CHAPTER 3

Computer Software

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 THE STORED PROGRAM
CONCEPT
 COMPUTER IS A BINARY SYSTEM
 PROGRAM: A set of instructions
telling the computer what to do
 INSTRUCTION: Individual step or
operation in a program
 MACHINE LANGUAGE: Translated
instruction understood by particular
model of computer

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 EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER
SOFTWARE
 £IRST GENERATION: Machine
language - binary language designed for
particular computer
 SECOND GENERATION: Assembly
language - substituted mnemonic
operation codes and addresses, translated
to machine language by assembler
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 EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER
SOFTWARE
 THIRD GENERATION: Procedural
language - £ORTRAN, COBOL, C -
translated to machine language by
compiler or interpreter. Example: COBOL
 £OURTH GENERATION:
Nonprocedural language. Tell what to do,
not how to do it, order not important.
Translate to machine language by
compiler or interpreter. Example: £OCUS
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 DEY TYPES OF SOFTWARE
 APPLICATION SO£TWARE: Programs
written to accomplish particular tasks for
computer users
 SUPPORT SO£TWARE: Programs that
support application software in producing
needed output. Does not directly produce
output needed by users
*

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 APPLICATION SOFTWARE

 WORD PROCESSING
 SPREADSHEETS
 DATABASE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEMS
 PRESENTATION GRAPHICS
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 APPLICATION SOFTWARE

 WORLD WIDE WEB BROWSERS

 ELECTRONIC MAIL, GROUPWARE
 DESKTOP PUBLISHING
 APPLICATION SUITES
*

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 SUPPORT SOFTWARE
 À


  Helps
maximize work done, eases workload of
users
 åÀ ÀÀ
 Allows
users to communicate with operating
systems
  À Large
computers can run multiple programs
simultaneously. Time-
Time-driven approach is
time--sharing
time

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 SUPPORT SOFTWARE
   Allows small
computers to work on several programs
interactively
 Œ
À
 Allows computer
to run portions of a large program as
required, saving use of main memory
  À
 Multiple CPUs
divide workload, increases efficiency
*
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 SOURCES OF OPERATING
SYSTEMS
 PROPRIETARY: Written for particular
computer class or system. Examples:
Windows 98, Windows 2000
 OPEN SYSTEM: Not tied to specific
platform. Examples: UNIX, Linux
 NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEM
(NOS): Manages network resources,
local area networks

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 GRAPHICAL USER
INTERFACE (GUI)
 MOUSE: A standard pointing device
 ICON: Graphic or label on screen
associated with task or operation
 32
32--BIT OPERATING SYSTEM:
Operating system handles 32 bits at a time
 CLICKING MOUSE ON ICON
INITIATES TASK
*
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 OBJECT-ORIENTED
OBJECT-
PROGRAMMING (OOP)
 COMPUTER PROGRAMMING BASED
ON CREATING, USING SET O£
OBJECTS: Object combines data and
methods (or chunks of programs)
 EXAMPLES: C++, Smalltalk, Java
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 OTHER LANGUAGES
 NATURAL LANGUAGES: User types in
or speaks English, computer evolves
program
 HYPERTEXT MARKUP LANGUAGE
(HTML): Code used to develop World
Wide Web (WWW) pages and sites
 eXtensible Markup Language (XML):
Used for data exchange on ººº


*
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 DATABASE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM (DBMS)
 SUPPORT SO£TWARE USED TO
CREATE, MANAGE, AND PROTECT
ORGANIZATIONAL DATA
 DBMS: Software that manages a
database, works with operating
system to store and modify data and
to make data accessible in
authorized ways
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 TYPES OF DBMSs
 HIERARCHICAL: Data arranged in a
top--down, organization chart fashion
top
 NETWORK: Data arranged like cities on
a highway systems, often with multiple
paths between pieces of data
 RELATIONAL: Data arranged into simple
tables, and records are related by storing
common data in each of the associated
tables

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 FILING METHODS
 





À
  
Ë EACH RECORD IDENTI£IED BY KEY
Ë GROUPED IN BLOCKS AND CYLINDERS
Ë KEYS IN INDEX
 Œ À


À
Π 
Ë MEMORY DIVIDED INTO AREAS & INTERVALS
Ë DYNAMIC £ILE SPACE
Œ º


À
À
 

 



À
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*
 COMPONENTS OF DBMS:
 DATA DE£INITION LANGUAGE:
Defines data elements in database
 DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE:
Manipulates data for applications
 DATA DICTIONARY/DIRECTORY:
£ormal definitions of all variables in
database, controls variety of database
contents
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 STRUCTURED QUERY
LANGUAGE (SQL)
EMERGING STANDARD
DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE
£OR RELATIONAL DATABASES
*

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 ADVANTAGES OF
RELATIONAL DBMS
 NEW DATA ELEMENTS CAN EASILY BE
ADDED AS NEW NEEDS ARISE
 NEW RELATIONSHIPS CAN BE CREATED
AS NEW QUERY/REPORTING NEEDS
CHANGE
 £EWER DATA CONSISTENCY PROBLEMS
DUE TO LESS REDUNDANT DATA
STORAGE
 MORE ³USER £RIENDLY´ TOOLS
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 COMPUTER-AIDED SOFTWARE
COMPUTER-
ENGINEERING (CASE)
 HELPS AUTOMATE SO£TWARE
DEVELOPMENT: Used by computer
professionals to help automate software
development
 MAY INCLUDE:
Ë upper-CASE (requirements definition and
design)
Ë lower-CASE (code generation)
Ë I-CASE or integrated-CASE

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 CHANGING NATURE OF
SOFTWARE
 MORE HARDWIRING O£ SO£TWARE AND
MORE MICROCODE
 MORE COMPLEXITY O£
HARDWARE/SO£TWARE
ARRANGEMENTS
 LESS CONCERN WITH MACHINE
E££ICIENCY
*

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 CHANGING NATURE OF
SOFTWARE
 MORE PURCHASED APPLICATIONS AND
MORE PORTABILITY O£ THESE
APPLICATIONS £ROM ONE COMPUTER
PLAT£ORM TO ANOTHER
 MORE PROGRAMMING USING OBJECT-
OBJECT-
ORIENTED AND VISUAL LANGUAGES, IN
LARGE PART BECAUSE O£ EMPHASIS
ON GUIs
*
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 CHANGING NATURE OF
SOFTWARE
 MORE EMPHASIS ON APPLICATIONS
THAT RUN ON INTRANETS AND THE
INTERNET
 MORE USER DEVELOPMENT
 MORE USE O£ PERSONAL
PRODUCTIVITY SO£TWARE ON
MICROCOMPUTERS, ESPECIALLY
PACKAGES WITH A GUI
*
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CHAPTER 3

Computer Software

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