Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Shi'i Law
a bibliographical study
Ithaca Press 13 Southwark Street London SEl 1RQ The Shi'i legal system, which is one of the two major divisions of Islamic
law, is a developed integrated system with a long continuous tradition of
Typeset by Barbara Daykin Gloucester innovation. As the system has always been open to new ideas, and as
criticism and original contributions were welcome and encouraged, it grew
Printed & bound in Great Britain by into and continues to grow as a developed, thriving body of legal thought.
Many S h i ' i jurists in the past were at the same time outstanding philo-
Biddles Ltd Guildford & King's Lynn
sophers, and through them many elements from Islamic logic and philo-
sophy were introduced into, and discussed in, S h i ' i law and jurisprudence.
This process resulted, on the one hand, in the appearance of new and
highly meticulous legal analyses in S h i ' i law and jurisprudence, and con-
tributed, on the other hand, to the development of Islamic logic and
philosophy. S h i ' i legal works, and in particular thosc of the last two
centuries a r e , therefore, of significant value not only for their legal
analyses but also for thleir evaluation and criticism of certain traditional
points of view in logic and philosophy as studied in thc Islamic world.
The intention of this work is to give the general outlines of S h i ' i law.
It is arranged in two parts. In the first part a short description is given
of the contents of S h i c i law and jurisprudence, together with a brief
discussion of its historical development. In the second p a r t , a list of
some Shi'i comprehensive legal works and monographs is given to provide
students of this legal system with essential information about references
that should be consulted in any serious study of this subject.
The author would like to thank Professor W . Madelung, Professor
A . K . S. Lambton and Mr. Albert Hourani who read the first part of this
work and offered valuable suggestions for its improvement.
CONTENTS
Abbreviations
Transliteration
P A R T ONE
GENERAL S T R U C T U R E OF s ~ i 'LAW
i 1
PART TWO
B Collections of FotwZs
C Miscellaneous Works
A General
B On A c t s of Devotion
C On Contracts
D On Unilateral Obligations
E On 'Rules1
BIBLIOGRAPHY
INDEX
ABBREVIATIONS
9 = hijr? qomor7
sh = hijrT shams?
klK = kitCb
TRANSLITERATION
19 9
E ch
prevalent Shi'i school, follow the opinions of their twelve Imams, espec-
ially the sixth, AbG 'Abd Allah Ja'far b . Mubarnmad al-sadiq, and for this
reason their legal school is also known a s Ja'farT.
Chapter One ***
The Q u r ' i n , Tradition (sunno), the consensus of the Shi'i jurists
(ijmii') and reason ('oq1)l form the sources of Shi'i law.
The Q u r ' i n , in its apparent literal sense, has shaped the spirit and
THE S H ? ' ~LEGAL SYSTEM AND ITS SOURCES foundation of S h i ' i law.
The Tradition, i . e . the statements, deeds and tacit consent of the
Prophet and the Imams, must be handed down be reliable narrators. In
As a doctrinal system, Shi'ism represents a particular tendency of Islam
respect to this reliability, the doctrinal views of the transmitters are con-
shaped by a chain of theologico-historical analyses. The YadTth al- sidered irrelevant. A tradition handed down by a reliable non-Shi'i is
Thaqaloyn, a tradition which was handed down by both Shi'is and Sunnis
viewed as sound and acceptable just as one transmitted by a veracious
from the Prophet, according to which the Prophet called on Muslims to
Sh i 'i .
follow the Qur'an and his own Family aftcr him,' was, along with a number
IjrnZ', i . e . the unanimity of the views of all S h i ' i jurists on a certain
of other traditions, the root and original source of this tendency which
legal question, is not a source on its own, but it can become a means
was later strengthened by further theologico-philosophical and historical through which the opinions of the Imams may be discovered. This function
reasonings. The most
of ijmii' has been explained in various ways, up to twelve.
In religious matters, Shi'ism has generally based its views on the
popular among these in contemporary Shi'i law holds that since ijrnii'
instructions of prominent members (Imams) of the Prophet's family. The
is the unanimity of the views of 'all' S h i ' i scholars, it naturally includes
main difference between Sunni and Shi'i legal schools is the manner in
the views of those scholars who lived in the time of the Imams or the
which they received the Prophet's Tradition and in their legal sources. period quite close to it. Many of these were close companions of the
Whereas Sunnis received Tradition as transmitted by the Prophet's com- The consensus of these
ImSms and knew their opinions quite thoroughly.
panions, Shi'is received it through his Family. In another respect, very early jurists, most of whom were absolute followers of the Imams,
whereas Sunni legal schools follow the juridical opinions of some juris-
normally demonstrates the view of the Imams.
consults of Medina and Iraq, Shi'is Follow the opinions of their Imams, who
By 'reason1 as a source"or S h i ' i law is meant categorical judgments
were descendants of the Prophet. The Twclver Shi'a which is now the
The common sources of the four Sunni legal schools are: the Qur'an,
See Ibn Sa'd, 11, p . 194; Abmad, 111, pp. 14, 17, 59, I V , p . 371, Tradition, ijmii' and qiyiis. Opinions differ about a number of other
V, p p . 181-2; Muslim, 11, pp. 237-8; Tirmidhi, 11, pp. 219-20; Nasa'i, sources which have been added by some of the schools to those four.
p . 93; Darimi, 11, p 310; Bayhaqi, 11, p . 148, VII, p . 30, X , p . 113; IjrnZ' is a source on its own in the Sunni legal system. Qiyiis is the applic-
Bakim, 111, pp. 109-10, 533; Khatib, 111, p p . 255, 258; TabZwi, 11, p . ation of the precept of a certain legal case to a similar one through ana-
307, I V , p . 368; Mundhiri, 11, p . 199; Tabarini, I , p p . 131, 135; al- logical reasoning. The S h i ' i s maintain that such an application is possible
uakim alF'l'irmidhi, p p . 68-9; Baghawi, V , pp. 593, 600; Ibn al-Athir, only where there is a basic common denominator between the two cases
I , p. 187; Ibn al-Turkumani, VII, p . 31; Qasjalini, VII, pp. 4-8; inasmuch as one can be certain that the same reason which is behind the
Haythami, I X , pp. 164-5; 'Asqalani, IV, p . 6 5 ; Ibn 'Asakir, I , p. 45; precept in the original case, covers the other case as well (see Karaki,
Maqrizi, p . 38; SuyGti, Ibya', pp. 11-30; Muttaqi, X V , p p . 91, 122-3. Tor7q istinbiir a/-abkijm, p . 17).
Independent works are written about this tradition, among them a
treatise by Qawiim al-Din al-Wishnawi (YodTth 01-Thaqoloyn, Cairo, It should be noted that these are the sources of the predominant
1374q). Mir Barnid Fusayn al-Laknawi devoted a whole volume of his UzClT school of S h i ' i law. The A k h b S school resorted only to Tradition.
'Aboqiil a/-anwiir to the chains of authority of this tradition (see the The earliest legal work in which the four sources above are mentioned with
Arabic translation of this book, Vol. I , in which the tradition is quoted the same order is Ibn I d r i s al-villi's 01-Sarii'ir, p . 3. The early S h i ' i
from approximately two hundred Sunni sources). u$Cl works did not usually mention reason as a source of law. See further
Muvaffar, 11, p . 122.
See for instance Sharaf al-Din, pp. 42-51, 130-227.
See Muvaffar, 11, p . 107.
9 s will be explained later, reason, in S h i ' i law, is also employed as
THE S I I ~ LEGAL
'~ SYSTEM AND ITS SOURCES 5
4 AN INTRODUCTION TO SHT'T LAW
5. a/-WrSfT, by Mubammad b . Murla(li al-Kishani , known a s Mubsin
drawn from both pure and practical reason. A clear instance is the judg-
al-Fayg ( d . 109111680)
ment of practical reason that justice i s good and injustice is evil. In
6. WosF'il al-ShT'a, by Mubammad b . Basan al-Ijurr albST\mili ( d . 11041
S h i ' i u$Gl al-fiqh there i s a principle which states that whatever i s
ordered by reason, is also ordered by religion (kull mii bakam bih a l ' a q l , 1693)
7. Bibtr ol-an wtr , by Muhammad B i q i r b . Mubarnmad Taqi al-Majlisi
hakam bib 01-shar'). In accordance with this principle, which i s known a s
the 'rule of correlation ' (qii'idat 01-muliiramo), religious rules may be ( d . 111011699)
8. Mustodrok a/-Wosii'il, by Uusayn b . Mubarnmad Taqi a l - N t r i
inferred from the sole verdict of reason. The correlation between the
obligatoriness of an act and the obligatoriness of its prerequisites (muqad- ( d . 132011908)1
damot 01-wiijib), or between prescribing something and prohibiting i t s The f i r s t four of these books are collectively known a s 'the four books1
opposite (mas 'alat 01-(iidd), o r , the impossibility of combining command and (01-kutub al-arbo'o). In S h i ' i legal literature these four hold the same
position that, the six famous collections of Sunni traditions (al-kutub 01-
prohibition in a single case from a single standpoint (ijtimii' al-amr wa'l-
s i t t a ) have among S u n n i s . The most popular legal work of reference i s
n a h y ) , are all rational precepts in the methodology of S h i ' i law and
sources based on pure reason in the juridical efforts to discover legal Wasii'il ai-5hT'a which gathers the legal traditions contained in the 'four
rules. books' and in many other sources, and since it i s limited to traditions con-
*** cerned with legal subjects, it is the most convenient reference handbook
for every jurist.
Thc traditions handed down from the Prophet and ImZms, which con-
The acceptability of any of the traditions of these books is subject to
stitute the most important source for S h i ' i law, are assembled in special
certain conditions. The reliability and honesty of all the narrators of a
collections. The most renowned of these, which a r e the usual reference
chain of transmitters of a tradition must first be proved. This is done by
works for jurists, are the following:
1. K. 01-Ko%, by A b t J a ' f a r Mubammad b . Ya'qtb al-Kulayni a branch of scholarship known a s 'ilm a/-rijtl (='ilm rijbi aoibadi?h) which
investigates the narrators of the traditions and their biographies.
( d . 3291941)
2. Traditions are graded and divided in accordance with the levels of their
K . Man 1; Yabduruh al-faqTh, by Mubammad b . 'Ali b . BZbawayh
al-Qummi, known a s al-Sadiiq ( d . 3811991-2) reliability, ' on the basis of specific principles found in another branch of
3. TahdhTb al-abkiim, by Mubarnmad b . JJasan al-TEsi, Shaykh al- Some other major comprehensive collections of S h i ' i traditions a r e :
Ti'ifa ( d . 46011067) Jawiimi' al-kalim by Muhammad b . 'Ali al-Jaz'a'iri , ' A w5lim 01-'ulGm wa'l-
mo'brif by 'Abd Allih b . N t r Allih a1-BabrZni, Jiimi' al-rna'iirif wa'l-
4. al-lstib$iir, by Mubammad b . @asan al-TGsi obktm by 'Abd Allih b . Mubammad Ri(li Shubbar al-ilusayni al-Kazimi
and Jbmi' obbfith ol-sh7'a by u u s a y n b . 'Ali al-TabZtabi'i al-Burtjirdi.
the means for thinking, in which sense it simply means rational argument. See Shahid I I , D i r t y o , p p . 62-81; Abu'l-Qisim b . JJasan Yazdi, I ,
This sense of reason i s described in the traditions of the Imams a s the p p . 44-61.
only means to discovcr realities (see Karijaki, p . 70).
The main S h i ' i works on this discipline a r e : K. Ma'rifat al-rijiii by
See Mubaqqiq, Mu'tabar, p . 6; Shahid I , Dhikrt, p . 5; idem, al-Kashshi , K . a/-pu'afii' by al-Ghaai'iri , K . a/-Rijbl by al-Najishi ,
Qawb'id, p . 25; Miqdid, TanqTb, fols. 2b-3a; Qibib al-Madirik, Hidiiyot K . al-Fihrist and K . a/-Rijiil by Muhammad b . IJasan a l - T t s i . _Some impor-
al-liilibii? , fols. 2b-3a; Q a l i f i , Kashf ol-fawb'id, p . 130. tant later works a r e : Ma'iilim a i ' u l o m 5 ' by Ibn ShahrZshGb, IQItb al-
Mubarnmad B'aqir al-Sadr maintains that 'reason' i s a potential rather ishtibth and KhuiF$at 01-aqw8 by alk'AllZma, K. al-Rijiil by Ibn Diwkd,
than an actual source for S h i ' i law. He says that although, according 01-TobrTr 01-TFwGsT by Sibib al-Ma'Zlim, Monhaj al-maqiil by Mubammad b .
to the methodology of S h i ' i law, reason can on i t s own discover an injuric- 'Ali al-Astaribzdi , Naqd 01-riitl by al-Tafrishi , Majmo' al-rijiil by al-
tion and guide toward a certain religious precept, this has never been Q u h p a ' i , VFwT al-maqF1 by 'Abd al-Nabi al-Jaza'iri , Jiimi' a/-ruwtt by
actualized in practice and all religious commands which can be discovered Mubammad al-Ardabili , Muntahb a/-maqiil by A b t 'Ali , al-Fawii'id al-
through the categorical verdicts derived from reason are to be found in rijbiiyya by Babr alk'Ultm, TonqTb al-moqtl by 'Abd Allih al-Mimaqini,
t h e Qur 'an and Tradition (Mubammad Biqir al-Sadr , Fatiiwii, I , p . 98). Qtmiis ol-rijiil by Mubammad Taqi a l - T u s t a r i , and Mu'jom_rijbl ol-bafith
by al-Khu'i. For other S h i ' i works on this subject see AghZ Buzurg,
This i s because the traditions indicate duties in particular cascs with Mugoffii ol-maqiil fT mu$anniF 'ilm al-rijtl ( T e h r a n , 1959).
details, whereas the Qur'Zn usually has general rules. '
See Shahid I , Dhikrb, p . 4; Ibn Fahd, Muhadhdhab, fol. 2b;
MiqdSd, TanqTb, fol. 3a; Karaki , TorTq istinb5t a/-abkbm, p . 10;
scholarship known, in S h i ' i literature, a s 'ilm a/-diriiya , ( = 'iim diriiyol
01-bofith).' On these bases, many traditions of the above sources are
n o t , in t h e view of the jurists, sound and reliable.
***
Chapter Two
The inference of legal precepts, from t h e four aforementioned sources
of S h i ' i law (the Q u r ' i n , Tradition, ijmii' and rcason) is carried out
through a kind of logical rcasoning which, in Islamic terminology,is called
iitihzd. According to S h i ' i teachings, it is always possible for scholars GENERAL REMARKS ON SHT'T JURISPRUDENCE
to practise this kind of rational argument in Islamic law, while S u n n i s
restrict it to sornc scholars of the early centuries 01 Islam. In confronting
any legal problem, every S h i ' i jurist must personally investigate these The inference and discovery of legal norms (istinbiit) from the afore-
legal sourccs to take his own decision about i t . Imitation of the opinion of mentioned sources, which a r e in some cases contradictory, follow particular
a muitohid, however great he i s , by another mujtohid in legal matters is rules which are explained by a special branch of scholarship known a s
uniawiul. ugiii oi-fiqh (principles of law). This discipline i s a collection of gcneral
rules and regulations on how to deducc positive precepts from the sources.
Some of these rules and principles have been borrowed from other discip-
lines such a s logic, philosophy, theology and philology.
In the early periods of Islam, S h i ' i scholars wrote treatises on sornc
topics of usGI 01-fiqh, a s i s mentioned in the sources. But t h e oldest
extant work on usiil al-fiqh by a S h i ' i scholar i s o l T a d i ~ k i r ab i - u ~ i i lal-
fiqh by al-Shaykb al-MuEd, Mullammad b . MuQammad b . al-Nuemin
al-Baghdidi ( d . 441311022), a summary of which i s included by al-Karajaki
in h i s book Kanr al-fowz'id.
Next, there i s a relatively voluminous work on this subject by
al-Sharif al-MurtaGZ, 'Ali b . uusayn al-Miisawi ( d . 436110441, entitled
Shahid 11, Diriiya, p p . 19-61; IJusayn b . 'Abd al-samad, Wu7Gl 01-akhyiir, a/-DharTCoilii ugZl a/-shor7'o. The book of Shaykh al-Ti'ifn hlul~ammad
p p . 20-56; $iQib al-Madirik, Hid5yol a/-tiilibTn, fol. 5a; Bahii' al-Din
al-'Kmili, WafTra, p p . 4-5; idem, Mashriq 01-shomsayn, p . 269; DZmZd, b . uasan al-Tiisi, 'Uddat 01-uiG14 is the most famous work on u ~ G 01-fiqh
l
Rowiishib, p p . 115-204; B i h b a h i n i , To'lTqiit, p p . 5-9; Abu '1-Qisim b . of early periods. It was a text-book in S h i ' i centres of learning for a
Hasall al-Yazdi , I , p p . 3-44; MimaqZni, Miqbiis, p p . 35-105.
long time. Another r a t h e r old source i s t h e relevant chapter of a/-Chunya
Some main S h i ' i works on this subjcet a r e : 01-Diriiyo and Sharb
Risiilat oi-diriiyo by al-Shahid al-ThXni, Wusiii_al-okhyiir by uusayn b .
'Abd al-Samad, ol-Wa[7ro by Bah2' &Din al-'Amili, a/-Rawiishib 01- See IJasan al-sadr, p p . 310-12. It will be seen later on in this work
samiiwiyyo by al-Diimiid, Towfii, 01-moqiii by 'Ali al-Kani; MiqbCs that a group oS early S h i ' i jurists, who were contemporaries of t h e Twelve
01-hidiiyo by 'Abd Allih al-Miimaqini, and Samb' a/-maqiil by Abu '1-Hudii Imams, used rational argument and t h r rules of u$El a/-fiqh in t h e infer-
al-Kalbisi. Also Fowii'id-i shiiriyo by a l - F a r i h i , Lubb 01-Lubiib by ence of legal precepts.
Muhammad Ja'far al-Astariibiidi , Qawii'id a/-bodTth by al-Ghariii , and
Qiyii' a/-diriiyo by PiyZ' al-Din al-'Allarna. K a r i j a k i , p p . 186-94 (see also Shaykh, 'Uddo, p . 2 ; Yiidniimo-yi
shoykh-i TiisT, 111, p . 373; Brunschvig, p p . 201 f f ) .
411 the above-mentioned principles are according to the Usiili school
Edited Tehran, 1967-9. Al-Murtadi had written independent treatises
of S h i ' i law. The Akhbiris rejected iitihiid and prohibited the practice
on almost all the topics of ugiil 01-fiqh (see his introduction to 01-DharT'o,
of rational argument in law. There a r e some objections l o the practice
of iftihiid in the traditions from the ImZms and in early S h i ' i works too. I , p . 2). He also discussed t h e ugGl topic of okhbiir 01-iibiid in his a/-
Most of t h e s e , however, r e f e r to the Sunni version of iitihiid which in- D h a k h p o , formally a work of koliim theology (see Shaykh, 'Udda, p p .
cludes qiyiis and isLibs6n. 33-71,
Edited Tehran, 1313-14q and Bombay, 1312-18q.
GENERAL REMARKS ON SHf'f JURISPRUDENCE 9
by Ibn Zuhra al-Ejalibi ( d . 58511189-90). K . a/-Mogiidir u j i i l 01-fiqh by
development. It was, however, revived with the appearance of a prominent
Sadid al-Din Mabmiid al-uimmasi, the Shi'i scholar of late 6thll2th century
scholar in the last third of the 12thl17th century, Muhammad Biqir b .
is not extant, but some paragraphs of it are quoted in Ibn Idris's ol-
Muhammad Akmal al-Bihbahini , known as 31-Wahid ( d . 120511791), who
Sarii'ir. Next, the works of al-Muhaqqiq J a ' f a r b . Basan al-villi ( d . 6761
strove vigorously to combat the influence of AkhbZrism and to propagate
1277) such as Ma'Zrif a / - w u g i i i , and then those of ai'AllZma uasan b. Yiisuf b.
u j i i l a/-fiqh. His students also devoted themselves to the same cause.
al-Mutahhar al-villi ( d . 72611325) such as TahdhTb 01-usiil, Mobiidi' 01-
Works such as QawiinTn a / - u g i i l by Abu '1-QZsim b . yasan al-GilZni, known
wu$Zl and NihZyat a / - w u s i i l contributed to the evolution of this discipline.
as al-Mubaqqiq al-Qummi ( d . 123111816), a/-FugCl by Muhammad uusayn
Following this period, many commentaries ( s h a r b ) and annotations
b . Muhammad Rabim al-Igfahini ( d . 1250-411834-9), Hidiiyotal-mustarshicfTti
( b Z s h i y o ) appeared on the works of al-'Allima, some of which are listed in
by Muhammad Taqi b . Muhammad Rabim al-Ihfahini ( d . 124811833),
Aghi Buzurg al-Tihrini's a/-DhorT'a ilZ t a s i i n i f a/-ShT'a. Two of the
MafiitTb 01-ugiil by Muhammad b . 'Ali al-Karbali'i a l - T a b i t a b i ' i , known
most famous of these are the commentaries known as a l - p i y i ' i and al-
as al-Mujihid'(d. 124211827) and p a w i i b i t a / - u g Z l by Ibrihim b . Muhammad
'Amidi5 which had a notable influence on the development of S h i ' i u$Ci
Biqir al-Qazwini ( d . 126211846), all of which were written by the pupils
01-fiqh. AI-Shahid al-Awwal Shams al-Din Muhammad b . Makki 31-'Amili
and followers of al-Bihbahini's school, were instrumental in the progress
( d . 78611384) assembled these two commentaries, together with some useful
and the spread of ugijlT doctrine.
notes by himself, in a volume entitled Jtimi' 01-boyn.
Shaykh Murtaai 31-Angiri , the great scholar and legal theoretician
vasan b . Zayn al-Din al-'Amili ( d . 101111602) paved the way for con-
( d . 128111864), systematically revised and reconstructed the methodology
centrated discussions on u $ Z l a / - f i q h by composing a systematic and well
of S h i ' i law, and extended the horizons and dimensions of this discipline.
arranged text as an introduction to his legal work Ma'iilim 01-dTn
The collection of his treatises on u $ i i l a / - f i q h , entitled Rasii'il or F a r i i ' i d
Thereafter, numerous commentaries and annotations were composed on this
01-ugZl is still used as a text-book in traditional academies of S h i ' i law.
t e x t , which has been a text-book in S h i ' i centres of learning since the
In the school of al-Ansiri, which has continued up to the present date,
I l t h l l 7 t h century.
the principles of ugiii 01-fiqh have been continuously subjected to scrup-
During the l l t h l l 7 t h century, the most significant u l i i T views were
ulous and minute examination by his disciples and followers. As a result
put forward by Yusayn b . Rafi' al-Din Muhammad al-Mar'ashi al-
of the emergence of great scholars such a s Muhammad Kizim al-Khurisini
IVlZzandarini ( d . 106411653-4), one of the authors of the commentaries to
( d . 132911911) author of Kifiiyayol 01-u$iil, Muhammad vusayn al-Ni'ini
M a * i ; l ~ m . Zubdot 01-ugiil by Bahi' al-Din al-'Amili ( d . 1030.1621) and
( d . 135511936), PiyZ' al-Din alFsArZqi ( d . 136111948) author of MoqiilZt
Wiifiyat 01-ugiil by 'Abd AllZh b . Muhammad al-Tun7 ( d . 107111660-1) are
01-ugCl, and Muhammad Ejusayn al-Igfahini al-Kumpini ( d . 136111942)
among the best-known Shi'i u $ Z l texts of this century.
author of NihFyot a / - d i r i i y a , and through their incisive intellectual efforts,
In the 12thl17th century, the A k h b K school which repudiated the S h i ' i ugiil 01-fiqh is now the most elaborate in Islamic scholarship, and is
discipline of u j Z l a / - f i q h , became predominant and inhibited its further still subject to discussions and open to further development, changes and
perfection.
Edited Tehran, 1276q (in the collection of 01-Jowiim~' a / - f i q h i y y a ,
p p . 523-49).
** :x
AB, XXI, p . 95. As mentioned before, S h i ' i law has four basic sources: the Q u r ' i n ,
"bn Idris, pp. 409-10. the Tradition, consensus and reason. The discipline of u j c l 01-fiqh aims
AB, VI, pp. 54-5; XIII, pp. 165-70; XIV, pp. 53-4. to show how the legal norms can be deduced from those four sources. In
That is Munyat a/-IabTb by p i y i ' al-Din 'Abd Allah b . Majd al-Din some cases, however, the law cannot be directly discovered by resorting
Muhammad al-A'raji al-gusayni, and S h a r b a/-TohdhTb by 'Amid 31-Din to these. Special general principles have therefore been laid down for
'Abd al-Mutialib b . Majd al-Din Muhammad al-A'raji al-uusayni. These
two brothers were the neqphew of alF'Allima, and both lived in the first such circumstances, and these are known in S h i ' i jurisprudence as ugZl
half of the 8thll4th century (AB, XIII, p . 168). ' a m o l i y y a (procedural principles). Thus, S h i ' i u$Cl a / - f i q h is divided
AB, V , p p . 43-4. into two parts; one part discusses the method of infercnce of legal norms
10 A N INTRODUCTION TO s ~ f ' fLAW GENERAL REMARKS ON SHf'f JURISPRUDENCE 11
from the four original sources; the other part examines the manner of ations of a jurisprudent who must exercise and follow his own decision in
reasoning with the above-mentioned principles. legal matters and of those of a jurisconsult whose legal decisions should
In the first part of ugiil a / - f i q h , the rules of reasoning with the written be followed by the ordinary people who are not able to discover their
code, the Qur'in and the Tradition, are discussed. At first there is some obligations directly from the sources.
semantic discussion relating to the nature of word-making, the use of ***
words in their metaphorical sense, and similar subjects. Then there is What follows is a selected bibliography of modern S h i ' i u$El 01-fiqh
general legal discussion about various implications of the imperative and developed during the last one hundred years. These are the most
the negative imperative, general law and exception, absolute and condit- important works of the school of al-Angiri, given in chronological order:
ional laws, explicit and reverse implication, and ambiguous and clear AL-ANSART:
- Motiirih ol-onziir (his lectures complied by Abu '1-Qisim al-Tihrini),
designations. Next, the validity of the four original sources of S h i ' i law
~ e h r a i1
, 308~
are investigated. Meanwhile the nature of law, legal judgments arrived at - Farii'id 01-u$Gl = ol-Rosii'il, edited many times ( e . g . Tehran, 1296q)
through pure reason, and the valid means for arriving a t knowledge of AL-ASHTIY~N~:
legal obligations are discussed. Bobr 01-fowz'id ( a commentary on al-AnsZrils F a r i i ' i d a/-u$Gl), Tehran,
1300, 1314-15q
In the second part of S h i ' i u$El a / - f i q h , the legal basis and the scope
HADT AL-TIHRZNT:
of validity of the procedural principles are examined. These are the four Moboijot 01-'ulornii' , Tehran, 1318-20q
principles of b o r i i ' o (exemption), i b t i y i i l or ishtighzl (prudence), tokhyTr 'ALT B. FATH ALLAH AL-NAHAWANDT:
(option) and istisbiib (continuance). They cover all cases where the real ToshrTb 01-u$iil a/-kobTr, Tehran, 1316-20q
obligation is not known. If the case has a precedence, the same law should AL-KHURASANT :
- Kifzyot 01-ugiil, Tehran, 1326-7q, 1341-2q, 1364q
continue according to the last principle. Otherwise the first principle - Duror ol-fawF'id, Tehran, 1315q, 1318q, 1343q.
excludes any legal obligation where it is not known if there is such an $ADIQ AL-TABRTZT:
obligation. However, if there is a known obligation, but it is uncertain Al-Maqiiliit a / - C h o r i y y o , Tabriz , 1317q
between two or more options, all must be followed according to the second 'ABD 'AL-KARTM AL-~A'IR~:
Duror 01-fowii'id, Tehran, 1337-8q, 1344q, 1355q, 1361q, 1372q
principle if it is possible. But one option should be chosen according to
AL-NA'TNT :
the third principle if it is impossible to follow both or all. These four - A jwod 01-toqririii (hisleclurcs co~mpiledby Abu '1-Qisim al-Khu'i),
principles are very important in modern S h i ' i law. Considerable scholarly Tehran, 1348q
Fawii'id a / - u ~ i i l(another collection of his lectures compiled by
efforts have been devoted to elaborating the methods and the conditions Muhammad 'Ali al-KizimT al-Khurisini), Tehran, 1368q (vols. 1-2)
of their application. Many logical and philosophical concepts are used and Najaf, 1349-51q (vols. 3-41
discussed to this e n d , and new logical and philosophical ideas are developed QIYA ' A L - D ~ N AL-'ARAQY :
- Moaiilo? 01-usiil. Naiaf. 13584 (vol. 1 ) . Tehran, 13694 (vol. 2)
through these discussions. This part of ugiil a/-fiqh expanded signific- - ~ i h i i ~ 01-ojkiii
ot (his lectures compiled by ~ u ~ a m m a d - T a al-
qi
antly during the last century. In earlier S h i ' i works on ugul a / - f i q h , up Buriijirdi) , Najaf, 1371-7q
to the l0thll6th century, only a few pages or even lines were devoted to MUUAMMAD IjUSAYN AL-I$FAHANTAL-KUMPANT:
- Nihiiyot 01-diriiyo, Tehran, 1343-71q
these principles. - A/-UgZl 'ala 'I-nahj 01-bodi?h, Najaf, 1957
After the two parts mentioned above there is a chapter on conflict bet- ABU 'L-MAJD AL-I$FAHANT:
ween laws, followed in most works by a chapter on the necessary qualific- Wiqiiyoi a/-odhhiin , [ I r a n ] , 1337 q
AL-BURUJIRDT :
Nihiiyot 01-u~Gl(his lectures compiled by lJusayn 'Ali al-Muntaziri) ,
See Mufid, T o d h k i r o , pp. 192-3; Shaykh, ' U d d o , pp. 296-302, 303-4; Qum, 11377 q ? l
Mubaqqia, M o ' i i r i j , pp. 14456; idem, M u ' t a b o r , p p . 6-7; ' Allima,
Mobiidi', p . 56; idem, Nihiiyo, fols. 273a-277b; idem, TohdhTb, p . 105; AL-KHU 'f :
- Mubiidoriit fi u$Cl a/-fiqh (his lectures compiled by Mubarnmad Isbiq
Karaki, TarTq istinbiif 01-obkiirn, pp. 16-17; Uusayn b . 'Abd al-$amad,
' I q d , pp. 14-15, 23-5; $%bib al-Ma'ilim, pp. 227-31; BahZ' al-Din al- al-Fayyid), Najaf, 1914-
- (another collection of his lectures compiled by Mulpmmad
M i ~ b i i b01-u$;l
'Amili, Zubdo, pp. 48, 72.
12 A N INTRODUCTION TO SHT'T LAW
Sarwar al-Bihsfidi) , Najaf, 1377-86q
AL-KHUMAYNT:
- TahdhTb 0 1 - u ~ i l( h i s lectures compiled by Ja'far al-Subbani), Qum,
1373-82q
- A/-Rasii'il, Qum, 1385q Chapter Three
MUVAMMAD RIQA AL-MUZAFFAR:
UzGl a/-fiqh, Najaf, 1966
MUUAMMAD BAQIR AL-SADR:
- DurEs F 'ilm a/-~$1, Beirut, 1978
- To'iiruCI a/-odillo a/-shar'iyya ( h i s lectures compiled by Mabmfid al- THE OUTLINES OF S ~ i ' iLAW
Hashimi 1 , Tehran, 1396q
The subjects of Islamic law (fiqh) have been classified in different forms.
In Sunni law, they a r e usually divided into two categories: 'ibiid6t ( a c t s
of devotion) and mu'tmoltt (here meaning worldly a f f a i r s ) . Al-Ghazili ,
the S h i f i ' i scholar ( d . 50511111) in his I b y t ' 'uliim 01-fin1 divided all
religious and moral injunctions into four groups, 'ibiidiit,'iidiii (ordinary
a f f a i r s ) , munjiytt (what ensures salvation) and muhlikiit (what causes
perdition). This classification had some influence on later S h i f i ' i legal
texts, and inspired another procedure which divided legal subjects into
four groups: 'ibcddat, mu'rTmalZt, muncikabai (personal s t a t u s ) and
jintytt or 'uqiibZt (penal law). In o r d e r to justify this latter division, it
is said that the subjects of fiqh concern either life in this world o r life in
the hereafter. The subjects related to t h e former state of being are div-
ided into three p a r t s : those which regulate human relationships
(mu'tmuliit), those which preserve human kind (muniikabCt) and those
which protect both individuals and mankind (jiniiyiit). The subjects
related to the latter state of being, i . e . the precepts which should bring
happiness and welfare in the next life, a r e 'ibiid6t. '
The oldest extant systematic codifications of S h i ' i law are found in
some works of jurists of the 5 t h l l l t h c e n t u r y . Abu '1-BalZl) al-galabi
( d . 44711055-6) classified, in his K. a / - K c fi '1-fiqh , t h e legal subjects
according to t h e religious precepts. IIe considered all religious dues to be
of three kinds: ' i b t d c t , by which he meant not only the common acts of
devotion but all obligations including p a r t of the category of mu'iimaliit,
muburromot (prohibitions) and abkzm ( r u l e s ) . This latter term refers to considered the basis for separating 'ibi;dzt from other subjects to be the
all legal precepts which do not impose any religious duty (action or ab- intrinsic beauty and superiority of the act of devotion itself.
stention) on Muslims, i.e. which cannot be included in the other two Na$ir aalDin al-Tusi ( d . 67211274) followed a more philosophical ap-
categories. proach and proposed a tripartite classification. He argued that the
Qiai 'Abd al-'Aziz b , al-Barrij ( d . 48111088) in his 01-Muhodhdhab religious laws concern individuals eithcr as individual bearers of respon-
divided religious precepts into two categories, those which affect 011 the sibility or as members of the family, or as people in society. The first
people and those which do not. The former are 'ibiidot which are general category is the section on 'ibodzt, the second is the rules included in
duties and for this very reason precede the rest of fiqh. the section on muniikobtt and other parts of m u C ~ m a / t and
t , the third is
Another S h i ' i jurist of the samc period, Sall'ar b . 'Abd al-'Aziz al- siyiiszt (penal law).
Uaylami ( d . 44811056-7) first classified fiqh in two sections:
'ibijdat Al-FiQil al-Miqdid (d. 82611423) proposed two other modes of division
and mu'Zmol~t, then he divided the latter into 'uqcd (contracts) and in the classification of the legal subjects. Both approaches were inspired
obk?im, and then divided abkzm further into jinoyct and other types of by 01-Qow?'id3 of al-shahid al-Awwal. One method is based on the belief
rules.' A1-MuQaqqiq, inspired by this method, classified fiqh in his that in the course of their moral development, human beings must acquire
ShorE'i' 01-1sli;m into four sections: 'ibiidzi, 'uqiid (here meaning the traits beneficial to human life and character, and reject those which
bilateral obligations), Tqo'ot (unilateral obligations) and obkiim. This are destructive. Some of these beneficial traits may bring about instant
method was accepted by jurists who succeeded him. A1-Shahid al-Awwal results, others more distant results, depending on the nature of these
justified this classification in his 01-QowF'id by arguing that rcligious traits. Acts of devotion belong to the latter category; rules relating to
precepts are concerned either with life on earth or life in the hereafter. marriage, transactions, food and drink (a/-of'imo wo 'I-oshribo) and the
The former fall under mu'iimalot and the latter under 'ibFdCit. This first like belong to the former. The precepts of penal law aim to combat those
category, the mu'Fmo/5t, is in turn divided into two parts since these are destructive traits which inhibit the progress of human beings. This
precepts which either concern thc undertakings of individuals themselves metho?, thus, divides the subjects of fiqh into three categories.
or those which are not related to the undertakings of individuals. These The other mode of classification proposed by Miqdid divides fiqh into
latter are known as obkEim and include all judicial, penal and inheritance six sections. This approach is on the basis that religions have been laid
rules, etc. Undertakings too are of two kinds since some are bilateral down for the protection of the five basic elements of human life, viz:
('uqiid) and others unilateral (TqZ'?it). Al-Shahid offers the same faith, life, property, lineage and reason. Acts of devotion are the pillar
explanation in his Dhikro with the exception that in this book, the basic of faith; the criminal law which gives the right of retaliation to the
difference between 'ibCdtit and other categories is that acts of devotion offended person is to create a guarantee for life; regulations concerning
must be practised in order to obey God and move closer to him, whereas transactions regulate financial relations and protect property; marriage
other categories do not carry this obligation. ' Some other scholars regulations, related laws and some penal precepts are for the reproduction
of the human race; precepts related to the prohibition of alcohol and the
ualabi, K z r , fols. 1-2. See also his Toqrib a/-mo'iirif, fol. 96a, in
which he classified all religious duties into actions and abstcntions. punishment of drinkers of alcohol and the like protect human reason.
Ibn al-Barrij, Muhodhdhob, fol. 123b. Moreover, legal precepts are laid down in order to protect the totality of
Sallir, p . 28. the Islamic system and guarantee its correct application. '
I h i d . , p . 143.
Mubaqqiq, Shorz'i', I , p p . 19, 163, 11, pp. 53, 135. Kishif al-Ghiti' , Shorb a/-QowC'id, Pol. Za.
See for example 'AllZma, TobrTr, I , p p . 1, 158, 11, p p . 52, 123. N a ~ i ral-Din al-Tiisi , p . 41.
See also N i ' i n i , I , p . 33.
' Shahid I , Qowo'id, p . 4 . See also Miqdid, TonqTb, fols. 3b-4a;
Shahid 1, QowZ'id, p p . 4-6.
Shorb qorrot 01-bobroyn , fol. l b . ' Miqdid, TonqTb, fol. 41; also Jawid al-'Arnili, IV, p . 2. The origin
of the second approach can be found in al-Ghazili's 01-Mustozfi and al-
Shahid 1, DhikrZ, pp. 6-7. See also Jaw'ad al-'Amili, IV, p. 2 ; Shitibi's 01-MuwCfoqiit, I , p. 38. See also Abu '1-'Abbis al-UarrinT,
.
KalbXsi fol. 2a.
THE OUTLINES OF SHT'i LAW 17
16 AN INTRODUCTION TO S H T ' ~ LAW
Mubsin al-Faya followed a new approach in his works on law and Tradition The chapters of S h i ' i law, which are called 'books ' ( k u t u b , sing.
such as 01-WX, Mu'tasam 01-Sh7a and MofiitTh 01-sharii'i'. kitdb), are concerned with various legal subjects. Together they pro-
He merged
some chapters of fiqh and changed the locations of some legal headings, vide a catalogue of the personal and social duties of a S h i ' i Muslim.
mostly for the purpose of ordering it according to the human life-cycle. The arrangement of these chapters varies in different texts, but
For instance, he put the chapters on death and the deceased, obkCm 01- generally the chapters on devotions are located at the beginning, those
amwdt (which in previous texts were in the k. 01-tohiira, traditionally the on transactions in tile middle and those on inheritance and the penal code,
at the end. In some Sunni legal works, the reasons for this arrangement
first chapter of f i q h ) , at the end, followed by the chapter on inheritance.
In this way, he tried to create a new codification for law and Tradition. are given at the start of some of the chapters."
He divided fiqh into two sections: one on acts of devotion and the social Sunni5 and S h i ' i 6 authors have stated that the reason why they place
duties (a/-'ibdddt wo'l-siyCsCi) and the other on ordinary affairs and some chapters before others is that not only are these intrinsically more
transactions (a/-'iidiit wo'l-mu'iimoliit). ' important but that religion also endows them with an importance above
the classification of legal subjects, divides topics of fiqh into the following Q i o i 'Abd alkQAzizb . al-Barrij holds that the arrangement of the
chapters is related to the generality of the subjects they treat. According
categories:
I 'ibiiddt to him, acts of devotion which have to be practised by all Muslims at all
I1 Property. This may be of two kinds: times and anywhere, have priority over transactions, executive rules, e t c . ,
which are restricted by certain conditions. Amongst the acts of devotion,
A. Public property, which does not belong to a person but is alloc-
ated for use in the general interests of the community. prayer, which is a daily duty for every Muslim and is, in fact, the most
B. Private property. The regulations 01 this section are discussed regular Islamic duty, together with its requisite ritual purity (fohiiro),
in two independent parts: come before the other acts of devotion.' Ibn uamza, another S h i ' i jurist
1 . The lawful means of ownership of the 6thll2th century, adopting the same view, evaluated the degree of
2. The rules concerning the disposal of property the applicability of each of these acts to devotion, and included a discus-
111 Personal behaviour and practices, i . e . ordinary affairs which do not sion of this in the preface of his work 01-WasTlo. ' Abu '1-Fatb Mu4ammad
concern religious devotions or financial matters. These are of two b . 'Ali b . 'Uthmin al-Karijaki ( d . 44911057-8) arranged the chapters of
fiqh in his legal work called Bustiin like the branches of a tree. He tried
kinds:
A. Family law to connect the branches to each other so a s to create a natural arrangement
Mubarnmad Biqir al-gadr, FotCwd, I , pp. 132-4. Ibn Jjamza, WosTlo, p. 662.
18 A N INTRODUCTION TO SHT'T LAW THE OUTLINES OF S ~ f ' fLAW 19
of the topics. In his pattern, the first chapter of each section was a 2. K . 01-$oliit = prayer. This chapter includes in some works scientific
smaller branch growing from trunk of the tree itself. Each later chapter discussions of the two topics of the times of prayer (owqiit 01-$ala) and
in a section was a smaller branch growing from the main one. We do not the direction of prayer (qiblo); there is also discussion on the social
know any further details of his pattern which was described by one of his status of the S h i ' i jurist (foqSh) and the nature of Islamic government in
contemporaries as a novel plan. the part devoted to Friday prayer.
The different approaches adopted by the scholars with regard to the 3. K . al-zokiit = alms, the best known fiscal obligation of Muslims.
codification of legal subjects resulted in a variety of arrangements of the 4. K . 01-khums, the one fifth tax which according to S h i ' i law covers
chapters in their hooks. There was also much disagreement about the all kinds of revenue and not only the booty of war and treasure trove as
subdivisions of sections. For instance the number of acts of devotion is Suuni law maintains. A discussion about the authority of S h i ' i jurists is
five according to Shaykh al-r%'ifa3 and Ibn zuhra,%ix according to included. Some laws relating to non-Muslim residents of Muslim territory
,'
~ a l l i r ten according to al-galabi ,6 Ibn gamza7 and a l - ~ u b a ~ ~ i ~ % n d are to be found here, since one of the cases where khums is levied is land
forty-five according to Yabyi b . Sa'id. ' sold to a non-Muslim by a Muslim. The chapter is followed by a discussion
On the other hand, some authors, especially later ones, merged differ- of a n m , i.e. the property of the Isiamic state including all natural wealth
ent chapters and reduced the number of general titles as mush as possihle. and wastelands.
Thus there is considerable variation between legal texts in respect to their 5. K . al-sowm = fasting.
arrangement and the number of chapters. For instance, 01-Nihiiyo by 6. K . 01-i'tikiif = seclusion, which is regarded a s a desirable act of
Shaykh al-TZ'ifa has twenty-two chapters, his 01-Mobsiif seventy one, devotion in Islamic law, and should be performed in the congregational
Shorii'i' 01-Isliim by al-Mu'paqqiq fifty-two, Qowd'id 01-obkdm by al- mosque of the town.
'AllZma thirty-one, his Tabsirat 01-muto'ollim'in eighteen, 01-Lum'o 7. K . al-bojj = pilgrimage to Mecca during the last month of the Islamic
01-Dimoshqiyyo by al-Shahid al-Awwal fifty-two, his a/-Duriis al-Shar'iyyo lunar calendar, with its special laws and conditions.
forty-eight, Mofdt'ib a/-shord'i' by al-Faya twelve, and his 01-WiiF (which 8. K . ol-'umro = a simpler kind of pilgrimage to Mecca which can be
is a collection of traditions) ten. performed at any time of the year.
*** 9. K . 01-jihiid = 'holy war', offensive and defensive, and in the second
What follows is a very brief description of the contents of S h i ' i law, case against either external or internal enemies. This chapter includes
according to the classification and arrangment of al-Mu'paqqiq's Shorz'i' discussion of the different categories of land within Muslim territory, on
01-lsliim: the relation between the Islamic state and non-Muslim governments, on the
A. ACTS OF DEVOTION ('ibiidiit): status of non-Muslims in Muslim territory, and the like.
1. K . 01-lahiiro = ritual purity. The chapter includes some laws relating 1 0 . K.ol-omr b i 'I-mo'rzf wo 'I-nahy 'on ol-munkor = ordering what is
to non-Muslims and the deceased. good and forbidding what is evil; rules and regulations of these Islamic
social obligations.
Niiri, 111, p . 498; AB, 111, p . 105
B. CONTRACTS ( ' u q i d )
See Kalbisi, fol. 21.
1. K . al-tijdro = transactions; discussion about valid and invalid ways
Shaykh, lqti$iid, p. 239.
of carrying out transactions, unlawful business, right of cancellation of
Ibn Zuhra, p . 549
business agreements, conditions connected with contracts and similar
SallZr, p. 28.
topics. It also includes discussion on ownership and the fiscal system as
galabi, KiiF, fol. 2b.
applied to the various categories of land in Muslim territory, the legal
Ibn Bamza, loc. cit.
8
status of working for unjust rulers and their disposals of the properties
Mubaqqiq, Shard'i', I , p . 19.
of the Muslims' treasury, and, in the legal works of the last century up to
Yabyi b . Sa'id, Nuzho, pp. 6 - 7 .
now, a study of the authority of the S h i ' i jurist (wiliiyot ol-foq'ih).
20 AN INTRODUCTION TO SHT'T LAW
THE OUTLINES OF SHT'T LAW 21
Legal discussion about subjects such as music and interest on !oans is to
2. K . a/-khul' wo 'I-mubZro'o, two kinds of divorce by which the wife
be found in the same chapter.
redeems herself from the marriage for a consideration.
2. K a/-rohn = mortgage.
3. K . a/-rib+, that is a husband's statement to his wife, saying she
3. K . a/-mufollos = bankruptcy, the responsibilities of the Islamic
is like his mother (this was a saying occasionally used in Arab commun-
state when somebody becomes bankrupt and his assets do not balance his
ities). This declaration requires a religious expiation (koffiro).
liabilities.
4. K . 01-Ti:' = a husband's oath to abstain from marital intercourse
4. K . a/-bojr = interdiction, cases where the owner is legally forbidden
for a period of more than four months, in which case he must either give
from disposing of his own property, a s is the case with minors and the
up his oath or divorce his wife.
insane.
5. K. ol-li'iin, husband's affirmation, through a cursing oath and
5. K . 01-p'amZn = suretyship for claims, transference of the liability
before a court of law, that the wife has been unfaithful, and a similar
with regard to a claim. The suretyship for persons (01-kofZlo bi 'I-nofs)
affirmation by his wife that the husband is lying. After such a counter-
is also discussed in the same chapter.
affirmation and cursing the marriage is irrevocably dissolved.
6. K . 01-gulb = conciliation, the mutual agreement of two persons on a
6. K . olk'itq = the manumission of slaves.
certain matter, the details of which are not clear; for example, the mutual
7. K . 01-tadbTr wo 'I-mukiitobo wo 'I-istTlZd, these are three ways for
agreement between the creditor and the debtor on a specified sum where
slaves to acquire their freedom. TodbTr is a manumission which takes
the amount of the debt is not precisely known.
effect from the time of the owner's death. MukZtaba is a contract between
7. K . 01-sharika = partnership.
the owner and the slave by which the latter acquires his fredom against a
8. K . ol-MudZraba = sleeping partnership, i.e. one party invests the
future payment. The third concept, istniid, refers to cases where a
capital and the other provides the labour.
female slave gives birth to a child for her owner, in which case she
9. K.ol-muziiro'o wo 'I-musiiqZt = share cropping, i.e. the landlord
becomes free on her owner's death.
entrusts his land to a cultivator (muziiro'a) or the owner of an orchard
8.. K . 01-iqrZr = acknowledgement of debt, family relationship and the
gives it to someone to look after the trees (rnusiiqct), in return for a share
like. It is conclusive legal evidence for the creation of an obligation on
of the produce.
the part of the person who makes it.
10. K . 01-wafl'a = deposit, the safe-keeping of someone else's property.
9. K . 01-ju'iilo, the undertaking by a person to pay a certain sum in
11. K . 01-'Zrlya = lending an object gratuitously to someone to make use
return for the performance of some specific t a s k , no matter who actually
of i t .
performs it. For instance, someone offers a sum as a reward for the
12. K . 01-ijZro = h i r e and lease, the sale of usufruct or the hire of
return of some property of his which has been lost.
service.
1 0 . K . a/-oymZn = oaths, undertakings stated in the name of God.
13. K. 01-wikZlo = procuration, power of disposal on another.
11. K . a/-nodhr = vow, an undertaking towards God to do or not to do
14. K. 01-wuqiif wa'l-godoqiit = endowments and charity.
something, unconditionally or provided a certain wish comes t r u e .
15. K . 01-suknz wo 'I-tabbTs = temporary donation of usufruct.
D. RULES (obk?im)
16. K . 01-hibZt = donation of objects.
1. K . 01-joyd wo 'I-dhobZbo = hunting and slaughtering.
17. K. 01-sabq wo 'I-rimiiyo = horse and camel racing and marksmanship
2. K . 01-ol 'imo wo 'I-oshriba = food and drinks.
contests; the only two cases where betting is regarded as legal, for the
3. K . a/-ghazb = usurpation.
actual participants only.
4. K . ol-shuf'o = pre-emption, the co-owner's right to priority to buy
18. K. 01-wo$iiyZ = legacies.
the other share of the property, so that he can dissolve the sale of that
19. K. al-nikZb marriage.
share and take it into his own possession if it is sold to an outsider
C. UNILATERAL OBLIGATIONS (Tqz'Zt)
without the co-owner's agreement.
1. K . a/-jolZq = divorce
5. K . ibyZ' 01-mowZt = reclamation of wastelands. This chapter
22 AN INTRODUCTION TO ~ ~ f LAW
' f
includes a survey of land law, and is normally followed by a s t u d y of the
common property of t h e community (mushtorokiit), such as water and
pasture.
6. K . oi-iuqoto = trove p r o p e r t y .
Chapter Four
7. K . olkfort7'id = inheritance.
8. K. 01-qadZ' = arbitration, legal procedure.
9. K . 01-shohCd6t : witnesses.
10. K . ol-budijd wo 'I-toCrTrFt = penal law.
11. K . o l - q i ~ t 7=~ retaliation, the right of the offended person or his
hairs against the offender.
1 2 . K. oi-diyZt z blood-money and other financial compensations. / The present legal system of S h i ' i fiqh has developed through various
phases, a n d has been reformed and elaborated by many e m ~ n e n tscholars,
1 among whom are Shaykh al-Ti'lfa Mubarnmad b . uasan al-Tusi,
2 d l - ~ u b a q q i qJ a ' f a r b . Basan ai-I.I~lli, ai-'~11ima uasan b. ~ i i s u fb .
ji ai-Mutahhar al-JJlili, al-Shahid al-Awwal Mubammad b . Makki al-'iimlli
I and G i b ~ bal-Madirlk Mubammad b . ' Ali a l - ' ~ I E( d . 100911600).
1 In the legal sources, the hlstory of S h i ' i law is usually divided into
two periods,' that of the ancient or early scholars (qudornC' or
rnutoqodd~mijn)and that of the moderns or later scholars (muto'okhkhirCn).
In works of the 6 t h 7 1 h i 12th- 13th centuries, t h e contemporaries of t h e
twelve Imams were considered as the 'ancients' and those who came after
this e r a (i.e from 2601874 onwards) a s the 'moderns'. A t times, the
1 expression 'ancients' i s applied to Shaykh al-Ti'ifa and his predecessors3
( and the expression 'moderns' given to his successors.' Sometimes, how
e v e r , the expression 'moderns' 1s used by writers to mean scholars con-
temporary with themselves. In later sourccs the term 'ancients' means
thosc who llved before al-Mubaqqiq or a1-'Allima, and the term 'moderns'
refers to those who lived after them. In t h e sources of the 13thll9th
I century, t h c expression muto'akhkhiru 'I-muto'okhkhirTn (the moderns 01
/ the moderns) IS used to mean, in earller works, thosc who came after
Khalkhali, 111, p . 174. ee for instance Kulayni, 111, p . 33; V , p . 357; Shaykh, TohdhTb,
3; VII, p . 297; idem, lstib$iir, I , pp.77-8; VII, p.297; 111, p .
Mudarris, 111, p . 439. r r al-'Amili, I , p.327; Jiimi' obtd7th a/-ShT'o, 1, p p . 116-18.
3 compare
~ i t h
Rae? al-Din al-Qazwini's classification of t h e S h i ' i for instance Kulayni , 111, p p . 83-8; B u r r al-'Amili, 11, p p .
scholars up to the mid-10thllGth century into seven genreations. See his 542, 546, 547-8.
TiirTkh-i rnoshFhTr-7 imiimiyyo.
ee Iqbal, p p . 75-84.
'
By these scholars are meant those whose legal opinions have been
considered and quoted in the sources of fiqh . In these sources, the for instance $aduq, TowbTd, pp. 97-104; Mufid, FugGl, pp. 119-
views of different S h i ' i jurists and even sometimes of Sunni ones a r e , Awc'il a/-mOq6iiit, p . 116, and the whole text for the opinions of
usually quoted before examining each case. Obviously, only t h e views of tis; Kashshi, p p . 268, 275, 284-5, 490, 540-4; ~ u h p i ' i ,V I ,
those scholars who influenced the development of law, were quoted and 6: al-Din al- Qazwini, QiyFfa, p p . 180-1; Majlisi 11, 111,
taken note of. The names of these scholars and their famous reference , 300, 303, 305; Bihbahani, ToClTqFt,p . 8; ~ b i 'i ~ l i p, p . 45,
works have been chronologically listed in t h e preface of Moqiibis oi-onwiir a ~ i m i Kashf 01-qin~?', p p . 198-200; ~ a m a q i n,i TanqTb, the intro-
by a l - ~ a v i m i ( p p . 4-19). n , p p . 208-9. See also $afZ'i, p p . 36-68. Asad Allah al-Kivimi,
a s $%bib al-Maqabis ( d . 123411818-19) collected the different views
In t h e S h i ' i sources of law, there are special abbreviations for t h e mpanions of Imams from early sources in a book entitled 01-
names of t h e scholars and the legal sources, a s well a s some particular (see his Kashf 01-qinii', p . 71).
terms; many of these a r e explained in al-KhwinsZri's Rowp'zt, 11, p p .
114-15, and in t h e preface of al-KZgimils Moqiibis, p p . 19-22. MuEd, Sorawiyyo, p . 2 2 1 ; idem, A wii'ii 01-moqiiliit, p . 77;
' ibis 0 l ' ~ m o lbi-okhbiir 01-iibiid, fol. 142b; Najishi, p . 289;
See Kashshi, p p . 268, 278, 484-6, 489-90, 538, 542; ~ u l a y n i ,I , , 'Udda, p p . 54-5; idem, Fihrist, p . 190; Ibn Shahrashfib,
p p . 169-74; MuEd, TojbTb a/-i'tiqiid, p p . 171-2; ~ u h p a ' i ,VI, p p . a P . 126; Q u h p a ' i , V, p . 177; Mubarnmad al-Ardabili, 11, p . 234;
223-30, 293-307. 11, 111, p . 304; Futiini, p . 4 .
' "AiaynF ilqii' 01-uzZl iloykum wo 'oloykum a/-1afrT" (we must give
$aduq,
307: K aTawbTd,
~ i m i ,Koshf
p . 100; K a s,hps p
a/-qinF' h .i , 11-84.
p p . 279-80; Majlisi 11, 111,
you the principles and you have to derive branches): Bazanti, p . 477;
Faye, al-uoqq 01-mubTn, p . 7; B u r r alb'lijmili, XVIII, p . 41.
26 A N INTRODUCTION TO SHT'T LAW THE PERIODS OF S H T ' ~LAW 27
groups of followers1 who sometimes branded each other a s 'infidel' itionists of their town were hostile to them'.
(kiifir)' and many books were produced on these disputations and con- he S h i ' i books on rijiii (biographies of the narrators of Tradition),
frontations. It i s interesting to note t h a t , sometimes, members of one cially that of al-Kashshi, are full of reports on different theological
tendency or group would disagree even with their 'leader' on most aspects encies and opinions found amongst S h i ' i s of the f i r s t centuries of
of ideological principles." On the other h a n d , many S h i ' i s who gathered , The works display the impact of intensive arguments and contro-
around the Imams restricted themselves to the transmission of traditions ies, a s well a s t h e impact of the support given by the Imams to the
and refrained from theological debates. They did not look favourably upon logians and their concerns f o r t h e prosperity and productivity of
t h e S h i ' i theologians. The theologians who werc appreciated and favoured 'i thought. In his reply to the followers of Yiinus b . 'Abd al-Rabmin,
by the Imams, strongly resented the reproaches directed against them by were considered to be 'infidels' by t h e r e s t of the followers of ihe
t h e traditionists, and the Imams consoled the accused6 by saying that they ms, Imam 'Ali al-Ria2 would tell them: 'I see you moving in the path
should tolerate and act moderately towards their adversaries since t h e
latters' capacity for understanding subtle points and minute nuances was ost S h i ' i jurists during t h e time of the Imams were among these
extremely limited. Some of the traditionists of Qum, too, squabbled with o ogians, a s will be mentioned presently.
theologians, ' fabricated traditions in condemnation of the latter and a t i r i Certain tendencies could be found in the S h i ' i community of the
uted them to the authority of the Imams, and wrote books in this vein. lo # period of the presence of the Imams whlch were opposed lo the tradlllon-
On the other h a n d , t h e Imams recommended their followers to refer to
theologians and rcad their books. They even encouraged the people of
a ally predominant doctnne concerning the nature of the Imams. Some of
as the backbone of the S h i ' i school, also held similar opinions with regard g h t , those cases of dispute ought to have been taken to the
to the Imims. It seems that the Nawbakhtis, too, thought likewise to some Bms for their judgment, a practice usually followed by most faithful
extent.
Some of the companions of the Imims even believed that the Imams, just ) As mentioned already, the inference of legal precepts in S h i ' i law is
like the jurists of those times, practised independent judgment ( r a ' y I 3 or ndamentally based on logical analysis and reasoning within the framework
analogical reasoning ( q i y i i s ) . ' This position was also accepted by some of ~ u r ' i i n i ctexts and Tradition. Rational argument is accepted on the
the traditionists of Qum. Abii Mubarnmad Layth b . al-Bakhtari al-Muradi , 8 basis of Aristotelian deduct~on,whlch brlngs certainty according to the
known as Abii Basis, one of the most competent scholars among the com- nciples of that logical system. The kind of analogical reasoning which
panions of Imim Ja'far al-gidiq6 who, according to many narratives was entitled qiyiis in Islamic law was rejected by the Shi'a from the time it
praised by the Imams7 and was one of the four elite of the S h i ' i religion, a me into Islamic law, in the 2ndl8th century, because it leads only to a
did not accept the legal opinions of the seventh Imam, MZsi al-Kazim, and obable cause for a precept, not to the certain one. Some cases of qlyiis
thought that the latter had not yet acquired an adequate knowledge of which the real cause of a precept is found a r e , a s mentioned before,
law. A number of other companions of the Imims are said to have held cepted in S h i ' i law.
similar views. lo In the first centuries, the traditionists who were opposed to any kind
On this basis, some of the companions of the I~narnsopenly disagreed tional argument held that this mode of arriving at categorical judg-
with them in scientific questions," and sometimes they even argued with s amounted to qiyiis and was therefore unlawful. Some later scholars
them over points of disagreementl2 or asked them to present the reason d it permissible q i y i i s , ' while in fact this mode of analysis bears no
for the positions they held in legal question^.'^ Such controversies bet- ection with the Sunni concept of q i y i i s . It seems that in the religious
ween the companions of the Imims sometimes culminated in serious quarrels ality of the Shi'a of the first centuries, all kinds of rational argument
breaking up friendships permanently, " while, according to customary were considered a klnd of q l y i i s . Thls was perhaps caused by some out
or terminological similarities. Then, traditionists believed that the
Mufid, To$bTb 0 1 - ! ' l i q i i d , pp. 218-19. ctions found in S h i ' i Tradition which forbade the practice of q i y z s
See their views in similar cases in al-Mufld's A w o ' i l a/-moqiiliit , for also applicable to any other mode of rational analysis.
example pp. 78, 79, 80, 84.
hese traditions also forbid practising independent judgment, which is
Babr al-' UlZm, 111, p . 220. Also gaffar, B o ~ i i ' i r ,p. 301; Mufld,
S o r o w i y y o , p . 2 2 4 ; idem, l k h t i $ i i $ , p . 2 7 4 ; Jiimi' o b c f l t h 01-ShT'o, I , d r a ' y in legal terminology. In the legal usage of the early periods,
p . 273. erm i j t i h i i d was used7 in the sense of personal judgments including r o ' y . 8
' KZv,imi, p . 83.
; AbZ Mangiir al-Tabrisi, 11, p . 284.
~ u f i d ,To$bTI;I 0 1 - i ' t i q i i d , p. 219.
Ibn Bazm, I b k t m , VII, p . 177; idem, Mulokhkhos i b t i i l a o i r o ' y wo '1-
Kashshi, p. 238; T u s t a r i , Qiimiis 01-rijiil, VII, p . 451.
Kashshi , pp. 136-7, 170; QuhpZ'i , V , p . 83; Mubammad al- Karaki , TorTq i s t i n b i i t 01-obkiim, p. 17. Because of the same inter-
Ardabili, 11, p . 34. ation, later Akhbiris accused Ugiilis of following the practice of qiyiis
a Kashshi , pp. 238-9. The others are Zuriira b . A'yan, Muhammad b . heir legal judgments. See for instance Busayn al-Karaki, chapter 8.
Muslim and Burayd b . Mu'awiya al-'Ijli.
A/-Masii'il a / - M u h a n n i i ' i y y o , fol. 92a; Shahid 11, Rowp'o, 111, p. 65.
Ibid., p. 173; Q u h p i ' i , V , pp. 84-5. also Bihbahini , TobqTq fil ' I - q i y i i s , fol. 85a.
" Kashshi, pp. 147, 148, 158. AI-Mosii'il 01-Muhonnii'iyyo, fol. 92a; Miqdid, TonqTb, fol. 3a;
ahani, TobqTq f i ' I - q i y i i s , fol. 85b.
K i ~ i m i ,pp. 71-2.
See Kashshi, p . 189; Mubaqqiq, M o ' i i r i j , p . 127.
l2 Ibid., p . 72.
See as examples Abu 'I-Ijusayn al-Bagri, pp. 689, 722, 761-6; Qadi
l 3 See for instance Kulayni , 111, p. 30; gadiiq, FoqTh, I , pp. 56-7;
i n , l k h t i l i i f u $ i l 01-Modhiihib, pp. 203-28; Mufid, F u $ C l , p . 68;
idem, ' I l o l , I , pp. 264-5; Shaykh, TahdhTb, I , pp. 61-2; idem, , D h o r T ' a , pp. 672-3.
I s t i b g i i r , I , pp. 62-3; Burr al-'Amili, 1, p. 291, 11, p. 980.
ee further the article i d j t i h c d in E l , 111, p. 1026.
l4 See Kulayni, I , pp. 409-11; NZri, I , p . 555.
30 A N INTRODUCTION TO SHf'f LAW
This explains why S h i ' i s refrained from t h e use of the term i j t i h i i d until some chapters of f i q h such a s p r a y e r , alms t a x , marriage and inheritance,'
the 6thIl2th century. I It also explains the objections raised in S h i ' i u r i r a b . Aryan al-Kiifi, Jam3 b . D a r r i j , the most learned companion of
theological works toward i j t i h o d , and the refutation of its legitimacy in sixth Imim, Ja'far al-Sidiq, 'Abd Allah b . Bukayr, a great S h i ' i
works written by S h i ' i theologians like the Nawbakhtis, 'Abd Allih b . ist of the 2ndl8th c e n t u r y b and a number of other famous companions,
'Abd al-Rabman al-Zubayri' and Abu '1-QZsim 'Ali b . Akjmad al-Kiifi. o were accused of and blamed for their practice of q i y i i s . It is almost
All these were against i j t i h i i d in the above sense. Otherwise i j t i h i i d , a s a tain that the above were supporters of the analytical mode of reasoning
rational mode of reasoning, was quite an acceptable phenomenon among d not of the Sunni concept of q i y i i s . Their judgments, many of which
many S h i ' i s from the 2ndl8th century onwards, and from late 4thll0th ve been collected by Asad Allah al-Kizimi confirm this point.
century it emerged a s the only method by which legal subjects were It i s evident from what has been said in the five sections above that in
approached. these analytical and rational methods of S h i ' i scholars of e period of the presence of the Imams, two legal tendencies existed in
the early centuries of Islam appeared to amount to r a ' y and q i y i i s in the e S h i ' i cotnmunity. One of them adhered to an analytical, rational ap-
eyes of strict traditionists who objected to the rational analytical modes of oach toward legal problems within the framework of t h e general
reasoning in law. ' inciples of the Qur'Zn and Tradition. ' The other was a traditionalist
( 5 ) In some traditions, it is reported that some companions of the Imams 8 approach whlch relled on transmitting traditions wlthout any f u r t h e r infer
practised q i y i i s on occasions when instructions over a particular problem ntial derivation of law.
were not explicitly and clearly givenin the Q u r ' i n and Tradition, and Many S h i ' i jurists of this period are mentioned in thc S h i ' i works on
that some of them were practising the method of r o ' y . Some of the most m 01-riji;19 and other sources.1° The names of some of thein are also
knowledgeable companions of the Imams whose opinions and judgments are heir works in Ibn al-Nadim's K . a / - F i h r i s t .
cited in legal sources, have been accused of following the practice of 161-2, 168; $adiiq, FoqTh, IV, p . 197; i b i d . ,
q n i ' , p p . 170, 175-6;
Mufid, F u g Z l , p p . 123-4; Murtapa, l n t i $ 5 r ,
qiyZis. Among them are Fa(i1 b . Shadhiln al-Naysibiiri, author of 286; Ibn Shahrishiib, M a t h t l i b , fois. 233b-234a; Shahid I , D u r E s ,
o/-Tdiih ( d . 2601873-4) whose opinions on some legal subjects such a s 263; idem, QawC'id, p . 316; Najafi, XVI, p . 90.
divorce and inheritance, and on some questions of u $ Z / 01-fiqh are quoted See Kulayni, VII, p p . 83-4, 115-16, 121-5; $adiiq, M u q n i ' , p . 175;
r t a p i , I n t i s Z i r , p p . 77-8; 'AIlima, M u k h t a l a f , 1, p . 136; Shahicl I ,
in the s o u r c e s , 1 0 Yiinus b . 'Abd al-Rakjman, whose opinions are cited in r i i s , p . 57; idem, Q o w i i ' i d , p.325; 'abd Allih al-Tiini, £01. 97.
See Mukjammad BZqir al-gads, D u r G s , I , p p . 55-64. Kashshi, p . 156. See for some of his legal views Kulayni, VII,
97, 100-1.
See for instance Mufid, A w i i ' i i 01-moqiiiiit, p . 127; idem, F u g i i l ,
p p . 66-9. Also Nu'miini , TofsTr, pp. 95-6; Murtaai, D h o r T ' a , p p . 792-5; Kashshi, p . 375. Some of his legal opinions are quoted in the
idem, / n t i $ i i r , p . 98. urces, e . g . Kulayni, VI, p . 141, VII, p . 256; Shaykh, TohdhTb, X ,
137; idem, / s t i b $ C r , IV, p . 253.
q q b i l , p p . 94, 117, 118, 120.
Kashshi, p . 345.
N a j i s h i , p . 163.
gadiiq, FoqTh, IV, p . 197; Murtapa, l b f i i i a/-'omoi b i - o k h b i i r ol-
I b i d . , p . 203. i i d , Sol. 142b; Futiini, p . 4 4 ; Bahr al-'Ulum, 111, p p . 215-19;
This i s according to the predominant Ugiili school of S h i ' i law. The i a i m i , p . 83. See also Shaykh, ' U d d o , p . 51.
Akhbiris rejected the validity of all kinds of rational argument in law, a s
See his Kashf ~ l - ~ i n o p' p, . 82-3, 198, 244 a s some examples.
noted before.
7' Books such a s 01-Rodd ' a l i i man r o d d Cthiir a/-RosCl wo i'tomad 'a15
' See K a s h s h i , p . 156.
n o t i i ' i j o l - ' u q i l by Hilil b . Ibrihim b . Abi '1-Fat12 al-Madani ( N a j i s h i , See also K h u m a ~ n i ,Risiila f i ' I - i j t i h i i d wo ' 1 - l o q r d , p p . 125-8.
p . 344) are written with the same understanding. For instance Kashshi, p p . 238, 375, 556, also p . 484; Shaykh,
Durust b . Abi Mangiir, p . 165; B a r q i , Muhiisin, I , p p . 212-15; r i s i , p . 52; Ibn Diwiid, p . 272.
IJimyari, p . 157; Kashshi, p . 239; Mufid, l k h t i $ i i $ , p . 275; IJurr al-
'Amili, XVIII, p p . 33, 38; Niiri, 111, p p . 176-7; Jiimi- ohOd7th a/-ShT'a,
A s an example Mufid, A / - R a d d '015 aghiib a o l ' a d o d , p . i28; Shaykh,
d h 7 b , VIII, p . 97. See also Elasan al-$adr, pp. 298-302.
I , p p . 274-6.
' See Ibn al-Nadim, p p . 275-9.
B a r q i , MahZisin, I , pp. 212-15; K a s h s h i , p p . 156-7.
See Kulayni, VI, p p . 93-6, VII, p p . 88-90, 95-6, 98-9, 105-8, 116-18,
32 AN INTRODUCTION TO S H ~ ' ?LAW THE PERIODS OF SHT'T LAW 33
the opinions of the jurists of this period a r e quoted i n the legal works of hose mentioned in the traditions. The legal works of this group of
later periods. aditionists were collections of traditions compiled according to their sub-
ct matter, and sometimes with the omission of the chain of transmitters
2. THE FIRST CENTURY OF THE OCCULTATION
niid). Traditionists such a s :
In the period of the 'Minor Occultation' (2601874-3291941) and until the
Mul2ammad b . Ya'qiib al-Kulayni
latter part of the 4thIlOth century, three different legal schools existed
) Mubarnmad b . al-Uasan b . Ahmad b . al-WaIid ( d . 3431954-5)
in the S h i ' i community.
) Muhammad b . 'Ali b . Babawayh al-Qummi , al-Sadiiq
I. The School of the traditionists (Ah/ a/-baflth)
11 into this group. T h e l e g a l choices4 of al-Kulayni and al-SadGq
This was a continuation of the conservative legal tendency of the period
ve been quoted in the legal sources.
of the Presence, and likewise devoted its efforts to collecting, recording
) The other group followed traditions without compromise and completely
and preserving the traditions from the Imams. The adherents of this
nored the 'principles of u$G/ a/-fiqh and the rules by which a tradition
school, like their predecessors in the time of the Imams, were not sym-
uld be examined. They completely ignored the procedures of debate,
pathetic to rational arguments in religious matters, and condemned even
asoning and modes of discourse .'6 The extreme tendencies of these
those efforts which applied rational argument toreligious questions in order
h i ' i traditionists were comparable to the tendency of the Vashwiyya in
to strengthen the S h i ' i point of view. This school resembled in its out- unnism which was the most extreme and inflexible Sunni traditionist
look the Sunni school of traditionists, where Armad b . uanbal "and his However, in the works of S h i ' i theologians of the 4th-6thI
hool.
f o l l o w e r s ~ e j e c t e dkaliim even when used in defence of Islam.
0th-12th centuries, lerms such a s bashwiyya8 and muqo/lidag together
In their legal approach, there were two groups of traditionists who
t h the terms a$biib o l - b ~ d T t h ' and
~ akhbiirisyol' were applied to all
differed among themselves:
p . 2 ; Amin al-Astarabzdi, op. c i t . , fol. 101b.
( a ) Those who only accepted traditions which were related by transmitters
whose reliability had been thoroughly examined. Their knowledge of the K. 01-MuqniC s y $adGq is an example of this sort of 'legal works'.
e especially p . 2 of this book.
traditions dealing with legal questions was extensive. They recognized "haykh, Fihrist, pp. 135, 156, 157; T u s t a r i , Sahw a/-Nab?, p . 9.
and implemented those principles of u$G/ a/-fiqh which were contained in e also A n g i r i , Rosii'il, p . 87.
the traditions of the Imams. ' Like Sunni traditionists, ' however, they ' Both al-Kulayni and al-SadUq in the introduction to their two main
were chary of writing about legal subjects with words other than exactly o r k s , viz. K . a/-KiifTand Man 1; yobQ'uruh a/-faq?h respectively, acknow-
dged the authenticity of what they transmilted in those books. Thus in
e cases of conflict between traditions, the one they accepted and nar-
See for instance the introduction to al-Mubaqqiq's a/-Mu'tabar, p . 7 , ted in their works, demonstrates their viewpoints in each specific case.
in which he says that he will quote the views of five jurists of that Muraqqiq, Mu'tobar, p . 7; SZpib al-Madirik, Hidiiyot a/-JalibTn ,
period. Also 6ZQib al-MadZrik's Hidiiyat a/-fiilibin, £01. 4b. Also the 1. 46; K a ~ i m i ,Maqiibis, p . 23.
Preface to al-Kazimi's Maqiibis a/-anwzr, p . 23, in which six such scholars
are mentioned. See also Shaykh, TahdhTb, VIII, p . 97. ' Shaykh, 'Udda, p . 248; Kazimi, Kashf 01-qinii', p . 202.
SadUq, ICtiqiidiit, p . 74. See also Mufid, Ta$bTb a/-i'tiqcd, p p . 169- See Mufid, lf$iib, p . 77; idem, A wii'il a/-maqii/zt, p . 65; Murtaoi
70; Shaykh, Ghayba, p . 3. 1-Razi, p . 46.
Ihn al-Jawzi, Moniiqib Abmad, p . 205. Mufid, Ukbariyya, fol. 59a; idem, A wii'ii a/-rnaqiiliit, p . 86; idcm,
wiib ah/ 01-Uii'ir, p.114; 'abd al-Jalil al-Qazwini, p p . 3 , 235, 272, 285,
' Ibn QudZma, T o b r h a/-naror fikutub ah/ a/-kaliim, p . 1 7 . 9, see also Mubaqqiq, Mu'tabar, p . 6; FayQ, a/-U$ii/ 01-a$?la, p.61.
Later traditionists followed their predecessors in this case. Al-J.3urr MuEd, Jawiib ah/ a/-Uii'ir, p . 112; Shaykh, 'Udda, p . 54.
alk'hnili, the renowned Akhbzri scholar of the late I l t h . 17th c e n t u r y ,
wrote a treatise against studying 'ilm a/-kaliim CAB, XXIV, p . 431). and the like ( o ~ b i i ba/-okhbiir, ah1 a/-ba&th, ah1 a/-akhbiir etc. 1. See
f i d , a/-Rodd 'a15 albiib a/-'odad,p. 124; idem, A wii'il ol-maqiiliit, p p .
Shaykh, 'Udda, p . 248; Kizimi, Kashf a/-qinz', p p . 207-14; 'Abd -1, 87, 88, 89, 92, 101, 108, 118; idem, Ta$bTb 01-i'tiqiid, p p . 186,
Allah al-Tiini , p . 97; Amin al-AstarZbZdi , Jawiib rnasz'il a/-Shoykh 2; idem, Sarowiyya, p p . 222, 223; Murtaaa, Tobbiiniyyiit, fol. 2; idem,
Uusoyn, fol. 1Olb. -Mow$i/iyya 01-thiiiitho, fol. 40a; idem, Tariibuiusiyyiit, fol. 1 1 0 ; idcm,
See 'Abd al-Majid, p p . 288-9. Radd 'a15 o$biib aai'adad, fol. 130b; Shaykh, 'Udda, p . 248; idem,
aybo, p . 3 ; Ibn Idris, p p . 5, 249. See also Shaykh, MabsiiJ, I , p . 2.
Abd al-Jalil al-Qazwini, P O . , 3, 236, 2 7 2 , 282, 285, 458, 529, 568-9;
34 A N INTRODUCTION TO S H T ' ~LAW THE PERIODS OF S H T ' ~ LAW 35
the adherents of the traditionist tendency, even the former group. escribed and criticized in the works of al-Mufid and al-MurtapZ. '
In the sources of ' i l m a / - r i j i i l the names of some jurists of this branch 11. 'Qadimayn'
of the traditionists have been recorded, such as Abu '1-IJusayn al-Nashi', While the traditionist school was predominant in S h i ' i academic circles
'Ali b . 'Abd Allah b . WugayI ( d . 3661976-7) who is said to have dis- the second half of the 3rdl9th and a greater part of the 4thllOth
cussed law in the same way as oh1 al-&7hir. ' Flowever, due to the school's turies, two important figures emerged among S h i ' i scholars, each of
refusal and failure to apply reason and rationality and also due to thc om had his own particular approach to law. Both practised rational
absence of any ideas and original thought of their own, the decisions of soning in legal thought. Hence, their methods can be considered as a
its adherents2 did not gain any legal validity and were totally ignored in tinuntion of the exercise of analytical and rational thought in law which
the sources. 9 s noted, their judgments were nothing but references to isted in the period of the presence of the Imams. They are rcgarded2
traditions. constituting the first school of S h i ' i deductivc law, based not merely
The traditionist school which, in the period of the Presence, was one collections of traditions but on speculative analysis and rational
of the two prevailing tendencies of S h i ' i scholarly circles, gradually
gained control over the whole S h i ' i intellectual community, and totally Although these two personalities represented two differcnt legal percep-
suppressed the rational theological and legal tendencies which were based n s and approaches, in many cases, they arrived at the same conclusiolls
on reasoning. The school of Qum, which in those days was the most prom- d issued similar opinions on legal problems. Their legal judgments a r c ,
inent religious centre of the S h i ' i s , was completely dominated by this erefore, quoted jointly in the sources as the opinion 01 the Qadimayn,
current and the Qummi scholars were all traditionists4 objecting to any e Two Ancient (scholars). They are:
kind of reasoning and analytical thought in the S h i e i community. The 1) Ibn Abi 'Aqil, Abii Mubarnmad wasan b . 'Ali b . Ahi 'AqZ al-
overwhelming majority of S h i ' i jurists during this period and up to the 'UminT al-Hadhdhi', of the first half of the 4thllOth century.'
late 4thllOth century were adherents of this school of thought.' He is the author of a legal work entitled 01-Mulomossik bi-bob1 Ti1
As will be explained later, in the last decades of the 4thllOth and early 01-Rosijl, which was onc of the most renowned legal sources during
5 t h l l l t h centuries, the school was swept away by the teaching of al-Shaykh the 4th and 5thllOth and 11th centuries.
al-Mufid and his disciple al-Sharif al-Rlurtada. Although a small number of Ibn al-Junayd, Ahii 'Ali Muhammad b . Abmad b . al-Junayd
)
its adherents survived, here and there, in later periods6 none of them al-KStib al-Iskafi , of the middle of the 4thllOth century. IIe is
gained prominence or influenced S h i ' i thought.
-
The methodology and beliefs of the adherents of this school have been See Mufid, S o r o w i y y a , p p . 222, 223; idem, TagbTb a / - i ' t i q z d , p.222;
em, ' U k b o r i y y o , fol. 59a; idem, JowZib oh1 0 1 - v o ' i r , pp. 112, 116; idem,
Rodd ' o l Z osbiib 01- ' o d o d , p. 24; Murtaoa, 01-Mawgiliyyo 01-thCIitho,
1.40a; idem, T o b b f i i y y z t , fol. 2 ; idem, a/-Rodd 'olC ogbzb 01-'odod,
'AllZma, NihCyat 01-wuscl, fol. 200b. See also Shahrastani, pp. 169, 178; 1.130b: idem. IbtZI o l ' a r n a l bi-okhbCr aalZbiid, fol. 142b. See also
Sharif al-JurjZni , p. 629; Fakhr al-Razi , MobsGI (quoted in K i ~ i m ,i haykh, C h o y b o , 6 . 3 ; idem, M o b s Z l , I , p . 2 ; idem, ' U d d a , pp. 54,
p. 203). 48; 'Abd al-Jalil al-Qazwini, pp. 529, 568.
Shaykh, F i h r i s t , p . 89. See Babra12Uliim, 11, p. 218.
It should be noted here that there were diffcrences of opinions among This name was invented by Ibn Fahd al-JJilli ( d . 84111437-8) in early
the adherents of this tranch of traditionists too, as the traditions of the thll5th century. See his 01-Muhadhdhob 0 1 - b i i r i ' , fol. 3a. See also his
Imams were sometimes contradictory, and each of those jurists was decid- -Muqtagar, fol. 2a.
ing legal problems according to those traditions he had received.
In a letter to Ja'far b . Mubarnmad b . Qiilawayh ( d . 3691979-801, Ibn
Murtaai, 01-Rodd ' o l a asbFib 01-'odad, fol. 130b; idem, T a b b i i n i y y z t ,
i 'Aqil permitted him to narrate his works (NajZshi , p. 3 8 ) .
fol. 2 ; idem, ol-Mow$i/iyya 01-thiilitha, fol. 40a.
NajZshi, p. 38; AB, X I X , p. 69.
"urta&i, lbt??l 01-'omol b i - o k h b i i r a/-Cbiid, 101. 142b; Futiini, p . 4 .
See also Shaykh, F i h r i s l , p . 157. He was in Naysahfir in 3401951-2 and enjoyed the respect of its people
ufid, $ @ h F n i y y a , p. 17). One of his works is a book of answers he
Shaykh, ' U d d o , p . 248;
'Allima, Nihiiyat 01-wu$G/, fol. 200b. ve to the questions of the Buyid Mu'izz al-Dawld, who died in 3561967
'Abd al-Jalil al-Qazwini , p. 568. a j i s h i , p . 301) .
36 A N INTRODUCTION TO SI-17'7 LAW THE PERIODS OF SHT'T LAW 31
the author of Tohdhrb 01-ShT'o 1;-obkk 01-shorTca and aI-Afin~007 val~dltyof okhbiir ool6tlifd a s a source of law' and because of t h l s , al-Mufid
fi 'I-fiqh a/-Mufiommofi. ranged him among the t r a d i t i ~ n i s t s . He
~ relied, however, on rational
These scholars were, t h u s , nearly contemporaries.
Ibn Abi 'Aqil, analysis when it came to comprehending, inferring and extracting legal
who slightly preceded Ibn al-Junayd, '
was a koliim theologian. He may
principles from the sources and contrary to the traditionists who looked at
well be considered a precursor of the legal method of the kaliim theologians the literal meaning of tradition alone, h e appears to have aimed at a gen-
of Baghdad who formed the third era in the development of S h i ' i law to eral legal interpretation of each tradition through comparison with other
be discussed later. Like other kolrm theologians, he did not consider similar traditions. In accordance with a commonly accepted practice in
traditions transmitted by a single o r a few transmitters (okhbiTr 01-CbLTd) later S h i ' i law, he appears to have tried to discover the rationale ('illa)
a s valid. It is cvident from his judgments that his legal approach was of a precept.' As mentioned, this method which establishes general
firmly based on general Qur'iinic principles and widely transmitted trad- principles in legal matters without the need to rely on the specific texts in
itions.In cases where there was a general principle in the Qur'iin to traditions in.every case, was held to be a kind of qiycs in the early
which an exception was made in traditions, Ibn Abi 'Aqil would maintain centuries and was rejected by S h i ' i jurists in the same way that they
the general validity of the Qur'inic principle and ignore the traditions, rejected the Sunni concept of q i y a . Like the adherents of rational
unless the latter had been universally and unquestionably accepted. In reasoning in the time of the Presence, among whom was Fadl b . ShZdhin,
view of the proximity of his time to that of the Presence, however, the Ibn al-Junayd was accused of employing qiyZs5 and r a ' y . As a result,
uncertainty with regard to the reliability of many traditions affecting the works of Ibn al-Junayd were abandoned, in contrast to the works of
later discussions was not yet felt to be a serious problem and there was Ibn Abi 'AqTI. Thus, his legal opinions did not receive much attention
less disagreement concerning the opinions of the Imams on fundamental during the third and fourth stages of S h i ' i law,' in which legal thought
legal principles arising from contradictory traditions. ' Because of this, was affected to a great extent by the school of the traditionists.
the traditions which Ibn Abi 'Aqil attributes to the Imims in his hook In defence of his methodology, Ibn al-Junayd wrote a number of books,
have comc to be accepted entirely by S h i ' i scholars after him. the titles of some of which indicate his method in law, notably Kashf a/-
His legal
method also was appreciated by later scholars, and his legal opinions are tamwTh wa'l-ilbcs "alZ oghmiir a/-ShT'a iT omr a/-qiyZs and If-hZr mZ
quoted in most S h i ' i sources. sataroh oh1 01-'iniid mmn
i 01-riwiiya 'an o'immat a/-'lira F omr a/-ijtihiid.'
Ibn al-Junayd was not held in such high esteem and his legal method
was criticized by both his contemporaries and by later scholars. IIe, too, Among prominent S h i ' i theologians, Abii Mubammad gasan b . Miis2
was a kolzm theologian and produced many works on theology. Among al-Nawbakhti (early 4thilOth c e n t u r y ) also maintained the same opinion
(see NajZshi , p . 50). It i s already well-known that mush disagreement
these was one written In defence of Faal b . S h i d h i n , a supporter of existed among the Mu'tazili theologians of the time, too, about the
reasoning in law and theology. In lcgal matters, Ibn al-Junayd held the validity of akhbiir 01-ZbZd (see 'Abd al-Majid, p . 94).
Mufid, Sarawiyya, p . 223.
Basan al-$adr, p . 302.
Babr alh'Uliim, 11, p . 218. ' Babr al-'Uliim, 111, p . 214; T u s t a r i , QZmGs, XI, p . 94.
'
Najishi, p.38; Shaykh, Fihrist, pp.64, 194; Ibn Diiwiid, p . 111.
4 Mufid.. Siiahiin~vvo.
. < D . 19. idem, Soraw~vya,u p . 222-3, Nalishi
,, . .
T u s t a r i , QiimGs, 111, p . 198. For similar legal appoaches in Sunni p . 302. Shaykh, Fihrist, p . 134; 1bn ~hahr~shiib-,-Mo'ii/im, p. 87;
school sce 'Ahd a l - ~ a j i d ,p p . 219-24, 236. 'Alliima, Khuliiso, p . 145; Ibn Diwiid, p . 292; YabyZ al-Babriini, p . 306;
Amin al-Astaribidi , p . 30; uusayn al-Karaki , chapter eight; Babr
" See for example gZQib al-MadZrik, p . 219,
al'Uliim, 111, p . 207; Abii 'Ali, p . 346.
5 r
Aliima, Mukhtolof, 11, pp.157, 167; Miqdid, TonqTfi, fol. 88b. See
MuEd, Sarowiyyo, p . 223; Murtaaii, I n t i ~ i i r ,p . 238.
also ' ~ b dnl-Majid, p p . 267-8 for silililar cases in Sunni law.
Mufid, SZghiiniyya, p . 19; Shaykh, Fihrist, p . 134; Ibn Diwiid,
NajZshi, p . 38; Ibn Idris, p p . 99, 192, 397, 398 p . 292.
Najiishi, p p . 301-2; Shaykh, F i h r ~ s l ,p . 134.
MuEd, SZghiiniyyo, p . 19; KZ?imi, p p . 291-8.
NajZshi, p . 302. Najishi, p . 301.
38 A N INTRODUCTION TO SHT'T LAW
He also justified his approach in his book: a/-Mosz'il a/-Mijriyya. ' legal problems. Al-Shahid al-ThAni, one of the later scholars of this same
Al-Mufid, the prominent S h i ' i scholar at the beginning of the 5 t h l l l t h ,tage says of Ibn al-Junayd that the sharpness of his grasp of problems,
century, who praised Ibn al-Junayd's intelligence2 came to disagree and his analysis was exceptional among classical S h i ' i jurists.
seriously with his legal method, subjecting it to criticism in a number of Ibn Abi 'Aqii and Ibn al-Junayd t h u s must be considered as the found-
his works, including his 01-MasZ'il ol-SZghiiniyyc~,~01-MasZ'ii oi- e r s of S h i ' i systematic law, as distinct from the Tradition. >
S a r a v i i y y a ~ n din two special treatises, one entiled: NoqQ' risiilat
111. The Intermediate School
a/-Junoyd7 i/F ahi Mijr, a refutation of 1bn al-Junayd's al-MasC'ii a/-
In this same period, there existed in S h i ' i centres of scholarship a
Mijriyya, and another called 01-NaqQ' 'alZ ibn a/-Junayd j 7 ijtihzd a/-ra'y.
group of jurists who, while holding the validity of many Zhiid traditions
Al-MuEd's students too have cited and rejected some of Ibn al-Junayd's
and while not offering an analytical systematic law comparable to that of
legal opinions in their works. ' the Qadimayn, followed the practice of ijtihiid, t h u s differentiating them-
Ibn al-Junayd's legal method which, on the one hand (and in contrast
selves from the conservative and narrow approach of the traditionists.
to al-Muf'id and his followers), accepted Chiid traditions as valid and con-
In short, they held an intermediary position between the two tendencies
sidered them as the principal source of law, and, on the other, gave
described above.
formal recognition to reason as the means through which precepts could
The school formulated its juridical opinions through the process of
be ascertained, was closer to the more developed S h i ' i legal methodolog-
extracting specific precepts from the general principles implied in trad-
ical practices of later periods than to those of his time. ' It is evidently
tions, or through selection or reconciliation when traditions were contra-
because of this similarity of methodology thattwo centuries after him, his
ictory. Opinions formed on this basis were not always uniform, and
legal opinions were quoted for the first time with a degree of revercnce,
his somctimes caused intense arguments on certain issues among the
by Ibn I d r i s , the S h i ' i scholar of the late 6thl12th century. From the
ollowers of this school. The case of "adad' ( i . e . the argument as to
second half of the 7thl13th century onwards, when rational analysis
hether the number of days of the month of RarnadZn likc the days of
pentrated more deeply into S h i ' i law, the works of this scholar received
ther months, conform to the laws of astronomy or have a fixed and
much praisc and admiration. Al-'AIlAma regarded him a s one of the out-
nalterable measure) was such a case about which the scholars of this
standing experts of jurisprudence, '"and cited many of his legal judg- chool were in disagreement among themselves, and produced many treat-
ments in his own works.'' The jurists of the fifth stage, especially
ses in defence of their own, or in refutation of the opposing views.'
al-Shahid al-Awwal, al-Fidil al-Miqdiid and Ibn Fahd, paid careful
The most important scholars of this tendency, whose views arc some-
attention to Ibn al-Junayd's opinions, and narrated his views on many
mes mentioned in the legal sources, are:
Muf'id, Sarawiyya, p. 224. 'Ali b . Bibawayh al-Qummi ( d . 3291904-1)
Idem, Szghiiniyya, pp. 18-19. ) Abu '1-Fad1 Muhammad b . Abmad al-sibiini al-Ju'fi, author of
Ihid., p p . 17-22. 01-Fiikhir (first half of the 4thllOth century)
' Idem, Sarawiyyo, pp. 222-4. ) Ja'far b . Mu4ammad b . Qiilawayh al-Qummi ( d . 3691979-80)
ibirl., p . 2 2 4 ; Najiishi, p . 312. ) Abmad b . Mubarnmad b . DAwGd b . 'Ali al-Qummi ( d . 3681978-9)
Najishi, p . 315.
' See Murtadi, IntijCr, pp. 77-8, 80-1, 83, 217, 227, 237-43, 244,
246; idem, al-Mawgiliyya ai-thzniya, £01. 34a; Ibn alkBarriij, Shorh
Jumai, pp. 244, 251.
T u s t a r i , Qiimiis, XI, p. 94. BaQr al-'UlCrn, 11, p. 218. See also Mufid, Sorawiyyo, p . 2 2 2 .
See Ibn Idris, p. 99. Muhaqqlq, Mu'tabar, p. 7; S;Ztpb al-hAadirik, H~dCyotol-lZ/ilib7nn,
01. 4b.
See 'AlIZma, UZh, pp. 88-9. Sec also Babr al-'Uliim, 111, pp. 205-6;
AB, IV, p. 510, XX, p . 177. h e e especially Ihn Tiiwiis, lqbiii, p . 6. Also Kiizimi, p . 139; A B , V ,
p . 236-8.
See 'Allima, KhuiC$o, p . 145; idem, TQ'Cb, p. 89.
40 A N INTRODUCTION TO SHf'f LAW
THE PERIODS OF SIlf'f LAW 41
3. THE RATIONALISTS
most outstanding of the Qunimiyyiin1land 'the head of the t r a d i t i o n i ~ t s ' , ~
As has been seen, the school of the traditionists gained control over the
I-Mufid criticized him harshly in some of his works, among them TogbTb
S h i ' i centres of learning from the early years of the period of Minor
01-i'tiqiid, a commentary on al-$adEqrs a/-l'tiqiidiit, ol-Mosii'il ai-soro-
Occultation (2601874) until the second half of the 4thllOth century. In
iyya3and Jawiib ah1 01-Uii'ir. The words he used in Jowiib ah1 a/- uii'ir
the last decades of that century, however, the emergence of a new school
ere so harsh' that some scholars doubted if it had indeed been written
placed the traditionists under pressure and exposed them to severe crit-
by al-Mufid, while some suggested that it was written by al-Sharif
icisms which gradually weakened, and finally reduced them to silence.
ai-Mutada6 or someone else. It is clear, however, that this treatise is by
The founder of this school was the theologian and jurist al-Shaykh
al-Mufid, since much of its content is similar to statements in his other
al-MuEd, AbE 'Abd Alli Mubunmad b . Mubarnmad al-Nu'min al-
works, notably in To$bTh a/-i'tiqcd,
Baghdidi Ibn al-Mu'allim ( d . 41311022). He had studied under Ahmad
b . Muhammad b . al-Junayd al-Iskifi , Muhammad b . 'Ali b . Bibawayh
a These harsh words, and al-Mufid's other crltlclsm of the oplnlons of
the traditionikts, l o reflect his great concern about the latters' domination
al-SadEq, Ja'far b . Muhammad b . Qiilawayh, Ahmad b . Mul?ammad b .
over the S h i ' i intellectual community, and his determination to revive the
Diwiid b . 'Ali al-Qummi and Abu '1-gusayn 'Ali b . Wugayf al-NZshi','
rational approach in law and theology. His pupil, al-Sharif al-Murtadi
and was accordingly, very well acquainted with the three legal schools of
also played an important part in weakening the school of traditionists. In
the 4thllOth century.
many of his works, notahly Jabiibiit 01-masc'il ai-Mowgiliyya a/-thr7litho, l2
In order to pave the way for the return of rational analysis in S h i ' i
lbtiil 01-'omol bi-akhbiir a/-6biid13 and 01-Radd 'a15 a ~ h i i b~ / - ' a d a dhe
~~
doctrine, he attacked and criticized the conservative approach of the
was very critical of the traditionists, and even accused all 'Qummiyyiin' of
traditionists in an attempt to break their position of dominance. In this,
being religious deviationists," with the only exception of al-$adEq,
he was to be successful. One factor which was instrumental in his suc-
toward whom he adopted a more moderate approach.
cess was that the traditionists of Qum, who spearheaded that school,
The attacks by al-MuEd, al-Murtaai and other S h i ' i theologians in the
maintained certain special views with regard to the Imims, and consid-
ered the attribution of any supernatural thing to them as a mark of
Shaykh, Fihrist, p. 157.
extremism (ghuluww) and religious deviation. Some even considered as
Babrini , uadii'iq, I , p . 170.
an extremist (ghiilr) anyone who believed that the Prophet was immune to
See p. 2 2 2 .
inadvertence (sohw).' In this matter, most later S h i ' i Akhbiris as well
' See pp. 112, 116, 118, 120. Also J a z i ' i r i , IV, pp. 34-5; Bahrini
as some Ugiili scholars sided with these early traditionists. These views KashkGl, I , pp. 218-19.
presumably were not popular among the common people who preferred to 'Ali b . Muhammad al-'Amili , a/-Durr a/-ManthZr, I , p. 100. See
also Macdermott, p. 41.
elevate the spiritual status of their Imams, and al-Mufid took advantage
of this unpopularity to break the power of his opponents. J a z i ' i r i , IV, p. 34; B a b r i n i , KoshkZl, pp. 218-19.
AB, V, p . 176.
In spite of the fact that he had studied with al-$adiiq who was 'the
KSzimi, p . 211; Tustari , Sohw 01-NobT, p . 2 . See also Majlisi 11,
XVII, p. 123, C X , pp. 165-7.
See pp. 156, 160, 178, 182-3, 186, 211, 2 2 2 .
See especially Amin al-Astaribidi, p . 30. lo
For instance 'Ukboriyya, fol. 59a. He also devoted a book to his
Mufid, Lamb a/-burhiin (quoted in Ibn Tiwiis, Iqbiil, p. 5); Shaykh, criticisms to the traditionists, entitled MoqiibG 01-anwiir fi 'I-radd 'a15
Fihrist, pp. 89-90, 134, 136, 157. oh1 01-okhbiir (Najishi, p. 315; AB, XXI, p. 375).
1 1 KSzimi, pp. 205, 211.
See Mimaqini, the introduction, p . 212, V, pp. 84, 249.
' See SadEq, I , pp. 234-5; Majlisi I , Rawdo, 11, pp. 451-2. Fo1. 40a.
J a z i ' i r i , 111, p . 131, IV, pp. 35-40. Among the ancient Ugiili S h i ' i l3 Fol. 142b.
scholars al-Tabrisi supported this view. See his Majrna' a/-bayiin , I ,
1 9 0 1 . 130b.
p . 181 (also IV, p. 317). See also Abii 'Ali, p . 45.
15
MurtadZ, lbtiil a/-'omol bi-okhbiir a/-iihcd, fol. 142b.
42 AN INTRODUCTION TO SHf'i LAW TI-IE PERIODS OF SHT'ILAW 43
first half of the 5 t h I l l t h century, resulted in the decline and fall of the precepts from the appropriate sources was done through rational analysis,
school of traditionists. Aspects of this severe controversy are recorded the procedures and rules of conduct of which were familiar to the theolog-
in some of the sourcesZ in which the traditionists are referred to as the n s because of the latters' daily involvemtns with hard theological debates.
'okhbiiriyya1, and the 'rationalists1 as 'mu'tozila' or 'koliimiyyo'. Al-Mufid vertheless it should be noted that Long years of entrenched traditionist
and al-Sharif al-Murtaai too, speak of the approach of 'mutakallimiinl and fluence on S h i ' i scholarship had left deep marks on the overall patterns
'rnuboqqiqiin' as against that of the 'traditionists'.' In later S h i ' i sources, 0 S h i ' i thought, and had, over time, become an integral part of these
the adherents of this rationalist school are referred to by the term patterns. The different standpoints over certain problems between the
'ugCliyyol. Al-Mufid was taught law by Ja'far b . Mubarnmad b . QElawayh, theologians of the Period of the Presence and those of later periods, spring
one of the jurists of the Intermediate tendency, and was familiar with the from this fact. '
other legal schools of his time. However, because of his rational and The characteristic of the rationalist school, according to the above
analytical tendencies he was an admirer of Ibn Abi 'Aqil,' whose legal account, is t h i i r refusal to relay on ZbZd traditions as a source of law.
approach was similar to his own. Al-Mufid, al-Murtaai and their studentshall emphasized this point. The
The approach of the rationalists, as was described under the discussion three eminent scholars of the school, each of whom made his own original
of the legal methods of Ibn Abi 'Aqil, relied firmly on general Qur'anic contribution to i t , were:
principles and on widely transmitted (mutowiitir) traditions, and excluded (i) A1-Mufid, author of numerous legal treatises and texts such as
those traditions which did not provide certainty (Cbiid). Instead of the 01-Muqni'o, 01-lc1Zm bi-mci ittofaqot 'oloyh 01-ImFmiyyo min 01-Abkiim
latter, they conformed to thosc legal views which were accepted and con- and o l ' A wT$ fi '/-obkZm
tinually practised among Shi'is (iifnZqZt). The process of inferring (ii) Al-Sharif al-MurtaQa, author of 01-lnti~iir, 01-Mosii'il 01-NZ$iriyyZt
and many other treatises
'Abd al-Jalil al-Qazwini, p . 568.
(iii) Abu '1-$alib Taqi al-Din b . Najm al-Din al-aalabi, author of
For instance Shahrastzni , p. 178. It is strange that al-Babrini , who
belonged to the later Akhbiris of the sixth stage of S h i ' i law, thought 01-KZF fi 'I-fiqh and a pupil of al-Mufid
that 'nothing happened between the traditionists and muitahids (rational- Other scholars of this school and interpreters of its views, whose original
ist jurists) in the first centuries, although those ages were full of both
types of scholars' (uodii'iq, I , p . 169). contributions are less conspicuous, a r e :
Shahrastini, pp. 169, 178; Sharif al-JurjZni, p . 629; Fakhr al- (i) SallZr b . 'Abd al-'Aziz al-Daylami , author of 01-Moriisim al-
RZzT , Mob$Cl (quoted in Kazimi , p. 203). 'Allawiyyo wo 'I-obkZm 01-Nobowiyya
Muiid, AwZ'il a/-moqClCt, p . 98; Murtaaa, TobbCniyyiiL, £01. 2 .
" (ii) Qadi 'Abd al-'Aziz b . al-Barrij al-Sham?, author of 01-Muhodhdhob,
'
See for instance 'Abd al-Jalil al-Qazwini, p p . 3, 178, 179, 190, 231, 01-JowZhir and Sharb Jumol olk'ilm wo '/-'om01
235-7, 240, 272, 281, 282, 284, 415-16, 459, 481, 504, 506, 528, 569;
'Allama, NihCyot 01-wu$iil, fol. 200b. (iii) Abu '1-Hasan Mubammad b . Mubarnmad al-Bugrawi, a student of
(iv) Abu '1-Fath Muhammad b . 'Ali al-Karijaki legal scholarship for three centuries. During this time, it passed through
4. THE SCHOOL OF SHAYKH AL-TA'IFA three stages:
The rationalist school based its legal theories on the Q u r ' i n and on well- ( a ) The disciples of Shaykh al-Ti'ifa
known widely transmitted traditions. zb?d traditions on their own were The century after his death was the period of his pupils and imitators.
not considered to be a reliable source for law. None of the S h i ' i jurists of this period produced any major novel ideas.
Shaykh al-Tii'ifa, Muhammad b . Basan al-Tfisi ( d . 46011067), known They merely quoted and explained al-Shaykh's statements and there-
simply a s 'al-Shaykh' in S h i ' i legal works, strove to retain the authority fore have been called 'muqallido' (imitators). '
of FbFd traditions as a source of law, ' while preserving the analytical and Sadid al-Din Mahmiid al-Bimmasi in the latter part of the 6thIl2th
rational method of law; a method which has remained the characteristic century said that after al-Shaykh, the Shi'a had no m u f f ( meaning a
of S h i ' i law up to the present time.
The method of Shaykh al-Tii'ifa, in jurisconsult with independent judgments) and that all S h i ' i jurists after
effect, combined the method of the rationalists with that of the tradition- him were merely narrators and expounders of his views.
ists. The legal works of Shaykh al-Ti'ifa opened up much new ground in The most prominent scholars of this period, whose names and works are
S h i e i law. His K . a/-Mobs$ treated many cases which S h i ' i jurists had mentioned in the legal sources, are:
not dealt with previously. His K. 01-Khiliif was the first notable work in (i) Abfi 'Ali Basan b . Muhammad h . Basan al-Tiisi , son of al-Shaykh
the field of comparative law among Shi'is. These two books were modelled (d. after 515/1121), author of Sharb 01-Nihiiya and a/-Murshid ilF
upon Sunni works, and through them an important part of Sunni legal sob2 ol-fa'abbud
scholarship passed into S h i ' i law facilitating its further development. (ii) Ni~zm&Din Sulaymiin b . wasan al-Qahrashti, a student of al-
S h i ' i law a t this stage benefited much from the heritage of Sunni legal Shaykh and author of l$bZb oolShTCabi-mi$biib 01-shot-7'0
thought of the early centuries of Islam. At the same time, non-Shi'i (iii) 'Ali' al-Din 'Ali b . Basan al-Balabi, author of IshFrot ol-sobq
concepts, which were alien to traditional S h i ' i thought, also crept into ilii mo'rifat 01-boqq
S h i ' i law and created some inconsistencies in i t . In his two works, (iv) Abfi 'Ali Fag1 b . Basan Amin al-Islim al-Tabrisi ( d . 54811158),
Shaykh al-Tii'ifa cited the text of some Sunni legal works literally and author of 01-Muntokhab min Mosii'il 01-khiliif
then added his judgments on the basis of S h i ' i general principles o r (v) 'Imiid al-Din Muhammad b . 'Ali b . Bamza al-Tfisi ( d . after 5661
S h i ' i traditions in the form of marginal notes. His efforts to adjust non- 1171), author of 01-WasTlo il? nay1 a/-fofila
S h i ' i concepts to his own legal system were not always successful. As a (vi) Qutb al-Din Sa'id b . Hibat Allih al-Riwandi ( d . 57311178), author
consequence, some confusion and inconsistencies are apparent in his of Fiqh a/-Qur'iin
works, which were later refined by al-Mubaqqiq al-Villi. (vii) Qutb al-Din Muhammad b . Qusayn al-Kaydari al-Bayhaqi ( d . after
More consonant with traditional S h i ' i legal thought, was Shaykh al- 576/1181), author of 01-l$biib
Ti'ifals K. ol-NihZya, which became the most authoritative S h i ' i text for (viii) Rashid al-Din Muhammad b . 'Ali b . Shahrashfib al-Sarawi ( d . 5881
two centuries. Apart from this, his 01-Jumoi wo 'I-'uqijd and some other 1192), author of Mutashiibih 01-Qur'Zn wa mukhtolifuh
legal treatises of his have also survived. His two collections of traditions ( b ) The period of criticism
TahdhTb 01-obk?m and 01-IstibgZr, became important sources of the law. A century after the death of al-Shaykh, in the second half of the 6thl
His approach towards contradictory traditions in these two books, and his 12th century, a number of scholars arose in opposition to the fundamental
legal interpretation of them, deeply influenced S h i ' i law. principles of his school. Rejecting the validity of ?@Zd traditions as a
The school of Shaykh al-Ti'ifa maintained i t predominance in S h i ' i source of law, they revived the rational method of al-Sharif al-Murtaai.
See Kiqimi , p. 4 4 2 .
See the chapter on okhbiir 01-*iid in his 'Uddo, pp. 25-63.
Ibn Tiiwiis, Koshf al-Mobajjo, p. 127; Busayn b . 'Abd al-Qamad,
For this second, he was accused by the Akhbaris of following the Wu$Cl 01-akhycr, p. 33; Sahib al-Ma'ilim, p. 179; Abu '1-Qisim b .
practice of qiycs. See Busayn al-Karaki, chapter 8. Basan al-Yazdi, I , p . 2 0 ; KhwZns:ri, VII, p . 161.
46 AN INTRODUCTION TO S ~ f ' fLAW THE PERIODS OF SHf'i LAW 47
The prominent representatives of this new tendency, which did not (iii) Zayn al-Din Mubamrnad b . Qisim al-Barzihi al-Naysjlbiiri (alive in
develop any further after them, are: 66111263)
1. Sadid al-Din Mabmiid b . 'Ali al-IJimmagi al-Rizi ( d . after 58311187) ' (iv) Najib al-Din Muhammad b . Ja'far b . Hibat Allzh b . Nimi ( d . 6451
2. 'Izz al-Din Abu '1-Makirim vamza b . 'Ali b . Zuhra al-JJalabi ( d . 5851 1248)
1189-90), author of Ghunyat a i - n ~ z L i ' ~ (v) Sadid al-Din Yiisuf b . al-Mutahhar al-villi (alive in 66511267)
3. Mubarnmad b . Mangiir b . Abmad b . Idris al-villi ( d . 59811202), author (vi) Ahmad b . Miisi b . TXwiis al-tlilli ( d . 67311274-5), author of
of a/-Sorb'ir BushrZ 01-rnuboqqiqTn
To this list some other scholars of the same period could be added, who (vii) Yahyjl b . Sa'id al-villi ( d . 68911290), author of J h i ' a/-shorZ'1'
in their positive legal doctrlne followed al-Shaykh, and hence we mentioned and Nuzhot ol-nZ?ir
them among his disciples, but in theory and under the influence of the (viii) 'Imid al-Din Uasan b . 'Ali al-Tabari (alive in 698112991, author
works of al-Sharif al-Murta(ra, they maintained the invalidity of ZbZd of ol'Umdo, Nahi o l ' i r f i n and 01-Fog% a/-munhii
traditions. Among them were Qutb al-Din al-~jlwandi' and Ibn ( c ) Al-Muhaqqiq and alk'Al1ima
Shahrishiib. The legal heritage of alkShaykh, though fertile in new perspectives,
The most radical proponent of this tendency was Ibn Idris. His critic- was, nevertheless, as yet immature and inconsistent, and needed further
ism of the views and the legal approach of al-Shaykh was so strong that it refinement and organization. Some of the elements which he adopted from
was considered by some later scholars to have exceeded proper bounds. Sunni law remained tied to their original framework, and were not well
Although Ibn Idrisls critical views did not attract many supporters, absorbed and adjusted to the new system. If S h i ' i law was to benefit
they did stimulate efforts to take S h i ' i law out of its static mould, and fully from these elements, the whole system had to be adjusted and reorg-
t h u s furthered its evolution. The main characteristics of Ibn Idrisls anized in order to accommodate them.
approach were his critical eye and his independent thought, which are This task was accomplished by al-Mubaqqiq, Najm al-Din Abu 'I-Qisim
observable even in the preface and conclusion of his a/-SorZ'ir. ' Ja'far, b . IJasan al-ljilli ( d . 67611277) author of Shorb'i' 01-IslZm,
During the 7thl13th century, a number of jurists offered some new 01-Mukhtogor 01-niifi', a/-Mu'tobor , Nukot 01-Nihcyo and other legal
opinionss which are cited in the legal sources. They a r e : works. He refined the Shaykh al-Ti'ifa's legal heritage in detail, collected
(i) Muhadhdhab al-Din vusayn b . Muhammad al-NiSi (early 7thl13th and rearranged his opinions on various subjects, harmonized his legal
century) doctrine and thus restored its authority which had been discredited by
(ii) Mu'in al-Din SXlim b . Badrin al-Migri (alive in 62611231), author Ibn Idris's criticism. He contested these criticisms vigorously and
of TobrTr 01-farZ'id and a/-Mo'Lino defended al-Shaykh's legal doctrine.
A1-Mubaqqiq's main contribution to S h i ' i law, therefore, was his recon-
See his opinions about ZbZd traditions in Ibn Idris, SorZ'ir, pp. 409- struction and refinement of al-Shaykhls legal system, which placed S h i ' i
11, quoting from al-JJimma~i's01-Mosbdir.
law on a firmer bases enabled its further development. His student
See his view about akhbbr ool@xid in his Ghunyo, pp. 537-9.
al-'Allima, Basan b . Yiisuf b . al-Mutahhar al-villi followed this same
See his view on okhbbr a/-Zbbd in his 01-5orZ'ir, p . 4 .
course. He strove to elaborate and expand the law on the basis of al-
4 See his view in that case in his Fiqh a/-Qur3%, I , p . 4 .
Shaykh's legal doctrine and of al-Mubaqqiqts reorganization. He wrote
See his opinion in his MutoshZbTbih 01-Qur'bn, 11, pp. 153-4
many books on different branches of law, which all became important
See as an example of those judgments NajaE, X I X , p . 37.
works of reference for later jurists. Among them were Mukhtaiof 01-ShT'a,
See i t , p p . 4, 404. It is to be notcd that this book is full of useful
philological, genealogical and biographical information which demonstrates Todhkirot oi-fuqahZ, MuntahZ a/-Motlob, TabrTr 01-obkZm 01-shor'iyyo,
that Ibn Idris was well acquainted with different branches of Islamic Tabzirot 01-muto'ollimTn, Qowo'id 01-obkiim, lrshiid oolodhhiin, NihCyot
scholarship.
a 01-ibkiirn and TolkhT$ a/-morbrn.
See 'AllZma, Muntohb, p . 4 . These scholars followed al-Shaykh in
their general methodology. Alk'Allima contributed to the development of S h i ' i law particularly in
48 A N INTRODUCTION TO S H T ' ~LAW THE PERIODS OF S H T ' ~ LAW 49
two areas. He greatly enlarged the section on legal transactions on the after this, and with the appearance of his a/-MobsGt and a/-KhilGf which
basis of relevant general rules mainly taken from Sunni law. His efforts incorporate Sunni legal methods and concepts, some fundamental changes
in this area reflect his thorough knowledge of Sunni legal principles. His appeared in the form and content of S h i ' i law.
second contribution was the introduction of mathematics, in which he was With regard to form, the new expositions of the law turned into a mix-
well versed, into the law. He seems to be the first prominent scholar to ture of the two legal systems. They usually covered legal topics on the
use advanced mathematical rules in the relevant legal subjects such a s the basis of Sunni legal texts, first citing the views of Sunni jurists, usually
law of inheritance, the times of prayer (awqFt 01-galct) and the direction those quoted in a/-KhilLif, and then presenting the opinions of S h i ' i
of prayer (qibla). He also made great contributions to the development of scholars. ~l-KbT , a student o f al-Mubaqqiq and author of Kashf 01-rumiir ,
S h i ' i law through his criticism of the transmitters of the traditions, his was one of the first S h i e i authors who did not follow the approach and
implementation of a novel classification for the S h i ' i traditions according refrained from quoting the opinion of Sunnis in his own book. The
to the degree of authority of their narrators2 and his refinement of students of al-,'Allima, notably Fakhr al-Mubaqqiqin in his book Tp'cb
ugGl 01-fiqh through his numerous u$Gl works. 01-fowz'id, followed al-.&bitslead and omitted the analysesand opinions of
To sum u p , the legal doctrine of Shaykh al-Ti'ifa which had become Sunni scholars.
predominant in the S h i ' i community from the middle of the S t h l l l t h cen- With regard to content, the additional subsidiary legal cases first dis-
tury onwards, reached its highest level of refinement in the latter half of cussed in 01-Mabsiif and later in the works of al-'Allima in the section on
the 8thl14th century as a result of al-Mubaqqiq's clarification and transactions, were borrowed from Sunni works and continued to be pres-
systemization, and al-'All&na1s elahoration and expansion. Its definitive ented on the basis of the principles of Sunni law. Hence, a study of the
formulation appeared in the works of these two scholars. The pupils and foundations of Sunni law became crucial to the understanding and study
followers of them all worked within this same legal framework. The most of S h i ' i legal sources.
renowned of them, whose views have been cited in the legal works, are: Al-Shahid al-Awwal, Shams al-Din Mubarnmad b . Makki al-'Amili
(i) Abu Mubarnmad Basan b . Abi Tilib al-Yiisufi al-iibi , Ibn Zaynab, ( d . 78611384) in his 01-Qawz'id wo 'I-fawLi'id reformulated the fundamental
author of Koshf a/-rurniiz (composed in 67211274) rules and principles of S h i ' i law, and in applying them, changed the con-
(ii) 'Amid al-Din 'Abd al-Muttalib b . Muhammad al-uusayni al-A'raji tents of S h i ' i law and provided it with an independent identity,
( d . 154113531, author of Konz 01-fawc'id On the basis of the same principles, al-Shahid opened up new grounds
(iii) Fakhr al-Mubaqqiqin, Mubarnmad b . JJasan al-villi, son of al- for S h i ' i law and introduced discussions of many new subsidiary cases.
'AllZma ( d . 77111370), author of Tp'c~,01-fawc'id Thus his legal system was quite distinct frorn those of his predecessors
5. THE SCHOOL OF AL-SI-IAHTD AL-AWWAL both in methods and contents. His legal works, such as 01-Qawz'id wo 'I-
It was in the second stage of i t s development that S h i ' i law emerged as an fawii'id, a/-Duriis 01-shor'iyya, ChLiyat 01-murLid, a/-BayLin, a/-Alfiyyo and
independent and systematic legal structure. ol-Lum'o 01-Dimashqiyya are among the most important works of Shi'i law.
The legal works which have
survived from the second and the third stages, reflect the traditional Scholars after him for about one and a half centuries continued to
style of S h i ' i law which Shaykh al-Ta'ifa followed in his a/-Nihcya. adhere to his school a n d , though they offered c e r ~ a i nnovel opinions, they
But
mostly directed their efforts towards explaining his views. The most
He had been preceded in the application of advanced mathematical renowned among them were:
rules in this case by Mu'in al-Din al-Migri in his TabrTr 01-farii',p' (see (i) Ibn al-Khazin, Zayn al-Din, 'Ali b . ljasan b . al-Khizin al-JJa'iri
AB , 111, p . 377), followed by Nagir al-Din al-Tusi in his ol-Forc'iQ' al-
NogTriyya (ibid., XVI, p . 150). (early 9thll5th century)
This novel classification was originally initjated by al-'Alliima's teacher (ii) Ibn al-Mutawwij, Abmad b . 'Abd Alliih al-Babrini ( d . 8201141718),
JamXl al-Din Abmad b . Miisi b . TXwiis, author of Bushrii 01-iC:uboqqiqTn author of 01-NihZya IT tofsTr 01-Khornsrni'ot cya
( T u r a y b i , Jiimi' 01-moqiil, chapter 56) and gained popularity through its
vast implementation by al-'Allzma in his works. (iii) A1-FXGil al-Miqdiid, Miqdid b . 'Abd Allah al-Suyiiri al-Uilli
( d . 826114231, author of Konz a/-'irfin and a/-TanqTb 01-rz'i'
THE PERIODS OF SHT'T LAW
school and its rapid development and predominance. from Iran to Bahrain. During this century, the animosity between
The new traditionist school, which was now called by its other old name, Akhbal-is and Ugiilis had not yet become strong. Sharper opposition bet
A k h b i r i , was, like its predecessor, opposed to the rational, analytical ween them, however, began to appear from the last decades of thc same
approach to the law and adhered strictly to the outward, literal meanings century.
of the traditions. In the ahove-mentioned work, Amin al-Astaribidi The AkhbZri tendency gained supremacy in all S h i ' i centres of
argued against rational analysis and reasoning as a means of discovering learning in the following century, and held S h i ' i law in its grasp for
legal norms, and utterly dismissed the principles of u$iriii a/-fiqh which had several decades until the second half of that century, when it again
been evolved in order to define the rational method. This approach basic- declined in the face of Ugiili resurgence. Elahrain was the stronghold of
ally resembled the more radical wing of the early traditionists which this school during this period and has remained so up to the present,
considered all traditions transmitted from the Imims as authentic. after the demise of Akhbirism in Iran and Iraq.
The focus in Amin al-AstarZbidils argument was on the invalidity and There are f6w AkhbXrT jurists who held independent views on legal
peccability of the Aristotelian logic which had been the basis for the matters. Two prominent AkhbZri scholars stand out for their moderate
S h i ' i jurists in their legal reasonings. The main difference between the approach. They are:
two S h i ' i legal tendencies of Ugiili and Akhbiri was the validity or inval- (i) Mubsin al-Fay@
idity of reason in connection with religious matters, although many other (ii) Yiisuf b . Abmad al-Babrini, $%bib al-uadi'iq ( d . 118611772),
points of disagreement, mostly of the same type, existed at the same time.' author of ol-UodZ'iq ol-nii(iira.
The Akhbiri school found its way to Iraq in the fourth decade of the Some other leading figures of this school were:
l l t h l l 7 t h century and was followed by most of the jurisconsults of Najaf (i) KhalTl b . GhZzi al-Qazwini ( d . 108811677), author of two comment-
and other S h i ' i centres of learning in Mesopotamia. In Iran, the major- aries on al-Kulayni's K . ol-KliF
ity of the jurists of the provinces in the second half of the same century (ii) Mubarnmad b . uasan al-uurr al-'Amili , author of Wosli'il ol-ShT'a
supported this tendency. ' The religious academy of Igfahin, which was (iii) Ni'mat Allih t). 'Abd AllZh al-JazZ'iri ( d . 111211700), author of
the largest centre of S h i ' i learning, was dominated by the U g i i T ~ ,although ChZyat al-rnorlirn and Koshf 01-asrlir
the first Majlisi, Mubarnmad Taqi b . Maqgiid 'Ali ( d . 107011659-60), (iv) Sulaymin b . 'Abd Allih al-Babrini al-Mibiizi (d.112111709)
author of Rowp'at ol-rnuttoqii, and Lawiirni'-i $rSbibqorrSnT inclined to (v) 'Abd Allih b . $Zlib al-SamZhiji al-BabrZni ( d . 113511723).
Akhbirism, and his son Mubarnmad BZqir, al-Majlisi 11 supported a method
7. THE SCHOOL OF A L - W A ~ T D AL-BIHBAHANT
between Akhbirism and U g E l i ~ m . ~
Zayn al-Din 'A17 b . Sulaymin b .
A s mentioned above, the Akhbiri school which predominated in S h i ' i
Darwish b . uitim al-Qadami al-Babrxni ( d . 106411653-4) took Akhbirism
centres of scholarship from the first half of the 12thl18th century, rejec
ted the traditional methodology of law upon which ijtihrSd had relied, and
See Bihbahini, Fowli'id, pp. 436-8; Khwinsari, I , pp. 127-30. forbad its study or usage. As a result, this discipline was abandoned and
See J a z i ' i r i , Manba', pp. 275-8; Samihiji, p p . 375-9 ialso quoted forgotten. There is no mention of any important rnujtahids in the history
in KhwinsZri, I , pp. 127-20); 'Abd Allih al-Jazi'iri, pp. 381-2; of S h i ' i law during the middle of that century. Only a very few continued
Shubbar, Bughyo, the whole work; Dizfiili, Fliririiq a/-boqq, the whole
work (86 points of disagreement are mentioned); KZshif al-Ghiti, al-(foqq to teach a limited number of students in small schools, distant from urban
a/-mubin, p p . 76-89; Ri@ al-Qazwini, 01-Farq buyn ol-AkhbZriyyTn wa religious and academic centres.
'I-Ugiriiliyyin, the whole work.
In the second half of this same century, an outstanding Shi'i jurist
Majlisil, Lawfii', I , p . 16; KhwinsZri, I , p . 137.
' See Majlisi I , Rowp'a, I , p . 2 1 . BabrZni, Lu'lu'a, p. 13; Tunukibuni, p. 227; AB, X V , p. 76.
Idem, Lawlirni', I , pp. 16, 30: Khwinsiri, I , pp. 136-7, 11, p . 119. The name 'Bahrain' is used here in its old meaning which included the
mainland of al-Qatif and al-Absi' inhabited by Shi'is.
Majlisi 11, Soyr wa suliriik, fol. 53a. See also his ZrSd ol-rno'lid, pp.
557-8 (quoted in BabrZni , (fadli'iq, XII, p . 268).
56 A N INTRODUCTlON TO SHf'f LAW THE PERIODS OF SHT'? LAW 57
with a genius for rational argument and analysis, succeeded in dismantling ( d . 123111815), author of Riyiip' 01-mosii'il
the influence of the AkhbirT school and in establishing a new rational (v) Abu '1-Qisim b . Ijasan al-Gilini al-Qurnmi ( d . 123111816), author
school in S h i ' i law. This scholar was Muhammad Biqir b . Mubammad of Jiimi' 01-shotct, Chonii'im a/-ayyiim and Maniihij 01-ohkern
Akmal al-Bihbahini , known a s al-Wahid ( d . 120511791), who produced vi) Asad Allah b . Ismi'il al-Tustari al-Kizimi, $:bib al-Maqibis
many legal works, among them: a/-Fowc'id a/-uii'iriyyo and Sharb MofijtTb ( d . 123411818-191, author of Maqiibis ol-anwiir
a/-shorz'i'. vii) Muhammad b . 'Ali al-Tabitabi'i al-Mujihid ( d . 124211827), author
Conditions for such a change were, to some e x t e n t , facilitated by some of 01-Monchil
A k h b i r i scholars in the mid-12thll8th ccntury. Scholars such a s $adr viii) Abmad b . MubammadMahdi al-NarZqi ( d . 124511829), author of
al-Din Muhammad b . Muhammad Biqir al-Hamadini ( d . after 115111738-9) Mustanod 01-ShF'o and Moniihij 01-obkcm
in his Shorb 01-WFfiya, YEsuf b . Abmad al-Babrini ( d . 118611772) in the ) Mubammad B i q i r b . Muhammad Naqi al-Miisawi al-Shaft:, Ijujjat
introduction to his a/-uodii'iq a/-niigiro, Mahdi b . Mubarnmad Silib al- al-Islim ( d . 126011844), author of Maliili' 01-onwG
FutCini al-'xmili ( d . 118311769-70) in the introduction to his NatZi'ii ) wasan b . Ja'far al-Najafi A1 Kishif al-Chit:' ( d . 126211846),
a/-okhbcr,' Mubammad b . 'Ali al-Maqibi al-Babrini ( d . after 116911756) author of Anwcr 01-foqiiha
in the introduction to his Nukhbot o l - ~ $ Z l ,and
~ o t h e r s 3 accepted some of ) Muhammad Ijasan b . Muhammad Biqir al-Najafi ( d . 126611850),
the Ugiilis' arguments, rejected some A k h b i r i approaches and followed a author of Jowiihir 01-koliim.
more moderate line. Treatises against the AkhbZri doctrine had already THE SCHOOL OF S H A Y K H A L - A N $ ~ R ~
begun to appear before the middle of t h e Century. ' last fundamental change which occurred in S h i ' i law and which led to
Through severe continuous mental e f f o r t , al-Bihbahini managed to founding of a new school, was associated with the reconstruction of the
re-establish the authority of reason and rational argument in law. The and its methodology through t h e scholarly approach of al-Shaykh
legal system of his school was the first to be constructed entirely in accord taQi b . Mubammad Amin al-AngZri ( d . 128111864). This resulted in a
with t h e rules and principles of ugGl 01-fiqh. He worked hard on the ical change in the system of S h i ' i law.
elaboration of his method and on the rehabilitation of ugZl 01-fiqh. His 1-AngZri extended the section of u$GI 01-fiqh which dealt with the most
legal work which i s representative of a logical law, woven into a solid and era1 principles of law (01-ugiil ol-'omoliyyo) to a remarkable degree,
integrated legal system, cannot be easily compared with preceding systems rebuilt it with subtlety and precision on a firmly rational base. He
Al-Bihbahini had prominent pupils and followers who carried on his t used this method to r e s t r u c t u r e t h e law, especially the section of
school and spread his legal doctrine. The most renowned of them a r e : sactions. His legal studies and his overall method were so refined and
(i) Mubammad Mahdi b . MurtaQi al-Tabitabi'i, Babr alCUlCim they superseded all previous methods. Wherever he has dealt with a
( d . 121211797), author of al-MagiibTI.? ain subject, his discussions have supplanted all previous works on i t .
(ii) Jawid b . Muhammad al-Ijusayni al-'Xmili ( d . 122611811), author 1-Angiri's method i s still dominant in S h i ' i academic life. His works
of Miftiib a/-kariima 01-Makcsib on the law of sale and 01-Rasii'il on u$Zl a/-fiqh are text-
(iii) Ja'far b . KhiQr al-Najafi, Kishif al-GhitZ'(d. 122811813), author s in S h i ' i academic c e n t r e s .
of Koshf a/-ghitii' he most eminent of his students and followers who f u r t h e r elaborated
(iv) 'Ali b . Mubarnmad 'Ali al-Tabitabii'i al-Karbali'i, Sahib al-Riyip S h i ' i legal system on t h e basis of his methods were:
Ijabib Allih b . Mubammad 'Ali al-Rashti ( d . 131211894), author
See AB, XXIV, p . 4 2 . of 01-IltiqiitZit
I b i d . , XXIV, p . 93. Mubammad Ijasan b . MabmGd al-Shirizi , al-Mujaddid ( d . 131211895)
See for instance ibid., XXI, p . 402.
Ri&i b . Muhammad HZdi al-Hamadini ( d . 132211904), author of
"or instance RisZilo f7 wujGb ittibii' ol-mujtohid li-~onnihb y Mubamma Migbiib 01-foqTh
Ismi'il b . Mubammad ljusayn al-KhwijCi'i al-Isfahini ( d . 117311759-601,
written in 113711724-5. Mubarnmad Kizim b . Ijusayn a l - K h u r i s i n i , known a s al-xkhiind
58 AN INTRODUCTION TO SHf'f LAW
- Al-Muani'a Al-Muhadhdhob
~ d i t i o i : Tabriz , 1 2 7 4 MSS: Radawi 2 5 9 8 , 7 8 5 8 , 8 0 3 1 ( c a t . , 11, p p . 1 1 9 - 2 0 ; Binish, p . 1 0 5 2 ) ;
Selected MSS: Radawi 2 6 1 8 , 2 6 1 9 ( c a t . . 11. w . 1 2 5 ) : Malik 5883 (cat Gulpiyigini 1 8 8 7 ( c a t . , 11, pp. 9 6 - 7 1 ; Mar'ashi 4 4 1 1 2 ( c a t . , 11, p . 4 3 ) ;
I , p . 7 2 7 ) ; ~ a ~ o i 1i2 7~2 a( c a t . , I , p . 2 6 9 ) ; ' Astina 6 0 0 4 ( c a t . , Majlis 322613 ( c a t . , X, p . 8 0 9 ) ; DZnishgZh 9 2 0 1 1 ( c a t . , V, p p . 2 0 7 7 - 8 )
p . 1 9 3 ) ; SipahsilZr 2665 ( c a t . , I , p . 5 3 4 ) ; Radawiyya 28 ( c a t . , p p .
3 6 - 1 1 ; DZnishgih 6 6 9 6 ( c a t . , XVI, p . 3 3 5 ) ; Adabiyyit 2413 Kirmin L-SHAYKH:
( c a t . , p . 2 5 ) ; Majlis 1 2 7 2 , 3 2 8 8 , 3 3 5 9 ( c a t . , IV, p. 9 6 , X, pp. 9 1 1 - 1 2 , Al-Jurnal w o ' I - ' u q i i d
1 1 8 5 ) ; Mar'ashi 2 3 6 , 8 1 5 , 221913 ( c a t . , I , p . 2 6 1 , 111, p . 1 4 , VI, Editions: Tehran, n . d . (facsimile from a manuscript dated 7 8 9 ) ;
p. 208) Mashhad, 1 3 8 9
64 AN INTRODUCTION TO ~ H i ' f LAW SYSTEMATIC LEGAL WORKS
( c a t . , V, p . 5 9 4 ) ; Malik 3526 ( c a t . , 1, p.692); Waziri 178119 ( c a t . , Marcashi 2332 ( c a t . , VI, pp.311-12, 397); Gharb 4503 ( c a t . , p.49);
111, p . 1053); (18) Babr a l - b o q i i ' i q , by 'Abd al-samad al-Hamadini , (43) by Mubammad T i h i r al-RZnakCi'i al-ua'iri ( d . a f t e r 1265), MS:
MS: Majli? 5916 ( c a t . , XVII, pp.303-5); (19) Maniihij a/-obkiim, by Mar'ashi 2323 ( c a t . , VI, p p . 302-3); (44) Jawiihir al-kolCm, by $:bib
'Abd alFcA1i b . Umid 'Ali al-Rashti ( d . a f t e r 12251, MS: Mar'ashi al-Jawzhir - see below; (45) by Mubammad b . uusayn al-Radawi,
2008 ( c a t . , VI, p . 11): (20) by Muhammad Taqi b . Abmad al-Uusayni MS: RaQawi 6493 ( c a t . , V , p . 458); (46) Hiiw'iol-mariirn, by MuPammad
al-Tiliqani ( d . after 12261, MS: Amir al-Mu'minin 1698 CAB, XV, Biqir al-Gulpiyigini ( d . after 12681, MSS: ljuqiiq l l 7 j ( c a t . , p.327);
p.55); (21) Wodii'i' ol-obkiirn, by Zayn alFaLbidin b . g u s a y n al- GulpiyigZni 6-7 ( c a t . , I , p p . 70-4); (47) NofabCt ol-ilhiim, by 'Abd
T a b i t a b i ' i , MS: g u q u q 142b ( c a t . , p . 502); (22) Mu'tomod a/-obkiim, al-vusayn al-Qazwini ( d . a f t e r 1270), MS: Mar'ashi 1517 ( c a t . , IV,
by Khalaf b . gasan b . Mubammad '&al-tli'iri li ( d . after 12321, MS: p.318); (48) by 'Ali al-Khwinsiri al-Hamadini ( d . after 1270), MS:
Buriijirdi (AB, XXI, p.212); (23) Iq'iib al-koliim, by g u s a y n b . Gharb 4721 ( c a t . , p.146); (49) by Muhammad Biqir b . Ja'far al-
Muhammad 'Ali al-A'sam al-Najafi ( d . 12371, MSS: gakim 1152 ( c a t . , MarBghi ( d . a f t e r 1274), MS: Mar'ashi 3502 ( c a t . , IX, p p . 201-2);
I, 8 D'anishgah 6892 ( c a t . , XVI, p.390); RarJawi 2 2 4 2 ( c a t . , 11, (50) by H i d i b . Muhammad s i l i h al-Kirminshihi ( d . after 1280), MS:
p . 1 1 ) ; (24) Kashf o l - j o l i i m , by Mubsin b . MurtadZ al-A'sam al-Najafi Majlis 5418 ( c a t . , XVl, p.327); (51) Madiirik ol-obkiim, by Mahdi
( d . 12381, MSS: Gharb 110012, 1107, 1222 ( c a t . , p p . 175, 289); al-Qumsha'i a l - I ~ f a h a n i( d . 1281), MS: s i b i b al-Dhari'a (AB, XIII,
Gawharshid 1438, 1448 ( c a t . , p.377); Mar'ashi ( N o s h . , VI, p.384); p.330); (52) JCmi' al-jowiirni', by gasan b . Muhsin al-A'raji al-
(25) Migbiib 01-ijtihiid, by Muhammad Ibrihim b . Bahrim Khalaj al- KBgirni (mid-13th c e n t u r y ) , MS : Khzlisi ( c a t . , p . 85) ; (53) by
KharaqZni ( d . aftcr 1243), MS: 'Abd al-'Avim 347-8 ( c a t . , p.477); Muhammad 'Ali b . MuPammad BBqir al-Shafti ( d . 1282), MS: Mar'ashi
(26) o l - D h o r i i ' i ' , by 'Abd al-gusayn b . Muhammad 'A17 al-A'sam 199513 ( c a t . , V , p.367); (54) by 'Ali b . 'Abd al-Ghaffar ( d . after
al-Najafi ( d . 12471, MS: Radawi 7659 (Binish, p.772); (27) K h a g i i ' i ~ 12881, MS: Mar'ashi 339312 (cat.., IX, p.180); (55) o l - D u r r o ol-
ol-o'liim, by 'Abd al-Ra4m.n b . Muhammad $ilib al-Qazwini ( d . 1250), u i i ' i r i y y o , by 'Ali Naqi b . Basan al-Tabitabi'i (d. 1289), edited
MS: Majlis 180811 ( c a t . , IX, p.406); (28) b y 'A17 b . Ja'far al-Najfi I r a n , n . d . , MS: Majlis 5426 ( c a t . , XVI, p.331); (56) by Asad Allih
A1 Kishif al-Ghiti' ( d . 12531, MS: Gharb 1101 ( c a t . , p.100); b . Mubarnmad Biqir al-Miisawi al-Shafti ( d . 12901, MS: GulpiyigZni
(29) Moyiili' o l - o n w i i r , by al-Shafti - see below, chapter 6 ; 126 ( c a t . , I , p . 126); (57) by Miis5 b . Fadl Allah al-ljusayni al-
(30) Kashf 01-qinii' ' a n 01-obkfm, by Mubammad Kazirn al-HamadZnT Hamadani ( d . after 1295), MS: Raaawiyya 36 ( c a t . , I , p p . 22-3);
( d . a f t e r 12521, MS: Biqiriyya ( A B , XVIII, pp.52-3);(31) by Mustafa (58) by Mubammad b . Muhammad gasan al-Radawi al-Tiisi ( d . after
b . Mubammad al-Khu'i ( d . a f t e r 1252), MS: Waziri 2310 ( c a t . IV, 12911, MS: Radawi 7259 ( c a t . , V, p.384); (59) by Ja'far al-gusayni
p . 1244); (32) al-MorghGb, by Muhammad Mahdi b . 'Ali al-GiGni al-SabzawBri ( d . around 1292). MS: Biqirivya (AB, XIII, p.318);
( d . after 12541, MSS: Gawharshad 1233 ( c a t . , p.390); Mar'ashi 2116 (60) by Mubarnmad b . 'Ashiir a l - ~ i r m 5 n s h i h ? (late 13th c e n t u r y ) ,
( c a t . , VI, p p . 128-9); Milli 1894 Arabic ( c a t . , X, p . 546); Malik 2737 MS: Mar'ashi 3110 ( c a t . , VIII, KID. 333-4); (61) by 'Ali b . Khalil
( c a t . , I , p.662); (33) Shawiiri' o l - S h a r i i ' i ' , by Basan b . Mubarnmad al-Tihrini ( d . 12961, MS: ~ a l i k - 1 4 4 9( c a t . , I , p.412); (62) Mowiihib
'Ali al-Yazdi al-Mudarris ( d . after 12561, &lSS: Danishgih 1388, 6870 o l - o f h t i n , by Mubarnmad Mahdi b . Basan al-Qazwini ( d . 13001, MS:
( c a t . , VIII, p . 72, XVI, p.386); Waziri 208311 ( c a t . , IV, p.1154); uakim; (63) Mokhiizin 01-obkiim, by Mubarnmad B i q i r b . Zayn al-
(34) DhokhTrot a l - b a y ' z ' i ' , by Ni'mat Allah b . 'Abd Allih (written 'iibidin al-Yazdi ( d . around 1300), MS: klakim 33 ( N o s h . , V, p.433);
before 1255), MS: Malik 2084 ( c a t . , I , p.323); (35) by Abu 'l-fjasan
b . Mubarnmad H i d i al-gusayni al-Tunukibuni ( d . after 1255), MS:
(64) " ~ .
. . b v Muhammad Kizim b . 'Ali Naoi al-Langariidi (late 13th cen-
t u r y ) , MS: ~ a y d i ~ ~ a ' l(lcla7t . , I , p.158); 765) ol-Risiilu
Buriijirdi ( c a t . , p p . 8, 15); (36) 01-NGr 01-siiri', anonymous (written al-Roq'owiyyo, by RiQi al-Tabrizi (late 13th c e n t u r y ) , MS: L3uqiiq 53j
before 1256), MS: IJusayniyya Kashif al-Ghiti' (AB, XIII, p . 331, ( c a t . , p p . 355-6) ; (66) 0 1 - u a q z ' i q , by 'Ali b . Mubarnmad s i d i q al-
XXIV, p.369); (37) a l - F o w i i ' i d , by Ibrihim al-Lihiji ( d . after 1256), KhwitEnibidi (12th-13th c e n t u r y ) , MS: GulpiyigZni 76 ( c a t . , I ,
MS: ~ a r ' a s h i ( i b i d . , XVI, p.355); (38) by Dawiid b . Asad Allah al- pp .82-3); (67) by Mubarnmad Mahdi al-Kujiiri ( d . 1293), MS: S h i r i z ,
Buriijirdi (late 13th c e n t u r y ) , MS: Mar'ashi 1478 ( c a t . , IV, p . 269); Wisil ( N o s h . , V, p . 2 9 2 ) ; (68) by J a m 3 al-Din b . 'Ali al-Miisawi,
(39) D o l f ' i l 01-obkzm, by Ibrahim b . Mubammad Baqir al-Miisawi MS: Mar'ashi 292918 ( c a t . , VII, p . 1 2 2 ) ; (69) Mojrno' 01-obkfm, by
al-Qazwini ( a . 12621, MSS: Majlis 4429-30 ( c a t . , XII, pp. 118-19); 'Ali Mubarnmad b . 'Ali al-klusayni, MS: Waziri 150 ( c a t . , 1, p p . 183
Hengal 620 ( c a t . , I , p . 306); Mathaf 3629 ( c a t . , 1, p . 237); Radawi 7 ) ; (70) by Mubarnmad Amin al-AhZri al-Mishkini, MS: Mar'ashi
7652-4 (Binish, pp.754-5); Malik, 3025 ( c a t . , 1, p.312); Waziri 575 2307 ( c a t . , VI , p . 290) ; (71) by Mubammad b . gasan al-Langarudi ,
( c a t . , 11, p.486); kIuqiiq 189-90j ( c a t . , pp.338-9); Masjid-i A'vam MS: gakim 2057; (72) by 'Ali ul-Duzdari, MS: Mar'ashi 2574 ( c a t . ,
11789-90 ; Fakim, 9 MSS; KarbalZ', Tu'ma, 4 MSS (Tu'ma 11, VII, p . 162); (73) by 'Abd al-WahhZb b . Ahmad al-Maballzti, MS:
p p . 102-5); Zanjini 80 ( c a t . , p.226); (40) Koshf oi-ibhiim, b y Ilahiyyit 61512d ( c a t . , I , p . 341); (74) Dold'il al-abkiim, by Mubarnmad
Muhammad 'Ali b . Illaqsiid 'Ali al-MizandarZn7 al-KZzimi ( d . 1264-6), gusayn b . Mubammad 'Ali al-Tabib al-TihrZni, MS: Malik 1740 ( c a t . ,
MS: s i b i b a l - ~ h a r i ' a CAB, XVII, pp.6-7); (41) Manhaj o l - i j t i h i i d , by I , p . 3 (75) Kiishif a/-ibhiirn, by Qisim b . Mubarnmad al-Najafi,
Mubarnmad Taqi b . Mubammad al-Barghini ( d . 12631, MSS: Dinishgih MS: Mar'ashi 2873 ( c a t . , VIII, p . 8 1 ) ; (76) 01-MawiihLb 01-Charowiyyo,
1829, 2791 ( c a t . , VIII, p.426, X, p . 1642); Gulpiyigzni 203, 207 ( c a t . , by 'Abd al-Baqi b . 'Ali al-Miisawi, MSS: GulpiyigZni 391-2 ( c a t . , 1,
I , p p . 181,183); Mar'ashi 1233, 2406, 2720-1 ( c a t . , VII, pp.7-8, 246, p . 325); (77) D o q i i ' i q 01-ofhiim, anonymous, MS: Shirizi (AB, VIII,
285-6); Faydiyya 81, 83, 9 6 , 102 ( c a t . , 1, p p . 281-2); p ,234) ; (78) Jiimi' 01-abkiim, by Muhammad b . kIasan al-A'raji al-
gujjatiyya 513
( c a t . , p . 92); Masjid-i A'vam 15346; KhayrZt Khan 64-5 ( c a t . , KZvimi ( d . 13031, MS: Khilisi ( c a t . , p.55); (79) by ' A b b i s b .
p . 1771); RaQawi 1597, 6664, 7054, 7252 ( c a t . , 11, p.119, V , pp.521-2; Mubammad g u s a y n al-JagZni ( d . 13061, MS: Khilisi ( c a t . , pp.83-5);
Binish, p . 1084); Malik 2744 ( c a t . , I , p . 755); Arni~. 21-Mu'minin (80) by 'Ali b . Zayn alb'iibidin (written before 13071, MS: Majlis 4 2 1
(AB, XIII, p1).317-18); Tabriz, Q a d i ( N o s h . , VII, p . 523); RawQZti T a b i t a b i ' i ; (81) Lowiimi' o l - n i k i i t , a collection of the lectures of
(Mu'allim, V, pp.1712-13); (42) Persian, by the same author, MSS: al-Ansari - see below; (82) H i d i i y o t ol-oniim, by Mubarnmad g u s a y n
70 A N INTRODUCTION TO SHT'ILAW SYSTEMATIC LEGAL WORKS 71
Selected MSS: Dinishgih 707. 5599. 5888 ( c a t . . V . D O . 2006-8. XVI. 01-Qowii'id, by t h e same a u t h o r , MSS: Tustariyya 790 ( c a t . , ,808);
pp.335, 389); Majlis fill ( c a t . , I V ~p.91); M a r e a s i f 1052, 1545, 1'229 Dinishgih 119311 ( c a t . , VI, p.2198); Mailis 274811, 521911 ( c a t . , IX,
( c a t . , 111, p.241, IV, pp.30, 347); Radawi 7923, 2563-4 ( c a t . , 11, p . 8 , X I , p 5 1 Radawi i52911, 6307 - ( c a t . , 11, p . 99, IV, p . 6 0 ) ;
p p . 109-10); al-Imim al-Siidiq (Mabfiiv 11, p.250); gakim (Nowiidir, Princeton 529 New Series; India Office 180011 ( c a t . , 11, p.310);
p p . 54-51; Najaf, hladrasat al-Khalili (AB, XX, p . 219); Waziri 1596 Sioahsilir 224 ( c a t . .. I .. D D . 380-1): D i r al-Kutub 1989513 i c a t . . I .
L L
( c a t . , 111, p . 997); Gharb 4591 ( c a t . , p . 183); India Office 1790 ( c a t . , p.*204); Amir al-Mu'minin 55 ( A D , XIII, p.224); (6) o l - ~ o s i i ' i j01-
11, pp.306-7); Bengal 636 ( c a t . , I , p.314); Bodleian, Arahic d.108 Mo?iihiriyya, by the same author - see below; ( 7 ) Mo'nii qawl olcAl1Zmo
Commentaries: ( 1 ) by al-Karaki, MSS: Raaawi 2363 ( c a t . , 11, p.47); fi "IQawii'id "olii ishkiil', b y the same author, MSS: Dinishgih 634012,
Majlis 679 TabZtabX'i; Waziri 2095 ( c a t . , IV, p . 1163); ( 2 ) anonymoui 636911 ( c a t . , XVI, pp.246,253); ( 8 ) marginal glosses by the same
(written before 917), MS: Mar'ashi 256417 ( c a t . , VII, p.153); ( 3 ) b y author, MS: Mareashi 1310 ( c a t . , IV, p.98); ( 9 ) anonymous (belong-
al-Dimid, edited Tehran, 1401 (in the collection of lthnii'ashar risiilo ing to 8th c e n t u r y ) , MS: Majlis 5136 ( c a t . , XV, p.125); (10) Wasilot
li 'I-Diimiid), MSS: Radawi 5194 ( c a t . , V, p . 413); D i n i s h g i h , micro- 01-qzsid, b y Ibn al-Mutawwij, MSS: Radawi 2782, 5727 ( c a t . , V, pp.
film 3450 ( c a t . , 11, p . 146); ( 4 ) by R a E ' al-Din Mubammad b . g a y d a r 528-9); Dinishgih 2144135 ( c a t . , IX, p.828); (11) by Jamil al-Din
al-gusayni al-Tabitabi'i al-Ni'ini ( d . 10821, MSS: Radawi 6647 Ahmad b . al-Najjir ( d . 823-351, edited Tehran, 1315, MSS: S i n i 780
( c a t . , V , p.414); Mar'ashi 2875 ( c a t . , VIII, p.82); (5) anonymous ( c a t . , 11, p . 5 9 ) ; DZnishgZh 1193 ( c a t . , VI, p.2194); Waziri 1323
(belonging to 11th c e n t u r y ) , MS: Ustidi ( c a t . , p . 16) ( c a t . , 111, p.928); Gharb 4584 ( c a t . , p . 113); 'Abd al-'Azim 194
- Mun tab5 01-n:arlob ( c a t . , p . 463); (12) Sodi'd 01-afhZm, by Fakhr al-Din Abmad b . Mubammad
Edition: Tabriz, 1316133 al-Sabi'i ( d . after 854) - see below; (13) Sharb ol-mos'ola 01-nahbiyyo
Selected MSS: JJakim (NowZdir, p p . 60-1) ; Gawharshid 554 ( c a t . , min Qawii'id ol-abkiim, by Raai al-Din 'Abd al-Malik b . I s b i q b . Fatbin
p.416); Khiligi ( c a t . , p . 125); Raoawi 2850 ( c a t . , 11, p.250); al-Qummi ( d . 851-771, edited Qum, 1393 (in my treatise Khiinidiin-i
Fayoiyya 777 ( c a t . , 1, p.272); Malik 1012 ( c a t . , I , p.745); Biblio- Fatbiin 1, MS: Majlis 1231 T a b a t a b i ' i ; ( 14) by 'Ali b . Hilil al-Jazi'iri
th2que Nationale 6658 ( c a t . , 11, p.330); Bstana 5990 ( c a t . , p.177); i d . after 909), MS: Mar'ashi 1706 ( c a t . , V, p . 9 9 ) ; (15) JZmi' 01-
Wazki 523 ( c a t . , 11, p.455); Zanjin ( c a t . , p.165) moqF$id, by al-Karaki - see below (16) a second commentary by the
Commentary: by Mubarnmad Mahdi b . Hidiyat Allah al-uusayni al- same a u t h o r , MSS: Dinishgih 1193 ( c a t . , VI, p . 2198); Mar'ashi 944
Mashhadi ( d . 1218); MS: Majlis 180415 ( c a t . , IX, p.321) c a t , 111 p . 3 Waziri 434 ( c a t . , I , p.386); Milli 1825 Arabic ( c a t . ,
X, pp.409-10); (17) Koshf at-fawii'id, by al-Qatifi, MS: Majlis 8112+5
AN INTRODUCTION TO SHT'T LAW SYSTEMATIC LEGAL WORKS 75
Khu'i ( c a t . , VII, pp.165, 232-6); (18) Fowci'idol-Qowii'id, by al-Shahi Translation: ( 1 ) Persian, anonymous (written before 994), MSS: Sin%
al-Thini - see below; (19) by Niir al-Din 'Ali b . Ahmad b . Abi JSmi' 146312 ( c a t . , 11, p.276); Dinishgih 5466 ( c a t . , XVl, p . 1 7 ) ; T a b r k ,
al-'Amili (late 10th c e n t u r y ) , MS: Gharb 75 ( c a t . , p . 150); (20) Jiimi Thiqat al-Islim (Nosh., V, p . 271); ( 2 ) Persian, by Mubyi b . Mubammad
01-fowii'id, by 'Abd Allih b . Uusayn al-Tustari - see below; al-Kirmini (early 10th c e n t u r y ) , MS: D i n i s h g i h , microfilm 3020 from a
(21) flail 'ibzro m-u'q'ola rnin 01-Qawii'id ('law kiin a/-ikhliil , . . ' 1 , by MS in Shiriz ( c a t . , 11, p.28); ( 3 ) Persian, anonymous, MS: Ma'irif
Bahi' al-Din al-'Amili, MSS: Dinishgih 8918113 ( c a t . , V, p.1866); 1229 ( c a t . , p . 83); ( 4 ) Persian, by Z . Dhu '1-Majdayn, edited Tehran,
Majlis 114512 K h u ' i , 1805158 ( c a t . . VII, pp.161-2, IX, p.360); Radaw 1368-9; ( 5 ) Urdu, by Fayd ljusayn, edited India (AB, XIV, p.186)
2358 ( c a t . , 11, p . 4 5 ) ; 'Abd al-'Azim 20013 ( c a t . , p.443); Princeton 52 In verse: by Shaykh Busayn, MS: Waziri 2476 ( c a t . , IV, p.1309)
New Series (fols. 21b-26b); Mar'ashi 280212 ( c a t . , VIII, p . 4 ) ; Commentaries: ( 1 ) Sirft a/-yaqTn, by Ai.~madb . Zayn al-Din al-
(22) Shorb mos'olo min rnasii'il mii-fth 01-Qowii'id, anonymous (written Ahsi'i ( d . 12411, edited Tabriz, 1273-6 (in the collection of Jowiimi'
before 1040), MS: Masjid-i A'zam 308518; (23) Dalii'il 01-obkcim, by 01-kolim) ; ( 2 ) olTakmi1a li 'I-Tobjiro = 01-Todhklro f l shorb a/-Tabgira
al-Dimid, edited T e h r a n , 1 4 0 1 (in the collection of lthnii'ashor risiilo (AB., IV, p p . 23-41 by Muhammad Ja'far b . Mubammad 'Ali al-
l i 'I-Diimiid), MSS: Uakim 1590; Yazd, 'Uliimi 61319 ( c a t . of micro- Kirminshihi ( d . 12541, MSS: Ilihiyyat 126-7 A1 A q i ( c a t . , I , p p . 754,
films of Dinishgih I , p . 702); (24) anonymous (written before 10701, 756-9); klakim; Mareashi 3722 ( c a t . , X, p.121); ( 3 ) Qurrot o l ' o y n
MS: Dinishgih 7252 ( c a t . , XVI, p.499); (25) Persian and Arabic, by 01-nbziro, by Mubarnmad Ismi'il b . Mubammad Ibrihim al-FadZ'i
Mubarnmad b . klasan al-Shirwani ( d . 1098), on some sentences of 81-Kazzizi ( d . 1263), MS: Masjid-i A'zam 9877; ( 4 ) by Muhammad
Qowii'id, MSS: Raaawi (AB, XIV, p . 3 8 ) ; Dinishgih 7008115-16+18+25, ~ a ' f a ral-Astaribidi , MS: Mar'ashi 3078 ( c a t . , VIII, p . 302);
709119-10 ( c a t . , XVI, pp.426-7, 480); Fayaiyya 1665 ( c a t . , 111, p p . ( 5 ) 01-Murshid, by Muhammad u u s a y n b . 'Ali Akbar al-Khwinsiri
113-14); (26) by 'Ali b . Mubammad al-'Amili, MS: Majlis 513 Khu'i ( d . after 1263), MS: Gulpiyigin? 1 2 2 ( c a t . , I , p.116); ( 6 ) a/-Mowiihib
( c a t . , VII, p . 164) ; (27) by Mubarnmad Hadi b . Muhammad s i l i b al- 01-soniyyo,by 'Ali b . Mubammad Ja'far al-pstaribadi ( d . 13151, MS:
Mizandarini ( d . around 11341, MSS: Dinishgih 1841 ( c a t . , VIII, Mar'ashi 3097 ( c a t . , VII, p.319); ( 7 ) a/-Ayo a/-rnubgiro, by 'Abbis
p . 338); Gulpiyigini 2113 ( c a t . , 111, p . 165); (28) Koshf a/-lithiim, by b . Ismi'il al-Qazwini ( d . after 1311), MS: Gulpiyigini 30612 ( c a t . , I ,
al-Faail &Hindi - see below; (29) Muntokhab a/-fowii'id, Persian,by p.265); (8)ol-Lama'iii 01-noyyiro, by al-Khurasini - see below; ( 9 ) by
Ibrihim b . Ahmad Salima al-Najafi ( d . after 1223), MS: Dinishgih JJusayn b . Mubamrnad Basan al-Hamadini ( d . after 13301, MS; Mar'ashi
5794 ( c a t . , XVI, pp.92-3); (30) MiftCb ol-kariima, by Jawid alhCAmili 3843 ( c a t . , X, p.228); (10) by Miisi b . Ja'far al-Kirminshihi ( d .
- see below; (31) by Kishif al-GhitS' - see below; (32) by Sibib al- 13401, MS: K i s h i n i 75 ( c a t . , p . 168); (11) 01-Tokmila, by Ismi'il b .
Maqibis, MS: Khili$i ( c a t . , p.126); (33) Tokmilot 01-Qawii'id, by 'A17 Naqi al-Uriimi, edited Tabriz, 1337-8; (12) by Qiyi' al-Din
Mubarnmad 'Ali b . Mubammad Biqir al-Hazirjaribi ( d . 1246), MS: al-'ArSqi - see below; (13) by Mubsin b . 'Abd al-Karim al-Amin al-
Raaawi 6487 ( c a t . , V, p . 3 8 8 ) ; (34) Shawiiri' 01-aniim, by Muhammad 'Amili ( d . 13711, edited Damascus, 1343, 1379; (14) Kifiyai 01-
Ja'far b . Sayf al-Din al-Astaribadi ( d . 1263), MSS: Mar'ashi rnuboglilii? , by Mubammad 'Ali b . Mubammad T i h i r al-Tabrizi
3073-4, 3885 ( c a t . , VIII, pp.299-300, X, p . 2 7 0 ) ; Faydiyya 290 al-Mudarris ( d . 13731, edited Tabriz, 1353; (15) Fiqh 01-Siidiq, by
( c a t . , I , p.155); Sipahsilir 222411 ( c a t . , V, pp.145, 257); klakim 45, Muhammad Sidiq al-Busayni al-Riihini , edited Qum, 1373
( N o s h . , V, p.423); (35) by Mas* b . Mubammad Sa'id al-Tihrini
( d . 1263), MS: Masjid-i &mi' 1 2 2 ( c a t . , p.326); (36) by 'Abd al- Todhkirot a/-fuqohii'
Uusayn b . 'Ali al-Baraghani ( d . after 12661, MS: Mar'ashi (AB, XIV, Edition: Tehran, 1272 and others
Selected MSS: Mar'ashi 3745 ( c a t . , X, p.141); Buqiiq 4j, 2 4 j ( c a t . ,
p . 19); (37) Moncihij ol-a6kiimm,b y Mubammad b . ljusayn al-Radawi ,
MSS: Raaawi 6713, 6741 ( c a t . , V , p.459); (38) Niriirn ol-forc'id, by p.289); Vakim 318 ( c a t . , I , p.111); Sin2 1117 ( c a t . , 11, p.123);
'Ali b . Gul Mubarnmad al-Qirpiizibidi al-Zanjini ( d . 12901, edited Faydiyya 4 4 1 ( c a t . , I , pp.42-3); Mashhad, Ilihiyyit 66 ( c a t . , I , p.39);
Tehran, 1332, MSS: Ilihiyyit 12b ( c a t . , I , p . 6 8 2 ) ; Fayaiyya 1280 D i r al-Kutub 20018 ( c a t . , I , p . 149); Tabriz, Qadi (Nosh., VII,
p . 513); India Office 1791 ( c a t . , 11, p . 307); Biihir 180 Arabic ( c a t . ,
( c a t . , I , p.288); Mar'ashi 2378 ( c a t . , VI, p.361); (39) by Fakhr
al-Din Mahdi b . 'Abd al-Sibib al-Nariqi ( d . 13251, MSS : DanishgBh p . 204) ; Topkapi Sarayi 1143 Arabic ( c a t . , 11, p p . 747-8)
4847-51 ( c a t . , XIV, pp.3866-7); (40) Jowiimi' 01-koliim, by Mubarnmad TobrTr a/-ohkiim ooishor'iyya
Rabim al-Buriijirdi, MSS: Raaawi 3837-48 ( c a t . , V, p p . 298-401); Edition: Tehran, 1314
Malik 2151, 2354-5, 2363-77, 2616, 2634-5 ( c a t . , I , p p . 207-12); Selected MSS: AdabiyySt 497 Kirman ( c a t . , p . 78); 'Abd al-'Avim 45
(41) by Mubammad ljasan al-Mupaffar ( d . 13741, edited Najaf, 1378; ( c a t . , p . 6 3 ) ; Majlis 5218, 4007, 233 TabStabi'i ( c a t . , XI, p . 10, XVI,
(42-48) seven anonymous or unidentified commentaries: ( a ) MS: Berlin p . 5 0 ) ; Mashhad, Ilihiyyit 53 ( c a t . , I , p p . 28-31; Dinishgih 1127,
Mo.371 ( c a t . , IV, p.240); ( b ) MS: D i n i s h g i h 6912 ( c a t . , XVI, 1004 ( c a t . , V , p p . 1808-9, 1813); Mar'ashi 2613, 3751, 385 ( c a t . , I ,
p.397); ( c ) MS: Fayaiyya 680 ( c a t . , I , p.155); ( d ) MS: Majlis 8115 p.402, VII, p.205, X, p.144); Malik 1429 ( c a t . , I , pp.109-10);
Khu'i ( c a t . , VII, p.100); ( e l MS: Gharb 10431 ( c a t . , p.151); Gulpiyigini 130, 261-2 ( c a t . , !, pp.132, 227-8); Milli 925 Arabic
( f ) MS: D i r al-Kutub 2030813 ( c a t . , I , p . 264); ( g ) MS: Tustariyya ( c a t . , VIII, p.425); K i s h i n , Athir-i Milli ( N o s h . , IV, p.355)
916 ( c a t . , p . 804) Commentaries: (1) anonymous (belonging to 9th c e n t u r y ) , MS:
ShirSzi (AB, XIII, p.141); ( 2 ) by al-Karaki, MS: Majlis 8114 Khu'i
- Tabgirof 01-mulo'ollimii,
Editions: Qum. 1398 and manv others (see MushBr. cois. 157-8) ( c a t . , VII, p . 8 2 ) ; ( 3 ) b y ljusayn b . 'Abd al-Qamad alkeAmili, MS:
Selected M e : ' ~ a w w z b15 law" ( c a t . , p:451); ~ a d i w i2281, 2280, 6432 Milli 1943112 Arabic ( c a t . , X, p.621); ( 4 ) anonymous, MS: Majlis 8118
( c a t . , 11, pp.21-2, V, p.347); Majlis 495319, 883411 ( c a t . , XIV, ( C a t . , VII, p.81)
p.229); A m i r al-Mu'minin 51212 ( N o s h . , V, p.412); Mar'ashi 207412 TolkhTg a/-rnariim f l mo'rifot 01-abkiim
( c a t . , VI, p.87) MSS: Mar'ashi 472 ( c a t . , 11, p . 7 7 ) ; Majlis 5314, 4253, 4818 ( c a t . , XI,
A N INTRODUCTION TO SHT'T LAW SYSTEMATIC LEGAL WORKS 77
pp.268-9, XIII, p.229, XVI, pp.228-9); Radawi 2275, 2274 ( c a t . , 111, p.65, V, p.258, VI, p.174); RarJawi 2401 ( c a t . , 11, p.58); Majlis
11, p.20) 8825; Los Angeles, MI29 ( c a t . , p.222)
Commentaris: ( 1) Koshf 01-baqa'iq , by Mubammad b . Bahrim (written Completion: by Ja'far b . Ahmad al-JJulaywas al-Ijusayni ( d . after
before 954), MS: Radawi 2532 ( c a t . , 11, p.lO1); ( 2 ) KhozZ'in ol- 836), MS: Mar'ashi 315611 ( c a t . , VIII, p.388)
obkZirn, by 'AIT b . Khalil al-TihrZini, MSS: Radawi 7632-3 (Binish, Commentaries: (1) by JJasan b . al-uusam (mid-9th c e n t u r y ) , MS:
p.741) Gharb 4568 ( c a t . , p.123); ( 2 ) MoshZriq 01-shumiis, by uusayn al-
Khwinsiri - see below ; ( 3 ) Tokmilot MoshZriq ol-shumiis , by Ra@i
IBN DAWDD - Taqi al-Din JJasan b . 'Ali b . Diwiid al-villi ( d . a f t e r 707) al-Din Mubarnmad b . Ijusayn al-KhwZnsiri (early 12th c e n t u r y ) , edited
A/-Tubfa 01-So'idiyyo Tehran, 1311, MSS: Faydiyya 74412 ( c a t . , I , p.146, 111, p.19):
MS: Matbaf 896 ( c a t . , I , p.232) Mashhad, AdabiyyZt 147 Fayyid ( c a t . , p . 227); ( 4 ) lniirot 01-furiis,
by Bahi' al-Din Mubarnmad b . Mubammad Biqir al-Mukhtiri al-NZ'ini
AL-SAYYID 'AMID AL-DTN: ( d . around 11401, MS: Mar'ashi 338213 ( c a t . , IX, p.159); ( 5 ) by
SZhib al-Riyig, MS: DZnishgih 771211 ( c a t . , XVI, p.982); ( 6 ) MishkZt
Konz a/-fowii'id 01-onwtr oaltfusoyniyya, b y Muhammad Ihrihim b . 'Ali al-FjZ'iri al-
MSS: Majlis 180-1 K h u ' i , 4387-8 ( c a t . , VII, pp.337-9, XII, pp.94-5); Qazwini ( d . a f t e r 12291, MSS: Mar'ashi 2872 ( c a t . , VIII, p.80);
uakim 107 (Nash., V, p.425); Masjid-i A'zam 9695; S i n i 537 ( c a t . , I , Faydiyya 1431 ( c a t . , I , p.247)
p.343); DinishgZh 1857, 766 ( c a t . , V, pp.1989-90, VIII, p.450);
Gharb 2529 ( c a t . , p.177): Radawi 2529 ( c a t . , 11, u . 9 9 ) ; Biihir 181 GhZiyot ol-murzd
Arabic ( c a t . , p.205); Gawharshid 194 ( c a t . , p . 380); SipahsZlZr 2264 Editions: Tehran, 1271, 1302
( c a t . , I , p.466) Selected MSS: NawwZb 26211 law ( c a t . , p.472); Radawi 2497 ( c a t . ,
11, p.89); Hamadin, Hamrih (Nosh., 111, p.1693); F a r h i d Mu'tamid
FAKHR AL-MuJJAQQIQ~N: 131 ( c a t . , p.201); Mar'ashi 1407, 594 ( c a t . , 11, p.186, IV, p.183);
Sipahsilir 2467 ( c a t . , 1, p.441); ZanjZni 51 ( c a t . , p.207); DZnishgih
- Hiishiyat 01-IrshZd, marginal glosses cn al-'Allima's l r s h t d a/-adhhtn , 6739 ( c a t . , XVI, p.349); Ja'fariyya ( N o s h . , V, p.435); Majlis 22
compiled by zahir al-Din 'Ali b . Yiisuf al-Nili ( d . a f t e r 777) T a b i t a b i ' i , 3788 ( c a t . , X, p . 1774); UstZdi ( c a t . , p . 2 8 ) ; Ilihiyyit
MSS: DinishgZh 768, 6929 ( c a t . , V, pp. 1856-8, XVI, p.403); Ragawi 24j ( c a t . , I , p.615)
2377 ( c a t . , 11, p p . 50-1, V, p.405); Ijakim 105 (NowZdir, p p . 48-50);
Majlis 1296, 4452 ( c a t . , IV, p . 71, XII, p . 133) ; Sipahsilir 237 Mushic
( c a t . , IV, p p . 140-1); Mar'ashi 2474 ( c a t . , VII, pp.65-6) Edition : T e h r a n , lib'
Selected MSS: Radawi 337 law. 2811. 6207-8 ( c a t . . 11. ~ 0 . 1 0 5 - 6 . V .
bZib 01-fowZ'id, a commentary on al-'Allima's QowZ'id a/-obkZm p.486); Mar'ashi'224711, 959 i c a t . ,111, p.151, V I , p . i i l ; ash.,
Edition: Qum, 1387-9 VI, p.388); DinishgZh 6298 ( c a t . , XVI, pp.236-7); Malik 1054 ( c a t . ,
Selected MSS: DinishgZh 706, 5237, 708 ( c a t . . V . v.1785. X V . ~ . 4 1 7 2 I , p.620)
Majlis 95 T a b i t a b i ' i , 21 ~ h u ' i( c a t . , VII, pp.i4-6); Marsashi i 3 1 , 5 In verse: (1) 01-Tubfo 01-Quwiimiyyo, by Qawim al-Din Muhammad b .
2606, 305, 283, 265 ( c a t . , I , pp.256, 296, 310, 349, 11, p.162, VII, Mubanmad Mahdi al-Sayii al-Qazwini (early 12th c e n t u r y ) , edited
pp.188-9); Ijuqiiq 3j ( c a t . , p.258); Nawwib 204 law ( c a t . , p.450); Tehran, 1365-6 (in t h e margin of al-Shahid a l - T h i n i ' s ol-Rowp'o ol-
Ragawi 2229-30, 7459 ( c a t . , 11, p . 8 ; Binish, p.612); IgfahZn, 'Umiimi bohiyyo); MSS: Sipahsilir 6156 ( c a t . , 111, p.375); Nawwib 181 law
2947 ( c a t . . I . u.184); S u l a ~ m i nKhin 90 ( c a t . .. .v . 6 .) .: Malik 1 2 4 1 ( c a t . , p . 4 5 2 ) ; Yakim 1523 ( c a t . , I , p.103); Dinishgih 756 ( c a t . , V,
(cat., I , p . 7 j j p . 1821); Malik 2565 (cat., I , p . 122); Gulpiyigini 278 (cat., I , p .
242); Burujirdi CAB, XXII, p.369) [Mubarnmad Ja'far al-Astaribidi wrote
A L - S H A H ~ AL-AWWAL:
D a commentary on this poem entitled Yan<bbTCol-bikmo fT s h a r b nozm ol-
-
A/-Bayiin, uncompleted, only the first five chapters on acts of devotion Lum'a, MSS: Mar'ashi 154113, 2011, 3150, 3859 ( c a t . , IV, p.344, VI,
Editions: T e h r a n , 1319, 1322 p . 14, VIII, p.388, X, p.246); vuqiiq 114j ( c a t . , p.507); Tehran,
Selected MSS: Majlis 275011 ( c a t . , IX, p.124); Mar'ashi 6712, 1677 Minuwi 1 (Nosh., VI, p . 6 9 0 ) l ; ( 2 ) al-Hidcyo 01-Mohdiyya, by 'Abd
( c a t . , I , p p . 78-80, V, p . 7 2 ) ; Nawwib 8 law ( c a t . , p.451); IgfahZn, al-Karim al-Jurjini ( d . after 13041, MS: IIZhiyyZt 182j ( c a t . , I , p.694);
'Umiimi 3055 ( c a t . , I , p . 194); DinishgZh 1800 ( c a t . , VIII, p.372); ( 3 ) Lu'lu' al-obkiirn, by 'Ali b . Mubammad Ja'far al-Astaribndi [he
Tustariyya 84111 ( c a t . , p ,876) later wrote a commentary on this poem entitled Kanz al-duror 01-aytZm,
MS: Mar'ashi 3096 ( c a t . , VIII, p.319)]
- Dhikr; 01-ShT'o, uncompleted, only t h e chapters on ritual purity and Commentaries: ( 1 ) al-Rowdo 01-bohiyyo, by al-Shahid al-ThZni - see
.Edition:
.
wraver
Tehran, 1271
below; (2) 01-ShorT'o olNabowiyyo, anonymous (written before 1250),
MS: Dinishgih 1721 ( c a t . , VII, p.2752); (3) by Muhammad RiOZ
Selected MSS: Dinishgih 1906 ( c a t . , VIII, p.521); Zanjin ( c a t . , b . Muhammad Mahdi A1 Babr al-'Uliim ( d . 1253), MS: 1:Iuqiiq 21b ( c a t . ,
p.108); Milli 1842 Arabic ( c a t . , X, p.421); Sulaymin Khan 36 ( c a t . , p . 384); ( 4 ) Towfib a/-mushkilct, by Muhammad Shafi' b . Mubammad
p . 1 2 ) ; Ilihiyyit 245b ( c a t . , I , p.551); Malik 5340 ( c a t . , I , p.324) JJusayn (mid-13th c e n t u r y ) , MS: Mar'ashi 2408 ( c a t . , VII, p p . 9-10);
( 5 ) by Mubammad b . Ma'gGm al-Radawi al-Qa$ir ( d . 12551, MSS:
Edition: Tehran, ii69 Ragawi 7155 ( c a t . , V, p.460); Malik 816 ( c a t . , I , p . 118); ( 6 ) 01-
Selected MSS: Nawwib 27 law ( c a t . , p.457); S i n i 807 ( c a t . , 11, p.65 Tubfa a/-Ghorowiyyo, by Khidr b . ShallZl alFcAfkiwi ( d . 1255), MSS:
Ilihiyyit 136j, 13j ( c a t . , I , p p . 549-50); Dinishgih 6599 ( c a t . , XVI, Mar'ashi 2206 ( c a t . , VI, p . 199); D i r al-Kutub (see i t s general cata-
p.305); uakim 1230; Mar'ashi 1880, 2172, 495, 876 ( c a t . , 11, p.104, logue, Fihris ol-kutub alk'Arabiyya, 1, p . 569); Majlis 39-45 Khu'i
79
78 AN INTRODUCTION TO SHT'T LAW SYSTEMATIC LEGAL WORKS
( c a t . , VII, Pp.36-42); ( 7 ) Kashf a/-niqFb, by Masi?l b . Mubarnmad 7416, 9176, 9111; RawQiti ( c a t . , I , p p . 267 f f ) ; Yazd, 'Uliimi (Nosh.,
Sa'id a l - T i h r i n i , MSS: Nawwib 4 4 law ( c a t . , p.461); Masjidi-i f i r n i m I V , p , 450); Qadi ( i b i d . , V I I , p . 523); S h i r i z , Dinishgih
122,160-1 ( c a t . , 1, p.335); (8) by Mubarnmad b . u u s a y n a l - ~ a o a w i A/-Mubarrar
MS: Raaawi 6713 ( c a t . , V , p.461); ( 9 ) a/-AnwFr a/-Gharawiyyo = M ~ ~~ : ~ 7919 d(Binish, ~ p.993); ~ i Angeles M9316 (Cat., p.661)
Los
a/-MishkFt 01-Gharawiyya, by Muhammad JawZd b . Taqi al-Najafi' Mulli
Kitib ( d . after 1267), MSS: Ma'had 1293-4 ( c a t . , ~ . 1 1 2 ) ; ~ i ~ i ~ h ~ i h A/-MZjaz
1305 ( c a t . , VII, p.2786): Mar'ashi 1518 ( c a t . , I V , pp.318-19); M ~ ~ : 275912 ( c a t . , IX, pp.124-5); Princeton 399211 Yahuda
Radawi 7760-9 (Binish, p . 883); U s t i d i ( c a t . , p . 2 5 ) ; (10) by ( c a t . , p.138); ~ a z i r i94912 ( c a t . , 11, p.779); Gawharshid 947 (Cat.
Muhammad Mahdi al-KalbZsi , MS: Raaawi 7759 (Binish, p . 883); p , 4 2 0 ) ; ~ ~ l ~ i ~ 68211 i ~ Z( c ant .i, 11, p.201); Dinishgih 1476111,
(11) by Mubarnmad 'Ali al-shaft? ( d . 1282), MS: 199514 539612 ( c a t . , V I I I , p.128, X V , p.4237); India Office 1808 ( c a t . , 11,
( c a t . , V, p.367); (12) a/-Durra a/-HF'iriyya, by 'A1i ~ a q bi . uasan pp.312-13); Raaawi 8028 (Binish, p.1051)
commentary: Kashf a/-iitibiis, by Muflib al-saymari - see below
al-Tabitahi'i ( d . 12891, MS: Majlis 4302 ( c a t . , XI, p p . 315-16);
(13) M u n ~ o tal-albFb, anonymous (belonging to 13th c e n t u r y ) , MS: A/-Muqtogar
Mailis 4455 ( c a t . , XII, p.135); (14) a/-Ghurra 01-Gharawiyya, by ~ ~ 1 1 M ~ L~~ ~ A : ~ ~ 9 3 0~1 1( c a t~. , p.700);
I ~
Marcashi ~ 2524 (Cat., VII,
'Ali (written in 1303), MS: Buriijirdi ( A B , X V I , p.34); (15) b y p,llO); uuRuq 6211d ( c a t . , p.477); Radawi 2848, 8002, 2648 ( c a t .
Mubarnmad 'A17 al-Radawi, MS: Radawi 6524 ( c a t . , V , p.4go); 1 ~ p.135,
, V , p.514; Binish, p.1032); Dinishgih 115811 (Cat., V,
(16-17) two anonymous or unidentified commentaries: ( a ) MS: ~ ~ j l i ~ pp.2067-8); Malik 2840 (Cat., I , p.725)
3936118 ( c a t . , X , p.2054); ( b ) MS: Ustddi ( c a t . , p p . 15-16)
B N FAHD A L - A ~ S A-' ~Shihib al- in Ahmad b . Muhammad b . Fahd
IBN AL-MUTAWWIJ:
~ - 840):
(d. . ,~
Kifiyat a/-~FlibTn ~ h ~a / - ~l a n ~
q 7 ba~, commentary
~ ( on al-'Allima's IrshFd aI-adhh~?n
MSS: Radawi 2805, 7217 ( c a t . , 11, p.102, V , pp.482-4); MSS: uakim 302 NOS^., V , p.424); DZnishgih 262114 ( c a t . , IX,
(AB, XVIII, p.93) nl4l)fil
Majma' a/-ghorc'ib
MS: Radawi 2495 ( c a t . , 11, p p . 88-9)
Ma'Flim a/-dTn fl fiqh ? I YFsTn
MSS: Dinishgdh 1821, 1157 ( c a t . , V, pp.2056-7, VII, p.417); Mar'ashi
A/-TanqTb a / r Z ' i ' 399 ( c a t . , I , p.414); Malik 781 ( c a t . , 1, p.696); Rasht 227111 ( c a t . ,
Edition: Qum, 1404 p . 1175)
Selected MSS: Raaawi 2271-3, 6645, 7528 ( c a t . , 11, p.19, V, 389); Commentary: DhakhF'ir 01-mujtahidin , by Abu '1-Majd RidZ b .
Malik 1302, 2458 ( c a t . , I , p.176): Mar'ashi 3566, 3567, 1725, 2701, Muhammad u u s a y n al-Igfahini ( d . 13621, MS: Rawddti (see AB, X,
3173 ( c a t . , V, p.113, VII, p.272, VIII, p.399, IX, pp.354-5); Sini p p . 7, 18)
1390 ( c a t . , 11, p.243); Ilihiyyit 95, 49 ( c a t . , I , p . 759); Dinishgdh
6857, 4886 ( c a t . , XIV, p.3937, XVI, p.383); Majlis 55 K h u ' i , 499 IBN T A Y Y - Abu '1-Qisim 'Ali b . 'Ali b . Muhammad a l - ~ a q ' d n i alF'Xmili
T a b i r a b i ' i , 5509 ( c a t . , VII, pp. 5405, XVI, p.409); Nawwdb 10 law ( d . 855):
( c a t . , p.453); Hakim 81, 516 ( c a t . , I , pp.137-8; NawFdir, pp.35-6); A/-MasZ'il a/-fiqhiyyo = MasF'il lbn Tayy
Gawharshid 269, 1866 ( c a t . , p p . 244-5); F a r h i d Mu'tamid 38 ( c a t . , MSS: Majlis 4566112 ( c a t . , XII, p p . 263-4); Ddnishgih 1227, 5396110
p.169); Ustidi ( c a t . , p.10); Bankipore 836 ( c a t . Arabic, I , p . 8 3 ) ; ( c a t . , VI, pp. 2457-60, XV, p.4238); 'Abd al-'Azim 23511 ( c a t . ,
Princeton 545 New Series ; S h i r i z , Dinishgih p . 445)
Commentary: by al-Ddmdd, MS: GawharshZd 1866 in the margin
( c a t . , p.245)
- GhFyat al-rnarZirn, a commentary on al-Mubaqqiq's SharC'i' a/-lsliim
IBN FAHD:
MSS: Gulpiyigini 155 ( c a t . , I , p . 143); Dinishgih 780, 7748 ( c a t . ,
- A/-Muhadhdhab a/-bCri' V, p p . 1952-4, XVI, p . 688); Mashhad, Shinachi (Nash. , V, p . 599);
MSS: Dinishgih 6736, 2372, 711, 7238 ( c a t . , V, p.2078, IX, p.969, Gawharshid 153, 58 ( c a t . , p.355); Radawi 2790, 6518 ( c a t . , V, p .
XVI, pp.347-8, 496); Mar'ashi 275, 3553, 2190, 2972 ( c a t . , I , p.304, 468); Hakim 109 ( N a s h . , V, p.425); Majlis 4224 ( c a t . , XI, p.243);
IV, p p . 1 8 5 6 , VII, p.152, IX, p p . 3 4 4 5 ) ; Raaawi 8034, 2599, 8033
( c a t . , 11, p.120; Binish, p.1052); Malik 1182( c a t . , I , p.759); - Kashf a/-iltibFs, a commentary on Ibn Fahd's a/-Mijjoz
Faydiyya 214, 369 ( c a t . , I , p p . 285-6); Zanjini 142, 66 ( c a t . , pp.212,
MSS: Mar'ashi 2830, 3693, 939, 1811 ( c a t . , 111, p . 127, V, p . 195, VIII,
249); Vatican 1717 Arabic ( c a t . , 11, p . 105); Nawwdb law 169, 60 p.36, X , p . 91); Tabriz, Qddi (Nash., VII, p.519); Majlis 3973, 5946
( c a t . , p . 480); Najaf, Madrasat al-Sayyid (AB, XXIII, p . 293); Mathaf ( c a t . , X, p.2112, XVII, p.332); Malik 1224, 2733 ( c a t . , I , p.591);
1633 ( c a t . , p.260); Zanjin ( c a t . , p . 167); Majlis 5510, 4397, 233 Khu'i India Office 1089 ( c a t . , I , p.313); Dinishgih 6788 ( c a t . , XVI, p.360)
( c a t . , V11, p.238, XI1, p . 101, XVl, p.410); Princeton 2088 New Series
Niirbakbsh 16412 ( c a t . , 1, p.176); Gharb 1340 ( c a t . , p.200); Waziri
L-KARAKT :
9112 ( c a t . , I , p.113); Ilihiyyit 193b ( c a t . , I , p.680); Vujjatiyya 511
( c a t . , p . 94); Gulpiyigini 401 ( c a t . , 11, p p . 185-6); Masjid-i Argam FawF'id a/-SharF'i' , a commentary on al-Muhaqqiq's SharC'i' a/-IsIFm
80 AN INTRODUCTION TO SHT'T LAW SYSTEMATIC LEGAL WORKS 81
MSS: Dinishgih 703, 7012, 7050, 1708, 7175 ( c a t . , V , p.1934, XVI, MosZilik a/-ofhZm, another commentary on al-Muhaqqiq's Shorii'i'
pp.428, 439, 456, 474); Sipahszlir 2600 ( c a t . , I , p.393); uujjatiyya 01-IsICm
592 ( c a t . , p . 5 0 ) ; Nawwib law 21, 26 ( c a t . , p.455); uakim 1640, 1642 Editions: Tehran, 1273 and o t h e r s (see MushZr, cols. 838-9)
540; Mar'ashi 128011, 2509, 3352, 1155 ( c a t . , 111, p.327, IV, p.80, Selected MSS: Mar'ashi 1328, 1205, 1621 ( c a t . , IV, p p . 6 , 111-12, V ,
VII, p . 95, IX, p . 129); Majlis 667 TabitabZ'i, 615 T a b i t a b i ' i , 5356, p p . 25-6); Majlis 4646 ( c a t . , XIII, p p . 34-51; DinishgXh 762, 1121
8783, 3534 ( c a t . , X, pp.1492-3, XVI, p.266); Tustariyya CAB, VI, ( c a t . , V, pp.2037-9); Waziri 24 ( c a t . , I , p . 4 0 ) ; 'Abd al-'Azim 197
p.107); Gulpiyigini 47, 2237 ( c a t . , I , p.57, 111, p.204); Astina ( c a t . , p.476); Nawwib 64 law ( c a t . , p.476)
5788 ( c a t . , p.107); Milli, Arabic 1516, 1381 ( c a t . , IX, p.380, X, Commentaries: (1) by al-Sabzawiri, MS: Mar'ashi 1264 ( c a t . ,IV,
p . 1 2 ) ; Gawharshid 965, 551 ( c a t . , p.269); 'Abd al-'Azim 87 ( c a t . , pp.69-70); ( 2 ) by uaydar 'Ali b . Muhammad al-Shirwini (early 12th
p . 75); Malik 2075, 2700 ( c a t . , I , p.229); Los Angeles M87 ( c a t . , c e n t u r y ) , MS: Khilisi ( c a t . , p . 6 0 ) ; ( 3 ) by al-Bihbahini, MS:
p . 199); Princeton 695 New Series; India Office 1788 ( c a t . , 11, p.306) Gawharshid 190 ( c a t . , p p . 280-1) ; ( 4 ) 01-FodhZl~k,by al-KirminshZhi
D i r al-Kutub 19909, 29938 ( c a t . , I , pp.248, 266); Masjid-i A'zam 1290 - see below
Fayaiyya 1418, 1964 ( c a t . , I , p . 8 2 ) ; Waziri 1902, 2420 ( c a t . . 111.
Rawd a/-j~nZn,an uncompleted commentary on al-'All%mats IrshZd 01-
p . 1090, IV, p.1288); ~ h a r b4, MSS ( c a t . , p . 100); ~ a g i a h i ,7 MSS .
( c a t . , 11, pp.45-6, 50; Binish, p p . 713, 730) odhhZn, only the chapters on ritual purity and prayer
Editions: Tehran, 1303, 1307
- Jiimi' 01-moqii$id, an uncompleted commentary on al-'Allima's QawZ'id Selected MSS: Radawi 2770 ( c a t . , V, p.449); Sini 502 ( c a t . , I , p .
01-obkiim, from the beginning to the chapter on marriage 293); NawwZb 28 iaw ( c a t . , p.457) -
Edition: Tehran, 1272
Selected MSS: Majlis 4310 ( c a t . , XII, p . 4 ) ; NawwZb law 211, 16 ( c a t . , Al-Rowp'o 01-bohiyyo, a commentary on al-Shahid al-Awwal's Al-Lum'a
al-~imosh~i~~o
p.454); Milli 1156 Arabic ( c a t . , IX, p . 145); Zanjini 2311 ( c a t . ,
p . 198); Gawharshid 1337, 1865 ( c a t . , p . 249); SipahsilZr 2538 ( c a t . , Editions: Najaf, 1386-90 and o t h e r s (see Mushir, cols. 496-8)
I , p.385); Buriijirdi ( c a t . , p.13); Manchester 783 ( c a t . , p . 1146); Selected MSS: DXnishgih 709 ( c a t . , V, p p . 1908-16); Asafiyya 11
India Office 1803 ( c a t . , I , p.311); Harvard (Nosh., IX, p.351); D i r S h i ' i law ( c a t . , 11, p p . 239-40); Matbaf 362, 276 ( c a t . , I , p p . 240-2);
Majlis 4886 ( c a t . , XVIV, p p . 2809); Astina 5956 ( c a t . , p . 123).
.-----,
al-Kutub 19895b, 20306b ( c a t . , I , p.311); Los Angeles M l O O ( c a t . ,
n.lRfi>
Commentaries: ( 1 ) by Lutf Allah b . 'Abd al-Karim al-Maysi al-'Amili
Commentaries: (1) Kashf 01-rumGr 01-khofiyyo, by Mulpmmad b .
Basan al-'Amili ( d . 1030), MS: Raaawi 2354-6, 6517, 7142 ( c a t . , 11,
( d . 10331, MSS: Zanjini 2311 ( c a t . , p . 198); Milli 1156 Arabic ( c a t . , p.44, V, p.407; Binish, pp.712,730); Majlis 336212 ( c a t . , X, p.1188);
IX, p . 1 4 5 ) ; ( 2 ) by ' A . 'j?. ('Abd al-Muttalib?), written after 1081, Waziri 4 ( c a t . , I , p p . 4-5) ; (2) by Ahmad b . Mu~ammadal-Tiini ( d .
MS: DinishgZh 2347 ( c a t . , IX, p.959) a f t e r 1097), edited Tabriz, 1291 and o t h e r s (all in the margin of
01-Rawp'o a/-bohiyyo), selected MSS: Majlis 336211 ( c a t . , X, p . 1187);
- To'Fq 01-lrshzd, a commentary on alk'Allima's IrshZd 01-udhhZn Khayrit Khin 57 ( c a t . , p . 1738); Astina 6036 ( c a t . , p . 107); Tabriz,
MSS: GawharshZd 772 ( c a t . , p.256); Majlis 7782, 5638, 5357, 80 QZdi (Nosh., V I I , p.513); ( 3 ) by 'Abd al-Busayn b . Abi '1-Basan
Khu'i ( c a t . , VII, p . 79, XVI, p.267, XVII, pp.9405); Ilihiyyit 210 al-'Lsi ( d . after 1081), MS: Khiligi ( c a t . , p . 8 3 ) ; ( 4 ) by Mubammad
A1 HqX ( c a t . , I , p.762); Radawi 2376, and 6 other MSS ( c a t . , 11, b . Qisim a l - I ~ f a h Z n ial-Dilmij ( d . afer 10841, partly edited ( K u s h i r ,
pp.50-2; Binish, p p . 698, 700); Dinishgih 4166, 6893, 785, 7185, col. 2821, MSS: Faydiyya ( c a t . , I , p.81); IlihiyyZt 283 A1 Aqi ( c a t . ,
7684 ( c a t . , V, pp.1858-9, XIII, pp.3134-5, XVI, pp.390, 478, 670); I , p.763); ( 5 ) b y IbrZhim b . u u s a y n al-Mar'ashi Khalifa Sultin
Bengal 633, 634 ( c a t . , I , pp.312-13); Gulpiyigini 4 1 ( c a t . , I , p . 4 8 ) ; ( d . 1098), edited Tabriz, 1291 and o t h e r s (all in the margin of 01-Rowp'a
Igfahin, 'Umiimi 3073 ( c a t . , I , p.218); Nujiimi ( c a t . , p.265); 01-bahiyyo), MSS: Mar'ashi 306011 ( c a t . , VIII, p . 281); DinishgXh
SipahsZlir 260011, 248811 ( c a t . , I , pp.396-7, IV, pp.141-2); 410712 ( c a t . , XIII, p.3085); Majlis 336213 ( c a t . , X, pp.1188-9);
Tustariyya 15911 ( c a t . , p.837); al-Imam al-Sidiq (AB, V1, p . 1 6 ) ; ( 6 ) by Fakhr &Din Muhammad al-Miisawi (late l l t h century ? ) , MS:
KhayrZt Khin 5311, 8511 ( c a t . , pp.1735-6, 1790); 'Abd al-'Azim 13012 Mareashi 201611 ( c a t . , VI, p.17); ( 7 ) by Abii Talib b . Mirza Beg
( c a t . , p.439); Mar'ashi 79 ( c a t . , I , p . 9 7 ) ; Faydiyya 1146 ( c a t . , I , al-Miisawi al-Findiriski ( l l t h century ? ) , MS: DinishgZh 87411 ( c a t . ,
p . 7 2 ) ; Waziri 1291 ( c a t . , 111, p.918); U s t i d i ( c a t . , p . 13); Rasht 111, p . 134, V , p p . 1863-4); ( 8 ) 01-ZohrZt 01-dhawiyyo,by 'Ali b .
4311 ( c a t . , p.1193); MiftZt) 228 ( c a t . , p.141); JJakim 1686; Tarbiyat Mubammad al-'Hmili , edited Tabriz, 1291 and others (all in t h e margin
36 ( c a t . , p . 3 6 ) ; DZr al-Kutub 20038b, 2030713 ( c a t . , I , pp.243, 265) of 01-Rowp'o a/-bohiyya), MSS: AstZna 620211 ( c a t . , p.185); Gharb
108511, 4511 ( c a t . , pp.135-6, 287); IlZhiyyit 9 l l l d ( c a t . , I , p.233);
AL-SHAHID AL- THAN^ : Asafiyya 90-1 S h i ' i law ( c a t . , I , p p . 241-2); DinishgZh 6643 (Cat.,
-
FuwZ'id a/-QowZ'id, a commentary on al-'A1lZma's QawZ'id ol-obkiim XVI, p.324); GulpXyigZni 277 ( c a t . , I , p.241); ( 9 ) ol-Rodd 'alZ
MSS: Waziri 1585 ( c a t . , 111, p.993); Majlis 1307 ( c a t . , IV, pp.78-90); i'tirZdZit KhalTfo SulfZn 'olo 'I-Rowp'a 01-bohlyyo, by t h e same author,
Zanjin ( c a t . , p . 104); Khilisi ( c a t . , p . 95); Isfahiin, Dinishgih MSS: Magis 1295 ( c a t . , IV, pp.70-1); IlZhiyyit 9112d ( c a t . , I ,
1691712 ( c a t . , 5 9 2 3 ) ; Tabriz, QZdi (Nosh., VII, p . 517); Qazwin, p.233); Astina 620211 ( c a t . , p.185); DZnishgih 772512 ( c a t . , XVI,
Hajj Sayyid Jawadi (ibid., V, p.343) p.684); Radawi 1 4 4 law ( c a t . , 11, p.45); (10) by ~ a ' f a rb . 'Abd
Allih al-vuwayzi al-Qadi ( d . 11151, MSS: Majlis 89 Khu'i ( c a t . ,
-
UZishiyot ol-Shorii'i', a commentary on al-Mubaqqiq's Shorii'i' 01-IslZim VII, pp.89-90); SipahsZlir 2558 ( c a t . , I , p.396); Malik 2243 ( c a t . ,
MSS: Majlis 535411, 4360 ( c a t . , XII, p.73, XVI, p.264); Bankipore I , p . 226); DZnishgZh 7039 (cat. XVI, p.435); GulpiyigZni 1107 ( c a t . ,
847 ( c a t . Arabic, I , p . 84) ; Tabriz, Milli 3349 ( c a t . , I , p . 404) ; 11, p . 56); Waziri 1193, 1548 ( c a t . , 111, pp.889-90, 987); (11) by
Nawwib, 25 law ( c a t . , p.455); S h i r i z i (AB, VI, pp.106-7) Muhammad Ibrihim b . Muhammad Ma'giim al-Vusayni al-Qazwini ( d .
1149). MS: Gharb 188128-9 ( c a t . , p.224); (12) anonymous (written
82 A N INTRODUCTION TO ~ ~ Li
AW' i SYSTEMATIC LEGAL WORKS 83
before 1119), MS: Malik 6357 ( c a t . , I , p.225); (13) b y Jamil al-Din al-Nariqi ( d . 1273), MSS: NawwZb 57-2 ( c a t . , p.479); (46) by
al-Khwinsiri - see below; (14) a/-Manthij 01-sawiyya,by al-Figil MuQarnmad J a ' f a r b . Mubarnmad $afi al-Abida'i ( d . 1280), MS:
al-Hindi - see below; (15) Ta'lTq 'alii mobbath 01-zawiil min a/-Rawgo Buriijirdi (AB, XVI, p . 292) ; (47) by Muhammad Ibrihim al-Qishliqi,
01-bahiyya, by Ahmad b . Ibrihim al-Babrini - see below, chapter 6 ; MS: Fayaiyya 108 ( c a t . , I , p . 114); (48) 01-HadTqa a/-Najafiyya, by
(16) A l ' A yn fT ia'iirup' baqqay a/-mutabZyaSayn, by al-MukhtZri - Mu~ammadTaqi b . uusayn 'Ali al-Harawi al-Igfahini ( d . 1299), MSS:
see below, chapter 6 ; (17) by Murammad b . Mubammad gilib al- Gawharshad 1602 ( c a t . , p.288); I l i h i y y i t 769d, 603d ( c a t . , I , p . 541);
uusayni al-Khwit'unabidi ( d . 11.48), MSS: Racjawi 6495 ( c a t . , V, Mar'ashi 2018 ( c a t . , VI, p p . 19-20); Najaf, uusayniyyat KZshif al-
p.409); Adabiyyit 153 Kirrnan ( c a t . , p . 84); (18) by Mubammad Ghiti' (AB, VI, p.390); T a b r i z , Qadi (ibid. ) ; (49) Safii' a/-rawp'a,
Rafi' b . Faraj al-Gilini(d. a f t e r 11501, MS: Malik 1066 ( c a t . , I , p . by Mubarnmad $ilib b . uasan al-MLisawi al-Dimid ( d . 1301), MSS:
228) ; (19) Ishiiriit 01-fiqh, by Sadr al-Din Mulpmmad b . Mubammad ~ a r ' a s h i3140 ( c a t . , VIII, p.369-70); Radawi 6851 ( c a t . , V, p.457);
Nagir a a l T a b i t a b i ' i al-Yazdi ( d . 11541, MS: Waziri 32012 ( c a t . , I , (50) by basan b . Abmad al-uusayni al-Gilini ( d . a f t e r 1306), MS:
p.303); (20) al-lbiina 01-marp'iyya,by Mubammad SZiib b . Mubarnmad Faydiyya 323 ( c a t . , I , p . 116); (51) 01-Ta'iiqa 01-anQa, by Muhammad
Sa'id al-Khalkhili ( d . 11751, edited Tehran, 1313, MSS: Mar'ashi 'Abbis b . 'Ali Akbar ai-Miisawi al-Tuslari al-Laknawi ( d . 13061,
2786 ( c a t . , VII, pp.349-50); Dinishgih 5830 ( c a t . , XVI, p . 100); edited Locknow, 1339 ( c a t . of Agafiyya, IV, p.477); (52) HadTqat a/-
(21) Sharb 'ibiira mushkilla F m a b b a t h s a l t t 01-mayyit, by uusayn b . Rawp'a = Minhiij 01-najiib , by Mu~ammad'Ali b . Abmad al-Qarichadighi
Abi '1-Qisim al-Khwinsiri ( d . 11911, edited Igfahin, 1377 (together ( d . 1310);edited Tabriz, 1291 and others (all in the margin of al-
with Mubammad Biqir al-Khwasiri's 01-Nahriyya); (22) Sharb 'ibiira Rawp'a 01-bayiyya); (53) by Jawid b . 'Abd al-gusayn al-Najafi ( d .
mushkiia F m a b b a t h galiit a/-khawf, by the same author, MS: S i n i 1311), MS: Majlis 4331 ( c a t . , XII, p . 2 2 ) ; (54) by Mubarnmad 'Ali al-
113515 ( c a t . , I , p . 129); (23) by Mubarnmad Sidiq (12th c e n t u r y ) , Radawi, MS: Racjawi 6587 ( c a t . ; V, p . 410); (55) by Mubammad Tahir
MS: Gharb 77 ( c a t . , p.131); (24) a/-Mufradiit 01-fiiriqa, by 'Abd h... Ismi'il al-Miisawi al-DizfLili ( d . after 13111, MS: Tustariyya CAB,
al-Qidir b . Sadr al-Din al-uusayni al-Mazandarini , MS : Danishgih XIII, p p . 293-4); (56) a/-MaqCsid a l ' a l i y y a , by 'Ali b . Muhammad
286512 ( c a t . , X, p.1712); (25) by ilusayn al-Qazwini, MS: Milli al-A'raji ( d . a f t e r 1322), MSS: Khaligi ( c a t . , pp.120-2); (57) Minhiij
194512 Arabic ( c a t . , X , p.624); (26) by al-Kirminshihi, MSS: Ragawi a/-najiit, by 'Ali b . 'Abd Allih al-'Alyiri ( d . 13271, edited Tabriz,
179 law, 7141 ( c a t . , 11, p.54, V, p . 4 1 0 ) ; Gawharshid 1972 ( c a t . , 1309, 1340; (58) Minhiij a/-milla, by the same author, MS: Mar'ashi
p.267); Khayrit Khin 56 ( c a t . , pp.1738-9); Mashhad, Ilahiyyit 1080, (AB, XXIII, p . 176); (59) by Mubammad 'Ali b . Muhammad Nagir
1099 ( c a t . , 11, pp.230, 240); Los Angeles M92 ( c a t . , p.198); (27) by al-Gilini al-Mudarris ( d . 1334), partly edited Tehran, 1323, MS:
Ismi'il b . K h u d i d i d al-Hazirjaribi al-Astarabidi ( d . after 1226), Mar'ashi 207811 ( c a t . , VI, p . 91); (60) by Mubarnmad uusayn b .
MSS: Dinishgih 7291, 7747 ( c a t . , XVI, pp.506, 688); (28) b y 'Abd Mubammad Qisim al-Qumsha'i ( d . 13361, MSS: Tustariyya 819-20 ( c a t . ,
AllZh b . Mubammad Taqi al-Hazirjaribi al-Tilaki ( d . after 12331, MS: p . 800) ; (61) Basan b . Ahmad al-uusayni al-Kishini ( d . 1342), MS:
Masjid-i A'vam 314; (29) by MubammadMahdi b . Muhammad J a ' f a r Ragawi 7140 ( c a t . , V, p.411); (62) a/-H?7shiya a/-rap'iyya, by Arnjad
al-Miisawi ( d . a f t e r 12371, MS: Faydiyya 186 ( c a t . , I , p.114); (30) by
Mubarnmad Ja'far b . Safar al-Harnadini ( d . 12381, M S : Gharb 7'7 ( c a t . ,
.
Husavn b . Munawwar 'Ali A l l i h i b i d i ( d . after 1343), edited India,
d
Ilihiyyit 183 A1 Aqi ( c a t . , I , p . 794); DinishgZh 1991 ( c a t . , VIII, Khiligi ( c a t . , p . 6 2 ) ; Zanjin ( c a t . , p.105); ( 9 ) by the same author,
p.600); Gharb 394, 1129 ( c a t . , p . 176); Malik 1893 ( c a t . , I , p.603); on t h e introduction t o MoEtTb, MSS: Faydiyya 152015, 155418 ( c a t . , 111,
Waziri 26, 9711, 518 ( c a t . , I , pp.41, 126, 11, p.451) pp,97i 100); Princeton 1929 New Series (fols. 251a-260b); (10) Mo.p?bTb
Translation: HidZyot 01-o'lFm, Persian, by Mubarnmad 'A17 b . o/-galom, by t h e same author - see below; (11) FottZb 01-mojZmi', by
Mubammad Ijasan al-Nahwi al-Ardakini ( d . after 12401, MS: Majlis al-KirminshZhi - see below; (12) 01-AnwZr 01-lawiimi', by IJusayn A1
32 T a b i t a b i ' i ( c a t . of microfilms of DinishgZh, 11, p . 12) 'Ugfur, MSS: Radawi 6502-4 ( c a t . , V , p.369); Mar'ashi 1630 ( c a t . ,V,
Commentaries: ( 1 ) by J a ' f a r b . 'Abd Allah al-Vuwayzi al-Qadi, pp.33-4); Majlis 4425 ( c a t . , XII, p . 114); (13) by Muhammad Rid5
MSS: Radawi 6475 ( c a t . , V, p.412); Ijakim 299; Mashhad, ShZnachi al-AstaribZdi ( d . after 12191, MSS: GawharshZd 1235 ( c a t . , p.334);
(Nosh., V, p . 598); (2) Rawiishib 01-'inZya a/-Robbiiniyyo, by g u s a y n ~ a d a w i7253 ( c a t . , V, p.463); (14) by Abu 'I-Qisim b . 'Abbis ( d .
b . Mubarnmad al-Babrini A1 'Ugfur ( d . 1216), MSS: Mar'ashi 2702-3 a f t e r 1227), MS: Raaawi 2813 ( c a t . , V, p.464); (15) b y $iQib al-RiyZd,
( c a t . , VII, p p . 272-4); ( 3 ) Nib& 01-hidiiya, by Mubarnmad Mahdi MS: Uuqiiq l l b ( c a t . , p . 387); Sipahsilir 277 Mushir ( c a t . , V, p . 236);
al-gusayni al-Mashhadi, MSS: Radawi 5726, 6202, 8418-19 ( c a t . , V, princeton 179 New S e r i e s ; Los Angeles M1317 ( c a t . , p . 270);
p p . 523-4; Binish, p.1055); Majlis 5985 ( c a t . , XVII, p . 360); Waziri (16) Mo$?bTh 01-~alZim,b y 'Abd AllZh Shubbar, MSS: Tustariyya 256,
239 ( c a t . , I , p.239); ( 4 ) b y Mubsin al-A'rajT, MS: KhZlisi ( c a t . , 325, 834 ( c a t . , p.804, 810); Mar'ashi 1079 ( c a t . , 111, pp.259-60);
p . 6 1 ) ; ( 5 ) NihZyot 01-muqtagid, by Murammad J a ' f a r al-Hamadini , Radawi 7948 (Binish, p.lO1l); Milli, Arabic 103512, 1905 ( c a t . , IX,
MS: Gharb 731 ( c a t . , p.202); ( 6 ) by Muhammad b . Murammad Ma'sim p . 37, X , p p . 565-6); (17) 01-MigbZb 01-siiti', by t h e same author (an
a1-Mashhadi ( d . 12551, MSS: Mar'ashi 2468, 3233 ( c a t . , VII, p.61, abridgement of his perious commentary), MSS: Dinishgih 717 ( c a t . ,
1X, p . 3 0 ) ; Majlis 4468 ( c a t . , XII, p.142); ( 7 ) Shawiiri' 01-hidiiyo, by V, pp.2045-6); Ilihiyyit 6 A1 Aqi ( c a t . , 1, pp.800-1); GawharshZd
Muhammad Ibrihim al-Kalbisi, MSS: Majlis 3551 ( c a t . , X, p p . 1511-12); 742 ( c a t . , p.396); Ijujjatiyya 73 ( c a t . , p.85); Bengal 654 ( c a t . , I ,
Mar'ashi 1917, 1924 ( c a t . , V , pp. 288, 294); Gulpiyigini 189 ( c a t . , I , p . 323); Tabriz, Qadi (Nosh., VII, p . 522); (18) NihZyot a/-morZrn,
p.172); Faydiyya 233 ( c a t . , I , p.1701; Waziri 1488 ( c a t . , 111, p . by al-Mujihid, MS: WuqGq 266j ( c a t . , pp.496-7); (19) 01-MagZbibTb,
973); Miftib 75 ( c a t . , p.189) by Muhammad Ja'far al-Kirminshihi , MSS: IlZhiyyit 124 A1 Aqi ( c a t . ,
I , p . 800); Kashin, Radawi 187 ( c a t . , p . 43); IjuqEq 107j ( c a t . , p p .
AL-FAY9 : 467-8); Mar'ashi (AB, XXI, p.91); (20) 01-Mo~iibTb, by Mahdi b . 'Ali
al-TabitabZ'i ( d . 12601, MS: JJuqiiq 243j ( c a t . , p.467); (21) MubtoghZ
- MofZITb 01-sharF3i' 01-ofhZrn, by 'Abd al-Wahhib b . Muhammad s i l i h al-Baraghini al-
Edition: Beirut, 1389 (Vol.1 on ritual purity and p r a y e r ) Qazwiili (d. after 12661, MS: Mar'ashi 3202 ( c a t . , IX, p . 4 ) ;
Selected MSS: Cambridge C. 1819 Browne ( c a t . , p . 2 2 ) ; IlihiyyZt 66b (22-4) three anonymous or unidentified commentaries ( a ) MS: Mar'ashi
( c a t . , I , p.667); D i n i s h g i h , 4 MSS ( c a t . , V, p.2064, IX, p.869, XVI, 2157 ( c a t . , VI, pp.162-3); ( b ) MS: DinishgZh 6709 ( c a t . , XVI, p.337);
p.326); Majlis, 3 MSS ( c a t . , IV, pp.94-5, X, pp.382-2, XI, p.282); ( c ) MS: S h i r i z , Ahmadiyya 264 (Nosh., V, p.214)
Sipahsilir 2603 ( c a t . , I , p.528); Buqiiq 341j ( c a t . , p.475);
GulpZyigini, 8 MSS ( c a t . , 11, pp.175-6, 111, p p . 22, 171); Faydiyya, Mu 'tosum 01-ShT'o,uncompleted
1 7 MSS ( c a t . , I , pp.264-6); Malik, 7 MSS ( c a t . , I , pp.705-6); Milli, MSS: Mar'ashi 217, 3478 ( c a t . , I , p.246, IX, p.275); Radawi 6469
5 MSS ( c a t . , VII, p.242, VIII, p.33, IX, p p . 152-3, 185); Gharb, 7 ( c a t . , V , p.509); Baghdidi ( c a t . , p . 178); K i s h i n , Radawi 191 ( c a t . ,
MSS ( c a t . , pp.194-5); Waziri, 9 MSS ( c a t . , 11, pp.471, 538, 111, p p . p.43)
1018, 1025, 1060); Radawi, 24 MSS (cat., 11, pp.122-3, V, pp.510-12; Al-Nukhba
Binish, p p . 1024-6) Editions: Tehran, 1303, 1324, 2328, 1330
Commentaries: (1) b y MuPammad b. Muhammad Muhsin al-Kishini Selected MSS: Waziri 965 ( c a t . , 11, p.794); vuqiiq l l d ( c a t . , L , _
'Alam al-Hudi (early 12th c e n t u r y ) , MSS: SipahsZlir 2601 ( c a t . , I , p . 493); Dinishgih 1007 ( c a t . , V, p p . 2083-5); IlihiyyZt 187 A1 Aqi
p.398, IV, p.278); Tabriz, Q i d i ( N o s h . , VII, p.523); ( 2 ) by Niir ( c a t . , I , p.806); Milli, Arabic 138612, 1393, 1463 ( c a t . , IX, pp.395,
al-Din Mubarnmad H i d i b . Murtadi al-Kishini (early 12th c e n t u r y ) , 411, 491)-
MSS: DinishgZh 714-15 ( c a t . , V , pp.1940-2); Bankipore 946-9 ( c a t . Commentary: a/-Tubfo 01-soniyyo, by 'Abd Allah al-Jazi'iri , edited
Arabic, I , p . 9 3 ) ; IlZhiyyZt 31b ( c a t . , I , p.591); Malik 1421 ( c a t . , I , Tehran, 1370 (Vol. l ) , MSS: GulpiyigZni 1687 ( c a t . , 111, p . 17);
p.446); Waziri 970 ( c a t . , 11, p.797); Ncrbakhsh 152 ( c a t . , I , p.170); Mar'ashi 2213 ( c a t . , VI, p.204); Faydiyya 227 ( c a t . , I , p.40);
Radawi 247-8 law, 2784 ( c a t . , 11, p p . 76-7, V , p.461); SipahsilZr 6134 Masjid-i A'ram 18111; Radawi 2269 (Binish, p . 434); Majlis 4437, 4735,
( c a t . , V, p.236); Faydiyya 76 ( c a t . , I , p.159); Majlis 5279 temporary 5184 ( c a t . , XII, p.122, XIII, p.116, XVI, pp.1-2); Dsnishgih 751,
( 3 ) b y Muhammad Yiisuf b . Muhammad 'Ali al-Lihiji ( d . after 10961, 1008 ( c a t . , V, p.1820); Gharb 909 ( c a t . , p.71)
MS: Tustariyya (AB, VI, p . 214); ( 4 ) by Abu 'I-Ijasan b . MuPammad
T i h i r al-Sharif al-Futiini al-'Lmili ( d . 11381, MS: Los Angeles MI106 SAYN AL-KHWANSAR~:
( c a t . , p . 271); ( 5 ) Foth 01-MofZtih, by MuPammad Mubsin b . Muhammad
a l - K i s h i n i ( d . after 1148), MS: Majlis 547612 ( c a t . , XVI, p.376); MoshZriq 01-shumijs, an uncompleted commentary on al-Shahid al-
( 6 ) 01-Dhukhr 01-limimi' = 01-Mo~iibTb01-lowiimi', by 'Abd Allih b . N G r Awwal's 01-Duriis a/-shor'iyyo, only t h e chapter on ritual purity
al-Din al-Jazi'iri (d.11731, MSS: Mar'ashi 3550 ( c a t . , I X , pp.342-3); Edition: Tehran, 1311
Radawi 7017 ( c a t . , V, p.421); ( 7 ) by Muhammad 9ZliI.1 b . Muhammad Selected MSS: Dinishgih 6778 ( c a t . , XVI , pp ,358-9) ; Sipahsilir 2308
Mu'min al-Astaribidi ( d . a f t e r 11841, MSS: Dinishgih 7664 ( c a t . , ( c a t . , I , p.448); Majlis (442811 ( c a t . , XII, p.117)
XVI, p.667); Majlis 5306 ( c a t . , XVI, p.222); ~ a r ' a s h i (AB, XIV,
p.76); ( 8 ) b y al-Bihbahini, MSS: Raaawi 2391 ( c a t . , 11, p.55);
Majlis 347 TabitabZ'i; Mashhad, IlihiyyZt 1578 ( c a t . , 11, p . 713) ;
88 A N INTRODUCTION TO S ~ f ' fLAW SYSTEMATIC LEGAL WORKS
Editions: Tehran, 1270, 1318, 1325; Locknow, 1311 RIB A L - W ~ F I Y A- s a d r al-Din Mubammad b . Mubarnmad BZqir al-Raaawi
Selected MSS: Malik 2043, 2861 ( c a t . , I , p.88); Bakim 1670m ( c a t . , I 1-gummi (mid-12th c e n t u r y ) :
pp.88-9); Mar'ashi 429, 701, 716 ( c a t . , 11, pp.33, 295, 312); Radaw
6609 (Binish, p.617); GulpiyigZni 122711, 136912 ( c a t . , 11, pp. 237,
249); wujjatiyya 178 ( c a t . , p 38); Milli, Arabic 127612, 1400 ( c a t . ,
IX, pp. 266, 415-16); Princeton 15111 New Series MAQXBY - Mubamrnad b . 'Ali b . 'Abd al-Nabi al-Babrini ( d . after
Abridgement: Nihiiyot ol-bidiiyo , b y al-MukhtZri , MS: DZnishgih
185915 ( c a t . , VIII, p.460)
Translations: (1) Niir-i siifi' , Persian, by Mubarnmad Murid al-
Kishmiri ( d . after 10981, MSS: Gawharshsd 943 ( c a t . , p . 195); Waziri Bakim 9 (Nosh, V, p.422)
990, 1 1 4 1 ( c a t . , 11, p.809, 111, p.871); Radawi 2854 ( c a t . , V, p.528)
Sipahsilir 2529 ( c a t . , I , p . 553); (2) Koshf ol-diriiyo, by Muhammad AL-RASHID
B. NOR AL-DIN
A L - T U S T A R ~ (12th c e n t u r y ) :
Ja'far b . SulaymZn al-FarZhi ( d . afte 11141, MSS: Radawi 2810 ( c a t . , 1-Mosii'il ol-okhbiiriyyo
V, p.481) ; T\stZna 6264 ( c a t . , p p . 155-6); Gawharshid 936 ( c a t . , S: Majlis 594412 ( c a t . , XVII, pp.328-9)
p . 163); Mar'ashi (AB, XVIII, pp.34, 68); (3) b y 'Abd Allih b .
A l b MS: Gawharshid 113711 ( c a t . , p.87)
Commentaries: (1) Muntokhob ol-hidiiya, b y MuPammad TZhir b . ' A
Allah al-Qiri al-Harawi ( d . after 1105), MS: Radawi 4280, 6471 (cat
V, p p . 518-19); (2) anonymous (written before 11531, MS: Waziri
181911 ( c a t . , 111, p . 1064); (3) Moshiiriq ol-muhtodiil, by Muhammad 6 ) ; DZnishgZh 6595 ( c a t . ,
Biqir b . MuPammad Taqi al-Sharif al-Raaawi al-Qummi (d. after 118 I , p . 304) ; Radawi 2730-1, 7592-610 (Binish, p . 734); Gawharshzd
MS: Rawditi (AB, XXI, p p . 36-11; (4) al-Sowiinib al-na?ariyyo, b y ( c a t . , p.287); NawwZb 102 law ( c a t . , p.456)
IJusayn Ti1 'Ugfiir, MSS: IlZhiyyZt 137 A1 i i q i ( c a t . , I , p . 777); pletion: 'Uyiin a/-boqii'iq ol-nii?ira, by IJusayn T\1 'Ugfiir, edited
DinishgZh 2924 ( c a t . , XVI, p.402); (5) Anwiir ol-dircya, by 'Abd
al-gusayn b . AQrnad al-Asbaghi a l - B a b r i n i , MS: Waziri 311412 (cat Sharb muqoddomot ol-tiadii'iq, by Mubsin al-A'raji,
V, p . 1537); ( 6 ) Mogiib7b 01-hidiiyo, b y MuPammad wasan b . MuParnm Ibrihim b . MuPammad al-
Maa$Gm al-Qazwini ( d . 12401, MSS: Milli 1840 Arabic ( c a t . , X, p . 42 saw7 al-Dizfiili, MS: SZibib al-Dhari'a (AB, VI, p.81)
MiftZb 207 ( c a t . , pp.291-2); D i n i s h g i h 7362 ( c a t . , XVI, p.521);
Ilihiyyit 45 A1 Aqi ( c a t . , I , p p , 799-800); Mar'ashi 1650, 2126 (cat
V, pp.49-50, VI, p . 137) ; ( 7 ) MojCrT ol-moriim, by Mubarnmad B i q i r ~ZibTb01-~ollim, a _com_mentaryon al-FayQ's Mofiitib ol-shorii'i'
al-GulpiyigZni , MS: Faydiyya 1282 (cat. , I , p . 226) S: IlZhiyyit 4-5 A1 AqZ ( c a t . , 1 , p.784); DinishgZh 718, 1588,
- Hidiiyot al-ummo I , p.683); Malik 2197, 2617,
Selected MSS: Gawharshid 300 ( c a t . , p.433); Malik 616-17 and 6 2741 ( c a t . , I , p.445); AstZna 7348 ( c a t . , p.136); Faydiyya 56, 77
other MSS ( c a t . , I , pp.802-4); SipahsZlZr 6186 ( c a t . , V, p . 756); ( c a t . , I , p . 251); Majlis 4449-50, 482211, 5578, 62 T a b i t a b i ' i , 82
Dinishgih 6761 ( c a t . , XVI, p . 355); uakim 143 Rashti ( c a t . , p . 159); Tabstabii'i ( c a t . , XII, pp. 131-2, XIII, p.233, XVII, p.40); Milli 622
Radawi, 8 MSS (Binish, p.1077) Arabic ( c a t . , VIII, p.102); Martashi 1108 ( c a t . , 111, p.280);
Translation: Hidiiyot al-abkiim, Persian, b y Mubarnmad Basan b . GulpZyigZni 281-3, 1680, 1696, 1724 ( c a t . , I , pp.245-6, 111, p p . 13-14,
MuPammad Silib al-Harawi , MS: Majlis 2054 (cat. , VI , pp .42-3) 19, 30); Tarbiyat 237 ( c a t . , p.54); DihkhudZ 209 ( c a t . , p.423);
Bakim 25-6 (Nosh., V, p.422); I s f a h i n , Adabiyyit ( i b i d . , V, p.300);
A L - F A ~ I L AL- HIND^ : Radawi, 5 MSS (Binish, p . 887); Gharb, 2 MSS ( c a t . , p . 189);
GawharshZd 1986 ( c a t . , p.334); Amir al-Mu'minin (AB, XIV, p . 75);
-
Koshf al-lithiim, a commentary on al-'AllZmals Qawii'id 01-obkiim Masjid-i A ' ~ a m 7408, 9147; Saryazdi 122 ( c a t . , p.423); U s t i d i , 2 MSS
Edition: Tehran, 1271-4 ( c a t . , p.36); Los Angeles M939 ( c a t . , p.270)
Selected MSS: Mar'ashi 3767 ( c a t . , X , p . 156) ; Majlis 3489 ( c a t . ,
X, p p . 1448-9); FayGiyya 559 and 5 other MSS (cat., I , p.218); HDi A L - N A R A Q ~ - Mahdi b . Abi Dharr al-Kishini (d.1209):
Gulpiyigini 2325 and 4 other MSS ( c a t . , 11, p . 151, 111, p.229);
Gharb 487 ( c a t . , p . 175) Lowiimi' 01-obkiim
- MSS: Gharb 1106 ( c a t . , p.178); KhZligi ( c a t . , p.94)
Al-Moniihii ol-sowivvo. ,, a commentarv on al-Shahid al-Thini's 01-Rowdo
01-bohiyyo Mu' tamad ol-ShT'o
MSS: DZnishgih 1159, 2365 ( c a t . , V, pp.2068-9, IX, p.966); Milli MSS: Mar'ashi 3137 ( c a t . , VIII, p . 366); Faydiyya 1108 ( c a t . , I ,
603 Arabic ( c a t . , VIII, p . 8 8 ) ; SipahsilSr 2560 ( c a t . , I , p.449); p.262); Khiligi ( c a t . , p.117)
Majlis 222 K h u ' i , 1327 ( c a t . , IV, p p . 97-8, VII, p.373); Malik, 3 MSS
( c a t . , I , p . 739); Mar'ashi 2965-7 ( c a t . , VIII, pp. 148-9); Masjid-i IJR AL-'ULOM:
A'cam 370, 4327, 11713; Radawi 8005 (cat., p.1037); Gharb 1347 A/-Durra, in verse
( c a t . , p.197); MiftZP 62 ( c a t . , p.299) Editions: Najaf, 1377 and others (see Mushir, col. 360)
Selected MSS: Radawi 2404, 6196, 7648-9 (Binish, p.750); Mar'ashi
92 AN INTRODUCTION TO SHf'i LAW SYSTEMATIC LEGAL WORKS 93
(8) Miftiib a/-Riyiid, by IsmZ'il b Najaf al-gusayni al-Marandi ( d . afte Mustanad a/-ShT'a
1293), MS: uujjatiyya 463 ( c a t . , p . 89); (9) by Mubammad Taqi al-Hara Editions: Tehran, 1273-4, 1325-6
MSS: guqiiq 112j ( c a t . , pp.319-21); Mar'ashi 3721 ( c a t . , X, p p . 1 2 0 1 ) Selected MSS: Sipahsilir 2330-1 (cat. , I , p . 522) ; guqiiq 79b ( c a t . ,
(10) by 'Ali Akbar al-Qazwini, MS: Milli 178319 Arabic ( c a t . , X , p.368 p.463); Gharb 1965 ( c a t . , p.186); Malik, 3 MSS ( c a t . , I , pp.672-3)
(11) Zahr ol-riyiip', by Mu4ammad $%libb . Mubarnmad wasan al-Tihriini
al-Dimad, MSS: Dinishgih 758, 761 ( c a t . , V, p . 1922); Mar'ashi 1429 JJAMMAD IBRAHiM B. MUgAMMAD BASAN AL-KALBASi ( d . 1262):
( c a t . , IV, p p . 212-13); (12) by Mabmiid b . Mubarnmad al-Khu'i, edited Minhiij a/-hidiiya
Tabriz, 1312; (13) WothTqat 01-wasii'il, by Abmad b . 'Ali al-gusayni Edition: Tehran, 1263
al-Rashti ( d . after 13201, edited I r a n , 1320; (14) Tarii'iqal-Riyw, b Selected MSS: Dinishgih 769, 3929 ( c a t . , V, p.2071-2, XII, p p .
Ghulim g u s a y n b . 'Ali Agghar al-Darbandi ( d . 13231, MS: Mar'ashi 2916-17): Radawi 2635, 8020, 8240 ( c a t . , 11, p.130; Binish, p p .
2718 ( c a t . , VII, p.284); (15) by Fakhr al-Din al-Nariqi, MS: Fayoiyy 1047-8); Mar'aahi 2376 ( c a t . , VI, p . 359); Malik 1341; Faydiyya,
870 ( c a t . , I , p.125); (16) by MapmCid b . 'Ali-a1-Mar'ashi ( d . 1338 6 MSS ( c a t . , I , pp.280-1); Berlin Min.248 ( c a t . , IV, p.158)
MS: Mar'ashi 2623 ( c a t . , VII, p.199); (17) Ip'iib a/-Riyiip', by g a b Commentary: Mi'riij a/-shari'a, by Mubarnmad Mahdi al-Kalbisi, MSS:
Allih a1-Kiishini, MS: Mar'ashi 3147 ( c a t . , VIII, p p . 378-9); (18 Majlis 3556-9 ( c a t . , X, pp.1520-2); DZnishgih 1215 ( c a t . , VI, p.2355);
Mubsin b . Mahdi al-TabitabZ'i al-gakim ( d . 13911, MS: gakim 2279 Ragawi 7987-92 ( c a t . , V, p.509); Mareashi 2307 ( c a t . , VI, p.45);
(19-21) three anonymous o r unidentified commentaries: ( a ) MS: Radawl 'Abd a l - ' ~ ~ i n4l ( c a t . , p.81)
8268 (Binish, p.719); ( b ) written before 1268, MS: Radawi 2473 (ibid
p . 882); ( c ) MS: Faydiyya 80012 ( c a t . , 111, p.24) SAN B. JA'FAR AL KASHIF AL-GHITA':
AL-QUMMT : An wiir 01-faqiiho
MSS: Majlis 22, 2311 K h u ' i , 4469-70 ( c a t . , VII, p . 2 0 , XII, pp.142-3);
- Ghanii'im 01-ayyiim Astina 6368 ( c a t . , p p . 79-80); Faydiyya 14116 ( c a t . , 111, p . 5 ) ;
Editions: Tehr_an, 1301, 1319 uujjatiyya 336 ( c a t . , p.38); Mashhad, Ilihiyyit 892 ( c a t . , 11, p.58);
Selected MSS: Astina _8345, 6143 ( c a t . , p . 147) ; Malik 2289 ( c a t . , I , RacJawi 7451 ( B h i s h , p.609); Gawharshid 441 ( c a t . , p . 221); Mahdawi
p . 528) ; IlZhiyyit 1 4 4 A1 Aqi ( c a t . , I , p . 787) 81011, 81013 ( c a t . , p.128); Biqiriyya (AB, I , p.443)
- Moniihij a/-abkiim
Edition: Tehran, 1271 (the chapter on p r a y e r ) ~ I AL-JAWAHIR:
B
Selected MSS: Faydiyya 14115, 110412 ( c a t . , 111, p p . 5, 55); Raaawi Jowiihir 01-kaliim, a commentary on al-Mubaqqiq's Sharii'i' a/-lsliim. It
63 ( c a t . , p.37); Milli 250 Arabic ( c a t . , VII, pp.218-19); Ustidi has become the most popular reference work in S h i ' i legal studies.
( c a t . , p.37) Editions: Najaf-~Qum-Tehran, 1377-1401 (in 43 vols.) and 5 others
(see Mushir, cols. 261-3)
~ A ~ AL-MAQABIS
I B : Selected MSS: Uakirn 72-87 ( c a t . , I , pp.170-7); Gharb 1108-26 ( c a t . ,
Moqiibis al-anwiir pp. 78-80); Tabitabii'i 730-9 ( c a t . , V . , p p . 1849-53); Majlis 4657
Edition: Trabriz, 1322 ( c a t . , XIII, pp.43-4); Gawharshid 1229 ( c a t . , p.255)
Selected MSS: Radawi 2845 (Binish, p.1029); D i n i s h g i h 7303 ( c a t . , Commentaries: ( 1 ) 01-lnsiif, b y Mubarnmad TZhZ b . Mahdi Najaf al-
XVI, p.508); Faydiyya 1712 ( c a t . , 111, p . 1 ) ; Gulpiyigini 467 ( c a t . , Tabrizi ( d . 12231, edited Tehran, 1324; (2) Bobr 01-jawiihir, Persian,
11, p.177) by 'Ali b . Mubarnmad Biqir al-BurCijini (early 14th c e n t u r y ) , MSS:
Waziri 250 (cat., I , p.254); Masjid~iA'gam 1322
AL-MU JAHID : Najiit olk'ibiid, a collection of fatwiis - see below
- Jimimi' a/-aqw3 Commentaries: (1) WasTlat a/-ma'iid, h y IsmZ'TI b . Abmad al-'Aqili
MS: Radawi 7543 (Binish, p.678) al-Niiri ( d . 13211, edited Tehran, 1324; ( 2 ) Adillat a/-rashiid, by
Mubamrnad Busayn al-Qumsha'i , MSS: Tustariyya 476-91, 829 (cat.,
- Al-Moniihil p,788); (3) Subul ol-roshiid, b y Abii T u r i b b . Abi '1-QZsim al-Miisawi
Editions: partly edited Tehran, 1274, 1315 al-Khwinsiri ( d . 13461, edited Najaf, 1332, MSS: Tustariyya 46811,
Selected MSS: uuqiiq 325j ( c a t . , p . 482); Malik 2951 ( c a t . , I , p p . 53812 ( c a t . , pp.801, 863, 865); ( 4 ) b y Abu '1-Majd al-IgfahZni, MS:
740-1); DZnishgih 782-3, 1741, 7719 ( c a t . , V, pp.2069-70, XVI, Rawoiti (see AB, XIV, pp.lO1-2)
p.683); Sipahsilir 2614-18 ( c a t . , I , p p . 537-8); Milli, Arabic 75112,
1688 ( c a t . , VIII, p.208, X , p.270); Radawi, 9 MSS ( c a t . , V, pp.505, AD^ A L - T I H R ~ ~ -N Mubarnmad
~ H i d i b . Mubarnmad Amin ( d . 1321):
516-17; Binish, p . 1 0 3 8 ) ; Waziri 1 4 0 , 1795 ( c a t . , I , p.178, 111,
p . 1056); Faygiyya 1295 ( c a t . , I , p.248); Bujjatiyya 103 ( c a t . , p.85 Wadii'i' a/-nubuwwa
Masjid-i A'qam 2964, 2994; Gharb, 4 MSS ( c a t . , p.188); U s t i d i (cat Edition: two p a r t s of t h e book are edited, t h e chapter on sale (Najaf,
p . 3 8 ) ; Tabriz, Q i d i ( N o s h . , VII, p.523) 1320) and t h e chapter on prayer ( T e h r a n , 1342)
Selected MSS: Majlis 195012, 271712, 2720-1, 2753, 2762 ( c a t . , IX,
AgMAD A L - N A R A Q ~: pp.15-18, 38, 138-9, 165, 661-2); Radawi, 6 MSS (Binish, p.871);
Gharb 8149 ( c a t . , p.205); Masjid-i A'Tarn 106911, 1175, 195211;
- Hidiiyat a/-ShT'a Tustariyya (AB, XV, p . 188); UstZdi ( c a t . , p.26)
MSS: Mar'ashi 125 ( c a t . , I , p p . 147-8); Khilisi, 2 MSS ( c a t . , p p . 127-8
Qum, RCpZni (Zshnii'T, I , p.446)
94 A N INTRODUCTION TO ~ H i ' fLAW
RIQA AL-I-IAMADANT
: B
Migbiib a/-foqTh, an uncompleted commentary on al-Mubaqqiq's Shorii
01-lsliim; only the first 5 chapters on acts of devotion and the chapte COLLECTIONS OF FA T W ~ S
on mortgage
Edition: Najaf, 1347; Tehran, 135311364
MSS: Q u q i q 141j ( c a t . , p . 4 6 8 ) ; Danishgih 3719 ( c a t . , XII, p.2720 MAD AL-TABART:
Majlis 5049-50, 5054-5 ( c a t . , XV, pp.13-14, 16-17) ~ u ' t o q o da/-lmiimiyyo, Persian
Edition: Tehran, 1381
MUJJAMMAD BASAN B. 'ABD ALLAH AL-MHMAQANT ( d . 1323): MSS: RawcJiti ( c a t . , I , p p . 33ff); Gharb 1083612 ( c a t . , p.450)
Dharii'i' ol-a~15m,a commentary on al-Mubaqqiq's Shorii'i' a/-Isliim
Edition: Tabriz, 1319-21 ONYMOUS (belonging to 6 t h l 7 t h c e n t u r y ) :
MSS: Milli 1163 Arabic ( c a t . , IX, p.150); Gulpiyigini 522 ( c a t . , 11, Kitiib-i fiqh, Persian
p . 81) MS: Majlis 260 Khu'i ( c a t . , VII, pp.430-3)
MS: Gawharshid 1099 ( e a t . , p.123) A/-l'liim f l mii ittofoqot 'aloyh ol-lmijmiyyo min al-abkiim mimmii ittofoqat
nl-'Ammo
-. 'a15 khilrffihim fTh
IJASAN B. ' A L ~A L - B U S A Y N ~ ( d . after 1268): Edition: Najaf, 1372
Hidiiyot al-tiilibiii , Persian, on prayer MSS: DinishgZh 147613 ( c a t . , VIII, p .128) ; sahib al-Dhari'a (cat. of
MS: Mar'ashi 740 ( c a t . , 11, p.341) microfilms of DZnishgih, I , p . 676)
Al-Masii'il al-NoysZbibrjriyyo
MUWAMMAD B. MAHDf AL-ASHRAFT AL-MAZANDARANT ( d . 1315): MS: Mar'ashi (AB, V, p.240)
Sha 'Z'ir al-lsliim = Su 'ZI wo iowzb, Persian Al-masii'jl allot7 so'olohii ol-shoykh AbG Jo'far ol-Tiis?
Edition: Tehran, 1312 MS: Majlis 564313 ( c a t . , XVII, p.97)
AL-YAZDT :
Alk'Urwo a/-wuthqii - see above, section A. It is the most popular Jawiibiit 01-mosii'il al-Mow~iliyyo
Arabic collection of fatwZs among later Shi'i jurists up to the present MSS: Ragawi 144814-5 ( c a t . , 11, p.38); Majlis 281912-3 ( c a t . , X, p p .
time, on which most of them wrote marginal glosses when their 126-31); Khilisi ( c a t . , p.288); uakim 438 ( c a t . , 1, p.32); Sibib
opinions differed from those stated in this work. al-Dhari'a' (cat. of microfilms of DZnishgih, I , p . 574)
Translation: 01-GhZya al-qu$wii, Persian, by 'AbbZs b . Mubanmad
Ri@ial-Qummi ( d . 13591, edited Baghdad and Tabriz , 1330-6
A B U 'L-WASAN AL-ISFAHXNI:
....- ., ,
WasTlot 01-nojiit - see above, section A -Dhari 'a (cat. of microfiims of ~ i < i s h ~ Z h
I ,, p . 574)
Tmnslation: Persian, bv M . H . B . Kiihsurkhi , edited Mashhad, 1389
AL-BUR~JIRDT- uusayn b . 'Ali a1-Tabitabi'i ( d . 1380): (in NrSmo-yi fitiini-i ~ u & s XXXI,
, pp.36-57)
T a w 0 al-masii'il, Persian, now the most popular Persian collection of jowzbCt mos6'il ol-shorTf Abi 'I-uusoyn ol-Mubosson b. Mubarnmod b.
fatwiis, on which most contemporary S h i ' i jurists have written marg ol-Niizir ol-HosonT 01-Ross? = a/-Mosii'il ol-Rossiyyiit
glooses. Many different versions of this work have appeared, reflec MSS: Radawi 2646 ( c a t . , 11, p.134); SipahsZlir 253312 ( c a t . , V,
the slightly varying opinions of different jurists. p.562); Khilisi ( c a t . , p.288); Majlis 518715 ( c a t . , XVI, p . 7 ) ;
Editions: Tehran, 1337 and others DZnishgZh 6914110 ( c a t . , XVI, p.398); Sahib al-Dhari'a (cat. of
microfilms of DZnishgZh, I , p . 574); uakim (Nosh., V, p . 427)
AL-~AK~M:
Jowiibiit al-mosij'il ol-Riiziyyiit
Minhiij 01-$ZlibTn MSS: DinishgZh 231914 ( e a t . , IX, 13.949); RaQawi 2429 ( c a t . , 11,
Editions: Najaf, 1372 and others p . 67); Kbiligi ( ( c a t . , p . 288); SZhib al-Dhari'a (cat. of microfilms
of DinishgZh, I , p.574); IJakim 438 ( c a t . , I , p.31); Mar'ashi 369415
A L - K H U M A Y N ~: ( c a t . , X, p.93)
TabrTr ol-WosTla - see above, section A. Jowiibiit a/-mosii'il olTobbiiniyyiit
MSS: Radawi 144811 (cat., 11, p.37); KhZlisi ( c a t . , p.288); SZbib
al-Dhari'a (cat. of microfilms of DinishgZh, I , p . 574); ljakim 436
( c a t . , I , p.30)
C Jowiibiir a/-mosii'il olToriibulusiyyiit
MSS: SipahsZlZr 253318 ( c a t . , V, p.560); Majlis 518718 + 13 ( c a t . ,
MISCELLANEOUS WORKS XVI, p p . 8-11); DZnishgZh 6166, 6914122 ( c a t . , XVI, pp.311, 398-9);
KhZlisi ( c a t . , p . 289); $ipib al-Dhari'a (eat. of microfilms of
Dinishgih, I , p.574); Wakim 438 ( c a t . , I , pp.31-2)
AL-MUF~D:
...-. .- ,-. . . . - - . -. .
,,
- A I k ' A wT7 fi 'I-fiqh MS: DZnishgZh 108015 ( c a t . , 111, pp.612-13)
MSS: ~ a r ' a s h i243112, 255117, 78111, 369412 ( c a t . , I , pp.93, 269, Translation: Persian, by Muhammad SZdiq al-Sirkini, MS: WaZiri
285, X, p.92); Dinishgih 696318, 104511, 717719 ( c a t . , V, pp.1947-8, (cat. of microfilms of Dinishgih , I , p . 703)
XVI, pp.413, 475); Princeton 139912 New Series; Waziri (Nosh., I V ,
p.397); GawharshZd 109011 ( c a t . , p.353); Majlis 8120 Khu'i ( e a t . , Shotiit ol-fowii'id wa 'I-masii'il, including:
(a) ol-hlasci'il a/-NTliyyiit
VII, p . 196); GuIpZyigZni 2248/2 ( e a t . , 111, p.208); Khiligi ( c a t . , ( b ) ol-Mosii'il ol-Romliyyiit
p.281)
Abridgement: anonymous, MS : Majlis 4900 ( c a t . , XIV, p . 96) (.c ,
) 01-Mosii'iI a/-Wiisitivviit
-,,
Translation: Persian, by Abu '1-~Zsim b . Muhammad KiGim a l - ~ u s ~ y ~ i and some others of his scattered writings
a l - ~ i i s a w i ,MS: DZnishgih 441911 ( c a t . , X I I I , p.3391) MSS: Berlin Pet . 4 O ( c a t . , IV, pp.347-8); Princeton 2751 Yahuda ( c a t . ,
137); Majlis 5187111 ( c a t . , XVI, p.10); SipahsilZr 252411 (Cat., V,
102 AN INTRODUCTION TO S H i ' i LAW MISCELLANEOUS WORKS 103
p p . 5 5 7 - 9 ) ; Rar)awi 1448 ( c a t . , 11, p . 6 6 ) ; S i b i b al-Dhari'a (AB, X Mubarnmad al-NiIi , a scholar of t h e same period, s e e Afandi , V, p . 338;
p . 2 2 2 ) ; uakim 432 ( c a t . , I , p . 3 3 ) ; K i s h i n , 'Atifi ( N o s h . , XI-XII, AghZ B u z u r g , XXIV, p p . 125-6)
p p . 953-4) Edition: T e h r a n , 1318; Najaf, 1386
Selected MSS: Bengal 624 ( c a t . , I , p . 3 0 8 ) ; K i s h i n , Rar)awi 237 ( c a t . ,
- Two o t h e r collections of al-Sharif al-Murtar)irs answers t o various
legal a n d theological questions p . 4 4 ) ; Majlis 8148, 2766 ( c a t . , IX, p . 1 7 5 ) ; Princeton 2321 Yahuda
( c a t . , p . 1 3 7 ) ; Mar'ashi 683, 1129, 1 7 7 1 , 279613 ( c a t . , 11, p . 2 7 7 ,
MS: D i n i s h g i h 108016-7 ( c a t . , 11, p . 6 1 3 ) 111, p . 3 0 2 , V, p . 1 5 1 , VII, p . 3 6 2 ) ; GulpiyigZni 104313 ( c a t . , 11,
p . 2 2 2 ) ; DZnishgih 7128 ( c a t . , XVI, p . 4 6 1 ) ; Waziri 11015 ( c a t . , I ,
ABO YA'LA - Mu4ammad b . Ijasan b . IJamza al-Ja'firi ( d . 463):
MasC'il mutaforriqa
MS: Majlis 8128 K h u ' i ( c a t . , VII, p . 3 5 2 )
AL-SHAYKH:
A jwibat 01-masC'il al-Muhannz'iyyo
Edition: Qum, 1401
AI-MasC'il a/-YC'iriyyot Selected MSS: DZnishgZh 102211, 147414, 214413, 247716, 239611,
MSS: Amir al-Mu'minin (JJujjati, p . 6 6 3 ) ; Mar'ashi 151913 ( c a t . , IV, 6710159 (ca:. , V, p p . 2 0 2 1 - 5 , VIII, p . 1 2 6 , IX, p p . 8 2 0 , 1245, XV,
p . 320) p . 4 2 3 7 , XVI, p . 3 4 2 ) ; Radawi 2822, 2330-2, 2727, 2799 ( c a t . , 11, p .
36, V, p p . 396-8); Majlis 4566, 5192 ( c a t . , XII, p p . 259-60, XVI, pp.
A L - R ~ W A N :D ~ 18-20); GulpiyigZni 1 7 5 1 ( c a t . , 111, p . 4 5 ) ; Malik 2510 ( c a t . , 1,
p . 6 6 7 ) ; Ijuqiiq 1012d ( c a t . , p . 4 5 9 ) ; I l i h i y y i t 24614d ( c a t . , I , p . 2 6 6 ) ;
MasF'il, Persian Mar'ashi 1409 ( c a t . , IV, p p . 1 8 7 - 9 ) ; Nawwab 213 law ( c a t . , p . 4 7 5 ) ;
Edition: T e h r a n , 1374 (in Farhang-i Iran zomTn, 111, p p .263-7)
India Office 1797 ( c a t . , 11, p . 3 0 9 ) ; Princeton 96011 New Series
IBN SHANRASHOB: A jwibat masZ'il Ibn Zuhra
MSS: DZnishgZh 147413, 3514117 ( c a t . , VIII, p . 1 2 5 , XII, p . 2 6 5 2 6 ) ;
MutoshFbih a/-Qur'Cn wa mukhtolifuh Vakirn 548 ( c a t . , I , p . 2 8 ) ; IJuqiiq 17811j ( c a t . , p . 4 6 0 )
Edition: T e h r a n , 1369
MS: Majlis 5440 ( c a t . , XVII, p . 3 2 5 ) Ajwibat 01-mas6'il a/-fiqhiyya
MSS: Majlis 564312 ( c a t . , XVII, p . 9 7 ) ; DinishgZh 262115 ( c a t . , IX,
IBN IDRTS:
Masci'il f7 ob'Ziq' al-fiqh wa jawCbFtuhC
MS: f-lakim 570 ( c a t . , I , p . 2 8 )
'Iqd al-jowChir fi 'I-ashbzh wa ' I - n a ~ o ' i r
AL-MUWAQQIQ: MS: Mar'ashi 6 7 1 1 ( c a t . , I , p p . 7 7 - 8 0 )
- Al-'lzziyya
KHR AL-MUIJAQQIQ~N:
MSS: U s t i d i ( c a t . , p . 6 9 ) ; Majlis 1307 ( c a t . , IV, p . 9 2 ) ; D i n i s h g a h
147411 ( c a t . , VIII, p . 1 2 4 ) ; KhXliS ( c a t . , p , 2 8 9 ) ; Buriijirdi ( c a t . , Al-MasC'il a/-TimuliyyCt
p . 3 7 ) ; Raaawi 205 ( B i n i s h , p . 9 1 5 ) MSS: DZnishgih 101212, 214412 ( c a t . , V, p p . 2 0 1 5 - 1 7 , IX, p . 8 2 0 )
- A/-MasE'il a/-BaghdCdiyyo MosE'il ba'p' a/-ajillo
MSS: Raaawi 2655 ( c a t . , 11, p . 1 3 7 ) ; Majlis 2761113 ( c a t . , IX, p p . MSS: DXnishgih 147415 ( c a t . , VIII, p . 1 2 7 ) ; Mar'ashi 45711 ( c a t . ,
162-3); Khiligi ( c a t . , p . 2 8 9 ) ; Masjid-i A'zarn 4377
- A/-MosZ'il al-KomCliyyo MosC'il b a ' j a/-fup'alC'
MS: Malik 1626111 (Danishpazhiih, p p .3-4) MS: I l i h i y y i t 10615d ( c a t . , I , p. 235)
- Al-Maso'il a/-Khwiiriyycit = a/-Masz'il a/-Tabariyyo Al-MasE'il 01-fiqhiyya
MSS: D i n i s h g i h 592311, 231915 ( c a t . , IX, p . 4 9 4 , XVI, p . 1 5 4 ) ; Milli MSS: DZnishgih 1804, 539613, 5237 ( c a t . , VIII, p . 3 8 0 , XV, p p . 4 1 7 2 ,
1943110 Arabic ( c a t . , X, p . 6 2 0 ) 4 2 3 7 ) ; Ijakim 548 ( c a t . , I , p . 2 8 )
- Al-MasE'il ol-Mizriyya Al-MosC'il 01-MacChiriyya, compiled b y Zayn al-Din 'Ali b . Basan b .
MSS: Rar)awi 2654 ( c a t . , 11, p . 1 3 7 ) ; Majlis 1307, 2761112 ( c a t . , IV, Mazihir al-IJilli ( d . a f t e r 786)
p . 9 2 , IX, pp. 161-2); DinishgZh 592312, 147412 ( c a t . , VIII, p . 1 2 4 , MS: D i n i s h g i h 119211 ( c a t . , VI, p . 2 3 4 1 )
XVI, p . 1 5 4 ) ; Khiligi ( c a t . , p . 2 8 9 ) ; Masjid-i A'zam 4377
Al-MasF'il 01-NFsiriyyFt
- A/-Mustalo~Zt01-fiqhiyya MS: Malik 649 ( c a t . , I , p . 6 6 7 )
MS: D i n i s h g i h 73871101 ( c a t . , XVI, p . 5 3 4 )
BN NAJM A L - D ~ N - JJasan d. Ayyiib al-Atriwi al-'Amill (mid-8th
YAJJYA B . SA'TD:
Nuzhat a/-ni2ir (also a t t r i b u t e d t o Muhadhdhab al-Din JJusayn b . MosE'il Ibn Najm
MS: T e h r a n , R i o i Zanjini (AB, XX, p p . 3 3 3 - 4 )
104 A N INTRODUCTION TO s ~ i ' LAW
i MISCELLANEOUS WORKS 105
AL-SHAHID
AL-AWWAL: Malik 1302 ( c a t . , I , p . 176); (ii) MS: Qakim 1697 ( c a t . , I ,
) ; (iii) MS: Gulpiyigini 827 ( c a t . , 11, p . 8 ) ; ( i v ) ~ s : s i p a h s i l i r
- ~ j ~ j a/-mosii'il
b ~ t 01-fiqhiyyo, compiled by his son c a t . , I , p.409, V, p.561); ( v ) MS: same library 117611 ( c a t . ,
MSS: Raaawi 2369-70, 2351 (cat., 11, p.39) pp.285-6); ( v i ) D i n i s h g i h 696316 ( c a t . , XVI, p.413); (vii) MS:
- Ajwibot rnasii'il a/-Miqdiid b . ' A b d Alliih 01-SuyGri
library 717717 ( i b i d . , XVI, p.475); (viii) MS: same library
198 ( c a t . , XVI, p.534)
MSS: Raaawi 421, 7210 ( c a t . , 11, p.130, V, P.355)
- A j w i b o t mosii'il Mubornmod b . Mujiihid : Astina 584412 ( c a t . , p.219)
MS: gakim 742 ( c a t . , I , p.29)
-Mosmiiro, Persian, his answers to legal questions compiled by Shams
- Arba' mosii'il f i q h i y y o Din Mubarnmad Mitqilbif
MS: Dinishgih 2711 ( c a t . , X, P. 1591) : Najaf, Madrasat al-Sayyid CAB, XXI, p.25)
F ~ U S A Y NB . 'ABD AL-SAMAD B . SHAMS AL-DTN MUVAMMAD A L - H ~ R I T UVAMMAD TAQT B. ABI 'L-JJASAN AL-IjUSAYNf AL-ASTARABAD~
A L - ' A M I L ~ ( d . 984): (mid-11th c e n t u r y ) :
- Mosa ' o l a t Z n Muni;qashZt f i q h i y y o
MSS: Mar'ashi 74412 ( c a t . , 11, p.345); Milli 194313 Arabic ( c a t . , X MS: Raaawi 2647 ( c a t . , 11, p . 135)
p p . 616-17); Gulpiyigini 4813 ( c a t . , I , p.58); Majlis 1836112 (cat
IX, pp.489-91) ULTAN A L ' U L A M A ' :
- Moso'il f i q h i y y o
MS: SipahsilZr 233311 ( c a t . , I , p.409, V, p . 561) MS: Mar'ashi 303811 ( c a t . , VIII, p p . 238-9)
- Al-Tusii'iyyo = T i s ' rnosii'il
MSS: Majlis 1805153, 4900148, 596013 ( c a t . , IX, p.356, XIV, p.74,
XVII, p p . 344-5); Princeton 53813 Yahuda ( c a t . , p . 149) A j w i b a - y i rnasZ3iI-i f i q h r , Persian, compiled by Kalb 'Ali al-Buriijirdi
MS: Milli 258212f ( c a t . , VI, p.112)
SAHIB AL-MA'ALIM:
A jwibot rnasz'il Mubornmod b . J u w a y b a r al-MadonT = al-Mos?'il ol-
AFT e AL-DTN AL-NA'INY:
Madoniyyiit A j w i b o - y i rnosZ'il-i f i q h r , Persian, compiled by Mahdi b . R i a i
MSS: uakim 90311 ( c a t . , I , p.165); DinishgZh 731216 ( c a t . , XVI,
p . 510) ; Malik 1049 MS: Raaawi 2772 ( c a t . , V, p.355)
- Al-Durar a/-Nojofiyyo Edition: Tehran, 1319 (together with his G h o n Z ' i m 01-oyyzm)
Editions: Tehran, 1307, 1314
MSS: 'Abd al-'Avim 407 ( c a t . , p.465); Mar'ashi 3423 ( c a t . , IX, N TAWQ A L - B A B R A N ~- Abmad b . Silih, (mid-13th c e n t u r y ) :
pp. 209-10) A j w i b o t m a s Z ' i l 01-soyyid H u s o y n
- A/-Lo'= a/-zowSihir MS: Mar'aslli 2358113 ( c a t . , VI, p.338)
MS: Majlis 585211 ( c a t . , XVII, pp.262-3) A j w i b o t m o s ~ ' i 101-shoykh Muhammad 01-DorozT
- A l - M o s Z ' i l 0 1 - B i h b o h Z n i y y a = A j w i b o t masSi'i1 a / - s o y y i d ' A b d A l l Z h b . MS: Mar'ashi 235817 ( c a t . , VI, p.336)
a / - s o y y i d ' A l o w T 01-BilZidT
MS: Mar'ashi 345011 ( c a t . , IX, p.241)
S u ' Z l wo jawZb, Persian
AL-BIHBAHANi : MS: Mar'ashi 71512 ( c a t . , 11, p.310)
- A j w i b o t a / - m a s Z ' i l , Persian, compiled by MuPammad Basan b . 'Abd
al-Wahhib al-Khurisini BMAD AL-NARAQT:
MS: Dinishgih 1622 ( c a t . , VIII, p . 208) R o s Z ' i l wo m o s i j ' i l , Persian and Arabic
- S u ' Z l wo j o w l i b , Persian, compiled b y Muhammad b . 'Abd Allih al- MS: Gulpiyigini 1682 ( c a t . , 11, p.84, 111, p.15)
Uusayni al-Qummi
MSS: Buqiiq 10811j ( c a t . , pp.349-50) 'ALT B . J A ' F A R AL KLSHIF AL-GI-IITA' ( d . 1254):
A l - T o q r T r Z t , his lectures compiled by some of his pupils
AL-KIRMANSHAH~: MSS: Malik 2992 ( c a t . , I , p.227); Gharb, 3 MSS ( c a t . , p.77)
, Persian
MoqZrni' 01-fadl
Edition: Tehran, 1275, 1316 MUUAMMAD JA'FAR B . M U ~ A M M A D'ALIAL-KIRMANSHAHT ( d . 1254):
Selected MSS: Dinishgih 6756 ( c a t . , XVI, p . 354); JJuqiiq 108j ( c a t . , T u b f a t 0 1 - o b r l i r , Persian
pp.203-4); Ilihiyyit 30b ( c a t . , I , p.409); Milli 2338f ( c a t . , V, p . MS: RaQawi 6997 ( c a t . , V, p . 377)
457); Mar'ashi 3003, 3165 ( c a t . , VIII, p p . 177-8, 394); Masjid-i
A'zam 613 MUWAMMAD M A H D ~B . MUBAMMAD SHAFT' A L - A S T A R A B A D ~ ( d . 1259):
~ A ~ AL-RIYAP:
I B , Persian
Nojm 01-mu'min
MS: Mashhad, Ilihiyyit 111811 ( c a t . , 11, p.250)
S u ' Z l wo jowZb, Persian
MS: Milli 291113f ( c a t . , VI, p.630)
ANONYMOUS
MojmC'a-yi s u ' z l wo jawzb-i fiqh?, Persian BubCth f i q h i y y o , his lectures compiled by 'Izz &Din BaQr a1
MS: Majlis 454611 ( c a t . , XII, pp.218-19) Edition: Najaf, 1384
A L - X S H T I Y ; ~ N ~- MuPammad JJasan b . Ja'far ( d . 1319):
Su'cSl wa jowZb, Persian, compiled b y MuPammad 'Aii al-YiizbZshi
MS: GawharshZd 990 ( c a t . , p p . 130-1)
HAD^ AL-TIHRANT :
A jwibat ol-masZ'il
MS: Tustariyya 878 ( c a t . , p . 789)
AL-KHURASANT :
- Hoqq 01-qodZ', his lectures compiled by Mailmiid b . Mubsin al-NajaE
al-KZshZni
MS: Mar'ashi 2429 ( c a t . , VII, p.24)
- ' I d d o t mosZ'il min abwiib s h a t t c
Edition: Baghdad, 1331 (in a coliection of his writings entitled
ShodhorcSt)
AL-YAZDI
:
AI-Su'Zl wo 'I-jowFb, compiled by 'Ali Akbar al-KhwZnsZri
Editon: Najaf, 1340
ABU 'L-QASIM B. MUUAMMAD AL-GULPAYIGAN~ (d. after 1092): Tafsir-i shiihT, Persian
Edition: Tabriz , 1380
Sulaymiiniyya, Persian, on laws respecting women Selected MSS: Rarjawi 1251-3 (Binish, p.661); KhZlisi ccat., p.51);
MS: DiinishgZh 3334 ( c a t . , XI, p.2318) Zanjin ( c a t . , p.99); BuqGq 108b, 85j ( c a t . , pp.60-1); Agafiyya 251
Q u r ' i n commentaries ( c a t . , I , p . 4 0 5 ) ; DinishgZh 909, 1055 ( c a t . ,
'ALT B. UUSAYN AL-KARBALA'T (early 12th c e n t u r y ) :
' A q d 01-kisii' fT f i q h 01-nisii'
MS: Majlis 5695 ( c a t . , XVII, p p . 151-2)
Zubdat 01-bayiin
MU'IZZ AL-DIN B. ' A L ~AKBAR A L - ~ J U S A Y N
(13th
~ century): Editions: Tehran, 1368, 1386
Tubfat 01-nisii' , Persian Selected MSS: Dinishgih 1808 ( c a t . , VIII, p . 394); Radawi 1208, 1209
MS: Gulpiyigiini 1639 ( c a t . , 111, p . 28) ( c a t . , 11, p.402); Isfahiin, ' U m G m i 2677, 2695, 2883, 3062 ( c a t . , I ,
pp.174-5); 'Abd albqA5im 285 ( c a t . , p.467); Berlin Ldg. 71711 ( c a t . ,
'ALi AKBAR AL-QAZWINT
(13th c e n t u r y ) : IV, p.254); Princeton, New Series 3, 705.
Commentaries: ( 1 ) 01-Mut'a. b v Savvid MirzZ Khiilid, MS: Sipahsiiliir
RisZla f i 'I-khunth: wa abkiimih 450913 ( c a t . , V, p.498); (2) M&itT~-al-abkiirn, b y Muhammad & ' i d b .
MS: Mil17 178317 Arabic ( c a t . , X , pp.367-8) Qisim al-Ijusayni al-TabZtabii'i al-Quhpi'i ( d . 1092), MSS: Majlis
4828 ( c a t . , XII, p.198); Nurbakhsh 200 ( c a t . , I , p.196); Mar'ashi
AlJMAD B . 'INAYAT ALLAH A L - U U S A Y N ~ AL-ZANJANT ( d . 1393): 2140 ( c a t . , VI, p p . 150-1); (3) by Muhammad b . 'Abd al-Fattiih al-
TunukZbuni al-Sarib ( d . 11241, MSS: Waziri 1290 ( c a t . , 111, p.918);
Forq-i miyiin-i mord wa ran dar abkiim, Persian
Edition: Qum, n . d . Mahdawi 592110 ( c a t . , p . 125); ( 4 ) TobzTl ol-itmTnTin, by Muhammad
Ibrihim b . Muhammad MaC$i.mal-gusayni al-Qazwini, MSS: Majlis
5553 ( c a t . , XVI, p.415); Gharb 10198 ( c a t . , pp.70-1); (5) by
2. ON QUR'ANIC LAW Muhammad Rafi' al-Gilini, MS: Masjid-i A'zam 87016
- Tniis sulriin a/-mu'rnin~n Al-Qowii'id a/-shor'iyyo, compiled by MiisZ b . Muhammad Rids A1 Kashif
MSS: Majlis 3902 ( c a t . , X, pp. 1926-7); RawdZti (see AB, 11, p. 518)
- Ayiit 01-abkCrn
MS: Mar'ashi 292816 ( c a t . , VIII, p. 122) N TAWQ AL-BAJJRAN~:
3. ON GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF LAW Ris7ilo fl tobfld owwal a/-nahZr
MS: Mar'ashi 235816 ( c a t . , VI, p. 336)
AL-SHAHIDAL-AWWAL: VMAD AL-NARAQT:
Al-Qowii'id wa 'I-fowz'id 'A wz'id 01-oyycm
Editions: Tehran, 1308; Najaf, 1399 Editions: Tehran, 1266, 1321
Selected MSS: Martashi 2519, 1152, 1659 ( c a t . , 111, p.325, V, pp. Selected MSS: Fayoiyya 965, 749, 99611 ( c a t . , I , pp. 186-7, 111, p.47)
55-6, VII, pp.168-9); Faydiyya 700 (cat., I , p.208); IlZhiyyat 1211
( c a t . , I , p.134); Princeton 3962 Yahuda ( c a t . , p.138); NawwZb 53-4 MonZihij a/-obkiim
law ( c a t . , p.464); DanishgZh 1011 ( c a t . , V, p. 1980); Gawharshad Edition: Tehran, 1269
710 ( c a t . , p.371); Majlis 5833 ( c a t . , XVII, p.246); Gharb 620 (cat., Selected MSS: DanishgZh 7640, 766712 (cat., XVI, pp.662, 668);
p. 172); AdabiyyZt 214 Kirman ( c a t . , p. 101) Fayoiyya 160, 288 ( c a t . , I , pp. 271-2); AstZna 5906 (cat., p. 176);
Abridgements and rearrangements: (1) Jcimi' ol-fowz'id fT tolkhTs Gharb, 4 MSS ( c a t . , p. 197)
ol-Qawii'id, by al-MiqdZd, MS: Radawi 2313 ( c a t . , 11, pp.31-2);
(2) Nodd 01-qowii'id 01-fiqhiyyo, by the same author, MSS: Radawi L - M A R ~ G H-~ 'Abd al-FattSih b. 'Ali al-IJusayni, M i r Fattih (d.1266-74):
2663, 8046-7 (cat., 11, p.139); Mar'ashi 2508, 461 ( c a t . , 11, pp. 67-
VII, p. 95); DXnishgZh, microfilm 2170 ( c a t . , I , p. 394); uujjatiyya Editions: Tehran, 1274, 1297
50412 ( c a t . , p. 111); (3) TamhTd ol-qowZ'id, by al-Shahid al-Thani, MS: Mahdawi 831 (cat., p.162)
edited Tehran, 1271, selected MSS: Majlis 1339 ( c a t . , IV, p. 106);
Raqawi 2862, 7334 (Binish, p.668); Milli 138411 Arabic ( c a t . , IX, UJJAMMAD JA'FAR AL-ASTARABADT:
p. 389); Nawwiib 11 law ( c a t . , p.453); Berlin Pet. 548 ( c a t . , IV,
p.248) [ 'Ali b . Mubammad al-'Amili wrote a commentary on this work, Al-MaqZrd a/-Ja'fariyya
MSS: Danishgih 2192 ( c a t . , IX, p.876); Mar'ashi 3857-8, 3882-3 ( c a t . ,
118 AN INTRODUCTION TO SHT'T LAW MONOGRAPHS - GENERAL
A L - A N ~ A R T: ' ~ N T:
- Risiilo fiq i i ' i d o t 15 ~ ' o r a r siilo fT q i i ' i d a t 15 Q'orur
Editions: Tabriz, 1303 (together with his K . o l - T o h i i r o ) , 1375 (toge ition: Najaf, 1357-8 (together with his Munyot 01-tiilib)
with his a/-Mokiisib)
Commentary: by 'Abd Alliih al-Mimaqini , edited Najaf, 1345 (in his N B. AGHA BUZURG A L - M ~ ~ S A AL-BUJNuRDi
W~ ( d . 1395):
a/-Qolii'id ol-thomTno) I-Qowii'id o l - f i q h i y y o
- Al-Taqiyyo dition: Najaf, 1389 -
HAD^ AL-TIHRANT :
Risiilo f i ' I - f o r q b o y n 01-baqq wa ' I - b u k m Al-Tubfa a/-joliyyo fT m o ' r i f a t a / - n i y y o
MSS: Majlis 195013, 275315 ( c a t . , IX, pp.139-40, 662) MSS: Los Angeles MI31311 ( c a t . , p . 7 2 4 ) ; Malik 2308 ( c a t . , I , p . 6 1 9 ) ;
Dinishgih 87916, 231212, 88217, 5396111 ( c a t . , V, pp.1992-3, IX,
ZL BAJJR AL-'UL~M: p.945, X V , p . 4 2 3 8 ) ; Gulpiiyigini 21 ( c a t . , I , p . 2 9 ) ; Mar'ashi 68016,
361211, 373317 ( c a t . , 11, p.274, X, p p . 1 1 , 1 3 0 ) ; Ragawi 2553, 6207,
Risiilo f i ' I - f a r q b o y n a/-boqq wo ' I - b u k m , included in his B u l g h o t
8221 ( c a t . , 11, p.107, V , p . 4 8 5 ) ; MiftiQ 24012 ( c a t . , p . 2 3 0 ) ; Waziri
01-foqTh (see above, chapter 5 )
2310 ( c a t . , IV, p . 1253); Ilihiyyit 30611j ( c a t . , I , p . 2 0 5 ) ; Khilivi
( c a t . , p . l O O ) ; Vatican 72011 Arabic ( c a t . , I , p . 6 8 )
MUJJAMMADIJUSAYN B. MUUAMMAD AL-KHWANSASR~
( d . 1328):
Tobommul 01-'ibiido ' o n a / - g h o y r wo k a y f i y y o t 01-istiniiba = Ris& ilii
Nafy a/-boroj f7 abkiim a/-shor'i'o
MS: ~ a r ' a s h i3041122 ( c a t . , VIII, p.250) ohl a / - J a z i i ' i r
MS: Malik (AB, XI, p . 1 4 0 )
MUUAMMAD T A Q ~B. JJASAN AL-MUDARRIS AL-ISFAHANT ( d . 1333):
BN A B ~.JUMHOR:
Rislilo f i "I-forq b o y n 01-boqq wo ' I - b u k m
Risiilo f i ' I - n i y y o
Edition: Tehran, 1363 (in a collecti~nof his treatises entitled
MS: Mar'ashi 2754112 ( c a t . , VII, p.312)
01-Rosii'il a / - T o q o w i y y o )
120 AN INTRODUCTION TO SHf'f LAW MONOGRAPHS ON ACTS OF DEVOTION
RAPT AL-DIN
B . MUBAMMAD NAB7 AL-QAZWINT
( d . a f t e r 1134): Im o l - i j m i i f i , his lectures compiled by
Risiila f i ' I - n i y y o
MS: Zanjin ( c a t . , p.130) Edition: Najaf, 1367
ANONYMOUS:
- ~ i s a fai ' I - r i y i i ' f i ' I k ' i b i i d o A l - l q t i ~ i i d , on dogmatics and acts of devotion
MS: DiuishgZh 111812 ( c a t . , V, pp.1899-900) Edition: Qum, 1400
- RisZilo f i 'I-shokk f i ' I - s h o r t i y y o wo ' I - j u z ' i y y a Selected MSS: Dinishgih 920110 ( c a t . , V, p . 1783) and microfilm 2969
MS: DinishgZh 1118.2 (ibid) ( c a t . , I , p . 285); Mil17 192215 Araibic ( c a t . , X, p.593); Amir al-
Mu'minin ( g u j j a t i , p.622); Uakim 472 (ibid. 1; D i r al-Kutub 20304
IBN TAWQ AL-BA~RANY: ( c a t . , I , p . 9 6 ) ; Mar'ashi 3994111 ( c a t . , X , p . 9 5 ) ; LOS Angeles
MI33914 ( c a t . , p.725)
Risiila fl qasd 01-thowiib wa ' I ' i q i i b fi' ' I - ' i b i i d o
MS: Mar'ashi 235814 ( c a t . , VI, pp.334-5) UUAMMAD B . ~ A R I T HAL-I$USAYNI AL-ASTARABHDT ( d . a f t e r 885):
'ABD AL-RASUL AL-FTRUZKUHT ( d . around 1322): Al-RisZilo 0 1 - v i i ' i r i y y o f i ' I - ' i b i i d i i t 01-shor'iyyo
MS: Farhid Mu'tamid 45 ( c a t . , p . 180)
Risiila fT i s h t i r i i t 01-qurbo f i ' I ' i b i i d o t
Edition: Tehran, 1321
122 AN INTRODUCTION TO SHf'f LAW MONOGRAPEIS ON ACTS OF DEVOTION
SHAMS AL-DIN
AL-ASTAR~B~D ~
(mid-10th century): RisZila IT me tonojjos bo'duh wa ishtoboh mowy'i' a/-nijiiso
MSS: DZnishgih 2144140 ( c a t . , 'X, p . 828) : ShirZz, DZnishgih
Risiilo fi koyfiyyot wop" a/-moyyit bo'd 01-ghusl
MS: Mar'ashi 278512 ( c a t . , VII, p.348)
UJJAMMAD YUSUF B. BASAN AL-IjUSAYNi AL-ASTARABAD~
(mid
AL-MUJTAHID :
Riscla fi istiqbcl a/-qiblo Abktm-I nijzstt , Persian
MS: Majlis 398819 ( c a t . , X , p.2166) MS: Mar'ashi 225212 ( c a t . , VI, pp.237-8)
AL-SHAHTD AL-THANI :
Abkcim 01-amwet Riscilo fT bukm me idhc tuyuqqin 01-fahero wo 'I-nijZiso wo shukk
MS: Milli 126212 ( c a t . , IX, p.251) 'I-szbiq minhum5, included in his Mojmz'ot a/-itZdFt (see above,
AL-SHYRWANY :
Riscla dor obkiim-i omwct , Persian
AYN A L - ' A B I D ~ N AL-TABRTZT (10th c e n t u r y ) :
MS: Dinishgih 7008113 ( c a t . , XVI, p.426) Risclo fT bukm 01-'oroq min ol-mutonojjis
MS: Masjid-i A'zam 308511
HASHIM B . M U R T A ~ AA L - I ~ U S A Y(Nd ~. after 1128):
AbkEn a/-amwet, Persian
AMINAL-ASTARABADT:
MS: Raaawi 2742 ( c a t . , V, pp. 356-7) RisSilo fi fohiirot 01-khomr
MS: DZnishgih 1257112 ( c a t . , VII, p.2667)
AL-MUKHTART :
Qubclo qabaliyyo fi boyon istiqbzl a/-moyyit wo lowlThih ila 'I AIjMAD B. Z A Y N A L - ' A B I D ~ N AL-'AMIL~ ( d . after 1044):
MS: Dinishgih 185916 ( c a t . , VIII, p.460) RisZlo fT nijiisot 01-khamr, in refutation of the previous treatise
MSS: DinishgZh 3749 ( c a t . , XII, p.2743); Adahiyyiit 25112 Kirmin
AL-KHWAJU'T : ( c a t . , p.40); SipahsilZr 2916123, 450612 ( c a t . , I , p.283)
- Risiilo fi jowoz 01-tokfin fi 'I-$Gf wa 'I-wabar wa 'I-sho'r
$AFT AL-DiN B. FAKHR A L - D ~ NAL-TURAYIji AL-NAJAFi ( d . after
MS: Mashhad, AdabiyyZt 25124 Fayyia ( c a t . , p.214)
1100):
- Risclo IT bukm al-isrzj 'ind 01-moyyil
MS: Mashhad, Adabiyyat 2519 Fayyid ( c a t . , p . 212) Al-Yonbi7' 01-munbojis fi 'I-rodd 'ulcmon qiil inno 'I-munojjis 1; yunojjis
MS: Masjid-i A'cam 96612: Buriijirdi (AB, XI, p.201)
JJUSAYN A L - Q A Z W ~ N ~ :
AL-MAI~UZI
:
Risiilo fT bukm 01-nobsh
MSS: Raaawi 259515 ( c a t . , 11, p.118); ZanjZni 76115 ( c a t . , pp.220-I) Fog1 a/-khifcb f7 nijtsot Ah1 ol-Kit7ib wo 'I-Nu&b
MS: Najaf, J a z i ' i r i (Nosh., VII, p.717)
AIjMAD A L - B A I ~ R ~ N ~ :
- Risi;lo fi tobq7q ghus5lot ol-nijiiso
130 AN INTRODUCTION TO SHT'T LAW MONOGRAPIIS ON ACTS OF DEVOTION 131
MS: Princeton 229113 Yahuda ( c a t . , p.139) AYKH AL-SHART'A - Fatb Allih b . Muhammad J a w i d al-Namizi
al-Igfahini ( d . 1339):
R i s i i l o fT bukm rnuliiqT ol-mutonojjis
MS: Princeton 229120 Yahuda ( c a t . , p.139) lfiiClot a/-QadTr f i abkiim 01-'ogTr
MS: Mar'asili 1319 ( c a t . , IV, p.105)
KHALAF B . 'ABD 'ALT A L - B A J J R A N(~d a . a f t e r 1182):
Risiila f i nijiisot 'oroq 01-junub min ol-bariim
MS: IJakim 2205m Risiilo fT tan178 01-mutonoijis
Edition: Najaf, 1343 ( t o g e t h e r with h i s uiishiyat 01-Mokzsib)
AL-KHWANSART
UUSAYN B. ABI ' L - Q ~ S I M A L - M ~ S A W ~ ( d . 1191):
Risiilo tT tanojjus rnuliiqT a/-mutonoijis
Edition: Igfahdn, 1377 ( t o g e t h e r with Muhammad B i q i r a l - K h w i n s i r i t s Risiilo f i 'odom ton175 a/-mutonojjis
a/-Nohriyya) Edition; n . p . ( I r a n ) , 1337 ( t o g e t h e r with h i s Wiqiiyot 01-odhhiin)
MSS: Mar'ashi 151916 ( c a t . , IV, p . 3 2 0 )
sij 'ABD ALLAH B . NA$R ALLAH AL-ZANJANT ( d . 1360):
HUSAYN A L - Q A Z W ~ N ~ : Risiilo f7 iohiirot Ah1 01-Kit&
- Risiilo f i bukrn 01-howiirnrn wa 'I-sow?mm wo 'I-boshoriit Edition: B a g h d a d , 1345
MSS: Radawi 259512 ( c a t . , 11, p . 1 1 8 ) ; Zanjini 7612 ( c a t . , pp.220-1)
6. ON VESSELS
- Risiila f7 ton175 01-mutonajjis
MSS: Radawi 259513 ( c a t . , 11, p . 1 1 8 ) ; Zanjini 7613 ( c a t . , pp.220-1) AL-MUJTAHID:
A L - B I H B A H A N ~: Risiila fi 'I-awiinT
MS: Diinishgdh 2144145 ( c a t . , IX, p.832)
Mos'alo f7 bukrn ' o ~ T r a ya/-tomr wa 'I-zobTb
MSS: Radawi 7220 ( c a t . , V , p.442); Gulpiiyigiini 1820121 ( c a t . , 111, ANONYMOUS:
p . 92)
Risiilo ;lo bukrn isti'rniil owiinT ol-dhahob wo 'I-fiq'da fi 'I-fohiiro
AL-SHAFTT : MS: Majlis 180415 ( c a t . , IX, p.321)
Risiilo f i toi1iTr alk'a17n bi-tokhbrzih wo 'odornih A L - A S H T I Y A N ~:
MS: Buriijirdi (AB, XI, p.149)
Risiilo fT bukrn owZnT 01-dhahab wo 'I-fiQ'Q'o
ASAD ALLAH B . M U U A M M A D B ~ Q I AL-SHAFT?
R ( d . 1290): Edition: T e h r a n , 1313 ( t o g e t h e r with h i s lziibat 01-shukiik)
Risiilo fi 'I-'asTr alkCinabTwo 'I-zobTbT wa 'I-tarnrT 'ABD A L - R A S ~ L A L - F ~ R ~ Z K O H T :
MS: Rawa5ti (Mu'allim, 111, p p . 837-8)
Risiilo fi 'I-owiinT
AUMAD B . MUUAMMAD BAQIR AL-MnSAWi A L - B I H B A H ~ ~ N ?( d . a f t e r Edition: T e h r a n , 1321
1294) :
ABU 'L-MAKARIM A L - Z A N J ~ N ~ :
TanbTh 01-c~niim f i Jahiirot 'oroq a/-junub min 01-boriim
MS: D i n i s h g i h 934 ( c a t . , V, p . 1834) Risiila f7 burrnot owiinT 01-dhohob wo 'I-fiQ'p'o
MS: Zanjini 113 ( c a t . , p.240)
MUUAMMAD TAQf AL-HA RAW^:
7. COMPLEMENTARY DISCUSSIONS
Risiila f i 'oraq ol-junub rnin a/-boriim
MS: DZnishgiih 371313 ( c a t . , XII, p.2713) MULLA MU'MIN - Muhammad b . JJasan al-Tabrizi ( e a r l y 14th c e n t u r y ) :
MUUAMMAD H ~ S H I MB . ZAYN AL-'ABIDTN AL-MijSAWi AL-KHWANSART Risiiio f i jowiiz balq 01-libya
( d . 1318): Edition: T a b r i z , 1300
MS: Princeton 1076 New Series
Hall a 1 'asik f7 abkFm 01- 'osTr
Edition: T e h r a n , 1317 ( i n h i s Ma'din 01-fowii'id) BASAN B . HADT AL-$ADR A L - ' ~ N I I L (~d . 1354):
MUJJAMMAD RIpA B . 'ALi AL-ASTARAB%DT ( d . a f t e r 1325): - Dhikrii dhgwT 01-nuhii f7 burrnot balq a/-IibZ
MS: DZnishgiih 551812 ( c a t . , XVI, p.27)
Risiilo f7 nijiisot Ah1 01-Kitiib
Edition: I n d i a , 1324 - Al-Ghiiliyo li-ah1 01-on~iir a/-'F1iyo = Risiilo d o r burmat-i riihtorFsh7,
@.BIB AL-MA'ALIM:
VAMMAD TAHIR B. RAPT AL-DTN MUJJAMMAD A L - F ~ U S A Y N ~ (rorly 12th
Al-lthno'oshariyyo
MSS: SipahsiIir 606211 ( c a t . , 111, pp.42-3); Dinishgih 370214 (cat
XI, p.2016) Toqwiin ol-$alFt , Persian
Commentaries: ( 1 ) a/-AnwZr aolqornoriyya, by Fay$ Allih b . 'Abd Edition: Tehran, 1364
Q i h i r al-JJusayni al-Tafrishi ( d . 10251, MS: _Nujiimi ( c a t . , p . 293 MSS: Majlis 2049, 4731 ( c a t . , VI, p.47, XIII, pp.111-12); Milli 293312f
( 2 ) by Mubarnmad b . Ffasan al-'Amili, MSS: Aqafivya 96 S h i ' i law ( c a t . , VI, pp.677-8)
( c a t . , 11, p p . 243-4); Hamadin, Madrasa-yi Dimghani ( N a s h . , V,
p.384); ( 3 ) by B a h i ' al-Din al-'Amili, MSS: Radawi 2729 ( c a t . , V, MAD A L - B A ~ R ~: N ~
p.405); Dinishgih 918112 ( c a t . , V, pp.1855-6); Adabiyyit 1413d Al-MasF'il 01-khomsa
( c a t . , p p . 197-8); Majlis 371816, 596011 ( c a t . , X, pp.1694-5, XVII, MS: Majlis 270112 ( c a t . , IX, p.4)
p ,344); Masjid-i Jimi' 29912 ( c a t . , p . 377); Sipahsilir 793911 ( c a t .
IV, p p . 139-40); ( 4 ) a / - F o w c ' i d a / - G h o r a w i y y a , by Sharaf al-Din 'Ali BIB AL-JJADA'IQ:
Ijujjat Allah al-Shfilastini ( d . after 10571, MSS: Majlis 494411 ( c a t . ,
XVII, pp.327-8); Radawi 2509 ( c a t . , 11, p . 9 2 ) ; Sipahsilir 6065 (cat RisFlo f i 'I-$al;t
V, p.386) Editions: Najaf, 1356, 1371
MS: Mar'ashi 345014 ( c a t . , IX, p.242)
BAHA' AL-DiN AL-'AMIL~: S h o r b Risiilat 01-qolFt, a commentary on t h e previous work
Risiila rnukhta$oro f F f i q h 01-golot
MSS: Mar'ashi 345015 ( c a t . , IX, p.243); Radawi 6467 ( c a t . , V,
MS: Bodleian Arab . e . 175 p.434); Ntirbakhsh 43711 ( c a t . , 11, p . 132); Zanjin ( c a t . , p . 114);
Dinishgih 766711 ( c a t . , XVI, p.668)
MU'IZZ AL-DIN AL-MUSAWT: - Risiilo f i ' I - $ o l c t , different from above
T u b f a t al-Rid5 MS: Mareashi 345016 ( c a t . , IX, pp.243-5)
MS: Radawi 6533 ( c a t . , V, pp.379-81)
USAYN AL 'USFOR:
ANONYMOUS (written before 1057): Ai-Nafba 01-qudsiyya
A / - R i s 3 o 01-rna'nawiyya MSS: Marcashi 2475 ( c a t . , VII, p.66); U s t i d i ( c a t . , p.66)
MS: Gulpiyigini 199111 ( c a t . , 111, p p . 129-30)
BU TALIB B. ABI 'L-JJASAN AL-IjUSAYNi A L - Q U M M ~ (mid-13th
MIIUAMMAD A L - F ~ U S A Y N ~ ( d . after 1074):
IrshCd 01-$Clibin, Persian
Risiilo fi 'I-$aliit
MS: DinishgZh 2155 ( c a t . , IX, p.850) MS: Milli 1942f ( c a t . , IV, p.407)
ABU ' L - Q ~ S I MA L - G U L P ~ Y I G ~ N ~ :
A I-Masclik MatFli' 01-onwiir, a commentary on t h e chapter on prayer of
MSS: Radawi 5721 ( c a t . , V, p . 500); Milli 294 Arabic ( c a t . , VII, al-Mu4aqqiq1s S h o r F ' i ' 01-IslFrn
p p . 262-3) Selected MSS: Mar'ashi 2799, 1632, 1900, 1906, 1913, 1929, 2980, 3304
( c a t . , V, pp.35, 272-3, 277, 285, 297,VII, p.367, VIII, p . 157, I X ,
ANONYMOUS (written before 1095): p . 84); Majlis 5788-90 ( c a t . , XVII, p p . 221-3); Dinishgih 1000-2, 4888
( c a t . , V, p p . 2047-52, XIV, p p . 3937-8); Sipahsilir 2474-8 ( c a t . , I ,
Risiilo f i 'I-$al?t p p . 459-61); Radawi 7971, 7976-80 (Binish, p p . 1016-17)
MS: Dinishgih 271112 ( c a t . , X, p.1588)
USAYN B. D I L D ~ R' A L ~AL-NAS~RAB.XDT ( d . after 1250):
AL-MAJLIST 11:
MonZihij ol-tadqTq wa mo'Frij a/-tabqTq
Adiib 01-golot , Persian Edition: India (AB, XXII, p.343)
MS: Mar'ashi 18711 ( c a t . , I , p . 205)
AF,-M~I;~~ZT:
- Al-FawF'id 01-sariyyo, a commentary on the treatise on prayer of Bah Edition: Tehran, 1305
al-Din al- 'Amili's a/-1 t h n o ' o s h a r i y y o MS: Ustidi ( c a t . , p.26)
MS: Najaf, J a z i ' i r i (AB, XVI, p.342) -
K . a/-$ol?it, his lectures on prayer compiled b y one of his pupils
- Wiijibat 01-$olZt MS: Majlis 44 T a b a t a b i ' i
AN INTRODUCTION TO SHT'i LAW MONOGRAPHS ON ACTS OF DEVOTION 137
Mar'ashi 801, 1167, 2153 ( c a t . , 111, p p . 1 , 339, VI, p.160) MSS: Gharb 2435 ( c a t . , pp.203-4); Najaf, J a z i ' i r i (AB, XV,
$ABIB AL-MA'XLIM:
BAMMAD TAHIR B. RAPT A L - D ~ N MUUAMMAD AL-BUSAYNT (rnrly 12th
A/-IthnZ'ashariyyo
MSS: Sipahsilir 606211 ( c a t . , 111, pp.42-3); DZnishgih 370214 (cat
XI, p.2016) ToqwTm 01-golZt , Persian
Commentaries: ( 1 ) 01-An wZr a / - q o m o r i y y o , b y Fayd Allih b . 'Abd Edition: Tehran, 1364
Qihir al-ausayni al-Tafrishi ( d . 1025), MS: -Nujiimi ( c a t . , p.293); MSS: Majlis 2049, 4731 ( c a t . , VI, p.47, XIII, pp. 111-12); Milli 293312f
( 2 ) b y MuQammad b . wasan 31-'Amili, MSS: Asafivya 96 S h i ' i law ( c a t . , VI, pp. 677-8)
( c a t . , 11, p p . 243-4); Hamadsn, Madrasa-yi Dimghirni ( N o s h . , V,
p.384); (3) by Bahi' al-Din alkCAmili, MSS: Radawi 2729 ( c a t . , V, UMAD A L - B A ~ R ~ N ? :
p.405); DZnishgZh 918112 ( c a t . , V, pp.1855-6): AdabiyyXt 1413d A/-MosZ'ii 01-khamso
( c a t . , p p . 197-8); Majlis 371816, 596011 ( c a t . , X, pp.1694-5, XVII, MS: Majlis 270112 ( c a t . , IX, p . 4 )
p . 344); Masjid-i &mi' 29912 ( c a t . , p . 377); Sipahsilir 793911 ( c a t . ,
IV, p p . 139-40); ( 4 ) 01-Fowz'id a / - C h o r o w i y y a , by Sharaf al-Din 'Ali ABIB AL-UADA'IQ:
Bujjat AllZh al-ShiilastZni ( d . after 1057), MSS: Majlis 494411 ( c a t . ,
XVII, p p . 327-8); Radawi 2509 ( c a t . , 11, p . 92); SipahsiTar 6065 (ca Risiilo f i 'I-galZt
V, p.386) Editions: Najaf, 1356, 1371
MS: Mar'ashi 345014 ( c a t . , 1X;p. 242)
BAHA' AL-DTN AL-%MILT: S h o r b RisZlot 01-salZt, a commentary on t h e previous work
RisZIo mukhtogoro f7 f i q h 01-goliit MSS: Mar'ashi 345015 ( c a t . , IX, p . 243); Radawi 6467 ( c a t . , V,
MS: Bodleian Arab.e. 175 p.434); Niirbakhsh 43711 ( c a t . , 11, p . 132); Zanjin ( c a t . , p . 114);
DZnishgih 766711 ( c a t . , XVI, p.668)
MU'IZZ A L - D ~ NA L - M ~ S A W ~ : Risiilo f i "I-golZt, different from above
T u b f o t 01-Rip'; MS: Mar'ashi 345016 ( c a t . , IX, pp.243-5)
MS: Ragawi 6533 ( c a t . , V , pp.379-81)
IjUSAYN AL 'u$FOR:
ANONYMOUS (written before 1057): Al-Nafba o l - q u d s i y y o
Al-RisZIo a/-mo'nawiyyo MSS: Marcashi 2475 ( c a t . , VII, p.66); U s t i d i ( c a t . , p.66)
MS: Gulpiyigini 199111 ( c a t . , 111, pp.129-30)
ABU TALIB B. ABI 'L-JJASAN AL-BUSAYNI AL-QUMM'~ (mid-13th
MIlIjAMMAD A L - Y U S A Y N ~ ( d . a f t e r 1074):
I r s h Z d 01-gZiibTn, Persian
RisZla fi ' I - ~ a l Z t
MS: DZnishgXh 2155 ( c a t . , IX, p.850) MS: Milli 1942f ( c a t . , IV, p.407)
AL-MAHUZT:
- A l - F o w Z ' i d g l - s a r i y y o , a commentary on the treatise on prayer of Bahi Edition: Tehran, 1305
al-Din al- 'Amili's 01-l t h n Z C a s h o r i y y o MS: UstXdi ( c a t . , p.26)
MS: Najaf, J a z i ' i r i (AB, XVI, p.342) -
K . a/-SolZt, his lectures on prayer compiled by one of his pupils
- WZjibCt 01-goliit MS: Majlis 4 4 7abZiabZ.i
138 AN INTRODUCTION TO s H I ' ~LAW MONOGRAPHS ON ACTS OF DEVOTION 139
AL-<IA'IR~ - 'Abd al-Karim b . Muhammad Ja'far al-Yazdi ( d . 1355): ON THE DIRECTION OF PRAYER^
- K . a/-$aliit
Edition: Tehran, 1353 ADHAN B. JIBRI'TL A L - Q U M M ~( d . after 593):
-
K . 01-;SdFt, his lectures on prayer compiled by Makmud al-Xshtiyini
Edition: Tehran, 1387-90 Editions: Tehran, 1311, 1390 (both in al-Majlisi 11's B i b C r o o l o n w i ; r ,
first edition, XVIII, part 2, p p . 153-6; second edition, LXXXIV,
AL-NA'TNT:
Selected MSS: Majlis 4339111, 519412, 2761116 ( c a t . , IX, p.164, XII,
K . a l - S d i i t , his lectures on prayer compiled b y Mubarnmad Taqi p.42, XVI, p.24): RaJawi 6045, 7187 (Binish, p.587); Gulpiyigzni
al-Amuli 239715 ( c a t . , 111, p.245); Mar'ashi 679 ( c a t . , 11, p.272); Dinishgih
Edition: Tehran, 1372-3 ( 3 vols.) 88213 ( c a t . , V , pp.1774-5)
AL-BUROJIRDI
:
MUJJAMMAD Y A J ~ Y A
B. S H A R ~ FA L - S ~ W I J (~d . after 1075): Editions: Tehran, 1315 (in the collection of Kalimiit a/-mubaqqiqil
1318 (in the margin of al-KhurZsZni's D u r o r o l - f o w i i ' i d )
Minhiij o l - q i b l a , Persian
MS: Mar'ashi 1453 ( c a t . , IV, p.242) MS: DZnishgZh 91813 ( c a t . , V , P.1875)
MUIJAMMAD JA'FAR A L - A S T A R A B ~ D T :
Iziibat a / - s h u k i i k f i 'I-libiis al-mashkiik
RisZla f i ' I - q i b l a
Edition: Tehran, 1313
MS: Mar'ashi 306612 ( c a t . , VIII, p.287)
MAD J ~ U S A Y NAL-SHAHRASTANT :
' A L ~B. RIPA AL BAJJR A L - ' U L ~ M :
~ j s i j / of i m o ' r i f a t b u k m 01-moshkiik rnin 01-libiis
RisZlo f i ' I - q i b l a
Edition: Tehran, 1320
Edition: Tehran, 1291 (together with his a l - B u r h i i n a l - q i i c i ' )
' A L ~B. 'ABD ALLAH AL-'ALYART AL-TABR~ZT( d . 1321): UBAMMAD B . MUYAMMAD BAQIR AL-JJUSAYNT AL-FTROZABADT
fT t a ' y i n ol-waqt wa 'I-qibla,as a commentary on the
Minhiij al-millo
JZmi' al-kalim
relevant discussions in al-Shahid al-ThZni's above-mentioned work
MS: Mar'ashi (AB, XXIII, p.176) Edition: Najaf, 1339
QIYA' A L - D ~ NA L - ' A R ~ Q ~ :
Risiila f i 'I-libiis al-mashkiik
142 AN INTRODUCTION T O SHT'T LAW MONOGRAPHS ON A C T S O F DEVOTION 1
Risiila f7 jaw% a / - ' u d i i l 'an k u l l s i j r a 'ado 'I-Jabd wa 'I-TawbTd NONYMOUS (written in or before 1058):
MS: Princeton 229115 Yahuda ( c a t . , p.149)
Risiila fi w u j i b a/-tosliin f l 'I-galiit
MS: Mar'ashi 138312 ( c a t . , IV, p.157)
Tadhkirat 01-wadiid = Risiila f7 istibbzb raf' a/-yadayn f i 'I-qunijt UVAMMAD TAHIR B. MUBAMMAD IJUSAYN A L - Q U M M(~d . 1098):
MS: Princeton 1317 New Series (fols. 23b-44b)
Risiilo f7 afdaliyyat al-tasb7b f i 'I-akhTratayn MSS: Dinishgih 221513 ( c a t . , IX, p.891); Amir al-Mu'minin (AB,
MS: Adabiyyit 25125 Fayyicj ( c a t . , p.214) XII, p . 214) ; Najaf, Madrasat al-Sayyid ( i b i d . , XI, p . 199); Qum,
Riibini (Tlshnii'T, 1, p.448)
' A L ~B . MUJJAMMAD A L - M A Q ~ BAL-BAI~RAN?
~ :
Risiila f i 'I-jahr wo ' I - i k h E t
MS: Radawi 5216 (Binish, p.796) Risiila fi istibbiib 01-toslTm ' a l a 'I-nab7 f i 'I-toshohhud 01-akhTr
MS: Mar'ashi 338216 ( c a t . , IX, p.161)
MUJJAMMAD B. AfJMAD AL-BABRANT (late 12th c e n t u r v ) :
RisZlo f7 wujijb 01-jahr b i 'I-tasbTbiit f i 'I-akh7rotayn = RisZila l i
BN TAWQ AL-BA~RANT:
'I-tasbThCt aolarba'a Rawb 01-nasim tT abkiirn a/-tnslh
MS: Mailis 2312 Khu'i ( c a t . , VII, p . 45) MS: Mar'ashi 235811 ( c a t . , VI, 12.333)
MSS: Dinishgih 465912 ( c a t . , XIV, p.3603); Majli~5353 ( c a t . , XVI ~ i s i i l o,f7 galrSt 01-jum'o
p.263) MSS: Radawi 6465 ( c a t . , V, p.437); DZnishgZh 88819, 287512, 690511
904-7, X , p.1719, XVI, p.392); Waziri 126712 ( c a t . , 111,
AL-FAYQ : biyat 3412 ( c a t . , p.45); GawharshZd 86712 ( c a t . , p.346);
14618 ( c a t . , I , p.136); KhZlisi ( c a t . , p.68); DZr al-
- AbwZib 01-jiniin, Persian ~ u t u b20324 ( c a t . , I , p.391); Mashhad, Shinachi ( N o s h . , V, p.599)
MSS: Sipahsilir 2013 ( c a t . , I , p.351); GulpiyigZni 138313 ( c a t . , 11
p.252); Radawi 2422 ( c a t . , 11, p.65); Majlis 534118 ( c a t . , XVI, flZishiyo '015 rIsTilat 01-TGnT tT nofy w u j i i b galiit 01-jum'o, in refutation
p.253) of 'Abd AllZh alkTiini
MSS: Milli 185812 Arabic ( c a t . , X , p.440); Majlis 12813 ~ h u ' i( c a t . ,
- Al-ShihZib 01-thZiqib V I I , pp. 119-80); Los Angeles MI20412 ( c a t . , p.715)
Editions: Najaf, 1368 ; Beirut, 1403
MSS: Raoawi 6499 ( c a t . , V, p.464); Majlis 120111 K h u ' i ( c a t . , VII, IM B . MUWAMMAD JJUSAYN AL-TUYSIRKANT ( d . after
p.173); Adabiyyit 53 KirmZn ( c a t . , p.96); Los Angeles MI20413
(Cat., p.715); UstZdi, 2 MSS ( c a t . , p.64)
r
~ i s i i l o golot 01-jurn'o, in refutation of all three treatises by al-SarZb
MUJJAMMADT A Q B.
~ 'ABD ALLAH AL-KISHMTRT (d. after 1097): on this subject
MS: DZnishgZh 3552 (Cat., XII, p.2572)
-
RisZila fi w u j i i b galiit 01-jum'o
MSS: DZnishgZh 79011, 684612 ( c a t . , V, pp.2091-2, XVI, p.381); Risiilo ,+7golZit o l - j u m ' o , different from above
Majlis 9474 (pp.66-78) MS: AdabiyyZt 27514 Kirmin ( c a t . , p.43)
- Riszlo t7 golFt 01-jurn'o MTN AL-TONT (early 12th century):
MS: DinishgZh 79012 ( c a t . , V, p.2092)
Riszlo r golCt 01-jum'o, in refutation of al-Sarib's third treatise on this
MUUAMMAD TAHIR AL-QUMMI:
- 813 Arabic ( c a t . , X, p.441); DinishgZh 287513 ( c a t . ,
Jc' 01-boqq , Persian, in refutation of Khalil al-Qazwini ajlis 12814 Khu'i ( c a t . , VII, pp.180-1)
MSS: Dinishgsh 97412 ( c a t . , V , pp.1184-5); Majlis 547013 ( c a t . ,
XVI, p.372) AL-KHWLNSART:
AMAL AL-DIN
-
Risiilo dor namzz-i jurn'o, Persian, in refutation of wasan 'A17 R i s 3 o dor nomZiz-i jurn'o, Persian
al-Tustari Selected MSS: Majlis 480511, 5431, 422 TabZtabZ'i, 1025 TabitabZ'i
MSS: Radawi 2422 (Cat., 11, pp.71-2); DiinishgZh 87417, 79013 ( c a t . , XIII, pp.202-3, XVI, p. 333); DZnishgih 209912, 3394, 441213,
( c a t . , V, pp.2092-4); Majlis 5470 ( c a t . , XVI, p.371) 4435, 465913, 690512 ( c a t . , VIII, p.726, XIII, pp.3375, 3394, XIV, p.
3606, XVI, p.393); Mashhad, Ilihiyyit ( c a t . , I , p.125); NawwZb
SALMAN B. K H A L ~ LAL-QAzw~NY(late 11th century): 13011 law ( c a t . , p.467); IlihiyyZt 20612d ( c a t . , I , p.259); Ustidi
A l ' U r w o 01-wuthqz li-wad' 01-boyro 01-'uCmZi ' o n ol-go[iit o l - w u s f ~ ( c a t . , p. 18); g5Qib al-Dhari'a (AB, XV, p.79)
f i ' I - g h a y b o 01-kubrz
MS: Waziri 223811 ( c a t . , IV, p.1214) AL-SAMAH~JT :
AL-MAJLIS~
11:
Al-QZimi'o l i ' I - b i d ' o fT t a r k goliit ol-jurn'o
MSS: Majlis 165 Khu'i ( c a t . , VI1, pp.207-9); Tustariyya 63318
Risiila fi g o l a ol-jurn'o
MSS: Majlis 534111 ( c a t . , XVI, p ,253); Dir al-Kutub 19179b ( c a t . , I ,
p.370) HidZiyot
MS: al-$irZr
Racjawi fi burrnot
6982 01-jam'
( c a t . , V, b o y n a / - ~ u h rwo ' I - j u m ' o
p. 530)
MUJJAMMAD T A Q ~AL-SH~RAZT:
Risiila f7 galiit a/-jum'a, his lectures compiled by Muhammad Kivim QawEbit 01-khams
al-Shiriizi Edition: Tehran, 1300 (in the margin of Ibn Fahd's Ghiiyat a/-TjZz)
Edition: Tehran, 1323 (together with the author's VCshiyat a/-Makiislb MSS: Milli 192212 Arabic ( c a t . , X , p ,591) ; India Office 1835 (cat. ,
11, p.321); Dinishgih 79213 ( c a t . , V, p.1944)
AL-BURDJIRDT:
A/-Badr a/-zEhir f7 galat 01-jum'a wa 'I-musiifir, his lectures compiled UUAMMAD TT\HIR AL-QUMMT :
by uusayn 'Ali al-Muntaviri Riszla d a r shakkiyyiic, Persian
Edition: Qum, 1378 MS: Qum, 'Riihini (Ashnii'T , I , p.448)
A L - S H P HD~ AL-AWWAL:
Abkiim-i shakk wa sohw d a r namzz, Persian
Kholal a/-$01~2 Selected MSS: Faydiyya 174714 ( c a t . , 111, p.128); Mar'ashi 18712,
Edition: Tehran, 1322 (together with his 01-Bay%) 160212, 168311, 303415 ( c a t . , I , p.206, V, p p . 5, 78, VIII, p.225);
Milli 185413f ( c a t . , IV, p.313); Radawi 6044, 6702 (Binish, p.804)
IBN FAIID:
- Bughyat 01-riighibTn - RisTila fT kathTr 01-shakk JJAYDAR ' A L ~A L - S H T R W ~ N ~ :
MS: Jawidayn (AB, 111, p . 132) A/-Khalal fi 'I-$alft
- Al-Khalol fi 'I-galzt = a/-Sahwiyya MSS: Danishgih 429212 ( c a t . , XIII, p.3262); India Office 1840
MS: al-ImZm al-Mahdi (Mahffi~11, p . 212) ( c a t . , 11, p.323)
AL-YAZDT :
IJMAD B. MU$TAFA AL-KHU'AYNT, MULLA AQA ( d . 1307):
MujF 01-shar7'o f7 mas 'alat 01-top'yTq wo 'I-towsa'a
Risiilo j'7 bukm a/-gann fi 'I-golcit wo baycin koyfiyyat $olot 01-ibtiyzr
Edition: T e h r a n , 1378 ( t o g e t h e r with h i s HZjshiyot 01-Makcisib) MS: Mar'ashi 3676 ( c a t . , X, p . 69)
3. ON TRAVELLER'S PRAYER
MUJJAMMAD T A Q ~AL-SHTRAZT:
Abkiim 01-Kholol fi 'I-$alZit, h i s l e c t u r e s compiled b y MuQammad k i v i
al-Shirazi
Edition: T e h r a n , 1323 ( t o g e t h e r with t h e a u t h o r ' s HZshiyot a/-MokZs Fowa'id f7 golZt a/-rnusFfir
MSS: D i n i s h g i h 2144lpp. 81-6 ( c a t . , IX, p.806) ; Princeton 193513
AL-KHUMAYNT:
K . a/-Khaiol fi 'I-golcit AL-SHAHID
AL- THAN^ :
Edition: Qum, 1399
NotZ'ij 01-ofkZr j'7 bukm 01-muqk fi 'I-asfZr, included in h i s Mojrnii'ot
01-ifZdZt (see a b o v e , c h a p t e r 5)
12. ON PRAYER OF OMISSION
ALMS 2. SPECIFIC
1. GENERAL
BAPR A L ' U L O M : p . 131); Mashhad, Ilihiyyat 50311 (Cat., I , p . 267); Amir al-Mu'minin
(AB, XXIV, p.386)
Moblagh 01-nozor f7 b u k m @$id 01-orbo'o m i n m o s i i ' i l a / - s o f a r
Edition: Cairo, 1 3 2 4 5 (in Jawad al-'Amili's MiftCb a o l k a r C m o , 111,
pp.501-43)
, Persian
RisClo d a r z o k i i t
AL-AN$ART: MS: Tustariyya (AB, XII, p.40)
Risiilo f7 $aiCt a/-musCfir
MS: DZnishgah 757 (Cat., V, P. 1864)
M i s h k C t 01-hudiir
ABO TALIB B. A B TURAB
~ A L - ~ U S A Y N A~ L - Q A ' I N ~ ( d . 1293-5): MS: DZnishgXh 334113 ( c a t . , XI, p.2330)
SalCt 01-musCfir
Edition: Mashhad, 1318
- K . 01- ZOkiit
~ U ~ A YQ NU L ~AL-HAMADANT : Edition: Tabriz, 1303 (together with his K . a/-Tohr7ra)
MSS: Faydiyya 1002, 1345 ( c a t . , I , Pp. 70, 135); MaIik 6089 ( c a t . , I ,
SolCt ol-musCfifir, his lectures compiled by one of his pupils
MS: Tustariyya (AB, IV, p.372, XV, p.83)
- K . a / - Z o k i i t , his lectures compiled by IJasan 'Ali al-TihrZni al-Mashhadi
A L - R A S H T ~: MS: Gawharshad 5834 ( c a t . , p . 241)
SalCt 01-musiifir, his lectures compiled by one of his pupils
MS: Gharb 9871 ( c a t . , p.159)
- K . a/-Zakiit
'ABD ALLAH B . MUVAMMAD N A $ ~ A
RL - M A Z A N D A R A N ~( d . 1330): MSS: Majlis 2838 ( c a t . , X, p.164); Tustariyya 616 ( c a t . , p.800)
Soiiit a/-musiifir - K . 01-ZakCt, his lectures compiled by one of his pupils
MS: Zanjzni 114 ( c a t . , p.240) MS: Gharb 4527 ( c a t . , p.77)
ALMS 2. SPECIFIC
1. GENERAL
RisCla fT i s t i t h n z ' 01-mo'ijna m i n a/-zakCt
M U ~ I A M M A DTAHIR AL-QUMMT: MS: Mareashi 198613 ( c a t . , V, p.358)
RisZilo d o r z o k z t , Persian
MSS: Danishgih 410816 ( c a t . , XIII, p . 3088); Faydiyya 168914 ( c a t . , AL-KIRMANSHXH~:
111, p.118) R i s z l a fi ' I - m a ' u n o a / - m u s t o t h n C t m i n 01-rokCt
MS: Bujjatiyya 261111 ( c a t . , p . 103)
AL-BURR AL-'.%MILT :
UriZzo fi 'I-zokzt
MSS: Majlis 1113 Khu'i ( c a t . , VII, p . 9 ) ; Gulpiyigani 32717 ( c a t . , I ,
RisZilo ,f7 i s t i t h n z ' o l - m a ' i i n o wa u j r a t ol-bos$Cd m i n 01-zokCt, included
p.282) in both his Jowiimimi'01-rosC'il and his a / - R a s C ' i l (see above, chapter 5)
ABU 'L-QASIM JA'FAR B. BUSAYN A L - K H W A N S X R ~ : AIJMAD B. 'AL? MUKHTAR AL-GULPAYIGANi ( d . after 1264):
Z o k i i t i y y o , Persian RisClo f i ' I - t o w k T I f7 i k h r z j 01-rokCt
MS: Faydiyya 1807 ( c a t . , 11, p.67)
MS: Mareashi 349414 ( c a t . , IX, pp.291-2)
MUUAMMAD B . M U I ~ A M M A DZAMAN AL-KASHANT: AL-SHIRAZT
'ABD AL-HAD7 B. ISMA'TL A L - ~ ~ U S A Y N T ( d . 1382):
Niir a/-hudz
MSS: Majlis 196616 ( c a t . , IX, p.681); Niirbakhsh, 10813 ( c a t . , I , Al-Qofro f7 z o k i i t o l - f i t r a , his lectures compled by 'Ali al-Mubammadi
Edition: Najaf, 1380
158 AN INTRODUCTION TO S H ? ' ~LAW MONOGRAPHS ON ACTS OF DEVOTION 159
1. GENERAL
AL-KIRMANSHAH~ :
JJUSAYN AL-KHWANSAR~:
Magraf-i r a d d - i mo&i/im, Persian
Risiila d a r k h u m s , Persian MS: S i p a h s i l i r 244211 ( c a t . , I , p . 5 0 5 )
MS: DZnishgih 1801 ( c a t . , VIII, p . 3 7 5 )
ANONYMOUS:
AL-KHwAJO'T: RisZila fT i r t i r i i q a / - q i i g wa 'I-foqTh min sahm 01-imim
Risiilo f i ' I - k h u m s MS: Diinishgih 111912 ( c a t . , V, pp.1889-90)
MSS: Faygiyya 118618 ( c a t . , 111, p . 6 5 ) ; Mashhad, AdabiyyZt 2611
F a y y i d ( c a t . , p . 211) MUVAMMAD RAJJiM A L - B U R O J I R D ~ :
I t h b i i t a / - s i y z d o li '1-muntasobTn ilZ H z s h i m umman
AL-AKHBARI :
MSS: Ragawi 5850-1 ( B i n i s h , p . 783)
TawfTr a / - k h u m s
MS: Diinishgiih 334114 ( c a t . , XI, p . 233) MUJJAMMAD JJUSAYN A L - K H W A N S A R ~ :
AL-ANSART:
Risiila fT t a ' a l l u q 01-khums bi-majmii' a/-arbiib
MS: M a r c a s h i 304111 ( c a t . , VIII, p . 2 4 1 )
K . 01-Khums
Edition: T a b r i z , 1303 ( t o g e t h e r with his K . a / - T a h i i r a ) 'ABD ALLAH AL-MAMAQANT :
MSS: F a y j i y y a 1002, 1345 ( c a t . , I , p p . 135, 170); Malik 6089 ( c a t . ,
H i d i i y a t 01-an5m fT f u k m amwiil a / - i m i i m
I , p . 5 5 0 ) ; D i n i s h g i h 6956 ( c a t . , XVI, p.411) Edition: T a b r i z , 1321
IJUSAYN ' A L ~A L - M U N T A Z I R ~ :
K . 01-Khums Risiila f i 'I-gawm
Edition: Qum , i1402? I MSS: Milli 1919112 Arabic ( c a t . , X, p . 5 8 5 ) ; Ragawi 2437 ( c a t . , 11,
2. SPECIFIC
ANONYMOUS (written before 963):
AL-DAMAD :
S a w m i y y a , Persian
I t h b i i t a / - s i y i i d o li-mon y a n t o s i b i l i i H i i s h i m umman MS: Radawi 2491 ( c a t . , 11, p . 8 7 )
MS: Milli 2360f ( c a t . , V, p . 4 8 3 )
BAHA' AL-DTN AL-'&MILT:
M A J J M ~BD. FATJJ ALLAH AL-IJUSAYNf AL-KAZIMT ( d . a f t e r 1079): Mas ' o l a f i 'I-gawm
Risiilo Tj w u j i j b a / - k h u m s bZ1 istit;? a / - l m i i m MSS: Dinishgiih 918111 ( c a t . , V , p p . 1796-7); Majlis 1805157, 4900153
( C a t . , IX, p p . 3 5 8 - 9 , XIV, p . 7 6 )
MONOGRAPHS ON A C T S O F DEVOTION
2. ON TIME O F F A S T I N G
RisClo f i 'I-giyiirn
MSS: Y u j j a t i y y a 70012 ( c a t . , p . 1 2 1 ) ; L o s A n g e l e s M9314 ( c a t . , p . 661
Al-Radd ' o l Z o$@Zbaik'adad
Edition: Q u m , 1398 ( i n ' A l i b . M u r a m m a d a l k C A m i l i ' s01-Durr 01-
K . a/-Sowm m o n t h i i r , 11, p p . 122-34)
MS: Malik ( A B , XV, p . 9 9 ) S e l e c t e d MSS: M a r ' a s h i 24318, 255115, 7818 ( c a t . , I , p p . 9 2 , 268, 285);
Majlis 8117 K h u ' i ( c a t . , V I I , p p . 184-5)
AL-AKWBART:
T a k h J 7 ~ol-06kZm f l masC'il a/-siyfm
MS: D i n i s h g i h 334115 ( c a t . , X I , p . 2 3 3 0 ) Al-Rodd '015 usbcTb ol- ' a d a d = Risi7io f7 n u g r a t a/-qawl b i ' I - r u ' y o
MSS: R a a a w i 144813 ( c a t . , 11, p . 3 8 ) ; D i n i s h g i h 108014 ( c a t . , 111,
'ALT AL KASHIF AL-GHITA': p . 6 1 2 ) ; S a h i b a l - D h a r i ' a ( A B , X , p . 185)
RisZIa f i ' I - ~ o w m MUUAMMAD$ALI!$ B . 'ABD AL-WASI' AL-KHWATDNABAD~:
MS: Buriijirdi (AB, XI, p.206)
u u k m a/-b<kirn b i - i h u b i i t oIkhil6l
MUYAMMAD TAQT AL-NURT : MSS: Majlis 305213 ( c a t . , X , p . 4 9 9 ) ; Milli 191912 A r a b i c ( c a t . , X ,
p . 5 7 8 ) ; T a b r i z , Q i a i ( N a s h . , V I I , p . 5 1 1 ); B u r u j i r d i ( A B , X I ,
Al-Risc'lo a / - ~ a w r n i y y o ,P e r s i a n
MSS: B u r Z j i r d i ( A B , X I , p . 2 0 5 ) ; D Z n i s h g i h 718111 ( c a t . , X V I ,
p.4771
Rayb<nat 01-gudiir, P e r s i a n
MONOGRAPHS ON ACTS OF DEVOTION 163
3. ON OTHER TOPICS
UTF ALLAH B . 'ABD A L - K A R ~ M
AL-MAYST AL-'.~LMIL~:
AL-SHAIITD AL-AWWAL:
A/-l'tikiifiyyo = Mii' a/-boyZt wa $liF 01-furzt
JawZz ibdZ' al-sofar f7 s h a h r Rarnadiin MS: Raaawi 2244 ( c a t . ; 11, p . 1 1 ) ; B u r u j i r d i (see AX, XIX, pp.11-12)
MSS: illajlis 4566111 ( c a t . , XII, p . 2 6 3 ) ; Radawi 7735 ( B i n i s h , p.809)
Zanjin ( c a t . , p . 137) UVAMMAD JA'FAR AL-ASTARABADT :
Al-Koflif fl rnosli'il a/-i'tiktif
IBN FAHD:
MS: Marcashi 170312 ( c a t . , V , p.97)
Mas'ala f j 'I-ibbZL wa 'I-tofkTr wo bukrn 01-sowm 1 d h 5 ~ r t o d d01-sZ',m
MS: Majlis 2750.4 ( c a t . , IX, p.126)
'HAJJ
'ABD ALLAH A L - T U S T A R ~:
Toyawwu' al-$awm li-man 'aiayh 01-far?@, 1. GENERAL
included in h i s alkRas6'il
( s e e above, c h a p t e r 5)
FAKHR A L - M U I ~ A Q Q I Q ~ N :
[{USAYN B . JJAYDAR A L - J J U S A Y N ~ AL-KARAKi (mid-11th c e n t u r y ) : Wiiiibiit 01-hajj
Ishtiriit 'fibbat 01-sawm a/-wlijibbi 'I-yhusl min 01-jinzba MSS: D i n i s h g i h 102213 ( c a t . , V, p . 1871); Mar'ashi 330713 ( c a t . , IX,
MS: Majlis 4865 ( c a t . , XIII, pp.302-3)
AL-SHAHTD AL-AWWAL:
RAPT AL-DiN MUUAMMAD B . kIASAN AL-QAZWfNf ( d . 1096):
Mos'alo flT$Cl 01-ghibiir 01-yholT~ilo 'I-balq fi 'I-$awm KhulZ$at a/-i'tibiir ffi 'I-baij wa 'I-i'timiir
MS: ~ a r ' a s h i14091fols. 121b-126a ( c a t . , IV, p.193) Edition: Sidon, 1348 (in al-Amin al-'xmili's Mo'iidin a/-jowiihir, I ,
SHUBBAR B . MUBAMMAD A L - M ~ S A W
AL-NAJAFf:
~ - KiGyat 01-mubtTii
MS: Los Angeles MI31313 ( c a t . , p.724)
Al-lrtimiis fi 'I-$awm
MS: D i n i s h g i h 720012 ( c a t . , XVI, p.485) - Moniisik a/-baii
MSS: Los Angeles MI31312 ( c a t . , p . 724); Radawi 2372 ( c a t . , 11, p.49)
AL-QUMMT:
-
Risiiia ,f7 tabd7d waqt iftiir 01-mus6fir
Risiila fi 'I-baii wo 'I-'urnra
-
RisZlo F bukm man ainab laylot al-$iyzm MSS: Ilihiyyzt 14213d ( c a t . , I , p.246); Milll 195717f, 119012 Arabic
Both included in h i s Jawlirni' 01-RasZ'il ( s e e above, c h a p t e r 5 ) ( c a t . , IV, p.430, IX, p.175); Majlis 433919 ( c a t . , XII, p . 4 1 ) ;
D i n i s h g i h 717712 ( c a t . , XVI, p.475); Radawi 2641 ( c a t . , 11, pp.132-3)
ANONYMOUS:
ANONYMOUS (written before 947):
R i s h f7 niuftiriyyot a/-dukhzn
- WFjibFt a/-hajj wo 'I-'umra
MS: G u l p i y i g s n i 76312 ( c a t . , 11, p . 208)
MS: Marsashi 330714 ( c a t . , I X , p.88)
MUUAMMAD T A Q A
~ L - N O R ~: - Manzsik a/-baii
Kashf al-owhiim F jaw6z s h u r b a/-ghalyzn fi 'I-~iyzrn, Persian MS: Mar'ashi 330716 ( c a t . , IX, p.89)
MS: DinishgZh 718112 ( c a t . , XVI, p.477)
AL-SHAHID
AL-TIIANT:
MONOGRAPHS ON ACTS OF DEVOTION
164 AN INTRODUCTION TO SHi'f LAW
MSS: Raaawi 2630, 6073 (Cat., 11, p.129, V , p . 5 1 4 ) ; D5nishgih M S : Mar'ashi 187132 ( c a t . , I , p.217)
2099110 ( c a t . , V l I I , p . 7 2 7 ) ; Mar'ashi 279615 ( c a t . , VII, p . 3 6 3 ) ;
I l i h i y y i t ZOGIld ( c a t . , I , p.259)
- ~ j ~ fl~ f oi r d~ 01-boii
o wo ' I ' u m r o
Moniisik o l - h a j j , a s h o r t e r treatise on t h i s subject
MSS: M a r c a s h i 330712 ( c a t . , IX, p . 8 7 ) ; S i n i 1229113 ( c a t . , 11, MS: D i n i s h g i h 5396112 ( c a t . , XV, p . 4239)
p . 174); D i n i s h g i h 706511 ( c a t . , XVI, p . 4 4 3 ) ; Majlis 34551183
( c a t . , X , pp.1353-4); S h i r l d (AB, XXIV, p.441); India Office 181 XSIM B . M U ~ A M M A DRIQA AL-HAZARJARTBY (d. after
( c a t . , 11, p.314)
MonZisik-i h a / / , Persian
ANONYMOUS (written before 972): MS: Mar'ashi 3053 ( c a t . , VIII, p . 2 7 2 )
A / - f f o j i wo ' I - ' u m r o
MS: A Y D A R ' A L ~AL-SH~RWANY:
S i n i 1229114 ( c a t . , 11, p.174)
T u b f a t 01-sorz'ir
AL-ARDAB~L~: MS: D i n i s h g i h 1289 ( c a t . , VII, 13.2627)
M a n k i k - i h a j j , Persian
MSS: Raaawi 2373 ( c a t . , 11, p . 4 9 ) ; G a w h a r s h i d 99813 ( c a t . , p . 107)
DZnishgih 87816 ( c a t . , V I , pp.1870-1); klujjatiyya 59712 ( c a t . , A/-Zuhra t
7 rnonZisik ol-hoii w o ' l ' u m r o
P . 115); Mar'ashi 300814-5 ( c a t . , VIII, p . 185) M S : Majlis 276118 ( c a t . , IX, pp.159-60)
3. ON NON-MUSLIMS
K . 01-Jihiid
MS: D i n i s h g a h 334118 ( c a t . , XI, p.2330) BUSAYN A L - K H W A N S Z R ~ :
Hall shakk fT kown bo'p' oh1 01-balod k i i f i r a n wa aktharahum iMuslimGn
ABU 'L-BASAN B. MUBAMMAD K A ~ I M( e a r l y 13th c e n t u r y ) : MS: DSnishgSh 6710173 ( c a t . , XVI, p.342)
A y a t 01-jihiid, Persian
MS: Mar'ashi 1480 ( c a t . , IV, pp.271-2)
Sawii'iq 01-Yohiid = Risiila dar aokiim-i j i z y a , Persian
MUIJAMMAD R I ~ AB . MUBAMMAD MUUSIN AL-HAMADANT: MSS: Mar'ashi 187126 ( c a t . , I , p . 2 1 4 ) : DinishgZh 587812 ( c a t . , XVI,
J i h i i d i y y o , Persian p.119); FayQiyya 1290115 ( c a t . , 111, p . 7 5 )
MS: Majlis 927 TabZtabZ'i
BAYDAR ' A L ~A L - S H ~ R W A N T :
Risiila fT w u j i i b q a t l siibb a/-Nab7
Al-Jihiidiyya MS: DSnishgSh 429217 ( c a t . , XIII, p.3263)
MSS: RaQawi 2347, 2349-50 ( c a t . , 11, p.41: B i n i s h , p.695)
A L - B I H B A H ~ N: ~
2. ON BOOTY OF WAR Risiiia fT anno i n k i i r uugiil a/-madhhab IF jiijib 01-kufr
MS: GulpSyigZni 1870116 ( c a t . , 111, p . 92)
MAJID B . FA LA^ B . BASAN A L - S H A Y B ~ ~ N
(late
~ 10th c e n t u r y ) :
Risiila jT burmat 01-tosarruf f i ' I - i i i u r r wo ' I - b i j i i r o t 01-rnustakhrajo
min k h o r i i b i i t 01-Kiifa w o ' I - H i i ' i r wo T i i s wa g h o y r i h i i A b k 5 n a / - j i z y a ,f7 zaman a / - g h a y b a , included in h i s a/-Rasii'il (see
MS: Mar'ashi (AB, X I , p.172) above, c h a p t e r 5)
MUBAMMAD B . I ~ A S A NAL-' AMILT : MUJJAMMAD T A Q ~B. MUBAMMAD UUSAYN A L - K T \ S H ~ N ~ ( d . 1321):
Risiila f i 'I-arp' 01-rnaftiiba 'onwaton Tawg7b a / - m a s F ' i i , P e r s i a n , on commercial relations between t h e Muslims
MS: Busayniyyat KSshif al-GhitS' 55 (AB, XI, p.60) a n d non-Muslims
MSS: Milli 765f ( c a t . , 11, p.293); S h i r i z , F i r s
MUUAMMAD K A ~ I MB. MUBAMMAD SHAFT' AL-HAZARJAR~B~
(mid-13th c e n t u r y ) : ANONYMOUS:
Risiila f i 'I-arp' a/-maftiiba 'onwaton JawFz-i musiifirat-i Piidishiih b i - F a r a n g , Persian
MS: Milli 36 Arabic ( c a t . , VII, pp.36-7) MS: Masjid-i Jamie 243 ( c a t . , p.358)
MUBAMMAD BAQIR A L - K A Z Z A Z ~AL-SAWIJBULAGHT ( d . a f t e r 1261): 'ABD AL-RASGL AL-F~R~~ZKGH~:
RisZ;la f i 'I-orp' a/-moftiibo 'anwoton Hukm taklTf 01-kiifir b i 'I-qap'ii' ma' s u q u t i h b i 'I-lsliim
MS: Milli 213 Arabic ( c a t . , V I I , p p . 183-4) Edition: T e h r a n , 1321
MUUAMMAD T A Q ~B . A B TALIB
~ AL-ARDAKT\N~ AL-YAZDI ( d . 1268): 'ABD ALLAH AL-MAMAQAN? :
RisFlo d o r obkiim-o a r z f l - y i maftiib olF'anwa, Persian Kashf al-asto?- ' a n w u j i i b ol-ghusl 'a10 ' I - k u f f i r
MS: Milli 786f ( c a t . , 11, p.311) Edition: Najaf, 1344 ( i n h i s a / - l t h n i i ' a s h a r i y y a )
MUUAMMAD K A ~ I MB . RIQA AL-TABARi ( d . a f t e r 1267): 4. ON NON-SI-If'TS
Risiilo fi' 'I-arp' a/-maftiiba 'onwatan
MS: Dinishgah 335814 ( c a t . , XI, p.2359) AL-MAJLIST 11:
v u k m - i m a - i N i i s i b - i , Persian
ANONYMOUS: MSS: Mar'ashi 187115 ( c a t . , I , p.211); GulpSyigZni 122316 ( c a t . , 11,
Risiila f i ' '1-arp' al-inoftuba 'onwatan p . 263)
MS: SipahsSlSr 31912 Mushir ( c a t . , 111, p.111)
LL BAUR A L - ' U L ~ M :
R,siila f i ' I - a r i i f l 01-khariijiyya, included in h i s B u l g h a t 01-faq7h ( s e e
above, c h a p t e r 5 )
170 AN INTRODUCTION TO S H T ' ~ LAW MONOGRAPHS ON CONTRACTS
Risiila fi 6oqTqot ol-Nii$ib R;s?lo fi jowzz t o g o r r u f 01-m5l;k ma' 01-'ilm bi-toq'arrur 01-jbr
MS: Mashhad, AdabiyyZt 2518 FayyZp ( c a t . , p . 212)
Riszlo fi' ' I - s h o r t p'imn a / - ' o q d
ANONYMOUS (written before 1169): Both included in his a/-Ros5'il and Jow5mimi'a l - r o s i i ' i l (see above,
Rof' 01-iltibiis ' o n obkiim 01-niis
MS: Mar'ashi 1965 ( c a t . , V, pp.336-7)
ASAN AL KASHIF AL-GHITA':
'ABBAS ' A L ~B. MUIJAMMAD AL-KAZZAZT ( d . after 1229): Qawii'id al-mu'iimolZt
Abklim a / - m u k h a i t j i 7 MS: DZnishgZh 690611 ( c a t . , XVI, p . 411)
MS: Mar'ashi 284111 ( c a t . , VIII, p.46)
AJJMADB . ' ALT MUKHTAR AL-GULPAYIGHNT :
AL-BALAGHT : Agzlot 01-luziim f i ' I - ' u q c d
'Iqd fi ilziim g h o y r 01-1mi;mT b i obkzm n i b l a t i h MS: Mar'ashi 349411 ( c a t . , IX, p.290)
Edition: Tehran, 1378
MUJJAMMADT A Q ~AL-HA RAW^ :
Riszla f ; ' / - s h o r t q'imn o l - ' o q d
ORDERING GOOD AND FORBIDDING EVIL MS: Nurbakhsh 55911 ( c a t . , 11, p . 203)
AL-AKHBLRT
:
Risiila f i ' I - s h u r i i t
K . 01-Amr b i ' I - m o ' r c f wo ' I - n a h y ' o n a/-munkar Edition: Tehran, 1315
MS: DXnishgZh 334119 ( c a t . , XI, p.2330)
AL BAJJR A L - ' U L ~ M :
ANONYMOUS (belonging to 13th century) : - Risiila f i 'I-qobp' wo b a q i q o t i h
K . a / - A m r b i ' I - m o ' r i i f wo ' I - n o h y ' o n 01-munkor
M S : Gawharshad 145811 (cat., p.220) - Risiila fT q z ' i d o t m b yup'mon bi-$abTbih yup'mon b i - E s i d i h
- Risiilo f7 q z ' i d a t a / - y a d
AL- SHAFT^ :
- Risiilo F ' o q d 01-fup'Cl7
Iqo?not ol-budi7d f7 ramon 01-ghaybo, Persian
MSS: Faypiyya 13812 ( c a t . , I , p.20, 11, p.72); GulpZyigZnT 4 3 5 All included in his B u l g h o t a / - f a q i h (see above, chapter 5)
( c a t . , 11, p.103); UstXdi ( c a t . , p.48)
M A H D ~AL-KHALIST :
A/-Qowb'id 01-fiqhiyya f i 'I-mu'zmolbt
Edition: Mashhad, 1343
C
'ALT B . MUUAMMAD BUSAYN A L - S H A H R A S T ~ N:~
ON CONTRACTS
RisElo f i 'I-ieri;p' ' a n a/-miil
1. GENERALITIES Edition: Tehran, 1320
AL-FJURR AL-'AMIL~: A L - B A L A G H ~:
Risiilo f7 anno ' I - t a g o r r u f wa ' I - y a d dalj-I a / - m i l k i y y o Ris;io f7 q b ' i d o t rn; yuq'man b i - $ o b i b i h yup'mon b i - f i i d i h
MS: Fayaiyya 191013 ( c a t . , 111, p. 148) Edition: Najaf, 1343 (together with his U s h i y o t a/-Makcsib)
AL-BIHBAHHNT : AL-TRAWANY :
Jumbn oolsilk f i 'I-i'rZip' ' o n ol-milk
Risiilo fi a n n a ' / - a $ / f~ 'I-mu'iimol?t 01-$ibbo
Edition: Tehran, 1379 (together with his Uoshiyot a/-Makiisib)
MSS: DZnishgZh 71313 ( c a t . , V, p.1777); BuqEq 24714j ( c a t . , p . 3 48
172 AN INTRODUCTION TO SHT'? LAW MONOGRAPHS ON CONTRACTS
AL-AKHBART : (a)
K . a/-Tiicrtt wo 'I-rnoncfi' wo 'I-$inZ'Zt
MS: Dinishgih 3341110 ( c a t . , XI, p.2330) PROHIBITED BUSINESS
IJUSAYN A L - Q A Z W ' ~ N ~ :
Risiila f7 ball bodTth worod fi " I ~ o w t01-bason
MSS: Raoawi 250516 ( c a t . , 11, p.118); Zanjini 7616 ( c a t . , pp.220-1)
5. ON TAX REVENUE AND GOVERNMENT'S GIFTS MS: Majlis 4436 ( c a t . , XII, p p . 121-2)
~ n o r o l ~ y yJa t
Selected MSS: Radawi 2527-8, 2798 ( c a t . , 11, p.99); Dinishgih 87212 ANONYMOUS (belonging to late 13th c e n t u r y ) :
7202 ( c a t . , V, p . 1967, XVI, p.486); Majlks 5650 ( c a t . , XVII, p . 106); K . 01-Boy'
Milli 1006 Arabic ( c a t . , X, p.566); al-Imim al-Mahdi (Mabfiiz 11, MSS: GulpiyigZini 697, 643 ( c a t . , 11, p . 2 1 ) ; Fayoiyya 1718
p.212); Malik 597 ( c a t . , I , p.559); Los Angeles MI28314 ( c a t . , p.722)
178 AN INTRODUCTION TO SHT'T LAW MONOGRAPHS ON CONTRACTS
L BAJJR A L - ' U L ~ M :
K . a/-Bay' - Risiilo t7 bay' 01-mu'iitiit
MSS: T u s t a r i y y a (AB, 111, p . 191); DZnishgih 726 ( c a t . , V, p.1938
- Risiilo t7 talof 01-mob?' qabl qobp'ih
- Risiilo f i ' I - w i l i i y i i t
K . al-Boy ' , h i s l e c t u r e s compiled b y AbG Tilib al-Tajlil All included in h i s B u l g h a t a/-faq7h ( s e e above, c h a p t e r 5)
Edition: Qum, 1373
AL-KHUMAYNT: (c)
K . 01-Bay*
Edition: Najaf, 1389-97 RIGHT OF CANCELLATION
MUJJAMMAD R I Q ~A L - G U L P ~ Y I G ~ N ~ : 1. GENERAL
K . a/-Bay ' , his l e c t u r e s compiled b y 'Afi al-ijusayni al-Milani ' A L ~AL KASHIF AL-GHITA':
Edition: Qum, 1400
S h a r b 01-Lum'o, a s a commentary on t h e relevant c h a p t e r of al-Shahid
2. SPECIFIC al-Awwal's a / - L u m ' a 01-Dimoshqiyyo
Edition: T e h r a n , 1319
MAJID AL-SHAYBANT: MSS: Raaawi 2388 ( c a t . , 11, p . 54); Majlis 113 K h u ' i ( c a t . , VII,
p p . 118-19)
Risiilo f7 w u j i i b a / - i t t i j i i r bi-miil 01-$agh7r wo i s t i n m z ' i h /ah
MS: Mar'ashi (AB, XXV, p . 2 9 ) HADT A L - T I H R ~ N: ~
D h a k h i i ' i r 01-nubuwwa
Edition: T a b r i z , 1325
Al'Ayn f7to'iirup' baqqoy a/-mutobiiya'ayn MSS: Danishgah 799 ( c a t . , V, pp.1880-2); Majlis 271711, 275313
MSS: Danishgih 185914 ( c a t . , VIII, p.459); Mar'ashi 338211 ( c a t . , ( c a t . , IX, p p . 3 8 , 139)
IX, p.158)
MURTAQA B . AJJMAD AL-KHUSRAWSHAHT ( d . 1372):
AL-QUMMY :
N f t h i i r i i t 0 1 - k a w i i k ~ b , a commentary on t h e relevant c h a p t e r of a1
- Risiilo f i 'I-mu'iiciit A n g a r i t s 01-Mokiisfb
- Risiila f i 'I-fup'iilT Editlon: T e h r a n , 1370
- Risiila t 7 onnoh ha1 y a j i i z li-man bii' s i l ' a t o h mln g h a y r i h an 2. SPECIFIC
yash t a r i y o h i i m i n h , ma' 01-short ow b i - d i i n i h
All included in h i s 01-Rasii'il ( s e e a b o v e , c h a p t e r 5)
Risiila fT tabq7q a / - b o y ' b i - s h o r t a / - k h i y i i r
MUWAMMAD R A S ~ LB. 'ABD AL-'AZ~Z (mid-13th c e n t u r y ) : MS: D i n i s h g a h 288812 ( c a t . , X, p.1733)
A/-Tanbih f7 wozii'if ol-faq7h - Risiila fT t a ~ o r r u fal-mushtor7 firoman 01-khfyiir
MS: G u l p i y i g i n i 1936 MSS: Majlis 333316 ( c a t . , X, pp.1130-1; see also AB, XI, pp.148-9)
ANONYMOUS:
Yaniib7' 01-wiliiya Fii'ida f7 jaw& bay' a/-shart
MS: Radawi 7170 ( c a t . , V , p.531) MS: Majlis 520212 ( c a t . , XVI, p . 33)
MUJJAMMAD R A J J ~ M
AL-BUR~JIRD~: MUJJAMMAD RIQA B . MUJJAMMAD 'ALT AL-ISFARJT\N~AL-GOI.PAYIGAN~
Risiila f i ' I - b a y ' 01-fuq'iir ( d . a f t e r 1258)
MS: Raaawi 5849 ( B i n i s h , p.790) Risiilo IT jawiiz a k h d h a / - o r s h min g h o y r a / - n o g d o y n
MS: DZnishgZh 195316 ( c a t . , VIII, p.568)
MUUAMMAD ' A L ~B. MUBAMMAD BAQIR AL-MASJIDSHAHT
a l - l S F A ~ r \ ~ '(id . 1318): MUJJAMMAD B . 'ALT AL-KHUSRAWSHAHT A L - T A B R ~ Z(~d . a r o u n d 1312):
Risiilo f i ' I - w i l Z y i i t A/-Risiila 01-Biiqiriyya
Edition: T e h r a n , 1312 Edition: T a b r i z , 1310 ( t o g e t h e r with h i s M i s h k i i t ol-ma$iibTb)
182 AN INTRODUCTION TO SHT'T LAW MONOGRAPHSON CONTRACTS
HIRE AND LEASE PROCURATION
1. GENERAL 'ABD ALLAH AL-TUSTART ( d . 1021):
AL-KIRMANSHAHT: R ~ s i i l of i wok71 a/-zowlo
Translation: P e r s i a n , b y Muhammad $ i d i q a l - S i r k i n i , MS: Waziri
K . 01-ljiiro ( c a t . of microfilms of D i n i s h g i h , I , p . 705)
MS: Racjawi 6640 ( c a t . , V , p.354)
ANONYMOUS:
( i u k m 01-jolciq b l - d o ' w i i 01-wlkiilo ' o n 01-row1 ma' ~nkiirir,h(seebelow,
K . 01-ljiiro, a collection of l e c t u r e s on t h i s topic monographs on divorce)
MS: Majlis 454612 ( c a t . , XII, p.219)
ANONYMOUS:
AL-RASHTT :
Risiila fi taliiq muddo'7 01-wikiilo ' o n ol-zowj ma' i n k & 01-zawj ( s e e
K . 01-ljiiro below, monographs on divorce)
Edition: T e h r a n , 1298, 1316
MS: Masjid-i A'zam 11709 'ABD ALLAH AL-KIRMZNSHAHT:
Ta'iirup' a/-wok71 wo 'I-muwakkil f i mii low b5' r o j u l l i - - r o j u l shoy'on wo
sharar li-nofsih a / - k h i y i i r
K . 01-ljiiro, h i s l e c t u r e s compiled b y h i s s o n , Muhammad b . Kigim MS: I l i h i y y i t 81912d ( c a t . , 11, p . 2 0 )
al-Khurisini
MS: Dznishgih 115112 ( c a t . , V , p.1832) AL-SHAFT1 :
FAYYAQ AL-ZANJAN'~: Risiilo f i toliiq muddo'? a 1 wikiila ' o n a/-zawj ma' i n k i i r 01-row/ ( s e e
below, monographs on divorce)
K . 01-ljiiro
Edition: T e h r a n , 1343
ENDOWMENT
K . 01-ljiiro 1. GENERAL
Edition: Najaf, 1375
2. SPECIFIC K . 01-Woqf
MS: Mar'ashi 349417 ( c a t . , 11, p.293)
'ABD ALLAH A L - T U S T A R ~ :
Risiilo fT tomalluk 01-01% l i ' I - u j r o b i ' I k ' o q d , included in h i s MUBAMMAD B . RIP% AL-TABART
K A ~ M :
01-Rasii'il ( s e e above, c h a p t e r 5) Risiilo fi boyiin b o ' d mosii'il 01-woqf
MS: D i n i s h g i h 335813 ( c a t . , XI, p.2359)
AL-FAYQ :
RisZilo fT h u k m a k h d h o l - u j r o ' o l a 'I-wCjibFt AL-ANSART :
MSS: Mar'ashi 140118 ( c a t . , I V , p.176); Majlis 3818110 ( c a t . , X, - K . 01-WuqCf wo 'I-zadoqiit
p.1843) MS: Ma'had 1295 ( c a t . p . 112)
ANONYMOUS (belonging t o e a r l y 14th c e n t u r y ) : K . ol-Woqf, h i s l e c t u r e s compiled b y Mubarnmad Ibrihim al-Rashti
MS: Mar'ashi 1066 ( c a t . , 111, p.251)
Risr71o d o r ajal-i ijCra, Persian
MS: D i n i s h g i h 445711 ( c a t . , XIII, p.3414) ABMAD B . MUBAMMAD MUUSIN AL-FAYPT (late 13th c e n t u r y ) :
ZL BAIJR AL-'UL~M: K . 01-Waqf
MS: Gawharshid 38 ( c a t . , p . 361)
RisCla fT o k h d h 01-ujra ' o l a ' I - w C j i b i i t , included in h i s B u l g h o t a/-faq7h
( s e e above, c h a p t e r 5)
AL-RASHTI
:
K . a/-Woqf K . ol-Wo$ZiyZi
MSS: Tustariyya 62211 ( c a t . , p . 8 6 9 ) ; Majlis 327512, 4312, MS: DinishgXh 671111 ( c a t . , XVI, p . 3 4 3 )
37 TabXtabi'i ( c a t . , X, pp.883-4, XII, p . 5 )
AL BAJJR A L - ' U L U M :
RisZla fi 'I-wa$iyyo, includce in h i s Hulghat 01-faqTh ( s e e above,
c h a p t e r 5)
RisZila fi 'I-waqf
Edition: B a g h d a d , 1331 ( i n h i s ShadharZt)
ANONYMOUS:
Commentary: b y Mahdi al-Khilisi, edited B a g h d a d , 1331 ( i n h i s
0 1 - D a r K 01-IZimiCZit) Masii'il-i wo$ZiyZi, Persian
MS: Milli 263313f ( c a t . , v I , p.191)
MUJJAMMAD ~ A L I J B
J . FAQL ALLAH A L - ~ ~ ' I R TA L - S I M N A N ~(d. 1391):
MUTAFFAR B . MUJJAMMAD 'ALT AL-JJUSAYNT AL-RASHTi (early 14th
K . al-Woqf
century) :
Edition: T e h r a n , 1377
A/-MasZ'il a i - ~ a s h t i ~ ~ a
2. SPECIFIC MS: Mar'ashi 129612 ( c a t . , I V , pp.44-5)
AL BAJJR A L - ' U L ~ M :
LEGACIES
RisZiIa f7 rnunajjaziit 01-marid, included in h i s Bulghot 01-faq'ih ( s e e
above, c h a p t e r 5)
1. GENERAL
MUJJAMMAD JJUSAYN AL-KHWLNSART:
3. ON FORMULA
Risiila fT munojiozilt 0i-mOrTd
Editions: Tehran, 1324, 1378 (together with his Hcshiyot a/-Makcsib)
Mos'ala fT i f t i q c r 01-nik& !lo ' I - q a b i j l al-garTb, Included in h ~ Shotiit
s
ABU 'L-QASIM B. ZAYN AL-'ABIDIN A L - J $ U S A Y N ~ : a / - f a w c ' i d (see above, chapter 5)
Risiila fT rnunaiiozct ooirnor7p'
IBN FAHD:
Edition: Tehran, 1323
Abkcrn ' a q d 01-nik~ib
MUUSIN B. 'ABD A L - K A R ~ M A L - A M ~ NAL-'AMILT ( d . 1373): MS: Majlis 275015 ( c a t . , IX, p . 126)
Al-Rowp' 01-arTd fT ta$arrufCt 01-rnarTd
Edition: [Sidon?], n . d .
Ai-Nabdha a / - ' u q i j d ~ y y of l ' I - z i y a g h a / - n i k c b ~ y y o
MUUAMMAD $ALIW AL-SIMNT\NT: MS: Mallis 540516 ( c a t . , XVI, p.311)
RisZ;la fimunajjozct 01-rnorTp' M U ~ A M M A D" A L ~AL-ASTARABADT (late 11th c e n t u r y ) :
Edition: Tehran. 1377
- RisiiIo dor siyogh-i ' o q d - i n i k i i l , , Persian
MS: DZnishgZh 3514124 ( c a t . , XII, p . 2528)
MARRIAGE
- Siyagh-i n i k c b , Persian
MS: DanishgZh 3514125 ( c a t . , XII, p.2528)
1 . GENERAL
A L - M A J L I S ~ 11:
ANONYMOUS (belonging to late 9th c e n t u r y ) :
Niki;i?iyyo = Siyogh-i nik* , Persian
Nuzhat ai-orweb
MSS: Milli 126112 Arabic ( c a t . , IX, p . 2 4 9 ) ; DinishgZh 406417 ( c a t . ,
MSS: Bengal 647 ( c a t . , I , p.320); Dinishgxh 6875, 88216, 498913
( c a t . . V . ~ ~ . 2 0 8 5 - 7X.V , ~ . 4 0 7 7 .XVI, p.387); Radawi 2853 ( c a t . XIII, pp.3047-8); Mar'ashi 18717 , 60213, 168312 ( c a t . , I , p.207, 11,
p.196, V, p . 7 8 ) ; Waziri 131813 ( c a t . , 111, p.927); Faydiyya 91311
( c a t . , 111, p . 3 7 ) ; Gulpxyigini 104611, 141612 ( c a t . , 11, pp.224, 258);
Raaawi 5714 (Binish, p.907)
'IZZ AL-DTN A L - A M U L ~ (early 10th c e n t u r y ) :
Lum'a dar nikeb-i dC'irn wa m u t ' o , Persian ANONYMOUS (belonging to late 11th c e n t u r y ) :
MSS: Radawi 2552 ( c a t . , 11, p . 106); Faydiyya 161711 ( c a t . , 111,
p . 109); Malik 5445 (AB, XVIII, p p . 353-4); Dinishgih 310619 ( c a t . ,
Risiilo f7 $iyagh ' a q d 01-nik@
MS: Majlis 8311 Khu'i ( c a t . , VII, pp.183-4)
X I , p.2060); Majlis 843 ( c a t . , 111, p . 7 4 ) ; Mar'ashi 166715 ( c a t . , V,
p.62) MUUAMMAD B ~ Q I RB. ISMA'TL AL-UUSAYNI AL-KHWATONABAD~
( d . 1127):
Siyagh-i N i k F b , Persian
Sharb k . 01-nikzb
MS: Faydiyya 2020 ( c a t . , 11, p.80)
MS: D i r al-Kutub 19178 ( c a t . , I , p . 289)
MUUAMMAD B. MUUAMMAD Z A M ~ NAL-KASHANI:
'ABD AL-KARTM AL-BA'IRT :
K . 01-Nik* , his lectures compiled by MabrnCd al-Ashtiyini
Al-Hoqq 01-$uriibf7 me 15 b u d d minh f7 TjCb 01-nikiib = ol-Qawl 01-sagd
MSS: Mar'ashi 1675 ( c a t . , V, p.71); Majlis 196613 ( c a t . , IX, p.678);
Edition : Tehran, n . d .
Niirbakhsh 10815 ( c a t . , I , p.131)
2. ON PROPRIETY BETWEEN THE SEXES - Siyogh a / - n i k c b
MSS: Majlis 196611 ( c a t . , IX, pp.674-6); Nurbakhsh 10816 ( c a t . , I
'ATA' ALLAH B. MASiFj AL-AMULi (10th century 1: p . 132)
Fc'ida fT burrnot sirno' $owt a/-rnor'a l i ' I - r o j u l
MS: Majlis 433913 ( c a t . , XII, pp.38-9)
Siyagh a / - n i k c h
MS: Majlis 532511 ( c a t . , XVI, p.236)
RisZIo fT bukm 01-nogar i / Z wojh al-ainobiyya
MUUAMMAD JA'FAR AL-ASTARAB.%DT:
MSS: Princeton 1317 New Series (fols. 47b-64a); Waziri 374214 ( c a t . ,
Siyogh a / - n i k c b
MSS: DZinishg5h 406414 ( c a t . , XIII, p.3047); Rlar'ashi 154111 ( c a t . ,
188 A N I N T R O D U C T I O N TO SHT'T LAW MONOGRAPHS ON CONTRACTS
'ALT B . M U ~ A M M A DB U S A Y N AL-SHAHRASTANT:
QZifi'ot ol-mirii' t7 tobqTq m u j o r r o d 01-iddisc'
MS: Mar'ashi 3133 ( c a t . , VIII, p.362)
RisZilo f i 'I-wiliiya ' o l o ' I - b i k r
Edition: Tehran, 1320 AL-SHAFT1 :
- Risiilo f7 jowiiz 01-ittikijl ' o l i i qowl ol-nisii' f7 i n t i F ' mawiini' ol-nikEb
5. ON LEGAL OBSTACLES
- Risiilo f7 burmat 'umm ol-mowfii' wo b i n t i h wa u k h t i h ' o l o ' I - w i i f i '
A L - K A R A K ~:
Both included in his Su '3 wo jowcb (see above, chapter 5)
S h u r i i f 01-nikiib
MS: Mar'ashi 68014 ( c a t . , 11, p.273) 'ABD ALLAH AL-KIRM~~NSH~~H~:
Mas'olo f7 imro'o i ' t o a a d o t onna zawiahiitolloaahZfo-tozowwoiat thumma
ANONYMOUS (belonging to 10th c e n t u r y ) :
t a b o y y n 'odom 01-foliib
Risiilo f i ' I - w o f y b i 'I-shubho MS: IIZhiyyZt 81913d ( c a t . , 11, p.20)
MS: DZnishgZh 696311 ( c a t . , XVI, p.412)
AL-MUFTD:
Riscilo d a r rip'ii' , Persian Al-Miijoz fi '!-miit'o
MS: Rurlljirdi (AB, XI, p.190) MSS: RaJawi 242'1 ( c a t . , 11, 11.6'1); Vatican 72012 Arabic ( c a t . , I
AHMAD 8 . I B R ~ H ~BM
. ' i S k B . DARWTSH AL-BAJJRiiNf ( d . a f t e r 1171):
DIVORCE
Risiila f7 i s t i b q i i q 01-rnahr i d h i i miit a h a d a / - z a w j o y n q a b l a / - d u k h i l
MS: Princeton 22918 Yahuda ( c a t . , p.138)
AL-MURTAQA:
AL-QUMMT :
Mas'aia f i 'I-talL7q aoithalZith b i - l a f z w i i b i d , included in h i s S h o t c t
R ~ s i i l of7 mas ' o l a t 01-shii-bahii, included in h i s ol-RosZi'il a n d h i s a / - f o w o ' i d ( s e e above, c h a p t e r 5)
Jawiimi' 0 1 - r o s i i ' i l ( s e e a b o v e , c h a p t e r 5)
AL-KARAKT :
'ABD ALLAH AL-MAMAQANT:
Risiiia f7 taicq aolyho'ib
GhZiyot a / - s u ' i l f7 i n t i ~ i i foolmahr b i ' I - m a w t q o b l 0 1 - d u k h i l M S : S i p a h s i l i r 2919121 ( c a t . , V , p ,306); Shiraz . ~inishgih
Edition: Najaf, 1344 (in h i s a / - l t h n i i ' a s h o r i y y o )
AL-SHAI-ITDAL-THANT :
MUUSIN AL-AMTN A L - ' A M I L ~ :
Risiilo f7 t a i i i q aolbo'ig' wo ' I - y h i i ' i b , included in his M o j m i i ' o t 01-
Qiyii' a/-'uqiil f7 b u k m 01-mahr o d h i i mot o b o d o i - z a w j a y n q a b i i f i i d i i t ( s e e above, c h a p t e r 5)
ol-dukhiil
Edition: Sidon, 1332 'ABD ALLAH AL-TUSTART:
9. ON CHILDREN R i s i i l a f i ' I - t o / @ o l - r a j C T , included in h i s a / - R o s i i ' i l ( s e e above,
c h a p t e r 5)
UUSAYN AL-QAZWTN~:
ABMAD A L - B A I ~ R ~( dN. ~1131):
R i s i i l a f7 b u k m mowt 01-wolad f7 b o f n u m ~ n i hwo b a y i i t i h ma' m a w t
01-umm Risiiio fT o n n o 'I-yalqo wo ' I - t a l q o t a y n ha1 t a b q o b i 'I-tablTI ow
MSS: RarJawi 259517 ( c a t . , 11, p . 1 1 8 ) ; Zanjini 7617 ( c a t . , pp.220-1) ton 'adim
MS: Princeton 229118 Yahuda ( c a t . , p.139)
10. ON MAINTENANCE
AL-KHWAJO '1 :
- FZi'ida f7 talZiq 01-war
M u ~ h i r01-rnukhtiir f7 b u k r n 01-nikL7b ma' 01-i'siir MS: Princeton 1317 New Series (fols. 45b-46a)
MSS: Mailis 532512 ( c a t . , XVI, p.2347); IlXhivvit 9813 A1 La%. 82813d - A l - F a r q b a y n 01-taliiq 01-raj'T wa ' I - b i i ' i n
( c a t . , I ; p.114, 11, p . 2 3 ) ; z a n j i n ( c a t . , p . i 4 3 ) MS: Mar'ashi 311212 ( c a t . , VIII, p.337)
A L - Q U M M ~:
Mas ' a l o f7 n a f a q a t a / - z a w j a a/-mufg'ayo - R i s i i l a f7 i n f i r i i d o i - f o l t q bi-'iwag' 'on a / - k h u l ' , included in h i s
MS: I l i h i y y i t 81914d ( c a t . , 11, p . 2 0 ) a / - R a s i i ' i l a n d JawFmi' a i - r a s o ' i l ( s e e above, c h a p t e r 5 ) .
-
MUWAMMAD B . 'LSHOR AL-KIRMANSHAHT : u u k m a/-taliiq bi-da'w; a / - w i k i i l a ' a n a i - z a w j ma' i n k i i r i h
MS: Mar'ashi 125919 ( c a t . , IV, p . 6 3 ) ; Zanjin ( c a t . , p.142)
Riszia f7 n o f o q a t a/-zawja
-
MS: Mar'ashi 257513 ( c a t . , VII, p . 164) Risiila f7 d a ' w i i a/-taiL7q ma' i n k i i r 01-zawja, included i n his a / - R a s i i ' i l
( s e e above, c h a p t e r 5)
MUWAMMAD BAQIR B. MUJJAMMAD JJASAN A L - B ~ R J A N D ' ~( d . 1352): - Risiilo f7 i q r i i r 01-rajul b i - l a / @ z o w j a t i h
Risiilo f7 i ' s i i r aalzowj M : Mar'ashi 125918 ( c a t . , IV, p . 6 2 )
MS: Mar'ashi 341011 ( c a t . , IX, p.193)
ANONYMOUS (mid-13th c e n t u r y ) :
RisEiio ti b u k m t a i i i q m u d d a C T 0 1 - w i k a o ' a n 01-zawj ma' i n k i i r a l - z a w j ,
a s a commentary on al-Qumrni's second t r e a t i s e above
MS: Faygiyya 137311 ( c a t . , 111, p . 8 7 )
MONOGRAPHS ON UNILATERAL OBLIGATIONS 197
196 AN INTRODUCTION TO S H T ' ~ LAW
MANUMISSION
SAHIB AL-MAQLBIS:
Moblogh 01-nozor wa notTjot a / - f i k o r = R i s i i l o f7 i q r o r a / - z o w j bi-yoir7q
zawjotih
A d o b - i s a n i y y a , Persian
MSS: D i n i s h g i h 182712 ( c a t . , VIII, p . 4 2 4 ) ; Princeton 373711 New
MS: Rawditi (cat., I , pp.72 f f )
Series; Faydiyya 1713 ( c a t . , 111, p . 1 ) ; Buriijirdi (AB, XIX, p . 5 7 )
MUJJAMMAD ASHRAF B . 'ABD AL-JJASTB A L - ~ U S A Y N ~ :
IBN TAWQ AL-BAIJRA1i'i:
RisZila d a r t a d b T r - I ' a b d , Persian
Mos'oio f7 joi?iq 01-bz'iq',
MS: Diinishgiih 589414 ( c a t . , XVI, p . 1 3 6 )
MS: Mar'ushi 2538115 ( c a t . , VI, p . 3 3 9 )
AL-QUMMi :
AL-SHAFTT :
- Risiila f7 lo1i;q
m u d d o 'T 01-wikiiio ' a n 01-zowj ma' i n k o r 01-zowj
RisZla f7 m Z l i k i y y a t a l ' o b d , included in h i s o l - R a s 5 ' 1 l ( s e e above,
chapter 5 )
MS: Fayaiyya 108915 ( c a t . , 111, p . 5 4 )
-
R i s l j l a /7 b u k m ~ u / b a q q 0 1 - r u j i ' f i '1-tolCq 01-roj'T
MS: Mar'ashi 339311 ( c a t . , IX, p . 1 7 9 )
Ircihot a / - s h u k i k fT t a m a l l u k a/-mamliik
MS: Mar'ashi 3401 ( c a t . , IX, p . 1 8 5 )
MUUAMMAD S I ~ A F ' ~B.
' 'ABD A L - M A J ~ DA L - M ~ Z A N D A R ~ N ~ :
RisZlo f7 $ u i b b o q q a / - r u j i i ' f i 'I-JalCq MUIJAMMAD ' A L ~AL-SHAFTi:
MS: Mar'ashi 179812 ( c a t . , V, p . 1 8 4 )
Risiilo f7 i t l 5 f a l ' o b d m51 01-mow15 wo j i n 5 y o t i h ' a l o y h
MS: Mar'ashi 199511 ( c a t . , V , p . 3 6 6 )
MUUAMIMAD T A Q ~AL-EIARAWi:
-
RisZia f7 ta1i;q a i - r o w j o bik'iwoq' m i n h a
MS: Diinishgih 371311 ( c a t . , XII, p . 2712) CONFESSION
-
U Z s h i y o ' a i i ; RisCirit ro1i;q o a i r o w j o b i - ' i w o q ' m i n h z , a commentary on
al-Qummils f i r s t treatise above
IJUSAYN B . 'ABD AL-SAMAD :
MS: Dinishgiih 371312 ( c a t . , XII, p . 2 7 1 3 )
Risiila f i ' I - i a r z r , a s a commentary on t h e relevant c h a p t e r of al-
'ABD AL-UUSAYN B . ' A L ~AL-TIHRANT, SHAYKH A L - ' I R ~ Q A Y N ' A l l i i m ~ '~~o h ? i ' i d01-abki;m
( d . 1286): MSS: Diinishgih 91816 ( c a t . , V , p p . 1 8 6 5 - 6 ) ; Majlis 4900149 ( c a t .
M o s ' o l a f7 tawkT1 01-zowja f i ' I - & ~ l i i q q'imn ' o q d 1i;rim
XIV, p . 7 4 )
MS: Dinishgiih 77011 ( c a t . , V , p . 1 7 9 8 )
AL-QUMMT :
AL-KHURASANT: RisZila f7 i q r c a / - r a j u l b i - f a l ~ i q z o w j o t i h ( s e e a b o v e , monographs on
divorce)
MaqClo f i "ito1i;q
Edition: B a g h d a d , 1331 ( i n h i s S h o d h a r o t )
~ A J ~ AL-MAQABIS:
IB
MUHAMMAD BAQIR AL-DfRJANDf : M o b l a g h 01-nocar ( s e e above, monographs on divorce)
RisFio f i ' I - r u j i i ' f i 'I-Ta1i;q
MS: Mar'ashi 341012 ( c a t . , IX, p . 1 9 4 ) A L - A N $ ~ :R ~
RisZia f7 q c ' i d a t man maiok s h o y ' o n molak 0 1 - i q r i i r b i b
Editions: T a b r i z , 1303 ( t o g e t h e r with h i s K . 0 1 - T a h Z r o ) , 1375
EXPIATION ( t o g e t h e r with h i s a / - M o k i i s i b )
Commentary: b y 'Abd Alliih al-Miimaqiini , edited Najaf, 1345 ( i n h i s
a / - Q a l F ' i d 01-tham7na)
A L - M A J L I S ~ 11:
ABD A L L ~ HA L - M A M A Q ~ N: ~
RisClo d o r k o f t E r C t , Persian
MSS: Mar'ashi 18714, 168313 ( c a t . , I , p . 2 0 6 , V, p . 7 8 ) ; Gulpiyigani Risiila f7 i q r Z r ba'p' 01-worotha b i - d a y n wa i n k o r o o l b i i q i
122315 ( c a t . , 11, p . 2 3 6 ) Edition: Najaf, 1344 ( i n h i s 0 1 - I t h n Z ' a s h a r i y y o )
198 A N INTRODUCTION TO SHT'T LAW
1. GENERAL ON 'RULES'
ANONYMOUS (belonging to l o t h c e n t u r y ) :
Abkzm-i yamTn wa nadhr wo ' o h d , Persian HUNTING AND SLAUGHTERING
MS: Mar'ashi 304816 ( c a t . , VIII, p.267)
1. GENERAL
AL-MAJLIST 11:
FJUSAYN B . ROFJ ALLAH A L - F J U S A Y N ~ AL-TABASi (late 10th c e n t u r y ) :
RisZilo dor nadhr , Persian
MS: Gawharehid 1169 ( c a t . , p . 192) Shikiiynzmo = Sayd wo dhobzba, Persian
MS: Asafiyya 155 S h i ' i law ( c a t , , 11, p p ,254-5); Wlalik 1644 (AB,
RAP? AL-DTN B . MUBAMMAD NAB1 AL-QAZWiNi: XV, p.105)
MUWAMMAD B . ~ A R I T HA L - M A N $ ~ A
R~L - B A I J R ~ ~( dN. ~a f t e r 952):
Mas'ala j7 i s h t i r z t i s t i q r z r a/-boyzt f i 'I-dhabTbo
MS: Majlis 276117 ( c a t . , IX, p . 159)
A L - A R D A B ~ L ?:
Mas'alo f i 'I-dhibb = Riszla f7 k i E y a t basmolat a/-dhzbib 01-junub wa
200 A N I N T R O D U C T I O N TO s ~ i ' LAW
i MONOGRAPHS ON 'RULES'
i n qogod qirci'ot i b d c 01-suwar o l ' o z c ' i m AL-KHwAJU'I:
MS: T a b r i z , Q a d i ( N o s h . , V I I , p . 5 2 2 )
RisClo ji jowiiz 01-todiiwT b i ' I - k h o m r
AL-MUJTAHID: MS: M a r ' a s h i 114214 ( c a t . , 111, p . 3 1 6 )
R isiilo f7 bukm d h o b c ' i b A h l 01-Kltiib A L - Q U M M ~:
MS: Majlis 398817 ( C a t . , X , p . 2 1 6 5 )
RisClo f7 b u k m ol-anfibo a l - m o ' k h c d h a min 01-moyto, i n c l u d e d i n h i s
BAHA' AL-DTN A L - ' A M I L ~ : Jowlirni' 01-rosii'il ( s e e a b o v e , c h a p t e r 5)
Risiilo 7
j d h a b c ' i b Ah1 a / - K i t c b 'ABD ALLAH A L - K I R M A N S H ~ H ~ :
E d i t i o n : T e h r a n , 1315 ( i n t h e c o l l e c t i o n of KalirnZt 01-mubaqqiqTn)
S e l e c t e d MSS: GulpZyigXni 14616, 24513, 24313 ( c a t . , I , p p . 1 3 6 , 228, Risiilo ji b u k m 01-safarjol 01-mughlc f i " I C o ~ Torl ' i n o b T qobl dhihCb
2 2 9 ) ; DZnishgZh 94418, 311915, 444811, 587315 ( c a t . , V , p p . 1 8 7 9 - 8 0 , 01-thuli~thayn
X I , p . 2073, X I I I , p . 3 4 0 6 , X V I , p . 1 1 7 ) ; ~ a r ' a s h i100316, 366712 MS: IlZhiyyZt 81911d ( c a t . , 11, p . 1 9 )
( c a t . , 111, p . 1 9 5 , X , p . 5 9 ) ; Milli 1391 A r a b i c ( c a t . , I X , p . 4 0 1 ) ;
P r i n c e t o n 15114 New S e r i e s ; B a k u M140.25 ( N o s h . , I X , p . 2 4 0 ) 3. ON T O B A C C O
M ~ ~ J IAL-SHAYBANT:
D
RisZlo ji b i l l i y y o t 01-'inob wa 'I-zobTb a/-rnulqoyoyn f i ' I - k h i l l li-kasb
01-bumiiq'o
MS: Mar'ashi ( A B , XI, p.177)
AN INTRODUCTION TO SHT'T LAW MONOGRAPHS ON 'RULES'
USURPATION AL-RASHTT :
K . / b y ; ' at-mowZit
1. GENERAL MS: T u s t a r i y y a 62212 ( c a t . , p.869)
A L - A N ~ A R T: 2. SPECIFIC
K . a/-Gho$b
MS: T u s t a r i y y a (AB, XVI, p.57)
MUUAMMAD JA'FAR B . MUBAMMAD BUSAYN AL-TIHRANi (late 13th MSS: karJawi'2443, 7618 ( c a t . , 11, p.69; B i n i s h , pp.784, 798);
century) : DZnishgih 695811 ( c a t . , XVI, p . 411); S i p a h s i l a r 339212 ( c a t . , 111,
K . a/-Gho$b p l l ; Majlis 314718 ( c a t . , X , p.725); Mar'ashi 140913 ( c a t . , IV,
MS: FayrJiyya ( c a t . , 111, p . 2 0 ) p.186); G u l p i y i g i n i 146 ( c a t . , I , p . 136); FayrJiyya 1290113 ( c a t . ,
111, p . 7 5 )
K . 01-Gho$b
MS: T u s t a r i y y a ( A B . , XVI, p . 5 6 ) K Z i r i z i y y o , Persian
MS: GawharshXd 1094 ( c a t . , p . 131)
2. SPECIFIC K . 01-Luqoyo
MS: Ma'had 1295 ( c a t . , p . 112)
ANONYMOUS:
RisZila ,T a n n o h h a / yap'min g h e i b 01-khamr
MS: DZnishgih 111812 ( c a t . , V, p p . 1899-900) K . a/-Luqato ,
MSS: Majlis 37 TabZtabZ'T; Masjid-i A'cam 11793
PRE-EMPTION
INHERITANCE
AL-KHwAJU'I:
1. GENERAL
A/-Fusiil ti/-khomsa f i 'I-shuf'a
MS: D i n i s h g i h 79111 ( c a t . , V , p.1961)
AL-SHAY KH:
~ 1 - f i i ; zf i " I f a r Z i ' i d
RECLAMATION ~ d i t i o n : ~ a j a f ,13'83
MSS: Milli 194319 Arabic ( c a t . . X , D. 920); Radawi 6039 ( c a t . . V
1. GENERAL p.372); JJakim 364 ( c a t . , I , p . 79); - ~ u s t a r i y y a ' 3 0 0 1 1 0 ( c a t . , p ,850);
Mar'ashi ( U u j j a t i , p . 624); BurCjirdi 21813, 646 ( i b i d . )
MUUAMMAD SA'TD B . Q ~ S I MA L - J J U S A Y NAL-TABATABA"~
~ AL-QUHPT\'T
( d . 1092): MU'?N A L - D ~ NA L - M I S R ~ :
RawQ' 01-jinZin A/-Mo'Cna 7
'j rnosZi'i1 01-m>i;th
MS: Faydiyya 2037 ( c a t . , I , pp.120-1) MS: Masjid-i A'zam 308512
3. ON WIFE'S SHARE
Risiila dar i r t h , Persian
A L - S H A B ~ D AL-THANY :
MS: Mar'ashi 326511 ( c a t . , IX, pp.53-4)
Risiila ii mTrcth 01-zawja, included in his Majmii'at a/-ifcdiit (see above,
HADT AL-TIHRANT: chapter 5)
Riscla f i ' I - i r t h
MS: Majlis 275511 ( c a t . , IX, p . 142) MUJJAMMAD 'ALT A L - R A Q A W ~(late 11th c e n t u r y ) :
Risiila dar i r t h a/-zawja = Risiila f7 birmcn aolzawja ' a n ba'p' matriikiit
AL BABR AL-'ULUM: a/-zawj, Persian
Risiila f i 'I-mawiTrTth, included in his Bulghat a/-faqTh (see above,
MS: DinishgZh 3514126 ( c a t . , XII, p.2528)
chapter 5)
AL-KHWAJO 'i :
MUJJAMMAD HASHIM AL-KHURASANT : RisZla f7 i r t h 01-zawja
Risiila-yi i r t h , Persian
MSS: Mar'ashi 114211 ( c a t . , 111, p.315); Diinishgzh 710313 ( c a t . ,
Editions: Mashhad, 1340; Tehran, 1352, 1381 (with al-Khumaynits XVI, p.455)
footnotes) MUBAMMAD T A Q ~A L - N U R ~ :
2. ON RIGHT OF PRIMOGENITURE Risiila dar ~ r t h01-zawja, Persian (see AB, XI, p.55)
MS: JJujjatiyya 612 ( c a t . , p.25)
'ALT B. RIQA ZL BABR A L - ' U L ~ M : Sharb 01-mas'ala a/-nahbiyya, a commentary on a question of the
chapter on inheritance of al-'Alliima's Qawii'id 01-abkiim (see above,
Rislila f i 'I-babwo
Edition: chapter 5)
Tehran, 1290-1 (together with his 01-Burhen 01-qiiti')
/
210 A N INTRODUCTION TO SHI'TLAW MONOGRAPHS ON 'RULES' 211
AL-QUMM~:
RisZlo f7 onnoh idhZ mZt obad wo ' o l o y h doyn ow w a ~ i y y ofa-ha1 - K . 01-QodZ'
yantaqil 01-toroko ilo 'I-warotho om I F , included in his a/-RosZ'il and MSS: Ma'had 1352 ( c a t . , p.116); Faygiyya 99311 ( c a t . , 111, p.47);
JowZrn;' 01-rasZ'il (see above, chapter 5) Majlis 403 Tabitabz'i ; Gawharshid 78511 ( c a t . , p ,369)
'ABD ALLAH AL-KIRMXNSHAHT: - K . 01-QodZ', his lectures compiled by Muhammad Taqi al-Tunukibuni
MS: Mar'ashi 1992 ( c a t . ,V, p.363)
Mas'ola f7 i r t h man qatal wolodoh k h a f o ' o n
- K . 01-QodZ', another collection of his lectures compiled by JJusayn b .
MS: Ilihiyyzt 81915d ( c a t . , 11, p.21)
Muhammad Basan al-Musawi al-Dsrb Imimi
MSS: Radawi 2526 ( c a t . , 11, p . 9 6 ) ; Majlis 169 Khu'i ( c a t . , VII,
ARBITRATION p.217)
3. ON WITNESS
K . 01-Qap'c', h i s l e c t u r e s compiled b y 'Ali a l - u u s a y n i al-NlilZni
Edition: Qum, 1401-3
Risclo f i ' / - : i d c / o = Risiilo f i m o ' r i f a t 01-kobc'ir
2. ON JUDICIAL PROCEDURE MSS: DZnishgih 539713, 2144139, 696312, 288815, 101513 ( c a t . , V ,
pp.1496-7, IX, p.828, X, p.1733, XV, p.4239, XVI, p . 4 1 2 ) ; Majlis
AL-SHAHID AL-AWWAL: 433917 ( c a t . . XII. D. 4 0 ) ; Radawi 3538, 7615 ( c a t . , 11, p . 9 0 , V,
p . 4 4 2 ) ; ~ a r ' a s h ii40914 (cat.., IV, p . 1 8 6 ) ; Adabiyyiit 28212 KirmZn
Mosc'il tozi7bum a / - b u q i i q ( c a t . , p . 4 3 ) ; Los Angeles M451 ( c a t . , p.241)
MS: T e h r a n , Mudarris Radawi (AB, XX, p . 3 4 0 )
Editions: Tabriz, 1303 (together with his K . a/-Tahiiro), 1375 MS: ~ a r ' a s h i310012 ( c a t . , VIII, p.323)
(together with his a/-Mokiisib)
MSS: Dznishgih 695613 ( c a t . , XVI, p.411): Milli 194518 Arabic ( c a t . AL-KHU 'i :
X
- - 2
n fi27)
r-.--., Mahiin? Tokmiloi 01-Minhiij ((see above, general works on arbitration)
Commentaries: ( 1 ) by 'Abd Allih al-Mimaqini, edited Najaf, 1345 ( i n
his al-Qoiii'id 01-tham7no); (2) b y F a t t i b al-Shahidi, edited Tabriz,
1375 (together with his Hidiiyot a/-tiilib)
K . 01-vudi7d
ANONYMOUS: Edition: Qurn, 1399
Risiilo d a r 'idclot, Persian
MS: Gawharshid 168514 ( c a t . , p . 152)
AL-KHURASANT :
Maqiilo fi 'i- 'idiila
Edition: Baghdad, 1331 (in his Shodhoriit)
PENAL LAW
AL-ABTWARD~:
RisFla dar diyiit wa qi$ii$, Persian
MS: Dinishgih 724215 ( c a t . , XV, p.497)
AL-MAJLIS~ 11:
Risiilo dor budiid wa diyiit, Persian
Edition: Tehran, 1262
MSS: Mar'ashi 2831, 496, 251313, 652 ( c a t . , 11, pp.105, 249, VII,
p.99, VIII, p . 3 6 ) ; Faydiyya 21012 ( c a t . , I l l , p . 8 ) ; GulpiyigZni,
3 MSS ( c a t . , 11, p.63); Milli 185419 ( c a t . , IV, p.317)
ASTANA = Kitibkhzna-yi AstZna-yi Muqaddasa-yi Qum, Qum BERLIN = Staat Bibliothek, Berlin
Catalogue: Fihrist-i nusokh-i khoffT-yi Kitiibkhi?no-yi xsti?no-yi Catalogue: Verzeichniss d e r Arobischen Handschriften d e r Koniglichen
Muqoddoso-yi Qum, b y M . T . Danishpazhuh, Qum, 1355 s h Dibliotliek zLi Berlin, b y W. Ahlwardt, Berlin, 1887-99
D i i ~ l M i= AbG Murammad 'Abd AllZh b . 'Abd al-RaQmZn al-Tamimi al- GHARR = KitZbkhZna-yi Gharb , Hamadin
Samarqandi ( d . 2551869): Catalogue: F i h r i s t - i n u s k h o h i i y - i k h a t t T - y i K i t i i b k h i i n o - y i G h a r b , b y
S u n o n , Damascus, 1349 q J . Maqgiid, T e h r a n , 1.397 q
DIHIiHUDA = SZzmin-i Lughatnima-yi D i h k h u d i , Tehran GHAZALT = Abii kIZmid Mubarnmad b . Mubammad al-TGsi ( d . 50511111):
Catalogue: F i h r i s t - i k i l i i b k h i i n o - y i Siizrniin-i Lughotniima-yi D i h k h u d i i , -
I b y i i ' ' u l E m 01-dTn, Cairo, 1312 q
b y M . T . Danishpazhiih, in N o s h r i y y o - y i K i t i i b k h i i n i i - y i MarkozT-yi - A / - M u s t a g f i , Cairo, 1356 q
Diinishgiih-i T e h r o n d a r b i i r o - y i n u s k h o h i i y - i k h a t t T , 111 ( T e h r a n , 1964
p p . 1-59, 387-426
224 AN INTRODUCTION TO s ~ i ' LAW
i BIBLIOGRAPHY
GHAZZi = Shams al-Din Mubarnmad b . Qisim, I b n al-Gharabili ( d . 9181 BURR AL-'AMIL~ ( d . 110411693):
1512): - Amal a l - h i / , e d . A . a ? - g u s a y n i , B a g h d a d , 1965
F a t b a/-QarTb ol-Mu/7b 7 j s h a r b a l f i z 0 1 - T a q r r b , e d . L.W.C. Van - * Wosii'il a!-ShT'a, e d . A . R . a l - R a b b i n i a n d M . al-RZzi , Tehran,
D e n b e r g , Leiden, 1894 1376-89 q
GULPAYIGANT = Kitibkhina-yi Madrasa-yi Gnlpiyigani , Qum JJUSAYN B . 'ABD AL-$AMAD AL- MIL^ ( d . 98411576):
Catalogue: F i h r i s t - i n u s k h a h i i y - i khagLT-yi K i t i b k h i i n a - y i 'UmijmT-yi - A l - ' I q d a / - V u s o y n T , e d . J . al-Mudarrisi, Yazd, n . d .
. . . GulpiiyiyigiinT, b y A . B u s a y n i and R . U s t i d i , Qum, 1357-61 s h - Maqiila fl w u j i j b a / - i f t i j ' wa bayiin a / - b a q q ' o l i i k u l l man ' a l i m b i h ,
MS 168613, FayGiyya L i b r a r y , Qum
BAKiM = Maktabat al-Imim al-Bakim alheAmma, Najaf - Risiila iT bukm 01-bugr wa ' I -bawiirT, MS 1836112, Majlis L i b r a r y ,
Catalogues: Tehran
- a l C ~ m m ab,y M . M . Najaf,
F i h r i s t makhgijliit Maklabat a/-lmiim 01-uak% - Risiilo IT tabqTq ba'p' 01-mas~?'il 01-fiqhiyya, MS 596013, Majlis L i b r a r y ,
Najaf, 1969 Tehran
-
F i h r i s t m a k h r i i f i i t 01-shoykh Mu_hammod a/-RashtT a/-muhdiit 115 -
T i s ' a masij'il, MS 1805153, Majlis L i b r a r y , T e h r a n
Maktabat 01-lmiim a / - p a k i i n a l ' A m m a , b y A. a l - g u s a y n i , Najaf, 1971 - Wugiil a / - a k h y i i r i l i i ugiil 01-akhbiir, T e h r a n , 1309 q
~ A K I MA L - N A Y S ~ B ~ =R Abii
~ 'Abd Allih Mubarnmad b . 'Abd AllZh JJUSAYN A L - K A R A K ~( d . 107611665-6):
( d . 40511014-15) Hidiiyat 01-abriir i l i i larTq 01-A 'im,ma a / - a y h i i r , MS 327811, Mar'ashi
Al-Mustadrak ' a i a 'I-SabTboyn, H y d e r a b a d , 1340 q L i b r a r y , Qum
~ A K T MA L - T I R M I D H ~ = Abii 'Abd Allih Mubarnmad b . 'Ali b . JJasan BUSAYNIYYAT KASHIF AL-GHITA', Najaf
( d . a r o u n d 3201932):
Nowijdir o l - U S E / , B e i r u t , n . d . IBN 'ASAKIR = Abu '1-Qisim 'Ali b . JJasan b . Hibat Allah al-Dirnashqi
( d . 57311177-8):
JJALABi = Abu '1-galib T a q i al-Din b . Najm al-Din ( d . 44711055-6): Torjimat a/-lmiim 'AIT b . AbT T i j l i b ' a l o y h 01-saliim min T o ' r T k h maaTnot
-
A/-Kiir'T, MS 44111, Mar'ashi L i b r a r y , Qum Dimashq, e d . M.B. al-Mabmiidi , B e i r u t , 1975
- Taqril6 01-ma'iirif, MS 2263, Mar'ashi L i b r a r y , Qum
IBN A L - A T H ~ R= Majd al-Din Mubarak b . Mubarnmad al-Jazari al-Shaybani
JJASAN AL-SADR ( d . 135411935): ( d . 60611210):
To '57s al-ShT'a l i - f u n i j n a / - l s l i i m , B a g h d a d , 1951 Jiimi' a/-uzE1, Cairo, 1368 q
JJAYDAR, ' A L ~ : IBN AL-BARRAJ = QZGi 'Abd al-'Aziz b . Nibrir al-Shimi ( d . 48111088):
D u r a r 01-Dukkijm, s h a r h
. Maiallat
. 01-ohkiim, translated from T u r k i s h into -
AI-Muhadhdhab, MS 44112, Mar'ashi L i b r a r y , Qum
Arabic b y Fahmi al-Jjusayni , ~ a ~ h d aandd B e i r u t , n . d . - S h a r b Jumol 01-'Ilm wa ' I ' o m a l , e d . K . M . S h a n a c h i , Mashhad, 1974
BAYDARIYYA = Khizinat al-Rawaa al-JJaydariyya, Najaf IBN DAWUD = T a a i al-Din Hasan b . 'Ali b . Diwiid al-Billi ( d . a f t e r
Catalogue: F i h r i s t mokhgEg5t KhizZinot 01-Rawp'o a / - u a y d o r i y y a , b y A. 70711307):
a l - u u s a y n i , Najaf, 1971 K . 01-Rijiil, e d . J. Mubaddith Urmawi, T e h r a n , 1342 s h
HAYTI-IAM~ = Niir al-Din 'A17 b . Abi Bakr ( d . 80711404-5): IBN FAHD = Abu '1-'Abbas Abmad b . MuPammad b . Fahd al-Asadi al-Villi
Majma' a / - z a w i i ' i d , Cairo, 1352-3 q ( d . 84111437-8):
- Al-Muhadhdhab a l - b i i r i ' , MS 275, Mar'ashi L i b r a r y , Qum
IJIMYARi = Abu 'I-Qisim 'Abd Allih b . J a ' f a r al-Qummi ( 3 r d l 9 t h c e n t u r y ) -
AI-Muqtozar min s h a r b a l - M u k h t o z a r , MS 2524, Mar'ashi L i b r a r y , Qum
Qurb a/-isniid, Tehran, n . d .
IBN kIAZM = Abii Mubarnmad 'Ali b . Abmad al-Qurtubi ( d . 45611064):
JJUJJATi, M.B.: - A l - l b k i i m f7 u ~ i i al / - a b k i i m , e d . A.M. S h i k ~ r ,Calro, 1345-8 q
BarrasT-yi i i t h i i r - i S h o y k h - i TEST wo g u z i j r i s h - i n u s k h o h i i y - i khagfi-yi - Mulakhkhog ibJZil ol-qiyiis wa ' I - r a ' y wo ' I - i s t i b s i i n wa 'I-LaqlTd wa
i j n h i i , in YiidnZima-yi S h a y k h - i TZsT, 111 (Mashhad, 19761, pp.590-676 ' I - t a ' l T I , e d . S . a l - A f g h i n i , Damascus, 1960
BUJJATIYYA = KitibkhZna-yi Madrasa-yi JJujjatiyya, Qum IBN I D R ~ S= Abii 'Abd Allih Muhammad h . Mansiir b . Ahmad b . I d r i s
F i h r i s t - i n u s k h o h i j y - i khotfT-yi KitZibkhiina-yi Madroso-yi u u j j a t i y y o , al-'Ijli al-JJilli ( d . 59811202):'
b y R . U s t i d i , Qum, 1354 s h A / - S o r i j ' i r 01-b5wT 11-tabrTr a/-fatow?, T e h r a n , 1270 q
IBN AL-NADiM = Abu '1-Faraj MuPammad b . IsbZq al-Warrzq al-BaghdZdi I ~ F A I I A N'UMUMT , = KitZhkhina-yi 'Umiimi-yi IgfahZn, I$fahZn
(late 4thllOth c e n t u r y ) : Catalogue: F i h r i s t - i nuskhahiiy-i k h o t t 7 - y i K i t z b k h i i n a - y i 'UmurnT-yi
I z f o h i i n , by J . Maqgiid, Tehran, 1349 sh
A / - F i h r i s t , e d . R. Tajaddud, T e h r a n , [ 19711
JA'FARIYYA = at-Maktaba al-Ja'fariyya, Madrasat &Hindi, KarbalZ'
IBN Q U D ~ M A= Muwaffaq al-Din 'Abd Allih b . Abmad al-Maqdisi ( d . 6201
1223-4) : Catalogue: [ C h a n d nusho-yi khattT a z ) K i t i i b k h i i n a - y i J o ' f a r i y y o , h y
TabrTm 0 1 - n o ~ o r ,G k u t u b ah1 a/-kaliim, e d . G . Makdisi, London, 1962
M . T . DZnishpazhih, in N o s h r i y y o - y i K i t i i b k h i i n o - y i MorkozT-yi
Diinishgiih-i Tehran dor b&o-yi n u s k h a h i i y - i k h a t t T , V (Tehran, 19681,
IBN SA'D = A b i 'Abd Allih Mu~ammadb . Sa'd KZtib al-WZqidi p p . 434-7
( d . 2301844-5):
K . 01-Toboqzt al-kobii-, e d . E. Sachau and others, Leiden, 1904-15
!AM/' A U ~ D T T H A L - S H T ' A , Qum, 1399 q (Vol. I )
IBN SHAHRASHDB = Rashid al-Din Muhammad b . 'Ali 31-Sarawi JAWAD AL-%MILT ( d . 122611811):
( d . 58811192):
Miftiib 01-koriimo, e d . M . al-Amin al-'Amili , Cairo-Sidon-Tehran, 1324 q
- Mo'iilim 01-'ulomii', e d . ' A . Iqbzl, Tehran, 1353 q
-
Mothiiliib a / - N o w i i ~ i b ,MS Nigiriyya Library, Lucknow
JAWADAYN = Maktabat al-Jawiclayn, KZgimiyya ( I r a q )
- Mutoshiibih 01-Qur'iin, e d . &al-Mugtafawi , Tehran, 1369 q
JAZA'IRT = Ni'mat Allzh b . 'Abd AllZh al-Miisawi ( d . 111211710):
IBN TAWUS = Radi al-Din 'a17 b . Miisi al-Hasani al-Husavni
" al-Hill? . - * Al-An wiir 01-Nu'mzniyyo, e d . M. :A. al-Qadi al-Tabitabi'i , Tabriz,
(d. 66411265-6'): 1382 q
A l - l o b i i l bi-siilih 01-a'1nii1. Tehran. 1320 a
- Monba' a / - b a y i i t f7 b u j j i y y o t qowl 01-mujtohidii7 min a/-omwiit, MS 276114,
Majlis Library, Tehran
- K ~ s h f01-mobojjo, Najaf, 1950
KXZIMT = Asad AllZh b . Ismi'il al-Tustari ( d . 123411818-19): MA'HAD = Ma'had al-DirZsit al-lslimiyya al-'Ulyi', Baghdad
- * Koshf 01-qinii', Tehran, 1317 q Catalogue' 01-MokhJiitiit a l - ' A r a b i y y a fT Mo'hod 01-Diriisiit 01-lsliimiyya
- Moqiibis 01-anwiir, Tehran, 1322 q o l ' u l y i i ' , by g .A. al-'Ali , Baghdad, 1968
K H A L I S ~= MaktabatMadrasat Madinat al-'Ilm, Kiizimiyya ( I r a q ) M A H D A W ' ~= the private collection of A. Mahdawi, Tehran
Catalogue: M o k h r i i l a t khiziinat Jiimi'at ModTnat a l ' i l m , by Y . M . Haddii Catalogue: F i h r i s t - i n u s k h a h i i y - i khoJf7-yi k i t i i b k h i i n a - y i k h u $ i i $ T - y i
Baghdad, 1972 D r . A $ g h a r Mohdaw7, b y M.T. Diinishpazhiih, in N a s h r i y y a - y i Kitiib-
KhZina-yi MarkozT-yi DZnishgiih-I Tehran dar b i i r a - y i nuskhahiiy-i
KHALKHALT,M . M . : k h a f f 7 , I1 ( T e h r a n , 1962), p p . 59-181
F i q h ol-ShT'o, T e h r a n , 1393 q (Vol. 3)
M A ~ F U GE ,~ . * A . :
KHALLAF, 'Abd al-WahhZb: - (1) N o E ' i s 01-makhtGriit o l ' A r a b i y y o F l r a n , in Majollot Mo'had
' l l m u $ i j l 01-fiqh, Kuwait, 1968 ol-Makhtiiyiit o l k ' i l r a b i y y a , 111 (1957), p p . 3-78
- (11) A/-MokhfGtiit a / - ' A r a b i y y o f i ' I ' l r i i q , in the above-mentioned
KHATTB = Abii Bakr Abmad b . 'Ali b . ThZbit al-BaghdZdi ( d . 46311072): periodical, IV (19581, p p . 195-258
.
Mishkiit 01-ma$Zib7b, e d . M . N al-AlbZni , Damascus, 1962
MAJJMAQANT, $. :
K H U M A Y N ~= RiiQ AllZh b . Mugtafa al-Miisawi : Folsafat 01-tashr7' f i ' I - l s l i i m , Beirut, 1961
RisZla f i ' I - i j t i h i i d wo 'I-taqlTd, Qum, 1385 q (in a collection of his
treatises entitled 01-RasZ'il) MAEjUzi = SulaymZn b . 'Abd AllZh a i - ~ a ~ r Z n( di . 112111709-10):
A l - ' A s h a r a a/-kljmila, MS 3866, Majlis Library, Tehran
K H W A J ~ '=~MuQammad Ismi'il b . MuQammad Ejusayn al-IgfahZni ( d . 11731
1759-60): MAJLIS = Kitibkhina-yi Majlis, Tehran
Risiila i7 w u j i i b i t t i b i i ' 01-mujtahid l i - { a n n i h , M S 131715 New Series, Cataloaue: F i h r i s l - i K i t i i b k h i i n o - v i Mailis-i ShGriiv-i MiIlT. b v 'A.
Princeton University Library Fii'iri-and o t h e r s , Tehran, 1305-57 sh
K H W A N S A R=~MuPammad Biqir b . Zayn al-Abidin al-Miisawi ( d . 13131 MAJLISi I = MuPammad T a q i b . Maqgiid 'Ali al-lgfahini ( d . 107011659-60):
1395) : - LawZimit-i SiibibqorZinT, Tehran, 1331 q
Rawp'Zit aaljanniit, e d . M . T . al-Kashfi and A. Ismi'iliyZn, Tehran-Qum, - Rawq'at a/-muttoqk , Tehran, 1393-9 q
1390-2 q
M A J L I S ~I1 = MuPammad Baqir b . MuPammad T a q i al-IgfahZni ( d . 11101
KHAYRAT KHAN = Kitibkhina-yi Madrasa-yi KhayrZt KhZn, Mashhad 1 f-
- )..,
i Q-Q-
Catalogue: F i h r i s t - i nuskhahciy-i k h a j t 7 - y i Modrasa-yi K h a y r i i t K h i i n , - * Bibiir 01-anwZir, Tehran. 1376 a
b y M . F i a i l , in the t h i r d volume of MajmG'o-yi f i h r i s t - i n u s k h a h i i y - i -
~ i F ' i i tol-'uqGl; T e h r a n ; 1321-i q
khottT-yi kitiibkhonahiiy-i shahrastcinhiiy-i l r a n ( T e h r a n , 1353 s h ) , -
Soyr wa s u l G k , MS 880, Mar'ashi Library, Qum (fols. 52a-56a)
p p . 1717-97 - ZFd 01-ma'Zid, Igfahin, 1311 q
K U L A Y N ~= Abii Ja'far MuPammad b . Ya'qiib al-RZzi ( d . 3291941): MALIK = KitZbkhZna-yi Milli-yi Malik, Tehran
A / - K C F , e d . 'A. A. a l - G h a f c r i , T e h r a n , 1377-9 q Catalogue: F i h r i s t - i k i t i i b h i i y - i k h o t t 7 - y i KitZibkhiina-yi MillT-yi M o l i k ,
b y A. A f s h i r and M.T. Dinishpazhiih, Tehran, 1352-61 sh
LEIDEN = Biblioteek Rijkauniversitat , Leiden
Cotologus codicum O r i e n t a l i u m , b y R . P.A. Dozy and o t h e r s , Leiden, M A M A Q A N ~= 'Abd Allih b . MuPammad @asan ( d . 135111932-3);
1851-77 - Miqbiis a / - h i d Z y o , Tehran, 1345 q
- TonqTb a/-moqiil, Najaf, 1350-2 q
LOS ANGELES = University Research Library, University of California,
Los Angeles MANCHESTER = the John Rylands Library, Manchester
Catalogue: F i h r i s t - i n u s k h o h i i y - i khortT-yi Diinishgiih-i Los Angeles, Catalogue: Catalogue of t h e A r a b i c Manuscripts i n t h e John Rylands
b y M.T. DZnishpazhiih, in N a s h r i y y a - y i K i t i i b k h i i n a - y i Markaz7-yi L i b r a r y , b y A. Mingana, Manchester, 1934
Diinishgiih-i Tehran dor bZiro-yi n u s k h a h i i y - i k h a f t 7 , XI-XI1 ( T e h r a n ,
1362 s h ) , p p . 1-772 MAQR~ZT = T a q i al-Din-Abmad b . 'Ali ( d . 84511441-2):
M a ' r i f o t m b y o j i b li-A1 01-Boyt a/-Nobow7 min a/-baqq ' o l i i man ' o d i i h u m ,
MA'ARIF = KitZbkhZna-yi 'Umiimi-yi Ma'Zrif ( - KitZbkhina-yi Milli) , e d . M.A. 'Ashiir, Cairo, 1392 q
Tehran
Catalogue: F i h r i s t - i k u t u - i khatt7-yi Kitiibkhiiana-yi 'Umiim7-yi MAR'ASHT = KitZbkhina-yi 'Umiimi-yi . . . Mar'ashi, Qum
M o ' i i r i f , b y 'A. JawZhir Kalim, Tehran, 1934-5 Catalogue: F i h r i s t - i n u s k h a h i i y - i khoft7-yi K i t i i b k h i i n o - y i 'UmGmT-yi
. . . Mar'ashT, b y A. l$usayni, Qum, 1395 q -
McDERMOTT, Mil.J . :
T h e Theology of 01-Shaykh a / - M u F d , Beirut, 1978 A L M A S A ' I L A L - M U H A N N ~' I Y Y A = A i w i b o t ol-masZi'i1 allot7 sa'olohii
230 A N INTRODUCTION TO S H I L' A
~W
BIBLIOGRAPHY 231
Muhannii b . Siniin "on 01-'Alliima wa Fokhr a/-Mubaqqiq7n, MS 1474
Central Library, University of Tehran (fols. 79b-103b) Roybiinat a/-odab, Tehran, Vol. 1, 1335 s h ; Vols. 2-6, 1328-33 sh
MATIJAF = Maktabat al-Matpaf al-'Iraqi, Baghdad MUBAMMAD AL-LMUL~ = Shams al-Din Mupammad b . Mapmiid (8thl14th
Catalogue: Makhtiitiit Moktabat al-Matbaf a/-'IriiqT, by U . N . a1 century) :
Naqshbandi and'A.A. al-Qashtini, Baghdad, 1975 (Voi. 1) Nafci'is a/-funiin , Tehran, 1377-9 q
M ~ R JA'FAR
Z ~ = Kitibkhina-yi Madrasa-yi Mirza J a ' f a r , Mashhad MURTAPA = Abu 'I-Qasim 'Ali b . Busayn al-Miisawi , 'Alarn al-Hudi
Catalogue: Fihrist-i nuskhohoy-i khatt7-yi Kitiibkhiina-yi Modraso-yi ( d . 43611044):
Mii-zii Ja'for, by 'A. Niirani and K.M. Shinachi , in Fihrist-i -
Al-DharT'z ilF ujiil 01-sharTCa, e d . A . G u r j i , Tehran, 1346-8 s h
nuskhahiiy-i khotfi-yi chahiir kitiibkhiina-yi Mashhad, t h e f i r s t volume - Ibtiil a l ' a m o l bi-okhbiir 01-ZbCd, microfilm 1162, Central Library,
of Majmii'o-yi fihrist-i nuskhahiiy-i khacfT-yi kitiibkhiinahiiy-i University of Tehran (fols. 142b-143a)
shohrastiinhiiy-i Iron ( T e h r a n , 1351 s h ) , pp.25-43 - Al-IntijCr, Najaf, 1971
- . ,, a/-thiilitha. t h e above-mentioned
Jowiibiit a/-rnasii'il a/-rnawsilivvo
MU'ALLIM = Mubamrnad 'Ali Mu'allim JJabibZbidi: microfilm (fols. 36-56a)
Makiirim 01-iithiir , IgfahZn , 1337 s h - - Jawiibzt al-rnosii'il 01-rnowgiliyyo 01-thCniyo, t h e above-mentioned
microfilm (fols. 31-5)
- Jawiibzt 01-rnosii'il a/-Tabbiiniyyiit, microfilm 1255, Central Library,
MUDARRIS = Mupammad 'Ali b . Mupammad T i h i r al-Tabrizi ( d . 137311954):
University of Tehran
232 AN INTRODUCTION TO SHT'T LAW BIBLIOGRAPHY 233
-
Jawiibiit 01-masii'il 0 1 - T a r i i b u l u s i y y i i t , microfilm 1162, Central Library, ( T e h r a n , 1351 s h ) , pp.437-562
University of Tehran
- A l - S h i i f l , Tehran, 1302 q N U J U M ~ = the
private collection of M . Nujiimi, Kirminshzh ( I r a n )
Catalogue: MokhJEtiil moktabot 01-soyyid Murtog'z 01-NujLimT, by A .
MURTAPA A L - R A Z ~ = Jamil al-Din Abii 'Abd Allah Muhammad b . a u s a y n al-L<usayni, in his Do171 a / - m o k l ? l i i f i i t ( Q u m , 1397 q ) , pp. 214-97
b . uasan ( 6 t h l l 2 t h c e n t u r y ) :
T a b g i r a t 01-'owiimm, e d . ' A . J J i ' i r i , Tehran, n . d . N U ' M A N ~ = Abii 'Abd Allih Mubammad b . Ibrihim al-Kitib, Ibn A b i
Zaynab ( d . around 3501961):
MUSHAR,Khinbiba: TofsTr 01-Nu'miinT, Tehran, 1387 q (in al-Majlisi 11's B i b i i r 01-onwiir,
F i h r i s t - i k i t i i b h i i y - i chiipT-yi ' A r a b ? , Tehran, 1344 q XCIII, pp.1-97)
MUSLIM = Abu '1-JJusayn Muslim b . JJajjij al-Qushayri al-Naysabiiri NURBAKI~SH = Kitibkhina-yi Niirbakhsh, Khiniqah-i Ni'mal Allihi ,
( d . 2611875): Tehran
SohTI, Muslim, Cairo, 1290 q Catalogue: F i h r i s t - i n u s k h o h i i y - i k h o f l T - y i K i t i i b k h i i n o - y i N i i r b o k h s h
. . . , by I . D i b i j i , Tehran, 1970-3
MUTTAQf = 'Ali' al-Din 'Ali b . UusXm al-Din al-Burhinpiiri ( d . 9751
1567): NOR^ = JJusayn b . Muhammad Taqi ( d . 132011902):
Konz a / - ' u m m i i l , tlyderabad, 1945-75 Mustadrok a/-Wasii'il, Tehran, 1382 q
N H ' T N ~= Mubarnmad Ijusayn b . 'Abd al-Rahim ( d . 135511936): QAFFAL :Sayf al-Din Muhammad b . Ahmad al-Shishi ( d . 50711113-14):
Munyat a / - f i i l i b , a collection of al-Ni'ini's lectures compiled by Miis: f l i l y a t a / - ' u l o m i i ' = 01-MustozhorT, e d . Y . A . I . Daridka, Beirut, 1980
al-Najafi al-Khwansiri , Tehran, 1373 q
Q A S T A L L N =~ Shihib al-Din A l p a d b . Mubarnmad al-Khatib ( d . 92311517):
NAJAFi :Muhammad JJasan b . Mubarnmad B i q i r , Sahib al-Jawihir A/-Mawiihib 01-lodunniyyo, Cairo , 1325-8 q
( d . 126611850):
Jawiihir 01-kaliim, e d . 'A. al-Qiichini and others, Najaf-Tehran, QAWAM A L - D ~ N A L - W I S H N A W ~ :
1377-1401 q flodTth a / - Thaqolayn , Cairo, 1374 q
-
N A J A S H ~ Abu '1-'Abbis Ahmad b . 'A17 nl-Asadi
1058-9):
al-gayrafi ( d . 4501 Q U H P A ' ~= 'Inayat Al1;lh b . 'Ali ( d . after 101611607-8):
Majma' 01-rijiil, e d . p . al-'Allima, Igfahin, 1387 q
RijCl 01-NojiishT, T e h r a n , 1337 s h
RApAWi = Kitibkhiina-yi Astin-i Quds-i Ragawi, Mashhad
NASA'I = AbG 'Abd al-RaQmZn Ahmad b . 'Ali b . Shu'ayb ( d . 3031915): Catalogue: F i h r i s t - i k u t u b - i K i t i i b k h i i n o - y i mubiiroko-yi j s t i i n - i Quds-i
S u n o n , Cairo, 1312 q Rog'owT, Mashhad, 1305 sh -
RlSALA FI ' L - T A H ~ R AWA ' L - S A L ~ T (belonging to the 12thl18th cen- S H A H R A S T ~ N =~ Abu '1-Fatb Mubammad b . 'Abd al-Karim ( d . 54811153);
t u r y ) , MS 30711, Gulpiyigini Library, Qum Al-Milo1 wa ' I - n i b a l , e d . A . M . a l b ' i d , Cairo, 1977
$AD~= Q Abii Ja'far Mubammad b . 'Ali al-Qummi, Ibn Bibawayh ( d . 3811 SHARAF AL- in, 'Abd al-Jjusayn:
991-2) : A/-Muriijajo'iit, Beirut, n . d .
-
' I l o l 01-sharii'i', e d . F . al-Tabitabi'i al-Yazdi, Qum, 1377-8 q
- A l - l ' t i q i i d i i t , Tehran, 1379 q (together with al-Miqdid's a/-No%'' yawm SHARU QATRA T AL-BAVRAYN (early l l t h l l 7 t h c e n t u r y ) , MS 1843,
a/-bashr IT sharb 01-biib ooibiidTeashr, p p . 66-115) Mar'ashi Library, Qum
- * M a n 15 yab(iuruh a/-faqTh, e d . V . M . al-Kharsin, Najaf, 1957
-
A l - M u q n i ' , e d . M . Wi'ivzida, Tehran, 1377 q S H A R ~ FA L - J U R J ~ N T ( d 81611413):
- Al-TowbTd, e d . H.U. al-'fihrini, Tehran, 1387 q S h a r b 01-Mawiiqif, Constantinople, 1286 q
A ., :
~AFA'~ S H ~ T I B= ~Abii IsbZq Ibrihim b . Miisi al-Gharniti ( d . 79011388):
Hishiim b . a/-Vakom, T e h r a n , 1342 sh A/-Muwiifoqiit, Cairo, 1344 q
QAFFAR = Abii Ja'far Murammad b . Jjasan b . Farrukh alkQummi ( d . 2901 SHAYKH = AbG J a ' f a r Mgbammad b . uasan al-Tiisi ( d . 46011067):
902-3): - A l - F i h r i s t . e d . M.S. A1 Bahr alk'uliirn.. Naiaf., . 1937
Bogii'ir a / - d o r a j i i l , e d . M . Kiichabighi, Tabriz, 1381 q - A / - ~ h a ~ b a~' ,a b r i i ,1323 q'
- A l - l s t i b s i i r , e d . B . M . al-Kharsin, Najaf, 1375-6 q
~ A ~ AI LB- D H A R ~'A = Maktabat gibib al-Dhari 'a al-'Amma, Najaf - TahdhTb a/-abkiim, e d . H M . al-KharsZn, Najaf, 1958-62
- ' U d d a t 01-usiil, Tehran, 1314 q
~ A ~ AL-MA'ALIM
I B = uasan b . Zayn al-Din al-'Amili ( d . 101111602):
Ma'iilim a/-dTn , Tehran, n . d . S H ~ R A Z= ~Maktabat Madrasat al-Shirizi , SZmarri' ( I r a q )
Q A ~ I BAL-MADARIK = Mubammad b . 'Ali al-Miisawi ai-'Zmili ( d . 10091 SHUBBAR = 'Abd Allih b . Mubammad R i a i 31-Jjusayni ( d . 124211826):
1600): B u g h y a t a/-&ilibTn, MS 3972, Majlis Library, Tehran
-
Hidiiyot a / - f i i l i b i n , MS 4641, Majlis Library, Tehran
- * Madiirik 01-abkiim, Tehran, 1322 q SINK = KitibkhZna-yi Majlis-i S i n i , Tehran
Catalogue: F i h r i s t - i k i t i i b h i i y - i k h a j j i - y i K i t i i b k h i i n o - y i Majlis-i S i n g ,
SALLAR = AbG Ya'lZ Jjamza b . 'Abd al-'Aziz al-Daylami ( d . 44811056-7): by M.T. Dinishpazhiih and B. 'Ilmi AnwZri, Tehran, 1356-9 sh
Al-Mariisim, e d . M . al-BustZni , Beirut, 1980
SIPAHSALAR = Kitibkhina-yi Madrasa-yi Sipahsilir, Tehran
SALT AN AT^ = Kitibkhina-yi Saltanati , Tehran Catalogue: F i h r i s t - i KitZibkhiina-yi Madraso-yi ' A T - y i Sipohsiiliir, by
Catalogue: F i h r i s t - i k u t u b - i cfnT wa madhhob7-yi khattT-yi K i t i i b - Ibn Yiisuf S h i r i z i and o t h e r s , Tehran, 1315-56 sh
khiino-yi S a l ~ a n a t T ,by Badri AtZbiy, Tehran, 1352 s h
S U L A Y M ~KHAN
N = Kitibkhina-yi Madrasa-yi SulaymZn Khan, Mashhad
SAMAHTJT = 'Abd AllXh b . QZlil) al-Babrini ( d . 113511723): Catalogue: F h r i s t - i nuskhahiiy-i khottT-yi Kitiibkhiina-yi Madrasa-yi
Munyot a/-mumiirisii,, MS 1916127, Majlis Library, Tehran Suloyrniin K h i i n , by 'A. NiirZni and K . M . ShZnachi, in F i h r i s t - i
nuskhahciy-i khattT-yi chahiir k i t i i b k h i i n a - y i Mashhad, the first volume
SARYAZDT = KitZbkhina-yi Saryazdi, Madrasa-yi K h i n , Yazd of Majmir'a-yi f i h r i s t - i nuskhahiiy-i k h a j j T - y i kitiibkhiinahiiy-i
Catalogue: [ F i h r i s t - i nuskhahiiy-i k h a l t T - y i ] Kitiibkhiina-yi SoryordT, shohrostiinhiiy-i I r o n (Tehran, 1351 s h ) , p p . 1-24
by M.T. Danishpazhiih, i n N a s h r i y y a - y i K i t i i b k h i i n a - y i MorkazT-yi
Diinishgiih-i Tehran dar biira-yi nuskhahiiy-i kharr7, IV ( T e h r a n , 19661,
236 AN INTRODUCTION TO SHT'T LAW BIBLIOGRAPHY 237
S U Y ~ T= Jalil
~ al-Din 'Abd al-Rabmin b . Abi Bakr ( d . 91111505): WAJ~TD,
Perisan periodical,Tehran, 1342-59 sh
/by?' a i - m a y t , Najaf, n . d .
W A ZRT~ = Kitibkhina-yi Waziri, Yazd
TABARANT = Abu '1-QZsim Sulaymin b . AQmad b . AyyZb ( d . 3601970-1): Catalobue: F i h r i s t - i n u s k h a h a - i k h a t f r - y i K i t i i b k h i i n a - y i WarTrT, by
Al-Mu'jam ai-gaghTr, e d . ' A . M . 'Uthmin, Madina, 1968 M . ShirwZni , Tehran, 1350 sh -
T U S T A R ~Mubammad
, Taqi
- QiimEs 01-rijiil, Tahran, 1379 q -
- Risiilo ,iT sahw 01-NabT, Tehran, 1349 s h (together with Vol. 11 of the
author's Qiimimus a / - r i j i i l )
'Ali al-Shiilastini 138 Dhu '1-Majdayn 75 JJasan al-JJi'iri al-Yazdi 98 Ibn Abi '1-Majd 45, 64
'Ali al-Tihrini 6 9 , 76 QiyZ' al-Din al-A'ralT 73 Jjasan b . al-Jjusim 77 Ibn al-Barrii 43. 63. 121
'Ali al-Tustari 99 p i y i ' al-Din a l b C A r i q i 9 , 1 1 , 58, Basan al-TJusayni 208 Ibn Diwiid ai-villi 6'5, 7 6 , 1 0 3
'Ali al-'UsfGr? 151 9 4 , 1 2 1 , 1 4 1 , 212, 213 Basan al-Jjusayni al-Gilini 8 3 Ibn Fahd 50, 78-9, 1 0 4 , 119, 1 2 8 ,
'A17 al-Yazdi al-Mudarris 72 Qiyi' al-Din al-gusayni 133 JJasan al-JJusayni al-KZshini 70 133, 1 5 2 , 1 6 2 , 163, 187
'Ali al-Zawiri 134 Qiyi' al-Din al-Jurjini 95 83 Ibn Fahd al-Absi'i 79
'Ali b . Zayn alF'Abidin 69 Q i y i ' al-Din al-Mareashi 84 Jjasan Isfandiyiri 73 Ibn Hamza 4 5 . - 6 5
A1-'Allima 8 , 23, 47-9, 70-6, Basan b . I s m i e i l al-Qummi 118 Ibn k i l i l 50, i 3
1 0 3 , 152, 204 Jjasan al-Karaki 1 4 6 , 170 Ibn I d r i s 38. 46. 6 5 . 102
Amin al-Astaribidi 52, 5 4 , 129 F JJasan b . M . al-Astaribidi 1 1 5 Ibn a l - ~ u t a w w i j4 9 , '73, 7 8 , 204
Amin al-Islim al-Tabrisi 45, 114 Basan al-Najmibidi 1 5 3 , 1 6 0 , Ibn al-Naiiir 7 3
Amin al-TunT 149 Al-Faail al-Hindi 51, 71, 8 8 , 109, 178 Ibn Najm al- in 1 0 3
Amjad Jjusayn A l l i h i b i d i 83 1 4 9 , 165 JJasan b . Rishid al-Villi 132 Ibn S h a h r i s h u b 45, 46, 102
A1-Ansiri 9 , 1 1 , 5 7 , 9 9 , 112, A1-Fioil al-Jawid 1 1 6 , 135 Basan al-$adr 1 3 1 Ibn Tawq al-Babrini 111, 117,
1 1 8 , 124, 1 3 7 , 1 5 4 , 1 5 6 , 1 5 7 , A1-Fieil al-Miqdid = al-Miqdid Flasan al-Yazdi al-Mudarris 68 1 2 0 , 1 2 7 , 1 3 8 , 144, 145, 167,
1 5 8 , 1 6 0 , 1 7 4 , 1 8 3 , 1 8 4 , 185, Fadl Allah al-Astaribidi 104 &shim 167 1 9 6 , 208
1 8 9 , 1 9 2 , 1 9 7 , 202, 203, 207. Fakhr &Din al-Musawi 81- Hishim al-LIusayni 128 Ibn Tayy 7 9 , 172
Fakhr al-Din al-Nariqi 7 4 , 92 JJaydar 'Ali al-Shirwini 8 1 , Ibn Zuhra 8 , 46, 6 5
Aqi al-Darbandi 90 Fakhr &Din ai-Sabi'i 1 3 2 , 204 1 5 3 , 155, 1 6 5 , 1 6 7 , 169 Ibrihim al-Dizfiili 89
Al-Ardabili 51-3. 83.. 95.. 115. Fakhr al-Din al-Turaybi 66, 123 Hidayat Allih al-Qummi 110 IbrZhim al-Kaf'ami 159
1 6 4 , 1 7 7 , 199 Fakhr alkMu4aqqiqin 4 8 , 49, 7 6 , Al-Burr al-'Amili 5 , 55, 8 7 , l b r i h i m Khalifa Sultan 8 1 , 84
Asad Allah al-Shafti 69, 130 1 0 3 , 119, 1 5 2 , 163 156. 170. 201. 206
- Ibriihim al-Lihiji 68
Al-iishtiyini 1 1 , 1 1 2 , 118, 131, F a t t i b ai-Shahidi 118, 1 7 4 , 214 Busayn b . 'Abd al-$amad 5 1 , IbrZhim b . Layth al-LIusayni 134
1 4 1 , 1 4 4 , 153, 211 Al-Fay@ 5 , 1 6 , 1 8 , 5 2 , 5 5 , 86-7, 5 2 , 71, 7 5 , 106, 120, 1 2 2 , lbriihim al-Qazwini 9 , 68
'At;' Allih al-Amuli 186 1 2 8 , 148, 153, 1 8 2 , 188 133, 1 3 9 , 1 4 6 , 1 7 7 , 1 9 7 , 212 IbrZhim al-Shirszi 82
AwEang Zib al-QijZr 66 Fay@ Allah al-Tafrishi 136 JJusayn al-Ardabili 95 Ibriihim al-Warriq 114
'Aziz Allih al-Khalkhili 132 Fays k3usayn 75 Jjusayn al-A'sam 68 'Imad al-Tabari 45, 95
FayyZQ al-Zanlini 1 5 8 , 182 Busayn b . Abi '1-Qisim 'ImZd al-Din Yiisuf 146
al-Khwinsiri 8 2 , 130 'Iniyat Allih b . Abi '1kFatb 207
Busayn 'Ali al-Muntagiri 1 1 , ' I n i y a t Allah al-Liirijini 90
G 152. 158. 215 ~ 1 - T r a w i n i1 2 1 , 1 4 1 , 171, 174
Badr al-Din al-Naysibiiri 150 Ismi'il al-Hazirjaribi 82
B a h i ' al-Din al-'Amili 5 1 , 71, GhulZm JJusayn al-Darbandi 92 Ismi'il al-Marandi 92
7 4 , 8 5 , 9 6 , 106. 117. 122. JJusayn al-Dimghini 1 3 5 Ismi'il al-Niiri 93
Jjusayn al-Darb Imimi 211 Isma'il al-Urmawi 75
H JJusayu al-Hamadini 75 'Izz &Din al-Amuli 186
Jjusayn b . JJaydar al-Karaki 162 'Izz &Din Babr alb'Uliim 113
B a h i ' al-Din al-Mashriqi 147 I.1abib Allih al-KishZni 6 6 , 9 2 , JJusayn al-Villi 113
Babr al-'Uliim 56, 89-96, 1 5 6 , 118 JJusayn al-Karaki 1 8 1
165, 201 H i d i al-Kirminshihi 69 Husavn a l - ~ h w i n s i r i51. 8 7 , J
Al-Balighi 1 2 1 , 1 3 1 , 1 3 2 , 141, Hid7 al-Tihrini 1 1 , 9 3 , 1 1 2 , 118, 1;7, 158, 169
1 7 0 , 1 7 1 , 174 1 5 7 , 1 7 6 , 1 7 9 , 1 8 1 , 192, 208 JJusayn b . M . al-JJusayni 166 Ja'far al-JJuwayzi 8 1 , 86
Banda tiusavn al-Naaawi 200 Ijifig al-Kishini 172 JJusayn al-Naqawi 137 J a c k al-Khwinsiri 1 5 5
Biyazid a l - T h ~ n i 125, 1 3 8 , 1 4 5 A1-Bakim 5 8 , 9 2 , 9 4 , 174 JJusayn al-Qazwini 6 7 , 7 1 , 8 2 , Ja'far al-Sabzawiri 69
Al-Bihbahini 9 , 55, 5 6 , 8 1 , 8 3 , Al-JJalabi 1 3 , 43, 63 1 2 8 , 1 3 0 , 141, 142 1 7 5 , 1 8 9 , Ja'far al-Subbani 12
8 4 , 8 5 , 8 6 , 8 7 , 8 9 , 9 7 , 110, Bimid al-Budali' 107 195 J a ' f a r Quli b . 'Abd al-'Ali 1 7 3
1 2 0 , 1 2 4 , 130, 1 5 1 , 161, 169, IIZrin al-Jazi'iri 122 Husavn Quli al-Hamadini 1 5 3 , Ja'far al-Zahdazi 67
1 7 0 , 180. 189 JJasan b . 'Abd al-GhaffZr 134 . I;,, i 8 1 , 211 J a m 3 al-Din al-Khwinsiri 5 1 ,
Basan b . 'Ali al-JJusayni 100 Jjusayn al-$aymari 6 7 , 1 6 6 , 172 1 0 7 , 1 4 9 , 1 6 9 , 198
Ijasan 'Ali al-Tihrini 157 JJusayn al-Tabasi 199 Jamil al-Din al-Musawi 6 6 , 6 9 , 90
Basan 'Ali al-'l'ustari 8 5 , 147 Husavn al-Uwili 1 3 5 Jamil al-Din b . al-Najjar 73
JJasan iil Kashif al-Ghiti' 57, 9 1 , Jamil al-Din al-Natanzi 206
9 3 , 9 8 , 1 7 1 , 207, 210 Jawid al-'Amili 5 6 , 90
JJasan al-A'raji 69 Jawid al-Karaki 7 1
JJasan al-BujnGrdi 119 Jawid al-Maysi 67, 1 3 3
JJasan b . Ghiyith alkAstaribidi I Jawld al-NaiaE 8 3
134-5
Basan al-Gilini 185 Ibn Abi Jumhiir 117,119, 132, 134
244 AN INTRODUCTION T O SHi'T LAW INDEX OF A U T H O R S 245
Ishiqgi' al-naqar 89 Jawimi' al-kalim 74 Kashf al-niqib 78 Mabiazh al-nazar 156. 196. 197
I t h b i t al-siyida 158, 159 JawZmi' al-rasi'il 110 Kashf al-qinZC 68, 70, 192 Al-MaGsiit 64 '
Al-lthni'ashariyya 107, 136, 206 JawRz i b d i ' al-safar 162 Kashf al-rayb 128 MadZrik al-ahkim 69, 84
Al-Ithni'ashariyyZt 122 Jaw%-i musfirat-i pZdishih 169 Kashf al-rayba 151 Madinat a l - a i b i t h 207
A1-ICtikifiyya 163 Al-Jihidiyya 167, 168 Kashf al-rayn 151 Ma'din alk'irfan 114
IzZhat al-'illa 139 Jumal al-'ilm wa 'lk'amal 1 2 1 Kashf al-rumuz 70 Mafatih al-ahkim 115
1zil;at a l - i ~ t i b i i142 Al-Jumal wa '1-'uqiid 63 Kashf al-rumiiz al-khafiyya Mafatic a l - s i a r i ' i e 86
Izihat al-shukiik 141. 142. 197 Al-Jumina al-bahiyya 132 81 M i ' al-bayit 163
lziiiat al-waswasa 167 JumZn al-silk 171 Kashf al-qalam 68 Mi'ida-yi sarniwiyya 200
I q h i r ma 'indi 165 Al-Kawikib al-durriyya 135 Maiiri al-ahkim 88
AIFeIzziyya 102 Khidimiyya 180
Al-Khalal fi '1-galst 152, 153,
154 Maima' al-bayin 7 1
Al-Kharijiyya 177 Majma' al-fz'ida wa '1-burhZn 83
Khagi'ig al-a'lim 68 Majma' al-ghari'ib 78
A1-Jacfariyya 134 Khayr alh'amal 143 Majma' al-masZ'il 66
&' al-baqq 148 Khazi'in al-abkim 76, 90 Majma' al-rashid 207
J a l i ' al-shubahZt 151 Al-Khilif 64 MaEtib al-shari'i' 52
Jam'a 146 KhilZfiyya 96 Majmu'at al-ifZdZt 105
&mi'-i 'Abbisi 96 Khuligat al-abQith 206 Al-Makisib 174
J-ami' al-apkZm 69 Khuligal al-bayin 200 A1 -MakZsib al-mubarrama 175
&mi' al-aawil 92 KhulZgat al-i'tibir 163 MakhZzin al-aQkim 69
&mi' al-fatvZ'id 73, 85, 116 Khuligat al-tanqip 79 Makhzan al-asrZr al-fiqhiyya 82
&mio-i J a ' f a r i 6 7 Kifayat al-abkim 85 Makhzan al-la'ili 121
J-ami'-i Radawi 67 Kifayat al-mubaggilin 75 Al-Manzfi' 66
Jimi' al-iawimi- 66, 69 Kifayat al-muhtadi 134 Ma'ni qawl alFeAllZma 73
Al-&mi' "a-kabir 9 i KifZyat al-mubtij 163 Manihij al-abkim 68, 74, 92, 117,
&mio al-kalim 141 Kifayat al-talibin 78 210
Gmi' al-khilif 70 Kifayal al-ugiil 11 Al-Manihij al-sawiyya 88
&mi' al-rnadZrik 94 KitZbat b a r kafan 129 ManZhij al-tadqiq 137
Jimi' al-maqigid 80 Al-Kurriyya 125 Al-Manihil 92
&mic al-shari'i' 70 ManXsik al-bajj 99, 163-6
&mi' al-shatzt 110 Manhaj al-ijtihid 68
Jannat al-khuld 99 Manhaj al-rashid 72
JawZb5t al-masi'il al-Mawgiliyya Manhaj al-sadad 7 1
101 Al-La'Zli al-zawihir 110 IManhaj al-salZma 159
JawibZt masi'ii Lama'it 82 Manhaj al-tabqiq 154
254 AN INTRODUCT'ION TO S ~ f L~
AWf
INDEX OF TITLES 255
Mandiib al-sawm lfi2 Al-Masi'il al-NX~iriyyit, 63, 103,
Migbib al-ijtihid 68 Mu'tamad al-Shi'a 90
Maqibis ai-anwir 92 109
MigbZQ al-mubtadi 134 Al-Mutamassik bi-babl A1 Rasiil
MaaZla fi 'I-hath 'ali salZt al- Al-Masi'il al-Naysibiiriyya 101
Al-MigbZb al-munir 91 35
jum'a 145' Al-Masi'il al-NiliyyZt 101
Al-Migbib al-sifi' 87 Muetaqad al-Imimiyya 95
Maqila fi '1-'idila 214 Al-Masi'il al-RamliyyZt 101
MighZb al-tariq 98 Mutashibih al-Qur'in 102
MaqZla fi galit al-jum'a 150 Al-Masi'il al-Rashtiyya 185
Migbib al-ugiil 11 Murhir al-mukhtir 194
Maqila fi '1-taliq 196 Al-Masi'il al-Rassiyyiit 101
Maqila fi wujiih al-Babth 'an Masi'il al-ridZ' 191 A1-Migbib al-Wahhij 177
galit al-jum'a 146 MasZ'il al-shaykh Abi Ja'far Al-Mishkit 124
Al-Maqilit al-Ghariyya 11 al-Tiisi 1 0 1 Mishkit al-anwir al-gusayniyya
Maqilit al-ugiil 11 Masi'il al-shaykh zahir al-Din 77
Al-Mishkit al-Gharawiyya 78 Nabdha fi siyagh al-'uqiid 173
Al-Maqilid al-Ja'fariyya 117 b . al-Ijusim 104
MishkZt al-hudit 157 Al-Nabdha al-'uqiidiyya 187
Maqilid al-qugiid 172 Al-Masi'il al-Shimiyya 1 0 4
Mishkit al-war: 133 Nadd al-qawZCid al-fiqhiyya 116
Maqimit al-sZlikin 175 Al-Masi'il al-Tabariyya 1 0 2
Maclimi' al-fad1 110 Al-Mufradit al-fariqa 82 Al-NafQa alk'anhariyya 109
Masi'il tazZpum al-buqiiq 212
A1-Nama al-qudsiyya 137
Masi'il al-tilmidh 105 . - a]-Ja'fari
MuhZdarit fi 'I-fiah
Nafahit al-ilhim 69
Al-Masi'il al-WasitiyyZt 1 0 1 i7i
Maqgad al-falib 174 MuQidarit fi ugiil al-fiqh 11 ~ a f ~ ' a 1 - b a r a118
j
Mas'wla fi 'I-'amal ma' al-sulfan
Al-Marisim 63 Al-Mupikama 209 Nahj al-faqZha 1 7 4
176
Al-Marghiib 68 Al-Muhadhdhab 63 Nahj alFeirfan 47
A1-Mas'tila al-nifiea 204
Al-Muhadhdhab al-biri' 78 Nahl al-sadid 71
Al-Magibip 87, 90 Mas'alat al-shaykh 'Abd Allih
Magibip al-aQkZm 90 Al-Mubarrar 79 Al-NaiZt 132
109
Magibip al-asrir 133 Mu'in al-khawass 98 Najit ;I-'ibid 99
Mas'wlatZn 106. 185
Magibip al-hidZya 88 Al-Miijaz 79, 193' Najit al-mu'minin 67
Al-Masilik 136
Al-MagihTp al-IawZmi' 86 Muili al-shariea 155 NajZt al-niswin 127
Masilik al-afhim 81. 116
Mukhtalaf al-Shi'a 72 Al-Nahriyya 203
Magibil~al- quliib 97 Al-Masilik a~-Jiimi'i$~a132
Magibib al-galim 87, 89 MukhtZr al-madhhab 141 Al-Najmiyya 135
Maslak al-rishidin 72
Masii'il 102,107 Al-Mukhtir 105 Najm al-mu'min 111
MashSriq al-aQkim 118 Nati'ij al-afkZr 155
Al-Masi'il al-akhbiriyya 89 MashZriq al-anwir 66 Al-Mukhtagar al-nifi' 65
Al-Masi'il a l - A m u ~ i y ~103
a Mulakhkhag al-maqZl 184 Nay1 al-marim 95
MashSriq al-muhtadin 88 N a p al-la'ili 108
Al-Masi'il al-araba'iin MashZriq al-shumiis 87 Muniqashit fiqhiyya 107
MuntahZ maaisid al-anim 70 Nibris al-hidiya 86
Mashriq al-shamsayn 85 Al-Nihiya 64
Al-Masmu'a 105 Nihiyat al-afkZr 11
Masi'il b a ' i al-f;$ali' 103 Al-Matijir 174
A1-Masi'il al-Baghdidiyya 102, Nihiyat al-imil 174
Mafalie al-anwZr 137
112 Nihiyat al-diriya 11
Al-Matilib al-Muraffariyya 135 NihZyat al-ibkim 84
Al-MasZ'il al-Bapriyya 104 Matirib al-angir 11
Al-Masi'il al-Bagriyya 112 Al-Ma'iina 203 Munyai al-albib 78 Nihiyat al-iqdim 84
A1-MasZ'il al-Bihbahiniya 108, MawZhib al-afhim 69 Munyat a1-righib 123 NihZyat al-marZm 87
110 Al-MawZhib al-Gharawiyya 69 Munyat al-tZlib 174 Nihiiyat al-muqtasid 86
Masi'i2 fi ab'id al-fiqh 1 0 2 Al-Mawihib al-saniyya 75, 90 Al-Muqaddama al-far'iyya 134 Nihiyat al-taqrir 138
Al-Masi'il al-fiqhiyya 79, 103, Al-MawXrith 205, 207 Al-Muqni' 67 NihZvat al-usiil 11
106 MiftZb al-kalim 70 Al-Muqni'a 62 ~ i k i G al-kawikib
NithZrit i ~18i~ a 179
Al-Masi'il al-gi'iriyyit 1 0 2 Miftib al-karima 90 Al-Muqtagar 79
Al-MasZ'ik al-Hindiyya 108 MiftZQ al-Riyicj 92 Al-Murshid 75 Nigim al-fari'id 74
Al-Masi'il al-gusayniyya 108 Minhij al-hidiya 93 Murshid alk'awamm 98 al-Nigimiyya 135
Masi'il Ibn Najm 103 Minhij al-milla 140 Musakkin al-shujiin 2 0 1 Nukat al-Nihiya 67
Masi'il-i wagiyZ 185 Minhij al-najit 83, 97, 162 Musawwid al-khudiid 214 Al-Nukhba 87
Al-Masi'il al-Kamiliyya 102 Minhij al-qibla 140 Al-MugtalaQZt al-fiqhiyya 1 0 2 Nukhbat al-wiiibZt 97
Al-Masi'il al-KZzirCniyyZt 108 Minhiij al-umma 82 Mustamsak al-'Urwa al-wuthqi 94 ~ i i al-hudZ
r lf;6
Al-Masi'il al-hkamsa 137 Mi'rij al-shari'a 93 Mustanad al-Shi'a 93 A1-Niir al-siti' 68
Al-Masi'il al-Khu'iyya 1 1 2 Mustaqsi al-ijtihid 71 Niir-i sZti' 88
Mir'iit al-akhyZr 155
Al-Masi'il al-KhwZriyyit 1 0 2 Al-Mutea 115 Nuzhat al-arwip 186
Mir'it al-mugallin 152
Al-Masi'il al-Madaniyyit 106 Mir'Zt al--(uqiil 52 Al-Mu'tabar 66 Nuzhat al-nipir 47
Al-Masi'il al-Magihiriyya 103 Migbi4 al-faqiha 123, 174 Mu'tadid al-Shiea 72
Al-Masii'il al-Migriyya 64, 102 Migbib al-faqih 94 AI-Mu'tadil 213
Al-Masi'il al-Mubammadiyya 109 Migbiib al-hidZya 207 Mutafarridit al-Imimiyya 101 Q
Masi'il mutafarriqa 96, 102 Migbih al-hudi 94 Mu'tamad al-abkim 68
Mu'tamad al-arim 67 Qali'id al-durar 116
256 AN INTRODUC