(hun Une Gar, Vv Cok Ho Back 988, {Eng Penpin or Sc Lanpnge Aspen, Ssh Ca and Jace Sir ah Camby alert Pre 98, an ct Ss in Gone Cre Tet Hk ss one "Svs eb Benen 958. Fine cen The Ona nd Pon of Sod Lag? Palas. Noy Mao Lewes Aue 201 Spon Tey el he Soe of Bglle A Miénait Apr, Avior Radford. Comb Unive es 95 ‘he Doon of aT Mapp 2 Spans, Rabel Se, Join Dearie 00, Tee nd apes MarpoytL2 Acton. Ral Sabbery aa Yai Shin Es} ob Beni 200 Inguncr i nee Dt a Horo oe Whe Roya Shake, i A Mol at pe ere) on Benin 208. so naan nl rd. Wh, Cir rier Pes 20 Pots for discussion 1 This huper fs dee wth he concept of language univer md ‘heir laonip to SLA. Consider ee neon of elgg ‘els What mig those be How woul hese elt othe concep oflanguge nies 2 Tnwhat wayecon unis afc the development of IL gama terme ofthe nate of ow granu Knowle eels to inp? Recall the within he UG fuewor,lareabliy ees on cena tole Hom does thir concet rite Kellerman’ (1979) osion of tranafer dared in chute 51 Focus prtiully on is notion of Icane'spychoypoloy snd of eanater being eed othe ere perception of ngage ditnce ad language spsityneuaiy 3 Tathictopcr me comilre cluserng adits ffece on second ne ‘uige rammary parc In woga o the prodrop parame Whar mighe the fata of the se or nomuse of pronouns bel “Tha in why ace pronouns oligo English ad ot so in thet Langues? How can ur kale of parameter clastenings help langue tachers? Suppose that gute rescrch Sins tht the costerings ae incor feotehat t,he cariags vole other nite popes ‘What sort of dilemma woul tis nding pose 20 second Irate resatchers! Ha mt the icin be ured around to put second Fling researcher nw postion of making valuable conbutions to arenes about the nature of leuaget How woul lnguse teacher noth dcbut a wht woul thelconeibuionst ie? S10 GSS, probleme 31-34, 37-38, and 7 TYPOLOGICAL AND FUNCTIONAL APPROACHES 74 Introduction “The hapter ha an oss wo differnt approaches to SLA YP legal and freon Typlogcl approaches tery for the stay of the patter exh i range weed funcconal approaches have a their ta inert the dy of how Image fntions, Pune tina approaches gency ental consideration of lp ares of langue sich a ence, which combine verb meanings oer lea fom, and pool. 7.2 Typological universal ‘The sly of typological univerale stem fom work Ingles by Grenbets (1969) tn this apron to the sly of vers, ogists trem to dgoner snares in languages throxgbout the rok That ty he step derermine Hg pois ot what ype of ngage ae possible One ofthe most important dssoveries Of ts sppronch te tht ene san generic nro ntltd ard ge onhiaily nonadhcent guages sopding the oscurence tnd eo ‘Scutence of stecuce Many of the typaogial unieeals ate ‘peed erm of emplcaions sch htt a guage hs eae %, iSiilaio have ature ¥In Gecenergs orga work many uerea {er iver tendencies) were based on word ord a othe lowing: In lngun wth preptlons the tive alos always follows the igvering to, le to ngunge with oxtpostonsfealmos ways foc the ns” (Grenier, 163,78. or exampl in langues with pepatons, ke French, Russian, a Iulia we ees oad the noun presenting wat fs blag posed freceting the poses In fit thi he coe All Cee langues form fives che same waSECOND LANOUAGE ACQUISITION French (Fl) Te hien demon emi thedop of mir fend Rasion (72) sobska moo droae dog my GEN fend OBN, alan (123) cane dt mia mae the dog of my mothe In Languoges with postpostions. such 4s Turki, what we cll re soaions follow the noun, a4 can be sen in 2-4 an 73, where the ‘morphological makers allow th nos Tari (14) {From Janney, Pleo and Weldon, 194,153) 1 desis = an ocem fan ocean (5) Example of eve fom Comrie 1981) owe poster windom separate vowels peed he window ofthe howe Engl is smenha aceponal thar allows not only the pac ted onder (he le ofthe a), bt lv the unpredice word ele rend’ dons ‘Gtr language univers can be sted in gl (or able) ter fr ‘sample Language with dominace verb-rebect-object (VSO) oner ae slay peepostonl ‘This universal can be exemple by a language such a Welsh which Jas verse word onder and prepositions example from Comrie 1981.68). (74) Unddwyt —y adym pny dig Ell pnsiethe man bythe drapes fen wailed bythe ago,” Ascming tat inelnguags ae sujet to these consis, what can we expect The mat portant est case would come from speakers whose NL dies from the TL wid nope to the specs une in “usin, bce fhe wo pec question wer nay oe cd tla the war only mater of ngoge tant That to tet the lnypothes that iver ae tte st cline posit, ‘tat the univer in ueson cae from she NLT take shyt ftamples i'r save spenker of Language orth pospostions Irs Fela, we wuld expect ha nce the arr bs ened that aan [epoxtons secre wou ow thatthe ete mnt low the non ‘Why isan undersndinyofngge univer iportant he tay ‘of coal ngage aeition! One the ee auetone ging the ‘ature of ccd langage syne wth ext ick they coud be onedeed satu ings aetyng the UL hypothesis sche unwrten smumrtion cat ste lgaie syste de same way that Netra Langues se hy “etl ange” Tea any a ange aa by ‘communiy of apekers ad developed vee tine by» gen Proce of evolution Tha by HL rental ne ‘Adin, 1926,» 28) What docs ie mean to ay dha Hor earner nga ae nacra sacra? It doesnot can sha ll Te ue 00 comple a al ttl Tings for clearly they are not The majorly of complex syns does not develop tl te i he proces of learing, Whit dees ea thar fan ingustc phenomenon appees to be emponbl i ay of ‘he worlds lange chen wl also bea esos form in acon langue sytem ‘Avon exemple we consider word order phsnomen rom a slstion oC anguger ofthe wed lt Hind, Pench, sed Japanese allowing Setenocrare posse Hind fom Janney Poet, nd Weldon, 1994) G2) Ramee seb ea Ram apple ste "Ram ate nape" (2) Ram Anges bol sokes he Rats Engl spek se “Ram cn speak Engh (0) ackene fare ottoko man toy sick wih dog hl The hoy hit the dg with ick” (210) J fre katteko mors yo ter bhi he, ick boy dog” Behe my broter i "The boy who hi the dogs my brother”(7-11) Ramos bahia Ram's sate "Rete (212) afed pl ite ower French (13) Jean 2 angt une pomme Jan hasenten sme “fan wteanspee” (0-44) Jean pe paler aalic Jean can speak Ena “ean cn peak Eni." (15) Le agoos, fappéle chien ace un baton. theboy ee the dog wih «see "he by bite dg with ck (716) Le patgoncgat a fappéle chien ext non fie the boy who Bas bit the dog is ey Brother The Boy who hit the do sy reer” (10) La soeur deen these of fun Jeans” (2.1) unetear blanche dower whe ett dower” Jaane ros andy Poe, and Wen, 1984) (@19) Treo tinge tbe TTuoo opp ae “Motoo aes apple” (20) Tasos Eig hanscers ‘Taroo ” Ensh spe can "Teroo can sek agli." (021) ene crkonckorws boode nwo bur that boy sick wih dog hit "That bay hi she dog with ck (22) inva but tokopokor watahiao croross dog bit boy ty brtbee "The boy who hie the dog my broths.” (023) Tamar moot Troo'ssuter (028) sirot hana fhe flower vite lowe Ie some the eateries of objet vee, autii, prepoions! Protons nouns wd ative came pmenives ad aleve noun hdc con ow nthe fling ae Tale 7.) the pnealcions hat ‘besos ved on hse data wd from Hogi “We can think of languages Bring “henna” oF “hen,” wher the hoa” a vero noun, ora prepoton in Felton wo ther Sinks win ey onsen Thy ean Tring the vee wl prose het and nd inal nngngy, the ve wl fallow the thet If we conser ane of he be diferences io lngungs, the order ‘of verb and objec we an tisk the ater Tale 72 Thre are some oie; tht, langnges oF pare of fangs where she podiced putsoa dot oa asthe flowing example 4 HindandJapnee laive clases © Fro thne data Hid and Jpanese appt to be OV langues thatthe objet precedes the veh » ‘The relatve lune proses the noun Japanese but lls iin Hind 4+ Bag Adjecive Nou oder From these data Eagsh appear to he « VO langage that the seb precedes the abject. noe Blk coe 60) acne oe ‘Renate + Non Ren Noe ep Gorpente) SR a Nene AGEN Nene Rae NiBe face Ba nen iain AGEN onkcaalen Semon Tae 72 OW at VO wed odee (OV feat) VO Bota Noe Pron 4 NPk faen oe