Born-Haber Cycles

eg for sodium chloride:

Na+ (g) + e- + Cl (g)

enthalpy H
H first ionisation energy H first electron affinity

Na (g) + Cl (g)
Na+ (g) + Cl- (g)
H atomisation

Na (g) + ½ Cl2 (g)

H atomisation H lattice
Na (s) + ½ Cl2 (g) enthalpy

H formation
NaCl (s)

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 Born-Haber Cycles : applying Hess’s Law
There are two routes from elements to ionic compound

Na+ (g) + e- + Cl (g)

enthalpy H
H first ionisation energy H first electron affinity

Na (g) + Cl (g)
Na+ (g) + Cl- (g)
H atomisation

Na (g) + ½ Cl2 (g)

H atomisation H lattice
Na (s) + ½ Cl2 (g) association
Apply
Hess’s H formation
NaCl (s)
Law:

HatmNa + HatmCl + H1st IE + H1st EA + Hlattice = Hformation

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Born-Haber Cycles: applying Hess’s Law

HatmNa + HatmCl + H1st IE + H1st EA + Hlattice = Hformation

Rearrange to find the lattice energy:

Hlattice = Hformation - (HatmNa + HatmCl + H1st IE + H1st EA)

So Born-Haber cycles can be used to calculate a measure of

ionic bond strength based on experimental data.

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 References
Steve Lewis for the Royal Society of Chemistry

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