Solids

Ch01: Concept of Stress

Axial Stress
where:
F dF
P P FP = Normal Force
σ= =
A dA A = Cross Sectional Area

Shear Stress
F
V
τ=
A

Bearing Stress
F where:
P
σ = t= thickness
b td d= diameter

Oblique Plane under Axial Loading

F F F
P 2 P P
σ=  ( cos( θ) ) τ=  sin( θ)  cos( θ) τ =  sin( 45)  cos( 45)
A A max A
0 0 0

Factor of Safety
σ
ultimate
FS =
σ
allowable

Ch02: Stress and Strain - Axial Loading

Normal Strain under Axial loading
ΔL δ dδ
ε= = =
L L dL

Hooke's Law/Modulus of Elasticity (E)

σ = E ε

Determining Yield Strength using offset Method

σ = E ( 0.002 )
Y

Deformation under Axial Loading

L

P L P
δ= = dx
A E  A E

0

Strain Due to Temperature Changes

δ = α ΔT L where: α = coefficient of thermal expansion
T

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Poisson's Ration (ν)

ε
lateral
ν=
ε
axial

Multiaxial Loading
σ ν σ ν σ
x y z
ε =  
x E E E
ν σ σ ν σ
x y z
ε =  
y E E E
ν σ ν σ σ
x y z
ε =  
z E E E

Dilation/Bulk Modulus (K)

ΔV
e=ε ε ε = where: e = the change in volume per unit volume
x y z V
( 1  2ν) ( 1  2ν)
e=
E 
 σ σ σ
x y =
z E
P where: P = uniform hydrostatic pressure

E
K=
3  ( 1  2ν)

Shear Strain and Modulus of Rigidity (G)

τ = G γ
τ τ τ
xy yz zx
γ = γ = γ =
xy G yz G zx G

E = 2  G ( 1  ν)

Stress Concentrations
σ
max
k=
σ
ave

Ch03: Torsion

 
T =  r dF =  r τ dA
 
r ϕ r
γ= = γ
L r max
max
T r r
τ= = τ
J r max
max

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Angle of Twist
L
 T L T
ϕ= = dx
J G  J G

0
Transmission Shafts
P = 2  π f  T
P
T=
2  π f
Stress Concentrations
T r
τ = k
J
Thin-Walled Hollow Shafts
T where:
τ= Λ = area bound by the center line of the wall thickness
2  t Λ
t = the thickness of the wall section
Plastic Deformation
rY

 2  τY  
r
 max 2
= 
T 2 π  r  r rd  2  π  r  τ dr
 rY  

Y

   rY
0

 max  τY TP = 3  TY
3 4
T = .5 π r
Y
1
 3  3
 1  rY   4 1  Y 
ϕ r ϕ 3
=  4 
4 Y Y 3 T 
T = T  1   = T  1   
  3 Y  4  ϕ   
=
3 Y 4 r r ϕ T
  max  max  Y

Ch04: Pure Bending

Deformations in a symmetric member
L = p θ where: p is the radius of deformation arc
L = ( p  y)  θ δ=L  L
y y

±y ±y where: c = largest distance from the neutral surface (ymax)

ε = = ε
x p c max ± depends on direction of moment

Stresses and Deformations in the Elastic Range

±M y ±y
σ= = σ
I c max

1 M
=
p E I

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Deformations in a Transverse Cross Section

1 ν
Anticlastic_Curvature = =
p p
z
Bending of Disimilar Materials
E
2
n= b = b n
E ( 1 2) 1
1
M y M y
σ = σ = n
2 I 1 I
b2 b( 1 2) b2 b( 1 2)

Stress Concentrations
M c
σ = k
max I

Eccentric Axial Loading

F
P ±M y
σ = 
x A I

Unsymmetric Bending
±M  z ±M  y
y z
σ = 
x I I
y z
I
z
tan( ϕ) =  tan( θ)
I
y

General Case Eccentric Axial Loading

F ±M  z ±M  y
P y z
σ =  
x A I I
y z

Bending in Curved Members

A
R=

 1 dA
 r

±M y M  ( r  R) where:
σ = =
x A e ( R  y ) A e r e = the distance from the centroid of the section to the
neutral surface.
Plastic Bending

 2
3  1  rY   2 2 3
M = M  1   =  b c  σ M = M
2 Y 
M
3 r Y 3 Y P 2 Y
  max  

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Ch05: Beams
dF = ω dx where: ω is distrubuted loads
V

dM = F  dx
V

Ch06: Shearing Stresses in Beams and Thin-Walled Members

Transverse Shear
F Q
V where: Q is the first moment with respect to the neutral axis
τ =
ave I t
F
3 V
τ = 
max 2 A for a beam of rectangular cross section

F Q where:
ΔH V
q= = ∆H is horizontal shear
Δx I q is the horizontal shear per unit length
where:
Q = A' y A' is the area of the section
y is the distance from the centeroid of the section to the neutral axis

Unsymmetric Loading
z y
 2  2
F =  q ds F =  q ds
Vz  Vy 
z 1 y 1

F h
Vz
e=
F
Vy

Ch07: Transformations of Stress and Strain

Plane Stress
σ σ σ σ
x y x y
σ =   cos( 2θ)  τ sin( 2  θ)
x' 2 2 xy

σ σ σ σ σ σ
x y x y x y
σ =   cos( 2θ)  τ sin( 2  θ) σ =
y' 2 2 xy ave 2
σ σ
x y
τ =τ cos( 2  θ)   sin( 2θ)
xy' xy 2
2
σ σ  σx  σy  2τ
  τ 2  p
x y xy
σ = ±  tan 2  θ =
p 2  2  xy σ σ
x y

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2 σ σ
 σx  σy 
 s
x y
tan 2  θ
τ =     τxy 2 =
2 τ
max  2  xy

Plane Strain
ε ε ε ε γ ε ε
x y x y xy x y
ε =  cos( 2  θ)  sin( 2  θ) ε =
x' 2 2 2 ave 2
ε ε ε ε γ
x y x y xy 2 2
ε =  cos( 2  θ)  sin( 2  θ)  ε x  εy   γxy 
y' 2 2 2 R=    
τ
x'y'
=ε ε x  sin(2 θ)  γxy cos(2 θ)
y
 2   2 

γ
 p
xy
ε =ε ±R tan 2  θ =
p ave ε ε
x y

εx  εy  γxy

2 2
γ = 2 R =
max

ε1  ε2
ν
ε =
3 1υ

Cylindrical Pressure Vessels

where:
P r P r P r P is the pressure
σ = σ = τ =σ =
1 t 2 2 t max 2 2 t r is the radius
t is the thickness

Spherical Pressure Vessels

P r 1 P r
σ =σ = τ = σ =
1 2 2 t max 2 1 4 t

Ch08: Principal Stresses under a Given Loading

Design
 ofMTransmission
2 Shafts
2
   
2
 M T
J  y z  max
=
c τ
all

Ch09: Deflection of Beams

M( x) 2 1
d where: ρ is curvature
= y =
E I dx
2 ρ

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4
d
E I y = ω( x )
4
dx

3
d
E I y = F( x )
3 V
dx

2
d
E I y = M( x)
2
dx

d
E I y = E I θ( x )
dx

    1 3 1 2
E I y ( x ) =     ω( x ) dx dx dx dx   C  x   C  x  C  x  C
1 2 3 4
    6 2

Ch10: Columns

2 M P
d
y = = y
2 E I E I L = 2 L L =L
dx efixed.free epinned.pinned

2
π  E I
P = L = 0.7 L L = 0.5 L
cr efixed.pinned efixed.fixed
Le
2

Ch11: Strain Energy

Strain Energy (U)


σx
x1 2

U =  F dx =  dV


P  2 E
0 
Strain Energy Density (u)
x1
 ε1 2

F 
dx = 
dU P σ
u= = σ dε =
dV  A L 

x x 2 E
 0
0

Axial Loading

L

FP FP  L
 2 2
x x
 
U=
1 2
dx = U =  F dx =  k  x dx =  k  x
 2  A E 2  A E 
P  2
 0 0
0

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Bending

L

 M
2
M L
2 
θ
1
U= dx = U =  M dθ =  M  θ
 2  A E 2  A E  2
 0
0

Shearing
γxy

u= τ dγ


xy xy
0


τxy
 2

U= dV
 2 G


Torsion
L

 T
2
T L
2 
ϕ
1
U= dx = U= T dϕ =  T ϕ
 2  G J 2  G J  2
 0
0

General State

 
1
u=  σ ε  σ ε  σ ε  τ γ  τ γ  τ γ
2 x x y y z z xy xy xy xy xy xy

 σ 2  σ 2  σ 2  2 ν σ  σ  σ  σ  σ  σ   1   τ 2  τ 2  τ 2
2  E  x  y  z  x y y z z x 2 G  xy  yz  zx 
1
u=

1  2 ν
 
2
u =  σ σ σ where u is the energy associated with a change in volume
v
v 6 E a b c

 σ  σ   σb  σc  σc  σa 

12 G 
1 2 2 2
u = where u is the energy associated with
d a b d
distortion.

Castigliano's Theorem
δU L
x =
j  δU M δM x =
δU
δP x = =  dx j
j δQ
j δP  E I δP j
j
θ =
δU 
0
j δM
j where:
 Fi Li δFi 
n
x is deflection

δU
δU x = =  j
ϕ = j δP  Ai E δP  Q is a dummy/fictitious load
j δT
j i 1   j

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