TABLES OF INFORMATION

APPLIED MECHANICS
APPROXIMATE VALUES OF COEFFICIENTS OF FRICTION

Materials Condition Sliding, θ Friction, f Sliding, θ Friction, f

Cast iron on
wet 17° 0.31 - -
cast iron
Earth on
damp - - 45° 1.0
earth (clay)
Earth on
wet - - 17° 0.31
earth (clay)
Leather on
dry 29° 0.56 17° 0.30
cast iron
Steel on
dry - 0.09 - 0.21
graphite
Steel on ice dry - 0.01 1.5° 0.027
Wrought iron
dry 10° 0.18 10.5° 0.19
on cast iron

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
UNIT WEIGHT OF MATERIALS

Material Unit Weight Material Unit Weight

EARTH Brick Masonry 1,920 Kg/cu.m

Dry loose 1,280 Kg/cu.m Stone Masonry 2,080 to 2,700 Kg/cu.m
Dry compact 1,550 Kg/cu.m Plain Cement Concrete 2,240 Kg/cu.m
Moist loose 1,440 to 1,600 Kg/cu.m Reinforced Cement 2,400 Kg/cu.m
Concrete
Moist compact 1,760 to 1,840 Kg/cu.m Lime Conrete 1,920 Kg/cu.m
Cement 1,440 Kg/cu.m
SAND Cement Mortar 2,080 Kg/cu.m
Dry clean 1,540 to 1,600 Kg/cu.m Steel 7,850 Kg/cu.m
River sand 1,840 Kg/cu.m Timber (teak) 625 Kg/cu.m
Wet sand 1,760 to 2,000 Kg/cu.m
Typical thickness of Weight in Kg/m
GRAVEL
brick masonry walls
Loose 1,600 Kg/cu.m 11. 50 cm 275.0
Rammed 1,920 to 2,080 Kg/cu.m 23.00 cm 500.0
Stone ballast 1,600 to 1,920 Kg/cu.m 34.50 cm 71.5
Brick ballast 1,200 Kg/cu.m 38.00 cm 845.0
53.50 cm 1,165.0

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WEIGHT OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

S.No. Description Weight in Kg/m3

1. Brick in line of cement mortar 1,920

2. Coursed Rubble in lime mortar 2,2240
3. a. Brick jelly concrete in lime or cement mortar 1,920
b. concrete in lime or cement mortar (hard broken stone) 2,240
4. Random rubble in lime or cement mortar (hard broken 2,240
stone)
5. Ashlar 2,400
6. Reinforced cement concrete 2,400
7. A.C. Sheets 17 Kg/m²
8. G.I. Sheets 24 gauge 5 Kg/m²
9. G.I. Sheets 18 gauge 10 Kg/m²
10. Manglore tiles with battens 69 Kg/m²

PROPERTIES OF SOME STRUCTURAL MATERIALS

Tensile
Density Melting Specific Heat
Materials Strength
gm/cm3 Point,°C cal/gm °C
kg/mm²

Aluminium 2.70 660 0.22 10.18

Magnesium 1.74 651 0.25 23.36
Nickel 8.90 1,455 0.11 34.90
Stainless steel 7.90 1,400 0.12 65.00
Titanium 4.50 1,800 1.034 58.87
Tungsten 19.30 3,410 35.70
Zironium 6.50 1,860 25.60

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SAFE LOADS IN FOUNDATION

Maximum Safe
Bearing
S.No. Types of Rocks and Soils
Capacity
tones/m²

I. Rocks
1. Rocks-hard without lamination and defects (for example, granite 330
and trap)
2. Laminater rocks (for example, sandstone and limestone) in sound 165
condition
3. Residual deposits 90
4. Soft rock 45
II. Non-cohesive Soils
5. Gravel, sand and gravel compact and offering high resistance to 45
penetration when excavated by tools
6. Coarse sand, compact and dry 45
7. Medium sand, compact and dry 25
8. Fine sand, silt (dry lumps easily pulnerised by the fingers) 15
9. Loose gravel or sand gravel mixture; loose coarse to medium sand, 25
dry.
10. Fine sand, loose and dry 10
III. Cohesive Soils
11. Soft shale, hard or stiff clay in deep bed, dry 45
12. Medium clay, readily indented with thum nail. 25
13. Moist clay and sand clay and mixture which can be incented with 15
strong thumb pressure
14. Very soft clay which can be penetrated several centimeters with the 5
thumb
15. Black cotton soil or other shrinkable or expensive clay in day 15
condition (50% saturation)
Note:
1. Compactness or looseness of non-cohesive materials may be determined by driving a
wooden picket of dimensions 5x5x70 cm with a sharp point. The Picket shall be pushed
vertical into the soil by full weight of a person weighing at least 70 kg. If the penetration of
the picket exceeds 20 cm, the loose soil shall be assumed to exist.
2. Peat may occur in a very soft spongy condition or may be quite firm and compact.
3. The strength of made-up ground depends on the nature of the material, its depth and age
and the methods used for consolidating it.

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APPROXIMATE WORKING STRES FOR DEAD LOADS

Material Kind of Stress Allowable Stress

Structural SteelTension 12.6 - 10.2 Kg/m²

Compression 12.6 - 10.2 Kg/m²
Rivet Steel Stress 7.9 Kg/m²
Wrought Iron Tension 7.9 Kg/m²
Compression 7.9 Kg/m²
Shear 7.9 Kg/m²
Cast Iron Tension 3.2 Kg/m²
Compression 6.3 Kg/m²
Shear 2.4 Kg/m²
Brick in Cement Compression 3.7 - 4.7 MT/M²
Granite Compression 65.6 MT/M²
Sandstone Compression 32.8 MT/M²
Timber Tension 35.70 kg/cm²

MINIMUM PERIODS-REMOVING SHUTTERING (Ordinary Portland Cement In Normal Weather)

Types Duration

1. Walls, Columns and vertical sides of beams 24 to 48 hours

2. Slabs (props left under) 3 days
3. Beams soffits (props left under) 7 days
4. Removal of props to slab
i. Spanning up to 4.5 m 7 days
ii. Spanning over 4.5 m 14 days
5. Removal of props to beams and arches
i. Spanning up to 4.5 m 7 days
ii. Spanning over 6 m 14 days

Note: For rapid hardening cement, 3/7 of the above period will be sufficient in
all cases except vertical sides of slabs, beams and columns which should
be retained for 24 hours.

BRICK GRADE

Minimum compressive strength = 35 kg/cm 25² (standard brick)

Bricks with compressive strength not less than 70 kg/cm3 - Grade A

Bricks with compressive strength not less than 70 kg/cm3 - Grade AA

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TYPES OF CLAY

1. Boulder clay 4. Firm clay

2. Hard clay 5. Soft clay
3. Stiff clay

APPROXIMATE SETTING TIME OF VARIOUS TYPE OF CEMENTS:

Type Initial Setting Final Setting

Normal 30 minutes 10 hours

Rapid hardening 5 minutes 30 minutes
Quick setting 1 hour 10 hours
High Alumina 2 hours 6 hours

TYPES OF AGGREGATES

Coarse Aggregates : 10 mm, 4.75 mm, 2.36 mm, 1.18 mm, 600 micron, 200 micron, 150 micron

Fine Aggregates : 10 mm, 4.75 mm, 2.36 mm , 1.18 mm, 600 micron, 200 micron, 150 micron

TENSILE PROPERTIES OF STRUCTURAL STEEL

Structural Steel Ultimate Tensile Yield Stress Elongation

Stress

Mild Steel 42.5 to 53.5 Kg/sq.mm 23.2 to 24 Kg/sq.mm 16 to 20 percent

(according to thickness) (according to thickness)
on a gauge length of 8
diameter for round or
square bars
Rivet Steel 39.0 t0 47.9 Kg/sq.mm 26 percent on a gauge
(More ductile steel) length of 8 diameters

Note: When no yield point stress is specified, the stress at which the permanent set of the bar reaches
a value of 0.2 per cent of the original gauge length shall be taken as the yield point stress.

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WEIGHT OF PLAIN PLATES

Thickness Weight Thickness Weight Thickness Weight

mm Kg/sq.m mm Kg/sq.m mm Kg/sq.mm
m m

6 47.10 14 109.90 22 172.70

8 62.80 16 125.60 25 196.25
10 78.50 18 141.30 28 219.80
12 94.20 20 157.00 32 251.20

HYDROLOGY

VALUES OF RUN-OFF COEFFICIENTS:

S.No. Type Of Surface Run-Off Coefficient (K)

1. Forested areas 0.05 to 0.20

2. Parks, Farmland 0.05 to 0.30
3. Garden apartment 0.50
4. Asphalt or concrete pavement 0.85
5. Commercial and Industrial 0.90

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FUELS

Coefficient Thermal
Specific
of Linear Melting Conductivity
Fuel Density Heat in k
Expansion Point in °C k cal/m-hr-
cal/kg °C
10-6/°C °C

Natural Uranium 19,000 18.20 1,129.00 0.037 26.3

Uranium Oxide UO2 10,600 12.80 27.50 0.078 1.80
Uranium Carbide 13,600 10.50 23.50 - 20.6

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REINFORCED CEMENT CONCRETE DESIGN

VALUE OF SPAN TO DEPTH RATIO

MAXIMUM
VALUE OF
BEAM
SPAN/DEPTH
RATIO

Simply supported beams 20

Continuous beams 25
Cantilever beams 20

CONTINUOUS BEAMS, LOADING MOMENT

Moment Due To Dead Moment Due To

Position
Load Superimposed Load

Near middle of end span +Wd L²/12 + Ws L²/10

At the middle of interior spans + Wd L²/24 + Ws L²/12
At support next to the end support - Wd L²/10 - Ws L²/9
At other interior supports - Wd L²/12 + Ws L²/2

Where Wd = dead load per meter span

Ws = superimposed load per metre span
L = effective span

LIMITS OF STIFNESS OF SLABS

MAX. VALUE OF
SLAB SPAN/DEPTH
RATIO
Simply supported slabs spanning in one direction 30
Continuous slabs spannng in one direction 33
Cantilever slab 12
Simply supported slab spanning in two directions 35
Continuous slab spanning in two directions 40

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ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

POLLUTANTS AND THEIR SOURCES

POLLUTANT PRINCIPAL SOURCES

Carbon monoxide Auto exhaust

Sulphur dioxide Oil burners
Nitric oxide Combustion
Nitrogen dioxide Combustion
Atmospheric photo
Ozone
chemical reactions
Natural gas, decaying
Methane
organic matter
Ethylene Auto exhaust
Acetylene Auto exhaust
Olefins Auto exhaust
Ammonia Decaying organic matter
Hydroge Sulphide Decaying organic matter
Formaldehyde Incomplete combustion

SOIL MECHANICS

CLASSIFICATION OF SOILS BASED ON PARTICULAR SIZES:

PARTICLE SIZE (mm)

SOIL TYPE
(Most of parts)

Less than 0.002 Clay

Between 0.002 and 0.06 Silt
Between 0.06 to 2.0 Sand
Between 2.0 to 60 Gravels
Between 60 to 75 Pebbles
Between 80 to 200 Cobbles
Above 200 Boulder

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SELF CLEANING VELOCITY OF SEWER PIPE

DIAMETER OF SELF CLEANING

SEWER VELOCITY (m/s)

Round pebbles 0.5 - 0.65

(10 – 15 mm)
Fine gravel 0.3
Coarse and 0.2
Angular stone 1.0
Fine sand and clay 0.15
Fine clay and silt 0.075
150 to 250 1.0
300 to 550 0.75
600 above 0.60

SURVEYING

METRIC SCALES for Survey Planes, Buildings and Architectural Drawings:

IS : 965 Topographical Map

MAP: 1 cm = 2.5 km or 1/250,000

1 cm = 1 km or 1/100,000
1 cm = 0.5 km or 1/50,000

TOWN SURVEYS:

1 cm = 0.50 km or 1/50,000
1 cm = 0.25 km or 1/25,000
1 cm = 0.10 km or 1/10,000

Large Scale Surveys and Layouts

1 cm = 20 m or 1/2,000
1 cm = 10 m or 1/1,000
1 cm = 5 m or 1/500

PRELIMINARY SKETCH OR DRAWINGS:

1 cm = 5 m or 1/500
1 cm = 2m or 1/200
1 cm = 1m or 1/100

WORKING DRAWINGS, PLANS, ELEVATIONS AND SECTIONS:

1 cm = 2 m or 1/200
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1 cm = 1 m or 1/100
1 cm = 50 cm or 1/50

ENLARGED DETAILS:

1 cm = 10 cm or 1/10
1 cm = 5 cm or 1/5
1 cm = 2.5 cm or 1/2.5
1 cm = 2 cm or ½
1 cm = 1 cm or full size

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