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Here are some thoughts I was having while considering what to put on the first midterm.
The core of your studying should be the assigned homework problems: make sure you really
understand those well before moving on to other things (like the old midterms on the test
archive).
• Chapter 1 - Warm Up
– One of the most important ideas of this chapter is that of multiplying by one as a
means of unit conversion. This idea makes all unit conversions have a common
method, and helps one’s notekeeping.
– This chapter introduced the use of the coordinate system and the distance formula.
– A classic problem from this chapter is one in which two objects are moving and we
need to describe the distance between them, like problems 2.3, and 2.10.
– This chapter introduces circles and horizontal and vertical lines. You should be sure
you are comfortable finding the equation of a circle from a variety of descriptions.
– You should be able to find the intersection of a circle with a vertical or horizontal
line.
– In this chapter, we get the general line definition. Be sure you are able to find the
intersection of a given circle with a general line.
– We also have the idea of perpendicular lines, and the method for finding the shortest
distance between a line and a point not on that line. We also considered tangent lines
to circles.
– Uniform linear motion is introduced. See problems 4.14 and 4.15.
– Especially good problems are 4.7, 4.9, 4.11, 4.12.
– The quadratic function is introduced. You should know the significance of the vertex
and how to find it. You should be able to sketch the graph of a given quadratic
function.
– You should be able to determine the maximum and minimum value of a quadratic
function on a specified interval, as in problem 7.2.
– You do not need to be able to solve problems that involve maximizing area, revenue,
or other quantities. You will see many examples of these problems in the test archive.
These sorts of problems are part of the latter half of chapter 7, and we’ll study them
after the midterm exam.
52 CHAPTER 4. LINEAR MODELING
4.12 Summary
• The equation of every non-vertical line can be expressed in the form
and
x = a + bt, y = c + dt.
54 CHAPTER 4. LINEAR MODELING
Point on Point on
Equation Slope y-intercept
the line the line
y = 2x + 1
−2 1
1
2
(0, 1)
1,000
(5, −9)
ball 40 feet
x4 − 4x2 + 2 = 0
100 ft. sidewalk
(b) Solve for y:
circular watered zone √
y−2 y=4
70 CHAPTER 5. FUNCTIONS AND GRAPHS
5.7 Exercises
gould
Problem 5.1. For each of the following func-
padelford
tions, find the expression for
f(x + h) − f(x)
.
h (a) Dave leaves Padelford Hall and walks at
Simplify each of your expressions far enough a constant speed until he reaches Gould
so that plugging in h = 0 would be allowed. Hall 10 minutes later.
(a) f(x) = x2 − 2x. (b) Dave leaves Padelford Hall and walks at
a constant speed. It takes him 6 min-
(b) f(x) = 2x + 3 utes to reach the half-way point. Then
(c) f(x) = x2 − 3 he gets confused and stops for 1 minute.
He then continues on to Gould Hall at
(d) f(x) = 4 − x2 the same constant speed he had when
(e) f(x) = −πx2 − π2 he originally left Padelford Hall.
√ (c) Dave leaves Padelford Hall and walks at
(f) f(x) = x − 1. (Hint: Rationalize the nu-
merator) a constant speed. It takes him 6 min-
utes to reach the half-way point. Then
he gets confused and stops for 1 minute
Problem 5.2. Here are the graphs of two lin- to figure out where he is. Dave then con-
ear functions on the domain 0 ≤ x ≤ 20. Find tinues on to Gould Hall at twice the con-
the formula for each of the rules y = f(x) and stant speed he had when he originally
y = g(x). Find the formula for a NEW func- left Padelford Hall.
tion v(x) that calculates the vertical distance
(d) Dave leaves Padelford Hall and walks at
between the two lines at x. Explain in terms
a constant speed. It takes him 6 min-
of the picture what v(x) is calculating. What is
utes to reach the half-way point. Dave
v(5)? What is v(20)? What are the smallest and
gets confused and stops for 1 minute to
largest values of v(x) on the domain 0 ≤ x ≤ 20?
figure out where he is. Dave is totally
y-axis lost, so he simply heads back to his of-
60 (20,60) fice, walking the same constant speed
g(x) he had when he originally left Padelford
Hall.
40 (e) Dave leaves Padelford heading for Gould
Hall at the same instant Angela leaves
(0,24) Gould Hall heading for Padelford Hall.
20 f(x) (20,20) Both walk at a constant speed, but An-
gela walks twice as fast as Dave. Indi-
(0,4) cate a plot of “distance from Padelford”
x-axis
vs. “time” for both Angela and Dave.
10 20
(f) Suppose you want to sketch the graph of
a new function s = g(t) that keeps track
Problem 5.3. Dave leaves his office in of Dave’s distance s from Gould Hall at
Padelford Hall on his way to teach in Gould time t. How would your graphs change
Hall. Below are several different scenarios. in (a)-(e)?
In each case, sketch a plausible (reasonable)
graph of the function s = d(t) which keeps
track of Dave’s distance s from Padelford Hall Problem 5.4. At 5 AM one day, a monk be-
at time t. Take distance units to be “feet” and gan a trek from his monastery by the sea to
time units to be “minutes.” Assume Dave’s the monastery at the top of a mountain. He
path to Gould Hall is along a straight line reached the mountain-top monastery at 11
which is 2400 feet long. AM, spent the rest of the day in meditation,
5.7. EXERCISES 71
Problem 5.6. Here is a picture of the graph of (a) Explain why we can assume the cable
the function f(x) = 3x2 − 3x − 2. follows the path indicated in the picture;
72 CHAPTER 5. FUNCTIONS AND GRAPHS
i.e. explain why the path consists of Problem 5.9. Which of the curves in Fig-
two line segments, rather than a weird ure 5.14 represent the graph of a function? If
curved path AND why it is OK to assume the curve is not the graph of a function, de-
the cable reaches shore to the right of scribe what goes wrong and how you might
the power station and the left of the is- “fix it.” When you describe how to “fix” the
land. graph, you are allowed to cut the curve into
pieces and such that each piece is the graph
(b) Let x be the distance downshore from
of a function. Many of these problems have
the power sub-station to where the cable
more than one correct answer.
reaches the land. Find a function f(x) in
the variable x that computes the cost to
lay a cable out to your island. Problem 5.10. Find an EXACT answer for
each problem.
(c) Make a table of values of f(x), where
x = 0, 21 ,1, 23 ,2,. . . , 72 ,4. Use these calcula- (a) Solve for x
tions to estimate the installation of min- x 5 30
imal cost. + = 2
x+3 x−7 x − 4x − 21
6.4 Exercises
Problem 6.1. The absolute value function is Problem 6.4. (a) Let f(x) = x + |2x − 1|. Find
defined by the multipart rule: all solutions to the equation
x if 0 ≤ x
|x| = f(x) = 8.
−x if x < 0
y = |x|
(c) Let h(x) = |x| − 3x + 4. Find all solutions
to the equation
x-axis h(x − 1) = x − 2.
x-axis
vertical cross-section
(b) Find a, b, c that simultaneously satisfy
Here, R indicates a circle of radius 10 feet and these three equations:
all of the indicated circle centers lie along the
common horizontal line 10 feet above and par- a+b−c = 5
allel to the ditch bottom. Assume that water is 2a − 3b + c = 4
flowing into the ditch so that the level above a+b+c = −1
the bottom is rising 2 inches per minute.
104 CHAPTER 7. QUADRATIC MODELING
7.6 Summary
• A quadratic function is one of the form
f(x) = ax2 + bx + c.
where a 6= 0.
b
h=− and k = f(h).
2a
• If a > 0, then the vertex is the lowest (or minimum) point on the
graph, and the parabola ”opens upward”. If a < 0, then the vertex
is the highest (or maximum) point on the graph, and the parabola
”opens downward”.
7.7 Exercises
Problem 7.1. Write the following quadratic Problem 7.5. A hot air balloon takes off from
functions in vertex form, find the vertex, the the edge of a plateau. Impose a coordinate sys-
axis of symmetry and sketch a rough graph. tem as pictured below and assume that the
path the balloon follows is the graph of the
(a) f(x) = 2x2 − 16x + 41. 4
quadratic function y = f(x) = − 2500 x2 + 54 x.
(b) f(x) = 3x2 − 15x − 77. The land drops at a constant incline from the
plateau at the rate of 1 vertical foot for each
(c) f(x) = x2 − 73 x + 13.
5 horizontal feet. Answer the following ques-
(d) f(x) = 2x2 . tions:
1 2 height above plateau (feet)
(e) f(x) = 100 x .
balloon
the yield per tree will decrease by 4 apples). (a) Write an expression for the distance be-
How many trees should she have in the or- tween Sven and Rudyard t seconds after
chard to maximize her production of apples? they start walking.
Problem 7.8. Rosalie is organizing a circus (b) When are Sven and Rudyard closest?
performance to raise money for a charity. She What is the minimum distance between
is trying to decide how much to charge for tick- them?
ets. From past experience, she knows that the
number of people who will attend is a linear
function of the price per ticket. If she charges Problem 7.14. After a vigorous soccer match,
5 dollars, 1200 people will attend. If she Tina and Michael decide to have a glass of
charges 7 dollars, 970 people will attend. How their favorite refreshment. They each run in
much should she charge per ticket to make the a straight line along the indicated paths at a
most money? speed of 10 ft/sec. Parametrize the motion of
Tina and Michael individually. Find when and
Problem 7.9. A Norman window is a rectan- where Tina and Michael are closest to one an-
gle with a semicircle on top. Suppose that the other; also compute this minimum distance.
perimeter of a particular Norman window is to
be 24 feet. What should its dimensions be in (200,300)
(−50,275)
order to maximize the area of the window and, soy milk
therefore, allow in as much light as possible?
beet juice
Problem 7.10. Jun has 300 meters of fenc-
ing to make a rectangular enclosure. She also
wants to use some fencing to split the enclo- (400,50)
sure into two parts with a fence parallel to two
Tina
of the sides. What dimensions should the en-
closure have to have the maximum possible Michael
area?
Problem 7.13. Sven starts walking due south (b) Solve for x
at 5 feet per second from a point 120 feet north
of an intersection. At the same time Rudyard y = x2 + 2x + 3
starts walking due east at 4 feet per second
from a point 150 feet west of the intersection.
290 APPENDIX B. ANSWERS
Answer 2.8 (b) t = 2; t = 25 . (c) (3,3) (d) spider=( 37 , 38 ), Answer 3.8 (a) 6.92 seconds. (b) 7.67 seconds. (c) 38.16
ant=( 41 , 4 ). (e) 1.5 feet. (f) Spider reaches (9,6) when seconds. (d) 7332 ft2 < area < 7632 ft2 .
3 3
t
√ = 4; ant reaches (9,6)
√ when t = 3. (g) spider speed is
5 ft/sec; ant speed is 8 ft/sec. Answer 3.9 (a) x = 11/5.
p (b) no solutions. (c) (−2, − 2)
and (−2,4). (d) (−1 ± 2/5,3).
Answer 2.9 49.92 mph (exactly).
Answer 4.1 (a) y = − 35 (x − 1) − 1 (b) y = 40(x + 1) − 2
Answer 2.10 141.46 miles. They are 300 miles apart at (c) y = −2x − 2 (d) y = 11 (e) m = 53 , y = 53 (x − 1) + 1 (f)
time 0.826 hr = 49.6 minutes. y = 40x − 14 (g) y = − 43 x + 74 (h) y = x − 1
2
Answer 2.11 (a) Final answer is correct, but second Answer 4.2 (a)( 1+2α , 1+4α
1+2α
). (b) α = −2/5. (c) α = −1/4.
equality is wrong. (b) Final answer should be 4xy; key
fact is that (x + y)2 = x2 + 2xy + y2 , etc. (c) Answer and Answer 4.3 (a) area = 25 b
(b) area = − 2m
2
(c) m = − 14
13
steps correct.
2
Answer 2.13 (a) 5t2 + 6t + 5 (b) 2t2 + 4t (c) t 2 −1
(d) Eqn Slope y-int Pt on line Pt on line
√
5t2 + 4t + 4 y = 2x + 1 2 1 (0, 1) (− 1 , 0)
2
Answer 3.7 (a)] The equation for eastward travel from Answer 4.7 Line of travel is y = (0.667)(x − 35). (a)
Kingston is y = 8. Southward travel along x = −1. (b) (−13.46,−32.31) (b) 3.19 seconds (c) 5.82 seconds (d)
Boundary: (x + 2)2 + (y − 10)2 = 9; Interior:(x + 2)2 + (y − (10.78,−16.17) at about t = 6.1 sec.
10)2 < 9; Exterior:(x+2)2 +(y−10)2 > 9. (c) 3.82 minutes.
(d) Plug x = −1 into circle equation to find exit point. Use Answer 4.8 (a) Allyson at (0,70); Adrian at (−44,0).
this to find when the ferry exits the radar zone. Be careful Bungee is 83.1401 ft. long. (b) Occurs at time t = 7.7546
to reference all times relative to when the ferry departed seconds and Allyson is at (0,77.546). Allyson’s final loca-
Kingston. (e) 20.32 minutes. tion is 77.546 ft. from her starting point.
291
Answer 4.9 The lines of tangency have equations y = Answer 5.8 (a) − 32 ,− 52 , x2 , 12 (♥ − 3). (b) 0, 20, 6x + 2x2 ,
± √2 (x − 12). The non-visible portion of the y-axis is 2♥2 − 6♥, 2(♥ + △ − 3)(♥ + △). (c) Always 4π2 .
5√ √
− 2455
≤ y≤ 24 5
5
.
Answer 5.9 Use the vertical line test. For example, (a) is
not a function, by the vertical line test; you can split it
Answer 4.10 C = 59 (F − 32) and F = 9
5
C + 32. In Oslo, the into two function graphs by slicing the ellipse symmetri-
temperature is −9.4◦ F. cally into upper and lower halves. On the other hand, (o)
is a function, by the vertical line test; etc.
Answer 4.11 At the closest point, she will be
26.22471828 miles from Paris. √ 5.10 (a) x = 5.
Answer (b) x = 4, 8. (c) x = 36. (d)
242− 56400
2
Answer 4.12 Impose coordinates with Angela’s initial lo-
cation as the origin. Angela is closest to Mary at Answer 6.1 (a) 0, 2, 3. (b) x = ±4, x = 0, no solution. (c)
(18.8356,41.4383); this takes approximately 3.8 seconds. Intersect at (4,4) and (− 34 , 34 ). Area is 16
3
.
Answer 4.13 (a) Impose coordinates with sprinkler ini- Answer 6.2 (a)
tial location as the origin (0,0). Line equation becomes
y = − 51 x + 100. (b) Sprinkler is located at (0,82.5) at time −0.5x − 1 if x ≤ −2
| − 0.5x − 1| =
t = 33 minutes. Circular boundary of watered zone hits 0.5x + 1 if x > −2
southern edge of sidewalk at the points (−6.708,101.3416)
and (13.4386,97.3123). (c) y = − 51 x + 110.198. y
3
Answer 4.14 (a) With the origin set at the statue, x = 2.5
30 − 3.123475t,
√ y = 2.49878t. (b) The distance to the
statue is 16t2 − 187.4085t + 900 feet. (c) Margot will be 2
28 feet from the statue after 0.655672 seconds, and af-
1.5
ter 11.057360 seconds (assuming she continues past the
point due north of the statue). 1
0.5
Answer 4.15 18.923076923 seconds
x
p √ -4 -2 2 4
Answer 4.16 (a) (−1 ± 7/3)/2 = (−3 ± 21)/6. (b)
t =√−0.463325,0.863325; or the exact answer would be
Answer 6.3 (a) x = 4 and x = − 22 (b) x = 0.75 (c) the
(1 ± 11)/5. (c) t = 0.2. (d) No real number solutions. 3
equation has no solutions.
p √
p (a)√There are four√answers: x = ±
Answer 4.17 2+ 2 Answer 6.4 (a) x = −7 and x = 3 (b) a = 3 (c) x = 8/3
and x = ± 2 − 2 (b) y = 6 + 2 5.
1
Answer 6.5 For 0 ≤ x ≤ 6, the area is 6
x(x + 18).
Answer 5.1 (a) −2 + h + 2x. (b) 2. (c) h + 2x. (d) −h − 2x.
1 √
(e) −π(h + 2x) (f) √h+x−1+ . Answer 6.6 (a) The rule is
x−1
2x if 0 ≤ x ≤ 10
Answer 5.2 g(x) = 59 x + 24, f(x) = 54 x + 4, v(x) = x + 20, y=
−x + 30 if 10 ≤ x ≤ 30
v(5) = 25, minimum v(x) = 20, maximum v(x) = 40.
and the range is 0 ≤ y ≤ 20.
Answer 5.3 For example, in (a), suppose Dave has con- (b) The rule for the area function a(x) is
stant speed v ft/min. Then the function s = d(t) = vt
will compute the distance Dave travels in t minutes. The x2 if 0 ≤ x ≤ 10
a(x) =
graph would be a line with s-intercept 0 and slope v; the − 12 x2 + 30x − 150 if 10 ≤ x ≤ 30
domain would be 0 ≤ t ≤ 2400
v
; etc.
(c) x = 12.6795 inches.
Answer 5.4
Answer 6.7 (a)
Answer 5.5 Several possible answers for each one.
0 if t < −1
√ j(t) =
62.22(t + 1) if −1 ≤ t ≤ 3.5
Answer 5.6 (a) x-intercepts= 16 (3 ± 33). y-intercept =
1
√ 1
√
−2. (b) ( 6 (3 − 93),5) and ( 6 (3 + 93),5). (c) None. (d) (b)
√ √ √
if t < 0
p p
Yes, No, No, Yes. (e) ( 1 + 2,−2−3 1 + 2+3(1+ 2)). 280
s(t) =
280 − 70t if 0 ≤ t ≤ 4
p
Answer 5.7 (b) f(x) = 30000x + 50000 (4 − x)2 + 1. (c)
(c) The table of values (x,f(x)) will be: (0., 206155),
(0.5,197003), (1, 188114), (1.5,179629), (2,171803), 280 if t < −1
(2.5,165139), (3.,160711), (3.5,160902), (4,170000). Min- 280 − 62.22(t + 1) if −1 ≤ t < 0
imal cost occurs for some 2.5 < x < 3.5; the exact answer d(t) = 217.78 − 132.22t if 0 ≤ t < 1.6471
is x = 13
4
, but we cannot solve this in our class since it
132.22t − 217.78
if 1.6471 ≤ t < 3.5
requires the tools of Calculus. 70t if 3.5 ≤ t < 4
292 APPENDIX B. ANSWERS
Answer 6.8 The distance to his starting point t seconds Answer 7.2 (a) maximum value is 22; minimum value is
after he starts is 1.75 (b) maximum value is 32; minimum value is 2 (c)
maximum value is -6; minimum value is -46
10t
p if 0 ≤ t ≤ 25,
d(t) =
2
q250 + (12(t − 25))
2 if 25 ≤ t ≤ 175
3
, Answer 7.3 (a) Multipart function: s(t) = − 1601
t2 + 58 t+10
for 0 ≤ t ≤ 114.031, s(t) = 0 for t ≥ 114.031.; $23,125. (b)
400 + (250 − 9(t − 175
2
3
))2 if 175
3
≤ t≤ 205
3
.
Sell at time t = 50 days; $2500. (c) On day t = 115 it is
worthless.
Answer 6.9
Answer 7.4 The parabola has x intercepts at −1,3 and y
18t if 0≤ x≤ 5
p
2 + 182 (t − 5)2 intercept at -3. The vertex of the parabola is (1, − 4).
90 if 5 ≤ x ≤ 10
y = d(t) = p
902 + (90 − 18(t − 10))2 if 10 ≤ x ≤ 15
90 − 18(t − 15) if 15 ≤ x ≤ 20 x2 − 2x − 3 if x ≤ −1
2
|x − 2x − 3| = −x2 + 2x + 3 if −1 < x < 3
x2 − 2x − 3 if x ≥ 3
Here is the graph of d(t)
Answer 7.5 (a) 100 ft. (b) 156.25 ft. (c) (625, − 125). (d)
ft
When x = 54.81 ft. or x = 570.19 ft.; i.e. at (54.81,39.04)
140 and (570.19, − 64.04).
120
100 Answer 7.6 (a) No, since f(1) = 1 6= 2. (b) The points
80 (1,1+2b) and (−(1+b),1+2b). (c) Only the point (a,1−a2 ).
60 (d) The points (−2.2701, − 7.1168) and (2.9368,1.5612).
40
20 Answer 7.7 She should have 225 trees in the orchard.
t sec
5 10 15 20
Answer 7.8 She should charge $7.72 to make the most
money.
Answer 6.10 (a) v(x) = 2x3 − 70x2 + 500x; degree 3. (b)
a(x) = 1000 − 50x − 2x2 , degree 2. To get 600 sq. in. Answer 7.9 The radius of the circular part should be
dimensions are: 6.3746 × 7.2508× 18.6254.
24
Answer 6.11 (a) 2 hours. (b) Impose coordinates with x ≈ 3.36059492 feet.
4+π
axis the bottom of the ditch and the y axis the pictured
centerline. The short side of the rectangular part should also be equal
to this.
20 if x ≤ −40
p
2
10 + 100 − (x + 40) if −40 ≤ x ≤ −30
p
2 Answer 7.10 The enclosure should be 50 meters by 75
10 − 100 − (x + 20) if −30 ≤ x ≤ −20
meters.
y= 0 if −20 ≤ x ≤ 20
p
10 − p100 − (x − 20)2 if 20 ≤ x ≤ 30
2 Answer 7.11 Cut so the pieces have lengths 26.394 in.
10 + 100 − (x − 40)
if 30 ≤ x ≤ 40
and 33.606 in.; bend the 26.394 inch piece into a circle.
20 if 40 ≤ x
√ Answer 7.12 (a) y = − 23 x2 + 35 x. (b) y = 1.125x2 − 1.5x −
(c) 2(40 − 91) feet. (d) 42 ft. wide: 0.3008 minutes. 50 ft.
wide: 8.038 minutes. 73 ft. wide: 116.205 minutes. 1.625. (c) y = −0.5x2 + 3.5x − 4. (d) No solution.