CE 68 – CONCRETE DESIGN

STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
OVERVIEW
CONTENTS
1. Building System Primary
Functions
2. Types of Loads
3. RC Structural Systems
4. RC Structural Members

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1. Basic Building System
Functions
Support gravity loads for strength and
serviceability during:
1. Normal use (or service) conditions
2. Maximum considered use conditions
3. Environmental loading of varying intensities

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Vertical Deflection Lateral Deflection
(Sag) (Sway)

Dead, Live, etc. Wind or

Earthquake

Performance-Based Design: Control displacements

within acceptable limits during service loading, factored
loaded, and varying intensities of environmental loading
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2. Types of Loads
Gravity: Lateral:
Dead Wind
Live Earthquake
Impact Soil lateral pressure
Snow (other Thermal
countries) Centrifugal
Rain/floods

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3. RC Structural Systems
A. Floor Systems
B. Lateral Load Systems

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A. Floor Systems
Flat Plate
Flat Slab (w/ drop panels and/or
capitals)
One-way Joist System
Two-way Waffle System

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Flat Plate Floor System
Slab-column frame system in two-way bending

Plan Elevation

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Flat Plate Floor System
Advantages:
Simple construction
Flat ceilings (reduced finishing costs)
Low story heights due to shallow floors

Typical Applications:
Short-to-medium spans with light loading
For LL = 2.4 kPa , 4.5 – 9.0m spans
For LL = 4.8 kPa , 4.5 – 7.5m spans

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Flat Plate w/ Spandrel
Beam System

Plan Elevation

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Flat Plate w/ Spandrel
Beam System
Advantages:
Same as flat plate system, plus
 Increased gravity and lateral load resistance
 Increased torsional resistance
 Decreased slab edge displacements

Typical Applications:
Same as flat plate systems

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Flat Plate w/ Beams Floor
System
Two-way bending

Gravity and lateral

load frames

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Flat Plate w/ Beams Floor
System
Advantages:
Increased gravity and lateral load resistance
Simple construction
Flat ceilings (reduced finishing costs)

Typical Applications:
Medium spans with light loading
For LL = 2.4 kPa , 7.5 – 9.0m spans
For LL = 4.8 kPa , 6.0 – 9.0m spans

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 Flat Slab Floor System
Flat plate with drop panels, shear capitals, and/or column capitals

Plan Elevation

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Flat Slab Floor System
Advantages:
Reduced slab displacements
Increased slab shear resistance
Relatively flat ceilings (reduced finishing costs)
Low story heights due to shallow floors

Typical Applications:
Medium spans with moderate to heavy loading
For LL = 2.4 kPa , 9.0 – 10.5m spans
For LL = 4.8 kPa , 7.5 – 10.5m spans

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One-Way Joist Floor
System
Rib (Joist) Slab : (One-way bending)

2D gravity or
lateral frames

2D lateral frames

Floor joists, type

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One-Way Joist Floor
System
Rib (Joist) Slab with Beams: (One-way bending)

Lateral space frame

Floor joists, type

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 One-Way Joist Floor
System
Typical Joist Top of Slab

200-600mm for 750mm Modules

400-600mm for 1325mm Modules
350-600mm for 1650mm Modules .
1:12 Slope, type
Width varies
100mm, 150mm • 0.6m or 0.9m cc. – Joists
or larger
• 1.2m or 1.8m cc. – Skip joists
• 1.5m or 1.8m cc – Wide-module joists

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One-Way Joist Floor
System
Advantages:
Longer spans with heavy loads
Reduced dead load due to voids
Electrical, mechanical etc. can be placed
between voids
Good vibration resistance
Typical Applications:
Medium-to-long spans with heavy loading
For 750mm modules, 10.5m – 12.0m spans
For 1325mm & 1650mm modules, 10.5m –
15.0m spans
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Two-Way Joist Floor
System
Waffle Slab : (Two-way bending)

2D lateral frames

Waffle pans, type

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Two-Way Joist Floor
System
Advantages:
Longer spans with heavy loads
Reduced dead load due to voids
Electrical, mechanical etc. can be placed in voids
Good vibration resistance
Attractive Ceiling

Typical Applications:
Long spans with heavy loading
For 0.9m, 1.2m, and 1.5m modules, 12m – 15m
spans and beyond

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Floor System Effective
Cost
(PCA 2000)

4.8
Live Load, kPa

Flat Plate Flat Slab One-way joist

2.4

7.5 9.0 10.5 15.0

Bay Spacing, m
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B. Lateral Load Systems
Frame Overview
Flat Plate (& Slab)-Column (w/ and
w/o drop panels and/or capitals)
Frame Systems
Beam-Column Frame Systems
Shear Wall Systems (building frame
and bearing wall)
Dual Systems (frames and shear
walls)
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Frame: Coplanar system of beam (or
slab) and column elements dominated by
flexural deformation

Planar (2D) Space (3D)

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Basic Behavior

Gravity Load Lateral Loading

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2D vs. 3D Frames (Plan)
2 or 4 frames , 2 frames 4 frames , 4 frames

Floor joists, type

Planar Space

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Frame Advantages
Optimum use of floor space, i.e. optimal for
office buildings, retail, parking structures
where open space is required.
Relatively simple and experienced
construction process
Generally economical for low-to mid-rise
construction (less than about 20 storeys)

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Frame Disadvantages
Generally, frames are flexible structures and lateral
deflections generally control the design process for
buildings with greater than about 4 storeys. Note
that concrete frames are about 8 times stiffer than
steel frames of the same strength.
Span lengths are limited when using normal
reinforced concrete (generally less than about 12 m,
but up to about 15 m). Span lengths can be
increased by using pre-stressed concrete.

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Frame Lateral Load
Systems
Flat plate-column frame: Effective
slab width

Plan Elevation

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Frame Lateral Load
Systems
Beam-Column Frame:

Elevation

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Frame Lateral Load
Systems
Diaphragm (shear) element: Carries lateral loading to the
lateral load resisting system
Lateral load
frame, type.
Plate element

Deformed shape
-Lateral load distributes
to frames proportional
to tributary area

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Frame Lateral Load
Systems
For relatively square plans, diaphragms are generally
considered rigid
Space frame with
square plan

Deformed shape has constant

lateral displacement - No
diaphragm flexibility, i.e.
lateral load distributes to frame
proportional to frame stiffness

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Shear Wall Lateral Load
Systems
Shear wall Edge column Shear deformations
generally govern

Elevation
Interior gravity
frames
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Shear Wall Lateral Load
Systems
Elevator shaft configuration

Gravity frames

Shear walls
Hole
Coupling beams

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Dual Lateral Load Systems
Wall-Frame Dual System:

Lateral frames –
25% of lateral
load, minimum

Hole
Shear walls

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4. Structural Members
Beams
Columns
Slabs/plates/shells/folded plates
Walls/diaphragms

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Beam Elements
Defn: Members subject to bending and shear

L V
M M
V E,I,A δ 1,Θ 1 δ 2,Θ 2

Elastic Properties:
kb = f ( EI/Ln) (bending) σ = My/I (normal stress)
ks = GA/L (shear) v = VQ/Ib (shear stress)
δ b = f (load, support conditions, L, E, I) (bending)

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Column Elements
Defn: Members subject to bending, shear, and axial

L V δ
F F
V E,I,A δ 1,Θ 1 3 δ 2,Θ 2
M M
Elastic Properties:
ka = EA/L (axial) σ a = F/A (normal stress)
kb = f ( EI/Ln) (bending) σ b = My/I (normal stress)
ks = GA/L (shear) v = VQ/Ib (shear stress)
δ b = f (load, support conditions, L, E, I, A) (normal)
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Slab/Plate Elements
Defn: Members subject to bi-directional bending & shear

z
y
Mx, My, and Vz
x
Θ x, Θ y, and δ z

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Wall/Diaphragm Elements
Defn: Members subject to shear

Vx and Vx
x
δ x and δ y

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