop notes 102 Ordinance, Self Denying 98
Louis XIV, King of France 59, 102 Ormonde, Duke of 79, 80, 93
Low Countries 6, 9 Oxenstierna, Axel 41, 46, 54
Luther, Martin 21 Oxford 83
Lutter, Battle of (1626) 22
Lützen, Battle of (1632) 40–41, 41, 42, 43, 46, 46 Papenheim 41
Paris 102
Maastricht, siege of (1673) 15 Parliamentarian, English Civil War 87–92
Magdeburg, sack of (1631) 40 building a customised list 91–92
Mainz 47 cavalry 96
Manchester, Earl of 88 Eastern Association army 83, 87, 88, 89, 90–91
Mansfeld, Ernst von 21, 22, 26, 27 Haselrigge’s Lobsters 88, 91
Mantuan Succession, War of (1628–1631) 27 London Trained Bands 90, 91
Marston Moor, Battle of (1644) 67, 89, 90, 93 pikemen 89
Maurice of Nassau 6, 7 Northern Association army 92
Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria 21, 26, 27, 48 starter army 91
110
INDEX
troop notes 90–91 building a customised list 70–71

Westminster Trained Bands 87 Campbell of Lawers’ regiment 68, 68
Peninsular Spanish: Thirty Years’ War 62–65 “Engagers” 67
arquebusier 63 infantry 66, 67
building a customised list 64–65 starter army 69
Miquelets 63 troop notes 68–69
officer 63 Scots Royalist 72–75, 76
starter army 64 building a customised list 74–75
Tercios 63 dragoons 73
troop notes 63 foot 67
Philiphaugh, Battle of (1645) 67, 72 highlanders 73
Piccolomini 48 Irish Brigade 73, 74, 76
pikemen 5 Kilpont’s regiment 73
Danish 18 starter army 74
French, early 17th century 15 Strathbogie Regiment 73
Imperial 28, 49 troop notes 73–74
London Trained Band 89 Self Denying Ordinance 98
Pomerania 40 Siebenbürgen, Fürsten von (Dukes of Transylvania) 32
Portuguese, early Restoration 77–78 Skippon, Philip 99
building a customised list 78 “Solemn League and Covenant” 37, 66–67
starter army 78 Spanish, later Imperial 9–14
troop notes 77 allies 14
Powick Bridge, Battle of (1642) 81–82, 87 arquebusiers 10
Prague, Peace of (1635) 47, 53 building a customised list 12–13
Prague, 2nd Defenestration of (1618) 21 Caballos corazas 11
prayer book, English 66 dragoons 11
Presbyterian Church 66, 89 Guardias viejas (“Old Guard”) 11
Pressburg (Bratislava) 32 starter army 11
Pressburg, treaty of 33 troop notes 10–11
Preston, Battle of (1648) 67, 69 Spanish, Peninsular: Thirty Years’ War 62–65
Pyrenees, Peace/Treaty of the (1659) 10, 62, 77, 102 arquebusier 63
building a customised list 64–65
Rain, Battle of (1632) 27 Miquelets 63
Regensburg 46 officer 63
Restitution, Edict of (1629) 22, 40, 46, 53 starter army 64
Restoration, War of (1641–1668) 77–78 Tercios 63
Richelieu, Cardinal-Duc de 15, 54, 58, 59 troop notes 63
Rinuccini, Giovanni Battista 79 Spanish forces in Low Countries 6, 7, 9
Rocroi, Battle of (1643) 10, 59 “Spanish Road” 9, 15
Roundway Down, Battle of (1643) 38, 83, 88, 91 Spanish Tercios 10–11, 63
Royalist, early English Civil War 81–86 Strathbogie Regiment 73
building a customised list 85–86 Swedes 9
Cornish 83, 84 Swedish, early Thirty Years’ War 40–45
infantry 84 allies 45
musketeer 84 building customised list 44–45
troop notes 84 cavalry 41, 42
Royalist, later English Civil War 93, 95–97 gun, regimental 42
building a customised list 97 infantry 42
cavalry 94, 96 starter army 43
King’s Lifeguard 95 troop notes 42
Rupert’s “Blewcoats” 95 Yellow Regiment 43
starter army 96 Swedish, later Thirty Years’ War 53–55, 57–58
troop notes 95 allies 58
Rupert, Prince of the Rhine 82, 83, 83, 84, 85, 89, 90, 93, 95 building a customised list 55, 57
infantry 56
Sachsen-Weimar, Bernhard von 41, 46, 47–48, 53, 54, 59 starter army 55
Savello, Gen 47–48 troop notes 54–55
Scots Covenanter 66–71, 89 szekler, Hungarian-Transylvanian 33, 34
111
WARS OF RELIGION
Tartshier 29 building a customised list 55, 57

Tercios, Spanish 10–11, 63 infantry 56
Thirty Years’ War (1618–1648) 6, 7, 9, 10, 15, 32–33 starter army 55
Danish 18–20 troop notes 54–55
building a customised list 19–20 Weimarian 53–55, 57–58
pikemen 18 allies 58
starter army 19 building a customised list 55, 57
troop notes 19 starter army 55
French 58–62 troop notes 54–55
building a customised list 61–62 “Three Musketeers, The” 15
officer 59 Tilly, Johann t’Serclaes, Graf von 22, 26, 27, 27, 29, 30, 40
starter army 60 Tippermuir, Battle of (1644) 73
troop notes 60 Torgau, Battle of (1636) 47
Peninsular Spanish 62–65 Transylvania, Dukes of (Fürsten von Siebenbürgen) 32
arquebusier 63 Transylvanian see Hungarian-Transylvanian
building a customised list 64–65 Turenne, Vicomte de 54, 59, 99, 102
Miquelets 63 Turnham Green, Battle of (1642) 83, 91
officer 63 Twelve Years’ Truce (1609–1621) 6, 9
starter army 64
Tercios 63 Ulster 79
troop notes 63 Ungarn (Hungarian hussars) 24, 29
Thirty Years’ War, early
German Catholic 26–27, 29–32 Vere, Sir Francis 7
allies 32 Vernon, John 90–91
building a customised list 30–31 Villaviciosa, Battle of (1665) 63
Kürassiere 29
starter army 29 Wallenstein (Waldstein), Albrecht von 9, 22, 27, 40, 41,
Tartshier 29 46–47, 48
troop notes 29 Waller, Sir William 83, 89, 95
veteran infantryman 29 weapons
German Protestant 21–22, 24–26 arquebuses 11, 16
allies 26 field guns 77
Bandellier Reiter 21, 48 firelocks 95
building a customised list 24–25 gun, frame, Scots Covenanter 69
starter army 22 gun, Swedish regimental 42
troop notes 24 Weimarian, later Thirty Years’ War 53–55, 57–58
Swedish 40–45 allies 58
allies 45 building a customised list 55, 57
building customised list 44–45 starter army 55
cavalry 41, 42 troop notes 54–55
gun, regimental 42 Wentworth, Viscount 37
infantry 42 Westminster Trained Bands 87
starter army 43 Westphalia, Peace of (1648) 6, 10, 48, 53, 54, 59
troop notes 42 Wexford, massacre of (1649) 79
Yellow Regiment 43 White Mountain, Battle of (1620) 21, 26, 33
Thirty Years’ War, later Wiesloch, Battle of (1622) 26
German 46–48, 50–52 William Louis of Nassau 6, 7
allies 52 Wimpfen, Battle of (1622) 21
building a customised list 50–52 Winceby, Battle of (1643) 88, 90
Kürassiere 47 Wittstock, Battle of (1636) 47
starter army 50 Worcester, Battle of (1651) 68
troop notes 48, 50
Swedish 53–55, 57–58 York 89
allies 58 “Young Horseman, The” 90–91
112

Field of Glory Renaissance - Wars of Religion

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Field of Glory Renaissance - Wars of Religion

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© Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.

© Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com

© 2010 Osprey Publishing Ltd and Slitherine Software UK Ltd.

Slitherine Software UK Ltd

© Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com

INTRODUCTION 4 LATER THIRTY YEARS’ WAR 53

THIRTY YEARS’ WAR DANISH 18 SCOTS ROYALIST 72

EARLY THIRTY YEARS’ WAR 21 EARLY RESTORATION 77

EARLY THIRTY YEARS’ WAR 26 EARLY ENGLISH CIVIL WAR 81

LATER THIRTY YEARS’ WAR 46 APPENDIX 1 – USING THE LISTS 105

© Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com

T he history of Western Europe in the first

The Earl of Essex takes command!

LATER EIGHTY YEARS’ WAR DUTCH

T he rebellion of the Dutch provinces against

LATER EIGHTY YEARS’ WAR DUTCH STARTER ARMY

BUILDING A CUSTOMISED LIST • Commanders should be depicted as

LATER EIGHTY YEARS’ WAR DUTCH

LATER EIGHTY YEARS’ WAR DUTCH ALLIES

LATER IMPERIAL SPANISH

A t the start of this period Spain was still the

LATER IMPERIAL SPANISH STARTER ARMY

BUILDING A CUSTOMISED LIST • The army of the Cardinal-Infante in 1634 is

LATER IMPERIAL SPANISH

Medium Foot Unarmoured Superior Arquebus – – 10 6 9 0–

Medium Foot Unarmoured Superior Musket – – 11 6 9

Only from Medium Foot Unarmoured Average Musket – – 8 4

Medium Foot Unarmoured Average Musket – – 8 4

LATER IMPERIAL SPANISH ALLIES

EARLY 17TH CENTURY FRENCH

EARLY 17TH CENTURY FRENCH STARTER ARMY

BUILDING A CUSTOMISED LIST • Commanders should be depicted as

EARLY 17TH CENTURY FRENCH

EARLY 17TH CENTURY FRENCH ALLIES

THIRTY YEARS’ WAR DANISH

T his list covers Danish armies from the start

TROOP NOTES to Denmark were integrated into the army easily,

THIRTY YEARS’ WAR DANISH STARTER ARMY

BUILDING A CUSTOMISED LIST • Commanders should be depicted as

THIRTY YEARS’ WAR DANISH

EARLY THIRTY YEARS’ WAR GERMAN

EARLY THIRTY YEARS’ WAR GERMAN PROTESTANT STARTER ARMY

4 bases of kürassiere: Average, Heavily Armoured, Horse – Impact Pistol,

EARLY THIRTY YEARS’

TROOP NOTES fighting units and were deployed in their native

EARLY THIRTY YEARS’ WAR GERMAN PROTESTANT

EARLY THIRTY YEARS’ WAR GERMAN PROTESTANT ALLIES

EARLY THIRTY YEARS’ WAR GERMAN

A s a reaction to the founding of the Protestant

TROOP NOTES Whilst ideally the Kürassiere were three-quarter

EARLY THIRTY YEARS’ WAR GERMAN CATHOLIC STARTER ARMY

BUILDING A CUSTOMISED LIST ( Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly), and be

EARLY THIRTY YEARS’ WAR GERMAN CATHOLIC

Musketenkompanien Medium Foot Unarmoured Average Musket – – 7 4–6 0–12

EARLY THIRTY YEARS’

EARLY THIRTY YEARS’ WAR GERMAN CATHOLIC ALLIES

T his list covers the Hungarian-

HUNGARIAN-TRANSYLVANIAN STARTER ARMY

BUILDING A CUSTOMISED LIST • Commanders should be depicted as Boyars.

EARLY CAROLINE ENGLISH

U nlike his father James I (of England, VI of

EARLY CAROLINE ENGLISH STARTER ARMY

TROOP NOTES • Commanders should be depicted as