Lattice and Lattice-Ladder

Structures for IIR Systems

 Lattice IIR Structure
Consider a system with finite poles and all its zeros at z = 0 whose
transfer function is of the form
1
H(z) =
ΑN ( z )
N
where Α N ( z ) = 1 + ∑ aN [ k ] z − k is an Nth degree polynomial in z.
k =1

This system has N finite poles and N zeros at z = 0.

 Lattice IIR Structure

A Direct Form II system with

N finite poles and N zeros at
z = 0.
 Lattice IIR Structure
Compare the Direct Form II structures for FIR and IIR systems.
If, in the FIR system, we exchange the roles of X ( z ) and Y ( z ) ,
change all b's to − a's (with b0 = 1) and let N = M − 1, we get the
IIR system.

FIR IIR
 Lattice-Ladder IIR Structure
Modify the FIR lattice structure as illustrated below. Reverse the
arrows on all the "f" signals. Reverse the lattice and apply x [ n ]
to the previous output and take y [ n ] from the previous input.
Also reverse the signs of the signals arriving from the bottom. This
is now a recursive or feedback structure which can implement an
IIR filter.
 Lattice-Ladder IIR Structure
Take the case N = 1.
x [ n ] = f1 [ n ] , f 0 [ n ] = f1 [ n ] − K1 g 0 [ n − 1] , g1 [ n ] = K1 f 0 [ n ] + g 0 [ n − 1]
and y [ n ] = f 0 [ n ] = g 0 [ n ] = f1 [ n ] − K1 g 0 [ n − 1]
N  

= x[ n ] = y[ n −1]

z transforming
1 z
Y ( z ) + K1 z Y ( z ) = X ( z ) ⇒ H1 ( z ) =
−1
−1
=
1 + z K1 z + K1
Single pole at z = − K1 and a zero at z = 0.
 Lattice-Ladder IIR Structure
Also, for the N = 1 case
g1 [ n ] = K1 y [ n ] + y [ n − 1]
G1 ( z ) z + 1/ K1
G1 ( z ) = K1 Y ( z ) + z Y ( z ) ⇒
−1 −1
= K1 + z = K1
Y(z) z
G1 ( z )
is the transfer function of a system with a single zero at
Y(z)
z = −1/ K1 and a pole at zero.
 Lattice-Ladder IIR Structure
For the N = 2 case, it can be shown that
Y(z) 1 z2
H2 ( z ) = = = 2
X ( z ) 1 + K1 ( K 2 + 1) z + K 2 z
−1 −2
z + K1 ( K 2 + 1) z + K 2
and
G2 ( z ) z 2 + K1 (1 + 1/ K 2 ) z + 1/ K 2
= K 2 + K1 ( K 2 + 1) z −1 + z −2 = K 2
Y(z) z2
Notice that the coefficients for the FIR and IIR systems occur in reverse
order as before.
 Lattice-Ladder IIR Structure
For any m,
Y( z) 1 Gm ( z )
Hm ( z ) = = and = Β m ( z ) = z − m Α m (1/ z )
X( z) Αm ( z ) Y(z)
and the previous relations for FIR lattices still hold.
Α 0 ( z ) = Β0 ( z ) = 1 , Α m ( z ) = Α m−1 ( z ) + K m z −1Β m−1 ( z )
Βm ( z ) = z − m Α m (1/ z ) , K m = α m [ m ]
Αm ( z ) − K mΒm ( z )
Α m−1 ( z ) =
1 − K m2
 Lattice-Ladder IIR Structure
If we want to add finite zeros to H m ( z ) we can add a ladder network
to the lattice. Then the transfer function will be of the form
γ N ( 0 ) + γ N (1) z −1 + " + γ N ( N ) z − N ΓN ( z )
H(z) = =
1 + α N (1) z + α N ( 2 ) z + " + α N ( N ) z
−1 −2 −N
ΑN ( z )
N N
y [ n ] = ∑ vm g m [ n ] ⇒ Y ( z ) = ∑ vm G m ( z )
m =0 m =0
 Lattice-Ladder Example
Synthesize the transfer function
1 − z −1 + 0.5 z −2 z 2 − z + 0.5
H(z) = −1 −2
= 2
1 + 0.2 z − 0.15 z z + 0.2 z − 0.15
using a lattice-ladder network.
Α 2 ( z ) = 1 + 0.2 z −1 − 0.15 z −2
K 2 = −0.15 and Β 2 ( z ) = −0.15 + 0.2 z −1 + z −2
2
Γ 2 ( z ) = ∑ vm Β m ( z ) = 1 − z −1 + 0.5 z −2 ⇒ v2 = 0.5
m =0

Γ1 ( z ) = Γ 2 ( z ) − v2 Β 2 ( z ) = 1 − z −1 + 0.5 z −2 − 0.5 ( −0.15 + 0.2 z −1 + z −2 )

Γ1 ( z ) = 1.075 − 1.1z −1 ⇒ v1 = −1.1
Γ 0 ( z ) = Γ1 ( z ) − v1Β1 ( z )
 Lattice-Ladder Example
Α m ( z ) − K m Βm ( z )
Using Α m−1 ( z ) =
1 − K m2
1 + 0.2 z −1 − 0.15 z −2 − ( −0.15 ) ( −0.15 + 0.2 z −1 + z −2 )
Α1 ( z ) =
1 − ( −0.15 )
2

0.9775 + 0.23 z −1
Α1 ( z ) = = 1 + 0.23529 z −1
0.9775
K1 = 0.23529 and Β1 ( z ) = 0.23529 + z −1
Γ 0 ( z ) = 1.075 − 1.1z −1 − ( −1.1) ( 0.23529 + z −1 ) = 1.3382 ⇒ v0 = 1.3382