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基 礎 數 學

公式手冊

喻超凡博士編著

版權聲明

嚴禁以任何方式做全部或局部的改寫及轉載
ñ“
1 Hb 1
1.1 j4·æ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Õ¯« . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.3 bÍ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.4 !…. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

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1.5 W54” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.6 j˙ tj¶ : (Wj¶) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.7 Ä}jt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.8 ùá . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.9 Ìb¸ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

2 ƒb 4
2.1 ì2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.2 U‚ƒb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.3 JXƒb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.4 À|ƒb (ÓÁƒb5,˚) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.5 |×cbƒb (Greatest-integer function) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.6 "úMƒb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.7 ¯Uƒb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

3 Öá 6
3.1 Öá f (x) = g(x) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.2 ììÜ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

4 NbDúbƒb 6
4.1 ì2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4.2 Nb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4.3 !…NbDúbÇ$ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.4 úb5« . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.5 úb4” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

5 úiƒb 8
5.1 ¾ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
5.2 úiƒb!…É[ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
5.3 úiƒbíƒbM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
5.4 µiúiƒb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

I
ñ“ õ{Žz II

5.5 Iiúiƒb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
5.6 šiúiƒb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
5.7 t‰“ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
5.8 “¸Ï . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
5.9 ¸Ï“ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5.10 £ýìÜ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5.11 šit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

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5.12 Þt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5.13 ¥úiƒb¶} . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5.14 ¥úiƒb£Š²t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
5.15 ìiƒbÉ[ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
5.16 ¥£~ƒbt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
5.17 úij˙j¶ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
5.18 Mi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

6 Â(ƒb (Hyperbolic function) 13


6.1 Â(ƒb5ì2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
6.2 !…4” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
6.3 ¥Âƒb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

7 j&S 14
7.1 ˛Èòiè™Í . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
7.2 éié0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
7.3 ò(j˙ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
7.4 S!…t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
7.5 ”è™ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
http://www.superyu.idv.tw õ{bçTŽz 1

1 Hb
1.1 j4·æ
1. °2ÅH ⇒ öcM[ó°6, ˚Ñ°2, qp  q [ùÅH, ∼ p [ p 5´ì (¹Ý p) , †

(1) ∼ (p ∪ q) ≡ (∼ p) ∩ (∼ q)

(2) ∼ (p ∩ q) ≡ (∼ p) ∪ (∼ q)

ë9ZL§ÀÓ
(3) (p ⇒ q) ≡ (∼ q ⇒∼ p) ≡ (∼ p ∪ q)

(4) (p ⇐⇒ q) ≡ (p ⇒ q) ∩ (q ⇒ p)

2. k}  .b  kb‘K :

(1) ·æ ”S ⇐⇒ T ” Ñöv, † S Ñ T 5k}‘K, T Ñ S 5.b‘K

(2) ·æ ”S ⇐⇒ T ” Ñöv, † S D T Ñk b‘K 

1.2 Õ¯«

1. A ∩ B = {x | x ∈ A / x ∈ B}

2. A ∪ B = {x | x ∈ A C x ∈ B}

3. A ∪ (B ∩ C) = (A ∪ B) ∩ (A ∪ C) , A ∩ (B ∪ C) = (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ C)

4. A ∩ B  = (A ∪ B) ,A ∪ B  = (A ∩ B)

5. A\B = A − B = A ∩ B  = (A ∪ B) − B = A − (A ∩ B)

1.3 bÍ
1. N [AÍb, Z [cb, Q [Üb, R [õb, R\Q [ÌÜb  (yyd)

2. q S .Ñ˛Õ¯, / S ⊂ R °v S ,ä, † S |ü,ä  (õbíêe4)

3. L<ùóæõb5È.ªvƒ)ú_õb  (õbíò4)

1.4 !…. 
1. a  b ∈ R, † a > b ⇐⇒ a − b > 0

c < 0  a > b =⇒ ac < bc
2. a  b ∈ R, †
c > 0  a > b =⇒ ac > bc
3. a > b / c > d =⇒ a + c > b + d
1 1
4. a > b > 0  c > d > 0 =⇒ <  ac > bd
a b
http://www.superyu.idv.tw õ{bçTŽz 2

5. X"Ìb ≥ S"Ìb
a1 + a2 + · · · + an √
J a1 , a2 · · · an > 0 † ≥ n a1 a2 · · · an
n
6. Cauchy .

J a1 , a2 · · · an , b1 , b2 · · · bn ÌÑõb, †

(a21 + a22 + · · · + a2n )(b21 + b22 + · · · + b2n ) ≥ (a1 b1 + a2 b2 + · · · + an bn )

ë9ZL§ÀÓ
1.5 W54”
1. øW2øwDW², wM.‰ 

2. JLø (W) 25®jîÑ 0 , CLù (W) 5ú@jAªW, †W5MÑ 0 

3. JL<ó¹ù (W) ², †F)5hWMkŸWJM J −1 

4. øW2, JJ+b k Z /ø (W) 25®j, †wMÑŸWM J k 

5. Jø (W) ®j‹,Çø (W) ®ú@jí k I, †F)hWDŸWMó 

6. W5±¼
 
 a       
 11 a12 a13   a   a   a 
   22 a23   21 a23   21 a22 
(1)  a21 a22 a23  = a11   − a12   + a13  
   a32 a33   a31 a33   a31 a32 
 a31 a32 a33 
     
 a   a   a 
 22 a23   12 a13   12 a13 
= a11   − a21   + a31   = ······
 a32 a33   a32 a33   a22 a23 
 
 a11 a12 · · · a1n 
 
 
 a21 a22 · · · a2n 
 
 
(2)  a31 a32 · · · a3n 
 
 ··· ··· ··· ··· 
 
 
 an1 an2 · · · ann 
       
 
  a11 a12   a11 a13   a
 11 a 1n
 
 
     · · · · · ·   
  a      
 21 a 22 a21 a23 a 21 a 2n
 
 
       
 
1   a11 a12   a11 a13   a
 11 a1n  

= n−2      ······  
a11   a31 a32   a31 a33   a31 a3n  
 
 
  ······   ······  ······  ······  
   
  a11 a12   a11 a13   a
 11 a1n  
     ······  
   an1 ann  
 an1 an2   an1 an2 
(a11 = 0)
http://www.superyu.idv.tw õ{bçTŽz 3

1.6 j˙ tj¶ : (Wj¶)


   
 c1 b1   a1 c1 
 
      
 a   c2 b2   a2 c2 
a1 x + b1 y = c1  1 b1 
1. =  = 0 =⇒ x =   y= 
a2 x + b2 y = c2  a2 b2   a1 b1   a1 b1 
 
   
 a2 b2   a2 b2 
  
  a b c 

 a1 x + b1 y + c1 z = d1  1 1 1 

ë9ZL§ÀÓ
 
2. 
a2 x + b2 y + c2 z = d2 ,  =  a2 b2 c2  = 0,

  
 a x+b y+c z =d  a3 b3 c3 
3 3 3 3
     
 d b c   a d c   a b d 
 1 1 1   1 1 1   1 1 1 
     
 d2 b2 c2   a2 d2 c2   a2 b2 d2 
     
     
 d3 b3 c3   a3 d3 c3   a3 b3 d3 
=⇒ x = y= z=
  

1.7 Ä}jt
1. x2 − y 2 = (x − y)(x + y)

2. x3 − y 3 = (x − y)(x2 + xy + y 2 )x3 + y 3 = (x + y)(x2 − xy + y 2 )

3. x4 − y 4 = (x − y)(x + y)(x2 + y 2 )x4 + y 4 = (x2 − xy + y 2 )(x2 + xy + y 2 )

4. n ∈ N ,xn − y n = (x − y)(xn−1 + xn−2 y + xn−3 y 2 + · · · + y n−1 )

5. n ÑJb, xn + y n = (x + y)(xn−1 − xn−2 y + xn−3 y 2 − · · · + (−1)n−1 y n−1 )

1.8 ùá
n

n
1. (x + y) = C0n xn + C1n xn−1 y + C2n xn−2 y 2 + ··· + Cnn y n = Ckn xn−k y k n∈N
k=0
n! n(n − 1) · · · (n − k + 1)
w2 Ckn = =
k!(n − k)! k!
n(n − 1) 2 n(n − 1)(n − 2) 3
2. (1 + x)n = 1 + nx + x + x + ··· n ∈ N ∪ {0}
2! 3!
n−1
3. Ckn = Crn−1 + Cr−1

4. C0n + C1n + · · · + Cnn = 2n

5. C0n + C2n + C4n + · · · = C1n + C3n + C5n + · · · = 2n−1

6. C1n + 2 · C2n + · · · + n · Cnn = n · 2n−1


http://www.superyu.idv.tw õ{bçTŽz 4

1.9 Ìb¸
1. +àb¸
1 1
(1) Ïb {an } , íá a1  tÏ d  ábÑ n , †wí n á¸Ñ [2a1 + (n − 1)d] = (a1 + an )
2 2

na1 çr=1
(2) ªb {an } , wíáÑ a1  tªÑ r  ábÑ n , †wí n á¸Ñ a1 − ran
ç r = 1
1−r

ë9ZL§ÀÓ
2. AÍb
n
 n(n + 1)
(1) k = 1 + 2 + ··· + n =
2
k=1
n
 1
(2) k2 = 12 + 22 + · · · + n2 = n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
6
k=1
n
1
(3) k3 = 13 + 23 + · · · + n3 = n2 (n + 1)2
4
k=1
n
1
(4) k(k + 1) = 1 · 2 + 2 · 3 + · · · + n(n + 1) = n(n + 1)(n + 2)
3
k=1
n
1
(5) k(k + 1)(k + 2) = n(n + 1) · (n + 2) · (n + 3)
4
k=1

3. }bb¸
n
 1 1 1 1 1
(1) = + + ··· + =1−
k(k + 1) 1·2 2·3 n(n + 1) n+1
k=1
n
 1 1 1 1
(2) = ( − )
k(k + 1)(k + 2) 2 1 · 2 (n + 1)(n + 2)
k=1
n
 k 1 2 n 1
(3) = + + ··· + =1−
(k + 1)! 2! 3! (n + 1)! (n + 1)!
k=1

2 ƒb
2.1 ì2
1. Õ¯ A 2FjÖ, /ø B 2jÖú@, ¤ú@˚Ñâ A øB B 5ƒb  [ýA f : A → B 

2. J f : A → B / ∀x  y ∈ A , x = y =⇒ f (x) = f (y) v f ˚Ñøúøƒb, pT 1 − 1 ƒb 

3. J f : A → B / f (A) = B † f ˚ÑøAƒb 

4. J f : A → B ÑøúøøAƒbv, †x¥ƒb f −1 : B → A 

5. q D , E , F ÑL<ú_Õ¯, f : D → E  g : E → F uù_ƒb , ƒb h : D → F ì2A


h(x) = g(f (x)) = g ◦ f (x), †ƒb h ˚Ñ f D g í¯Aƒb 
http://www.superyu.idv.tw õ{bçTŽz 5

2.2 U‚ƒb
1. f (x + p) = f (x) , |ü£b p Êd f 5U‚
p
2. J f (x) íU‚Ñ p † f (kx) 5U‚Ñ 
|k|

2.3 JXƒb
1. f (−x) = −f (x) ⇒ f (x) ˚ÑJƒb  (Ç$ú˚Ÿõ)

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2. f (−x) = f (x) ⇒ f (x) ˚ÑXƒb  (Ç$ú˚ y W)

3. +cíJƒb
sin x  tan x  cot x  sin−1 x  tan−1 x  x  x3  x5  · · ·

4. +cíXƒb
cos x  cosh x  |JXƒb|  f (Xƒb)  1  x2  x4  · · ·

2.4 À|ƒb (ÓÁƒb5,˚)


1. ∀x1 , x2 ∈ I J x1 < x2 ⇒ f (x1 ) ≤ f (x2 ) , †˚ f (x) Ê I 2Ñ]Óƒb

2. ∀x1 , x2 ∈ I J x1 < x2 ⇒ f (x1 ) ≥ f (x2 ) , †˚ f (x) Ê I 2Ñ]Áƒb

3. ∀x1 , x2 ∈ I J x1 < x2 ⇒ f (x1 ) < f (x2 ) , †˚ f (x) Ê I 2ÑÃ2]Óƒb

4. ∀x1 , x2 ∈ I J x1 < x2 ⇒ f (x1 ) > f (x2 ) , †˚ f (x) Ê I 2ÑÃ2]Áƒb

2.5 |×cbƒb (Greatest-integer function)


1. [x] [ý¦.×k x í|×cb 

2. !…4”:

(1) [x] = n , n ∈ Z ⇒ n ≤ x < n + 1

(2) [[x]] = [x]

(3) [x ± n] = [x] ± n , n ∈ Z

(4) x − 1 < [x] ≤ x

(5) [−x] = −[x] − 1 , x ∈ Z


http://www.superyu.idv.tw õ{bçTŽz 6

2.6 "úMƒb

x x≥0
1. |x| =
−x x<0
x |x|
2. |x · y| = |x| · |y| | | =
y |y|
3. |x| − |y| ≤ |x ± y| ≤ |x| + |y| (úi.)

ë9ZL§ÀÓ
4. |x ± y ± z| ≤ |x| + |y| + |z|

2.7 ¯Uƒb


 +1 x > 0
Sgn(x) = 0 x=0


−1 x < 0

3 Öá
A‰b x íÝŠcbŸ4Ìáí(4 ¯  W : f (x) = x2 + x + 1

3.1 Öá f (x) = g(x)


1. f (x) D g(x) Fú@í°Ÿá[bó 

2. L<í x Hp, f (x) D g(x) M 

3.2 ììÜ
1. J f (x) ÑÖá, † f (x) ÎJ x − a íìÑ f (a) 
f (a) f (b)
2. J f (x) ÑÖá, † f (x) ÎJ (x − a)(x − b) íìÑ (x − b) + (x − a) 
x−a x−b
3. J f (x) ÑÖá, † f (x) ÎJ (x − a)2 íìÑ f (a) + (x − a)f  (a)

4 NbDúbƒb
4.1 ì2
1. J a > 0 / a = 1  x ∈ R † f (x) = ax ˚ÑJ a Ñ45Nbƒb  (yyd)

2. Ja Ñ45Nbƒbí¥ƒb, ˚ÑJ a Ñ45úbƒbpÑ loga , ¹ y = ax ⇒ x = loga y 

4.2 Nb
q m  n ∈ Z, / x  y ÑÝÉ5õb, †
xm √ n
1. xm · xn = xm+n  n
= xm−n  m xn = x m
x
http://www.superyu.idv.tw õ{bçTŽz 7

2. (xm )n = xmn  (x · y)n = xn · y n


1
3. x−m =
xm

4.3 !…NbDúbÇ$
y = ax y = ax y = loga x y = loga x
(a > 1) Óƒb (0 < a < 1) Áƒb (a > 1) Óƒb (0 < a < 1) Áƒb

ë9ZL§ÀÓ
4.4 úb5«

q a > 0  a = 1  M > 0  N > 0

1. loga a = 1  loga 1 = 0  loga 0+ = −∞ (a > 1)  loga ∞ = ∞ (a > 1)

2. loga M N = loga M + loga N


M
3. loga = loga M − loga N
N
√ m
4. loga M p = P loga M  loga n
Mm = loga M
n
logb M 1
5. loga M = (²4)  logb a =
logb a loga b

6. M = aloga M  alogb c = clogb a

7. ax = eln a
x
(ln x = loge x) / e = 2.71828182845904523536 · · ·

4.5 úb4”
qa  b Ñ.k 1 5£b , / x > y > 0 , †

1. (a > 1  b > 1) C (0 < a < 1  0 < b < 1) =⇒ loga b > 0

2. (a > 1  0 < b < 1) C (0 < a < 1  b > 1) =⇒ loga b < 0

3. a > b > 1 =⇒ 0 < loga b < 1

4. 1 > a > b > 0 =⇒ loga b > 1


http://www.superyu.idv.tw õ{bçTŽz 8

5. J a > 1 v , loga x > loga y

6. J 0 < a < 1 v , loga x < loga y

5 úiƒb
5.1 ¾
1. CÅ S , š r , 2-i θ ˚ , † S = rθ 

ë9ZL§ÀÓ
θ α
2. 2-i θ ˚¢Ñ αo † = (¹ π = 180o , 1 ˚ = 57o )  (yyd)
π 180
1 2 1
3. š r , CÅ S 5m$2-i θ ˚ , †ÞÑ r θ = rS 
2 2

5.2 úiƒb!…É[
1. sin θ · csc θ = 1 , cos θ · sec θ = 1 , tan θ · cot θ = 1

2. sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1 , 1 + tan2 θ = sec2 θ , 1 + cot2 θ = csc2 θ


sin θ cos θ tan2 θ 1
3. tan θ = , cot θ = , sin2 θ = , cos2 θ =
cos θ sin θ 1 + tan2 θ 1 + tan2 θ

5.3 úiƒbíƒbM
1. Ô=iíúiƒbM

θ 0o 30o 45o 60o 90o 15o 75o 22.5o


√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
0 1 2 3 4 6− 2 6+ 2 2− 2
sin θ
2 2 2 2 2 4 4 2
√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
4 3 2 1 0 6+ 2 6− 2 2+ 2
cos θ
2 2 2 2 2 4 4 2
1 √ √ √ √
tan θ 0 √ 1 3 ∞ 2− 3 2+ 3 2−1
3

2. ŒòW‹Ái, ƒb£ì², ®"W‹Ái, ƒb.‰  7hƒbí¯UeŸƒbFÊí–È7ì 


π π π
sin( − θ) = cos θ  tan( − θ) = cot θ  sec( − θ) = csc θ 
2 2 2
sin(π − θ) = sin θ  tan(π − θ) = − tan θ  sec(π − θ) = − sec θ 

5.4 µiúiƒb
1. sin(α ± β) = sin α cos β ± cos α sin β

2. cos(α ± β) = cos α cos β ∓ sin α sin β


http://www.superyu.idv.tw õ{bçTŽz 9

tan α ± tan β
3. tan(α ± β) =
1 ∓ tan α tan β

5.5 Iiúiƒb
1. sin 2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ

2. cos 2θ = cos2 θ − sin2 θ = 2 cos2 θ − 1 = 1 − 2 sin2 θ


2 tan θ 2 tan θ 1 − tan2 θ

ë9ZL§ÀÓ
3. tan 2θ = 2  sin 2θ = 2  cos 2θ =
1 − tan θ 1 + tan θ 1 + tan θ
4. sin 3θ = 3 sin θ − 4 sin3 θ  cos 3θ = 4 cos3 θ − 3 cos θ

5.6 šiúiƒb

θ 1 − cos θ θ 1 + cos θ
1. sin = ±  cos = ±
2 2 2 2

θ 1 − cos θ sin θ 1 − cos θ


2. tan = ± = =
2 1 + cos θ 1 + cos θ sin θ
θ 2t 2t 1 − t2
3. tan = t ⇒ tan θ =  sin θ =  cos θ =
2 1 − t2 1 + t2 1 + t2

5.7 t‰“
sin(x + y) sin(x − y) = sin2 x − sin2 y = cos2 y − cos2 x
= (sin x + sin y)(sin x − sin y)
= (cos y + cos x)(cos y − cos x)

cos(x + y) cos(x − y) = cos2 x − sin2 y = cos2 y − sin2 x

sin(A ± B) sin(A + B) tan A + tan B


tan A ± tan B = , =
cos A cos B sin(A + B) tan A − tan B

sin(B ± A) cos(A + B) 1 − tan A tan B


cot A ± cot B = , =
sin A sin B cos(A − B) 1 + tan A tan B


(1) a cos θ + b sin θ = a2 + b2 sin(θ + α)
a b
w2 sin α = √ cos α = √
a2 + b2 a2+ b2
2 tan α 1 − tan2 α 2 tan α
(2) sin 2α = 2  cos 2α =  tan 2α =
1 + tan α 1 + tan2 α 1 − tan2 α

5.8 “¸Ï
1. 2 sin α cos β = sin(α + β) + sin(α − β)

2. 2 cos α sin β = sin(α + β) − sin(α − β)


http://www.superyu.idv.tw õ{bçTŽz 10

3. 2 cos α cos β = cos(α + β) + cos(α − β)

4. −2 sin α sin β = cos(α + β) − cos(α − β)

5.9 ¸Ï“
α+β α−β
1. sin α + sin β = 2 sin cos
2 2
α+β α−β
2. sin α − sin β = 2 cos

ë9ZL§ÀÓ
sin
2 2
α+β α−β
3. cos α + cos β = 2 cos cos
2 2
α+β α−β
4. cos α − cos β = −2 sin sin
2 2

5.10 £ýìÜ
a b c
ABC 2, úi a  b  c úi A  B  C ÕQÆš R † = = = 2R
sin A sin B sin C
 2 2 2
 a = b + c − 2bc cos A

ABC 2 , úi a  b  c úi A  B  C † b2 = c2 + a2 − 2ca cos B

 2
c = a2 + b2 − 2ab cos C

5.11 šit
a+b+c
ABC 2, úi a  b  c úi A  B  C 7 S = †
2



A s(s − a) A (s − b)(s − c) A (s − b)(s − c)
cos = , sin = , tan =
2 bc 2 bc 2 s(s − a)

5.12 Þt
1 1 1
1. ˛øùi£Hi  = bc sin α = ab sin γ = ac sin β
2 2 2
1+b+c
2. ˛øúi  = s(s − a)(s − b)(s − c) w2 s =
2

5.13 ¥úiƒb¶}
1. ¥úiƒb5ìDM
http://www.superyu.idv.tw õ{bçTŽz 11

¥úiƒb ì2 M

π π
sin−1 x = θ {x | −1 ≤ x ≤ 1} {θ | − ≤θ≤ }
2 2

cos−1 x = θ {x | −1 ≤ x ≤ 1} {θ | 0 ≤ θ ≤ π}

π π
tan−1 x = θ {x | x ∈ R} {θ | − <θ< }
2 2

ë9ZL§ÀÓ
cot−1 x = θ {x | x ∈ R} {θ | 0 < θ < π}

π 3π
sec−1 x = θ {x || x |≥ 1} {θ | 0 ≤ θ < ,π≤θ< }
2 2
π 3π
csc−1 x = θ {x || x |≥ 1} {θ | 0 < θ ≤ ,π<θ≤ }
2 2

2. £¥ƒbó¾t

π π
sin sin−1 x = x (| x |≤ 1) sin−1 sin θ = θ (− ≤θ≤ )
2 2

cos cos−1 x = x (| x |≤ 1) cos−1 cos θ = θ (0 ≤ θ ≤ π)

π π
tan tan−1 x = x (x ∈ R) tan−1 tan θ = θ (− <θ< )
2 2

cot cot−1 x = x (x ∈ R) cot−1 cot θ = θ (0 < θ < π)

π 3π
sec sec−1 x = x (| x |≥ 1) sec−1 sec θ = θ (0 ≤ θ < ,π≤θ< )
2 2
π 3π
csc csc−1 x = x (| x |≥ 1) csc−1 csc θ = θ (θ | 0 < θ ≤ ,π<θ≤ )
2 2

5.14 ¥úiƒb£Š²t
1. sin−1 (−a) = − sin−1 a (| a |≤ 1)

2. cos−1 (−a) = π − cos−1 a (| a |≤ 1)

3. tan−1 (−a) = − tan−1 a (a ∈ R)

4. cot−1 (−a) = π − cot−1 a (a ∈ R)

5. csc−1 (−a) = − csc−1 a (| a |≥ 1)

6. sec−1 (−a) = π − sec−1 a (| a |≥ 1)


http://www.superyu.idv.tw õ{bçTŽz 12

5.15 ìiƒbÉ[
π
1. J | x |≤ 1 , † sin−1 x + cos−1 x =
2
π
2. J x ∈ R , † tan−1 x + cot−1 x =
2
π
3. J | x |≥ 1 , † sec−1 x + csc−1 x =
2

ë9ZL§ÀÓ
5.16 ¥£~ƒbt
x+y
1. J xy < 1 , † tan−1 x + tan−1 y = tan−1
1 − xy
 x+y

 tan−1 x + tan−1 y = π + tan−1 ç x, y > 0
2. J xy > 1 , † 1 − xy
 −1 −1 −1 x+y
 tan x + tan y = −π + tan ç x, y < 0
1 − xy
 π
 tan−1 x + tan−1 y = ç x, y > 0
3. J xy = 1 , † 2
 tan−1 x + tan−1 y = − π
ç x, y < 0
2
2x
4. J | x |< 1 † 2 tan−1 x = tan−1
1 − x2

5.17 úij˙j¶
1. sin x = a (| a |≤ 1) =⇒ x = nπ + (−1)n sin−1 a
cos x = a (| a |≤ 1) =⇒ x = 2nπ ± cos−1 a
tan x = a (a ∈ R) =⇒ x = nπ + tan−1 a
cot x = a (a ∈ R) =⇒ x = nπ + cot−1 a
sec x = a (| a |≥ 1) =⇒ x = 2nπ ± sec−1 a
csc x = a (| a |≥ 1) =⇒ x = nπ + (−1)n csc−1 a

2. sin x = ±a (| a |≤ 1) =⇒ x = nπ + (−1)n (3M)


cos x = ±a (| a |≤ 1) =⇒ x = 2nπ± (3M)
tan x = ±a (a ∈ R) =⇒ x = nπ± (3M)

5.18 Mi
1. sin α = sin β =⇒ α = nπ + (−1)n β

2. cos α = cos β =⇒ α = 2nπ ± β

3. tan α = tan β =⇒ α = nπ + β
http://www.superyu.idv.tw õ{bçTŽz 13

6 Â(ƒb (Hyperbolic function)


6.1 Â(ƒb5ì2

ex − e−x ex + e−x
sinh x = cosh x =
2 2
sinh x ex − e−x cosh x ex + e−x
tanh x = = x coth x = = x
cosh x e + e−x sinh x e − e−x
1 2 1 2

ë9ZL§ÀÓ
sech x = = x csch x = = x
cosh x e + e−x sinh x e − e−x

6.2 !…4”
1. cosh2 x − sinh2 x = 1  cosh2 x + sinh2 x = cosh 2x

2. 1 − tanh2 x = sech2 x

3. sinh (x ± y) = sinh x cosh y ± cosh x sinh y

4. cosh (x ± y) = cosh x cosh y ± sinh x sinh y

5. sinh 2x = 2sinh x cosh x cosh 2x = 2cosh2 x + sinh2 x

6. sinh x cosh y = sinh (x + y) + sinh (x − y)

7. 2cosh x sinh y = sinh (x + y) − sinh (x − y)

8. 2cosh x cosh y = cosh (x + y) + cosh (x − y)

9. 2sinh x sinh y = cosh (x + y) − cosh (x − y)

6.3 ¥Âƒb

sinh −1 x = ln(x + x2 + 1 ) −∞ < x < ∞


cosh −1 x = ln(x + x2 − 1 ) x≥1

1 1+x
tanh −1 x = ln( ) −1 < x < 1
2 1−x
1 x+1
coth −1 x = ln( ) x > 1 C x < −1
2 x−1

−1 1 1
sech x = ln( + − 1) 0<x≤1
x x2

−1 1 1
csch x = ln( + + 1) x = 0
x x2
http://www.superyu.idv.tw õ{bçTŽz 14

7 j&S
7.1 ˛Èòiè™Í
1. ×t : q A(x1 , y1 , z1 )  B(x2 , y2 , z2 ) †

AB = (x1 − x2 )2 + (y1 − y2 )2 + (z1 − z2 )2

2. õB"Þ × : P (x1 , y1 , z1 ) B"Þ ax + by + cz + d = 0 5 ×Ñ

ë9ZL§ÀÓ
| ax1 + by1 + cz1 + d |

a2 + b2 + c2

E1 : ax + by + cz + d1 = 0
3. ù"WÞ × : ù"WÞÑ
E2 : az + by + cz + d2 = 0
| d1 − d2 |
, †w ×Ñ √
a2 + b2 + c2

a1 x + b1 y + c1 z + d1 = 0
4. "ÞHit : ù"Þ 5ùÞHiÑ θ , †
a2 x + b2 y + c2 z + d2 = 0
±(a1 a2 + b1 b2 + c1 c2 )
cos θ = 2
a1 + b21 + c21 · a22 + b22 + c22

7.2 éié0
1. ®"(5éiÑ 0 , Ý®"(w²,ø«D x W£²5Hi θ (0 < θ < π) ˚Ѥò(5éi (yyd)

2. øò(5éiÑθ, † tan θ ˚Ѥò(5é0


y1 − y2
3. A(x1 , y1 )  B(x2 , y2 )  x1 = x2 , † AB 5é0Ñ 
x1 − x2
4. ùò( ,1 ,2 5é0®Ñ m1  m2 (.Ñ 0 C.æÊ) ,
† ,1 || ,2 ⇐⇒ m1 = m2 ; ,1 ⊥ ,2 ⇐⇒ m1 · m2 = −1 
a
5. b = 0 , †ò( ax + by = 0 5é0Ñ − 
b

7.3 ò(j˙
1. õé : ¬ìõ (x0 , y0 ) 7é0Ñ m 5ò(j˙Ñ y − y0 = m(x − x0 )

2. sõ : ¬óæsõ (x1 , y1 )  (x2 , y2 ) 5ò(j˙Ñ (y1 − y2 )(y − y1 ) = (x1 − x2 )(x − x1 )


x y
3. i  : ò(.¬Ÿõ/Ê x i a , y i b , ò(j˙Ñ + =1
a b

7.4 S!…t

3 2
1. £úi$5iÅ a , wÞÑ a 
4
2. øÆùý AB  CD ó>CôÅó>k P , † P A × P B = P C × P D 
http://www.superyu.idv.tw õ{bçTŽz 15

3. šÑ r 5Æ , wƶÅÑ 2πr , ÆÞ πr 2 


4 3
4. šÑ r 57 , wñÑ πr , [ÞÑ 4πr 2 
3
5. 6ññ = 4Þ × ò 
1
6. Vññ = × 4Þ × ò 
3

2 3 2 √

ë9ZL§ÀÓ
7. qiÅÑ a 5£ûÞñ , †wñ a , wòÑ a , [ÞÑ 3a2 
12 3
1
8. qòÆV«5òÑ h , ,  -4Þ5šÑ r1 , r2 †wñÑ πh · (r12 + r1 r2 + r22 ) 
3

7.5 ”è™
1. q”è™ P1 (r1 , θ1 )  P2 (r2 , θ2 ) , †sõ ×

P1 P2 = r12 + r22 − 2r1 r2 cos(θ1 − θ2 )

2. úkL<cb n , ”è™ ((−1)n r , nπ + θ) D (r , θ) [°øõ 

”j Ç$±˚

r cos(θ − ω) = P ¶iÑ ω, ¶ Ñ P 5ò(

r 2 + r12 − 2rr1 cos(θ − θ1 ) = a2 Æ-Ñ (r1 , θ1 ) , š | a | 5Æ



r = a sin nθ çnÑXbÑ2n]
:K(
r = a cos nθ çnÑJbÑn]

r = a(1 ± cos θ)
-D(
r = a(1 ± sin θ)

r 2 = ±a2 cos 2θ
ÂÒ(
r 2 = ±a2 sin 2θ

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