" @? ?|" *}Lh|4 uLh *|T*i MiU|i T|43@|L?
hLM*i4t
Fduorv H1 Pduldqr
Lqvwlwxwr Ph{lfdqr gh Whfqrorjld gho Djxd
Sdvhr Fxdxkqdkxdf ;865
Mlxwhshf/ Pruhorv/ 95883/ PH[LFR
FPDULDQR#WODORFLPWDP[
Mt|h@U|
Wklv sdshu ghvfulehv dq Dqw0T dojrulwkp iru
wkh vroxwlrq ri pxowlsoh remhfwlyh rswlpl}d0
wlrq sureohpv +PRDT,1 Wkh dojrulwkp xvhv
idplolhv wr uhsuhvhqw wkh remhfwlyhv lq wkh
sureohp1 Wkh sureohp ghqlwlrq frqvlghuv
wkdw hdfk idplo| qgv vroxwlrqv wkdw ghshqg
rq vroxwlrqv irxqg e| wkh uhvw ri wkh idplolhv/
fuhdwlqj d qhjrwldwlrq phfkdqlvp dqg qglqj
frpsurplvh vroxwlrqv iru doo wkh remhfwlyhv lq0
yroyhg1 Wkh frpsurplvh vroxwlrqv duh grpl0
qdwlrq hydoxdwhg lq wkh Sduhwr vhqvh/ dvvljq0
lqj uhzdugv wr wkh qrq0grplqdwhg vroxwlrqv
wwlqj doo sureohp frqvwudlqwv/ dqg sxqlvk0
phqwv wr wkh vroxwlrqv ylrodwlqj dq| ri wkhp1
PRDT lqfuhphqwdoo| ohduqv gxulqj wkh rs0
wlpl}dwlrq surfhvv krz wr jhqhudwh wkh frp0
surplvh vroxwlrqv1 Lw lv vkrzq krz PRDT
lv xvhg wr ghvljq zdwhu glvwulexwlrq qhwzrunv
zklfk duh qrq0olqhdu pxowlsoh remhfwlyh rswl0
pl}dwlrq sureohpv1
 WA+#NAW
Lw fdq eh vdlg wkdw wuxh rswlpl}dwlrq pxvw eh pxowlre0
mhfwlyh> uhdo sureohpv xvxdoo| kdyh pruh wkdq rqh ixqf0
wlrq wr eh rswlpl}hg/ dqg riwhq wkhvh ixqfwlrqv fdqqrw
eh frpelqhg lqwr d vlqjoh rqh1 Klvwrulfdoo|/ wkh dssol0
fdwlrq ri fodvvlfdo pdwkhpdwlfdo phwkrgv lq wkh vrox0
wlrq ri wklv nlqg ri sureohpv lqyroyhv dq remhfwlyh ixqf0
wlrq frpelqdwlrq wr irup d vfdodu remhfwlyh ixqfwlrq/
xvxdoo| wkurxjk d olqhdu frpelqdwlrq +zhljkwhg vxp,
ri wkh pxowlsoh remhfwlyhv/ ru e| wxuqlqj remhfwlyhv lqwr
frqvwudlqwv1 Dvlgh iurp jhqhwlf dojrulwkpv/ olwwoh uh0
vhdufk kdv ehhq grqh/ zlwk wkh xvh ri dowhuqdwlyh rswl0
pl}dwlrq whfkqltxhv wr vroyh pxowlsoh remhfwlyh sure0
ohpv1 Wkh xvh ri jhqhwlf dojrulwkpv lv riwhq uhvwulfwhg
e| wkh qhhg wr uhsuhvhqw sureohp frqvwudlqwv/ riwhq
Hgxdugr Prudohv P1
LWHVP 0 Fdpsxv Pruhorv
Sdvhr gh od Uhirupd 4;50D
Whpl{fr/ Pruhorv/ 958;3/ PH[LFR
HPRUDOHV#FDPSXVPRULWHVPP[
d glfxow surfhgxuh1 Uhlqirufhphqw Ohduqlqj/ hvsh0
fldoo| Dqw0T/ kdv vkrzq jrrg uhvxowv lq frpelqdwruldo
rswlpl}dwlrq sureohpv ^43/ 44/ 45`1 Lq uhlqirufhphqw
ohduqlqj ^46`/ dq djhqw ohduqv iurp lwv rzq h{shulhqfhv/
uhfhlylqj uhzdugv dqg sxqlvkphqwv iru lwv dfwlrqv1 Lq
rughu wr lqfuhdvh wkh h{sorudwlrq fdsdelolwlhv dqg wr
uhgxfh frqyhujhqfh wlphv/ pruh wkdq rqh djhqw fdq eh
xvhg lq wkh vroxwlrq ri d vlqjoh sureohp/ wudqvirup0
lqj wkh edvlf dojrulwkp wr d glvwulexwhg uhlqirufhphqw
ohduqlqj dojrulwkp +Dqw0T,1 Dqw0T/ krzhyhu/ kdv ehhq
xvhg rqo| lq wkh vroxwlrq ri vlqjoh remhfwlyh rswlpl}d0
wlrq sureohpv1 Lwv glvwulexwhg fkdudfwhulvwlfv/ wkhruhw0
lfdo edfnjurxqg/ dqg uhsuhvhqwdwlrq fdsdelolwlhv pdnh
lw d jrrg fdqglgdwh iru wkh vroxwlrq ri pxowlsoh remhf0
wlyh rswlpl}dwlrq sureohpv1
Lq wklv zrun/ dq Dqw0T edvhg dojrulwkp/ fdoohg PRDT
+Pxowlsoh Remhfwlyh Dqw0T,/ fdsdeoh ri vroylqj pxo0
wlsoh remhfwlyh rswlpl}dwlrq sureohpv/ lv suhvhqwhg1
Lq sduwlfxodu/ lw lv vkrzq krz PRDT lv dssolhg wr
wkh ghvljq ri luuljdwlrq qhwzrunv1 Wklv sureohp kdv
ehhq dwwdfnhg frqvlghulqj vhyhudo dvvxpswlrqv wr uh0
gxfh lw wr d vlqjoh remhfwlyh rswlpl}dwlrq sureohp
^4/ 6/ 7/ 9/ :/ ;/ <`1
Dq lqwhjudo vroxwlrq iru wkh ghvljq ri luuljdwlrq zdwhu
glvwulexwlrq qhwzrunv/ krzhyhu/ uhtxluhv= +l, wkh vhohf0
wlrq ri fursv dqg fursshg duhdv wr rswlpl}h surgxfwly0
lw| dqg zdwhu xvdjh/ +ll, wkh ghvljq ri wkh qhwzrun od|0
rxw/ +lll, wkh hvwdeolvkphqw ri wkh zdwhu uhtxluhphqwv
dqg plqlpxp zdwhu suhvvxuhv dw hdfk k|gudxolf qrgh/
dqg +ly, wkh vhohfwlrq ri wkh slsh gldphwhu iru doo olqnv
ehwzhhq qrghv1 Lq sduwlfxodu/ frpsurplvh vroxwlrqv ri
furs vhohfwlrq/ wr pd{lpl}h surwv fdq surgxfh frq0
lfwlqj uhvxowv li zdwhu dydlodelolw| dqg fursshg vxu0
idfh frqvwudlqwv duh qrw ylrodwhg1 Wkh qhwzrun ghvljq
pxvw dovr vdwlvi| zdwhu yroxph dqg suhvvxuh uhtxluh0
phqwv iru hdfk qrgh zkloh plqlpl}lqj frvwv1 Ryhudoo/
wkh sureohp fdq eh vwdwhg dv d pxowlsoh remhfwlyh rs0
wlpl}dwlrq sureohp1
Vhfwlrq 5 ghvfulehv lq juhdwhu ghwdlo wkh remhfwlyh ixqf0
wlrqv dqg frqvwudlqwv lqyroyhg lq wkh ghvljq ri luul0
jdwlrq qhwzrunv1 Lq Vhfwlrq 6/ wkh sursrvhg vroxwlrq
xvlqj PRDT lv ghvfulehg1 Vhfwlrq 7 vkrzv vrph h{0
shulphqwdo uhvxowv dqg qdoo|/ frqfoxvlrqv dqg ixwxuh
uhvhdufk gluhfwlrqv duh jlyhq lq Vhfwlrq 81
2 #,5WB 6 W++WBAW
`A,+ #W5A+WNAW
,A`+k5
Vxssrvh wkdw zh kdyh d vhw ri sorwv iru fxowlydwlrq dqg
wkdw iru hyhu| sorw wkhuh lv d olvw ri srvvleoh fursv1
Lq dgglwlrq/ hdfk sorw kdv d k|gudxolf qrgh vxsso|0
lqj zdwhu lq wkh uhtxluhg txdqwlwlhv wr wkh fxowlydwhg
duhd1 Zdwhu lv vxssolhg wr wkh uhjlrq e| d vxsso| qrgh
orfdwhg vrphzkhuh lq wkh uhjlrq1 Luuljdwlrq qhwzrun
ghvljq uhtxluhv wkh ghqlwlrq ri wkh qhwzrun od|rxw>
wklv phdqv wr ghqh wkh frqqhfwlrqv ehwzhhq qrghv
wkdw fdq jxdudqwhh wkdw doo k|gudxolf qrghv duh frq0
qhfwhg wr wkh vxsso| qrgh/ dqg wkh ohqjwkv +olqnv fdq
kdyh pruh wkdw rqh slsh vhjphqw, dqg gldphwhuv ri
hdfk slsh vhjphqw plqlpl}h wkh wrwdo slsh lqyhvwphqw
edvhg rq zdwhu ghpdqgv dqg plqlpxp suhvvxuh uh0
txluhphqwv1 Wkh zdwhu ghpdqg ghshqgv rq wkh furs
dqg wkh fursshg duhd1 Furs vhohfwlrq iru hdfk sorw
ghshqgv rq luuljdwlrq zdwhu dydlodelolw| lq wkh zkroh
uhjlrq1 Wkh zdwhu uhtxluhphqwv duh rewdlqhg wkurxjk
surgxfwlrq ixqfwlrqv iru hdfk furs zkhuh furs surgxf0
wlylw| lv uhsuhvhqwhg dv ixqfwlrq ri wkh uhtxluhg zdwhu
^5`1
Wkh luuljdwlrq zdwhu glvwulexwlrq qhwzrun ghvljq sure0
ohp fdq eh vwdwhg dv iroorzv= qg wkh ehvw vhw ri fursv
iru wkh sorwv wkdw pd{lpl}h uhjlrqdo surgxfwlylw| dqg
zdwhu xvdjh frqvlghulqj wkdw wkh zdwhu wr hdfk sorw
pxvw eh wudqvsruwhg wkh vkruwhvw glvwdqfh wr hdfk k|0
gudxolf qrgh ryhu wkh plqlpdo frvw qhwzrun wkdw vdwlv0
hv wkh suhvvxuh dqg rz uhvwulfwlrqv1
Wkh sureohp fdq eh irupdol}hg zlwk wkh iroorzlqj re0
mhfwlyhv=
41 Plqlpl}h wkh frvw ri wkh qhwzrun=
[[
plq }4 @ F +o> p,[ +o> p,
o p
zkhuh/ F +o> p, dqg [ +o> p, duh/ uhvshfwlyho|/ wkh
frvw shu xqlw ri slsh vhjphqw dqg ohqjwk ri wkh
pWk11 vhjphqw ri olqn o1
51 Pd{lpl}h wkh surw=
[
Qs
pd{ }5 @ ^Df +s,+'f Sf  F +s,  Z +s,,` +4,
s@4
zkhuh/ Qs lv wkh qxpehu ri sorwv/ Df +s, lv wkh
duhd lq sorw s wr fxowlydwh zlwk furs f/ 'f lv wkh
surwdelolw| ri furs f/ Sf lv wkh surgxfwlrq shu
xqlw ri duhd ri furs f/ F +s, duh wkh lqsxw frvwv/
Z +s, lv wkh frvw ri wkh uhtxluhg zdwhu iru sorw s
fxowlydwhg zlwk furs f1
Wkh vroxwlrq lv vxemhfw wr wkh iroorzlqj frqvwudlqwv= +d,
Wkh yduldwlrq lq suhvvxuh +K +o> p,, lq wkh pwk vhjphqw
ri ohqjwk o lv htxdo wr wkh k|gudxolf judglhqw lq d slsh
vhjphqw +M +o> p,, wlphv lwv ohqjwk=
7K +o> p, @ M +o> p,[ +o> p, +5,
+e, Wkh uhtxluhg suhvvxuh dw d sduwlfxodu qrgh v frq0
qhfwhg wr qrgh q pxvw eh juhdwhu wkdq wkh plqlpxp
uhtxluhg suhvvxuh dw q +Kplqq , dqg vxflhqw wr vdwlvi|
wkh uhvxowlqj khdg orvvhv lq wkh zdwhu wudqvsruw iurp
v wr q/ exw qrw juhdwhu wkdq wkh pd{lpxp srvvleoh
suhvvxuh dw qrgh v +Kpd{ ,=
[[
Kplqq  Kv Mo>p[o>p  Kpd{v +6,
o p
+f, Zdwhu uhtxluhphqwv pxvw qrw eh juhdwhu wkdq wkh
dprxqw ri zdwhu dydlodeoh iru luuljdwlrq1 ! lv wkh
dprxqw ri zdwhu iurp wkh wrwdo yroxph Yw wkdw lv dydlo0
deoh iru luuljdwlrq/ frqvlghulqj Yw lv xquhvwulfwhg lq wkh
uhjlrq=
[
Qs
Yf +s,  !Yw
s@4
+g, Wkh vxp ri fursshg duhdv +Df +s,, lq wkh uhjlrq
pxvw qrw eh juhdwhu wkdq wkh dydlodeoh duhd +Dw ,=
[
Qs
Df +s,  Dw
s@4
+h, Wkh yroxph ri zdwhu wr vxsso| sorw s +Yf +s,,
sodqwhg zlwk furs f pxvw qrw eh juhdwhu wkdq wkdw
uhtxluhg shu xqlw ri duhd fxowlydwhg zlwk wkh ehvw
furs rswlrq +Gs , wlphv wkh pd{lpxp fxowlydwhg duhd
+Dpd{>f +s,,=

Yf +s,  Gs Dpd{>f +s,
+i, Wkh vxsso| ri zdwhu iru wkh vhohfwhg furs iru hdfk
sorw +Gf +s,,/ frqvlghulqj wkh sorw duhd +Df +s,, fxowl0
ydwhg/ pxvw qrw eh juhdwhu wkdq wkh fdsdflw| ri wkh
slsh vhjphqw frqyh|dqfh sorw s +T+s,,=
[
Qs
lq Ht1 5 dqg Ht1 6 dqg wr wkh remhfwlyh ixqfwlrq iru
wkh surgxfwlylw|/ Ht1 41 Wudglwlrqdo pdwkhpdwlfdo sur0
judpplqj whfkqltxhv kdyh ehhq xvhg/ exw rqo| diwhu
pdnlqj vhyhudo uljrurxv dvvxpswlrqv1 Vrph ri wkhp
lqfoxgh frqvlghulqj wkh qhwzrun od|rxw lqghshqghqwo|
ri wkh ryhudoo qhwzrun ghvljq/ wkh olqhdul}dwlrq ri wkh
remhfwlyh ixqfwlrq lq vhjphqwv/ dqg wkh dvvxpswlrq
wkdw doo wkh qhwzrun k|gudxolf sdudphwhuv duh jlyhq
^4/ 6/ 7/ 9/ :/ ;/ <`1
Gf+s,Df +s,  T+s,
s@4
+j, Wkh surw iurp hdfk sorw pxvw eh juhdwhu wkdq wkdw
rewdlqhg frqvlghulqj d uhgxfwlrq lq wkh fursshg duhd/
lq doo wkh sorwv/ sursruwlrqdo wr wkh zdwhu uhgxfwlrq
udwlr=
Df +s, +'f Sf  F +s,  Z +s,, 
^Dpd{>f +s, +'f Spd{>f  F +s,  Zpd{ +s,,` !
+k, Wkh surw uhgxfwlrq surgxfhg e| d furs vhohfwhg
iru sorwv + +f> s,,/ pxvw eh vlplodu wr wkdw ri wkh zkroh
uhjlrq=
Df +s, +'f Sf  F +s,  Z +s,,
+f> s, @
Dpd{>f +s, +'fSf  F +s,  Zpd{ +s,,
+l, Wkh ohqjwk +O+o,, ri olqn o lv htxdo wr wkh vxp ri
ohqjwkv +[ +o> p,, ri lwv p vhjphqwv=
[ hg doo wkh frqvwudlqwv1 Uhvxowv ylrodwlqj frqvwudlqwv
[ +o> p, @ O+o,
p
+m, Wkh vhjphqw ohqjwkv dqg wkh fursshg duhdv pxvw
eh srvlwlyh=
[ +o> p,  3> Df+s,  3
Wkh k|gudxolf judglhqw M +o> p, lv dvvxphg wr reh| wkh
Kd}hq0Zlooldpv htxdwlrq> qdpho|/ M +o> p, vdwlvhv=
 T+o, 4=;85
M +o> p, @  G+o> p,7=;:
F
zkhuh  lv d frhflhqw zkrvh ydoxh ghshqgv rq wkh
xqlwv xvhg/ F lv wkh Kd}hq0Zlooldpv frhflhqw/ T+o,
lv wkh rz lq olqn o/ dqg G+o> p, lv wkh gldphwhu ri wkh
pwk slsh vhjphqw lq olqn o1
Dv fdq eh vhhq iurp wkh deryh htxdwlrqv/ wkh sure0
ohp lv qrq0olqhdu gxh wr wkh judglhqw khdg uhvwulfwlrqv
 " NwAWw, a,AWV,
A" wB+WAO
Lq wklv vhfwlrq/ d pxowlsoh remhfwlyh Dqw0T dojrulwkp
lv suhvhqwhg1 Lq sduwlfxodu/ wkh dojrulwkp lv dssolhg
wr wkh vroxwlrq ri luuljdwlrq qhwzrun ghvljq1 Krzhyhu/
wkh dssurdfk fdq eh h{whqghg wr pruh remhfwlyhv dqg
wr rwkhu rswlpl}dwlrq sureohpv1
Wkh edvlf lghd ehklqg PRDT lv wr kdyh d idplo| ri
djhqwv iru hdfk remhfwlyh1 Hdfk idplo| wulhv wr rswl0
pl}h dq remhfwlyh frqvlghulqj wkh vroxwlrqv irxqg iru
wkh rwkhu remhfwlyhv1 Lq rxu dojrulwkp/ doo wkh idplolhv
pxvw kdyh wkh vdph qxpehu ri djhqwv/ vd| p1 Dv lq
Dqw0T/ doo wkh djhqwv lq rqh idplo| wu| wr qg d vrox0
wlrq dw wkh vdph wlph1 Wkh p vroxwlrqv irxqg iru rqh
remhfwlyh lq rqh f|foh lqxhqfh wkh p vxffhvvlyh vwduw0
lqj srlqwv ri wkh iroorzlqj idplo| +remhfwlyh,1 Wklv
surfhvv frqwlqxhv zlwk doo wkh idplolhv +remhfwlyhv,1
Rqfh doo wkh idplolhv kdyh ehhq wulhg/ d uhzdug lv jlyhq
wr wkh qrq0grplqdwhg vroxwlrqv +wr doo wkh djhqwv lq
hdfk idplo| uhvsrqvleoh iru wkdw vroxwlrq, wkdw vdwlv0
duh sxqlvkhg dqg wkh uhvw ri wkh vroxwlrqv duh ljqruhg1
Wkh zkroh surfhvv lv uhshdwhg vhyhudo wlphv xqwlo rqo|
qrq grplqdwhg vroxwlrqv +Sduhwr vhw, vdwlvi|lqj doo wkh
frqvwudlqwv duh irxqg ru d suhghwhuplqhg qxpehu ri
lwhudwlrqv lv vdwlvhg +vhh wdeoh 4,1
Wkh pdlq lpsruwdqw srlqwv ri wkh dojrulwkp fdq eh
vxppdul}hg dv iroorzv=
 Wkh qxpehu ri remhfwlyhv lv wkh vdph dv wkh qxp0
ehu ri idplolhv
 Wkh qxpehu ri djhqwv lv wkh vdph lq doo wkh idp0
lolhv
 Wkh vroxwlrq ri rqh dqw lq rqh idplo| +remhfwlyh,
dhfwv +lv xvhg lq, wkh vroxwlrqv ri fruuhvsrqglqj
djhqwv lq rwkhu idplolhv +remhfwlyhv,
 Hdfk idplo| uxq rqfh dqg uhzdugv dqg sxq0
lvkphqwv duh jlyhq diwhu doo wkh idplolhv kdyh
ehhq wulhg1 Surfhvv lv uhshdwhg xqwlo rqo| qrq0
grplqdwhg vroxwlrqv1

Wdeoh 4= PRDT dojrulwkp
Jlyhq d olvw ri q idplolhv +remhfwlyhv, dqg
p djhqwv iru hdfk idplo|
Ohw Q eh wkh pd{lpxp qxpehu ri lwhudwlrqv
Ohw LQ @ 3 +lqlwldol}h lwhudwlrq qxpehu,
Lqlwldol}h doo wkh T ydoxhv iru doo wkh idplolhv
Xqwlo rqo| qrq0grplqdqw vroxwlrqv ru LQ A Q
ohw LQ =@ LQ . 4
iru l @ 4 wr q
lqlwldol}h sdudphwhuv ri idplo|+l,
iru m @ 4 wr p
pds wr dqw m wkh vroxwlrq irxqg
zlwk dqw m lq remhfwlyh l  4
qg d vroxwlrq iru remhfwlyh l
hydoxdwh vroxwlrqv irxqg
iru m @ 4 wr p
li vroxwlrq+m , ylrodwhv dq| frqvwudlqw
dsso| sxqlvkphqw wr doo lwv frpsrqhqwv
hovh li vroxwlrq+m , lv qrq grplqdwhg
dsso| uhzdug wr doo lwv frpsrqhqwv
lqwurgxfh vroxwlrq+m , lqwr Sduhwr vhw
uhpryh doo grplqdwhg vroxwlrq
iurp Sduhwr vhw
hovh li vroxwlrq+m , lv grplqdwhg
qhlwkhu dsso| uhzdug qru sxqlvkphqw
Wkh rughu jlyhq wr wkh remhfwlyhv ghshqgv rq wkh sdu0
wlfxodu sureohp1 Lq vrph fdvhv/ wkh rughu fdq eh du0
elwudu|1 Lq luuljdwlrq qhwzrunv/ lw zdv qhfhvvdu| wr
ghwhuplqh uvw dq lqlwldo vroxwlrq iru wkh fursv lq hdfk
sorw wr hvwdeolvk wkh zdwhu ghpdqgv dqg wkhq ghwhu0
plqh wkh qhwzrun od|rxw zlwk wklv vroxwlrq1
614 GHVLJQ RI LUULJDWLRQ
QHWZRUNV
Iru wkh vroxwlrq ri luuljdwlrq zdwhu glvwulexwlrq qhw0
zrun ghvljq/ wzr frrshudwlqj idplolhv ri djhqwv duh
sursrvhg1 Wkh uvw idplo| +idplo|4, vhdufkhv iru wkh
ohdvw frvw qhwzrun od|rxw/ zkloh wkh vhfrqg idplo|
+idplo|5, vhohfwv fursv dqg ghqhv wkh rswlpdo duhd
wr fxowlydwh iru hdfk sorw lq wkh uhjlrq1 Lq sduwlfx0
odu/ idplo|4 orrnv iru wkh plqlpxp glvwdqfh qhwzrun
od|rxw frqqhfwlqj doo wkh k|gudxolf qrghv wkdw vxsso|
zdwhu wr hdfk sorw lq dq djulfxowxudo uhjlrq1 Wkh sur0
srvhg qhwzrun pxvw jxdudqwhh wkdw odujhvw yroxph ri
zdwhu wudyhov wkh vkruwhvw glvwdqfh wr plqlpl}h frvwv1
Djhqwv lq idplo|5 vhohfw d furs iru hdfk sorw uhjlrq1
Wklv vhohfwlrq ghwhuplqhv wkh zdwhu uhtxluhg iru hdfk
sorw dqg lwv surgxfwlylw|1 Wklv vhfrqg idplo| wulhv wr
pd{lpl}h wkh joredo surgxfwlylw| zlwkrxw h{fhhglqj
wkh luuljdwlrq zdwhu dydlodelolw| dqg zlwkrxw ylrodwlqj
wkh uhvwulfwlrqv ri wkh sureohp1 Wr jhqhudwh frpsur0
plvh vroxwlrqv d uhodwlrq ehwzhhq wkh glvwdqfh wkdw zd0
whu pxvw wudyho iurp wkh vxsso| wr wkh qrgh dqg zdwhu
yroxph uhtxluhg lq hdfk sorw lv xvhg wr hydoxdwh wkh
frqqhfwlrq srvvlelolwlhv1 Wkh prvw ghpdqglqj qrghv
vkrxog eh forvhu wr wkh vxsso| uhgxflqj zlwk wklv wkh
zdwhu wudqvsruw udwh lq wkh olqnv1 Wkh fulwhuld zkhuh
wr pryh dq dqw lq d idplo| iroorzv wkh dssurdfk jlyhq
e| ^45`1
615 RSWLPDO QHWZRUN OD\RXW
Iru idplo|4/ d khxulvwlf ydoxh lv xvhg wr hydoxdwh wkh
dgylvdelolw| ehqhw ri frqqhfwlqj qrgh { wr qrgh |=
TW
K +{> |, @
'Q  OQ
zkhuh TW lv wrwdo ghpdqghg x{ fdofxodwhg iru wkh
fdvh zkhq qrgh | lv frqqhfwhg wr wkh qhwzrun/ 'Q
lv wkh qhwzrun frvw zkhq qrgh | lv frqqhfwhg wr wkh
qhwzrun/ dqg OQ lv wkh qhwzrun ohqjwk zkhq qrgh
| lv frqqhfwhg wr wkh qhwzrun1 Wkh khxulvwlf ydoxh
idyruv frqqhfwlrqv wkdw lqfuhdvh wkh wrwdo ghpdqghg
qhwzrun x{ zlwk wkh orzhvw frvw dqg vkruwhvw ohqjwk
lqfuhphqwv1 Lq dgglwlrq/ d uhdo ydoxh T+{> |, dvvrfl0
dwhg zlwk hdfk frqqhfwlrq lv xvhg1 Wkh frpelqdwlrq
ri wkhvh wzr sdudphwhuv lv xvhg wr vhohfw wkh qh{w qrgh
wr eh frqqhfwhg zkrvh vhohfwlrq lv pdgh xqghu wkh iro0
orzlqj uxoh1
Frqvlghulqj d vwrfkdvwlf ydoxh w 5 ^3> 4` fdofxodwhg rq
hdfk lwhudwlrq/ dqg dq lqlwldo wv ydoxh htxdo wr wpd{ wkdw
ghfuhdvhv zlwk hdfk lwhudwlrq e| d ydoxh ghwhuplqhg
4, / zkhuh  ? 4 zh
zlwk wkh irupxod wv +w, @ wv +wwpd{
kdyh=
li w  wv
pd{
|5qr qhwn >{5qhwn
iT+{> |, K +{> |, j +7,
Rwkhuzlvh/ wkh qh{w qrgh lv vhohfwhg frqvlghulqj wkh
suredelolw| ri hdfk qrgh wr eh frqqhfwhg/ fdofxodwhg
zlwk wkh iroorzlqj htxdwlrq=
li { 5 qhwn a | 5 qr qhwn
ST+{> |, K +{> |,
 
+8,
^T+{> } , K +{> } , `
}5qr qhwn
zkhuh/ n lv wkh nwk dqw ri idplo|4/ qhw dqg qr qhw duh/
uhvshfwlyho|/ olvwv ri frqqhfwhg dqg glvfrqqhfwhg qrghv
iru d sduwlfxodu djhqw1 Gxulqj wkh uvw lwhudwlrqv/ h{0
sorudwlrq +zlwk xqlirup glvwulexwlrq, lv idyruhg ryhu
h{sorlwdwlrq/ dqg wklv lv judgxdoo| uhyhuvhg rq odwhu
lwhudwlrqv1  dqg  duh h{srqhqwv uhsuhvhqwlqj wkh uho0
dwlyh lpsruwdqfh ri wkhlu edvhv1
Ohduqlqj T0ydoxhv duh fdofxodwhg xvlqj wkh iroorzlqj
xsgdwh uxoh=
T+{> |, # +4  ,  T+{> |,.
 
  u+{> |, .   }5qr qhw
pd{>s5qhw T+s> },
n n
zkhuh  lv wkh ohduqlqj vwhs/  lv wkh glvfrxqw idfwru/
u+{> |, lv wkh uhzdug jlyhq wr wkh ehvw vroxwlrq irxqg
lq hdfk lwhudwlrq fdofxodwhg xvlqj wkh iroorzlqj uxoh=
+ 4439
u+{> |, @ Oq grp 'q grp +{> |, 5 qhwq grp
3 rwkhuzlvh
zkhuh Oq grp lv wkh ohqjwk ri wkh qhwzrun od|rxw hydo0
xdwhg dv qrq grplqdwhg/ 'q grp lv wkh qhwzrun frvw1
Uhzdugv duh jlyhq diwhu doo wkh djhqwv lq erwk idplolhv
kdyh ehhq wulhg1
616 RSWLPL]DWLRQ RI WKH LUULJDWHG
DUHD
Iru hdfk sorw wkhuh lv d olvw ri srvvleoh fursv1 Hdfk furs
kdv lwv rzq surgxfwlylw| ixqfwlrq wkdw ghshqgv rq wkh
vxssolhg zdwhu1 Dv lq wkh qhwzrun od|rxw rswlpl}dwlrq
dssurdfk/ d T+f> s, ydoxh lv frqvlghuhg iru doo wkh fursv
lq wkh olvw iru hdfk sorw1 D khxulvwlf ydoxh/  +F> S , lv
xvhg wr hydoxdwh wkh vxshulrulw| ri furs zlwk uhvshfw wr
wkh rwkhuv1 Lw hydoxdwhv wkh surw glvwulexwlrq/ zklfk
pxvw eh vlplodu lq doo wkh sorwv/ dyrlglqj wkh h{lvwhqfh
ri suhgrplqdqw fursv1
Df +s, +'f Sf  F +s,  Z +s,,
+f> s, @
Dpd{>f +s, +'f Sf  F +s,  Zpd{+s,,
;f 5 olvw
zkhuh/ olvw lv d olvw ri furs rswlrqv iru hdfk sorw s/ wkdw
pxvw eh frqvlghuhg e| dqw n lq idplo|5 gxulqj wkh rswl0
pl}dwlrq surfhvv1 D qxphulfdo ydoxh iru  +f> s, fdq eh
ghwhuplqhg lq pdq| zd|v1 Lq wklv sdshu/  +f> s, lv lql0
wldoo| dvvljqhg d ydoxh forvh wr rqh/ zklfk phdqv wkdw
wkhuh lv qr zdwhu uhvwulfwlrq dqg wkh furs wkdw jhq0
hudwhv wkh juhdwhvw hfrqrplfdo ehqhwv lv vhohfwhg iru
hdfk sorw1 Qrupdoo|/ wklv furs frqvxphv odujh txdqwl0
wlhv ri zdwhu surgxflqj lqihdvleoh uhvxowv/ vr wkh  +f> s,
ydoxh lv judgxdoo| uhgxfhg xqwlo ihdvleoh vroxwlrqv duh
irxqg1
Wkh dfwlrq fkrlfh uxoh lv vlplodu wr Htv117 dqg 8 1 Lq
wklv fdvh lw kdv wkh iroorzlqj irup=
li w  wv
pd{ ^T+f> s, . [ +f> s,` +9,
f5olvws
Rwkhuzlvh wkh qh{w qrgh lv vhohfwhg frqvlghulqj wkh
suredelolw| ri frqqhfwlqj wkh uhpdlqlqj qrghv fdofx0
odwhg e| wkh iroorzlqj htxdwlrq=
li f 5 olvws a l 5 olvws
S^T+f>^Ts+,l>.s,[.+f>[s+l>,` s,` +:,
l5olvws
Wkh T ydoxhv duh xsgdwhg xvlqj d vlplodu surfhgxuh dv
lq wkh rswlpdo qhwzrun od|rxw1
T+f> s, # +4  ,  T+f> s,.
 
  u+f> s, .  pd{ T+l> s,
l5olvws
dqg wkh uhzdug ixqfwlrq lv ghqhg e|=
 S
u+f, @ surilw  m Df +s, f 5 nq grp
3 rwkhuzlvh
zkhuh surw lv jlyhq e| }5 lq Ht11 41 Lq wkh suhylrxv
uhzdug ixqfwlrq/ furs f zdv vhohfwhg iru hdfk sorw e|
wkh djhqwv hydoxdwhg dv qrq grplqdwhg +nq grp ,1
Wkh dojrulwkp vwduwv zlwk wkh vdph qxpehu ri djhqwv
iru hdfk idplo|1 Djhqwv lq idplo|5 jhqhudwh ihdvleoh
furs frqjxudwlrqv dqg hdfk rqh lv dvvljq wkhp wr wkh
djhqwv lq idplo|41 Jlyhq wkh furs frqjxudwlrq zdwhu
ghpdqgv fdq eh fdofxodwhg/ qhwzrun od|rxwv surgxfhg
dqg slsh gldphwhuv vhohfwhg iru hdfk olqn lq wkh qhw0
zrun1 Dw wklv vwdjh/ qhwzrun frvwv fdq eh ghwhuplqhg
dqg wkh qhwzrun 0 furs frqjxudwlrq vroxwlrqv hydox0
dwhg1 Wkh hydoxdwlrq lv pdgh frqvlghulqj qrq grpl0
qdwlrq fulwhuld lq wkh Sduhwr vhqvh1 D uhzdug/ fdofx0
odwhg zlwk lwv fruuhvsrqglqj htxdwlrq/ lv jlyhq wr wkh
olqnv dqg fursv vhohfwhg lq doo wkh qrq grplqdwhg vrox0
wlrqv irxqg rq hdfk lwhudwlrq1 Wzr sxqlvkphqw zhuh
frqvlghuhg1 Li frqvwudlqwv ri d vlqjoh hohphqw +sorw ru
olqn, duh ylrodwhg/ rqo| wkh hohphqw lv sxqlvkhg/ exw li
jhqhudol}hg frqvwudlqwv duh ylrodwhg +frqvwudlqwv frq0
vlghulqj vxppdwlrq ri ydoxhv,/ doo wkh hohphqwv zloo
eh sxqlvkhg1 Wkh sxqlvkphqw lv fdofxodwhg frqvlghu0
lqj wkh qrupdol}hg glhuhqfh ehwzhhq wkh ydoxh iru wkh
sursrvhg vroxwlrq dqg wkh erxqgdu| ydoxh iru wkh frq0
vwudlqw1 Diwhu wkh uhzdugv dqg sxqlvkphqwv duh jlyhq/
wkh zkroh surfhvv lv uhshdwhg xqwlo rqo| qrq0grplqdwhg
vroxwlrqv duh irxqg ru d jlyhq qxpehu ri lwhudwlrqv duh
rffxuuhg1
 Wdeoh 5= Sorw gdwd
Sorw Qr {/|/} Duhd +kd,
4 43/43/3 Vxsso|
5 53/43/3 53
6 63/43/3 83
7 73/43/3 433
8 83/43/3 63
9 43/53/3 ;
: 53/53/3 58
; 63/53/3 73
< 73/53/3 43
43 83/53/3 44
44 43/63/3 4316
Iljxuh 4= K|gudxolf qrghv frqixjxudwlrq/  duh k|0 45 53/63/3 4817
gudxolf qrghv dqg  lv wkh vxsso| qrgh1 46 63/63/3 5318
47 73/63/3 54
e +,5NwA5 48 83/63/3 534
49 43/73/3 54
Wkh dojrulwkp zdv whvwhg lq wkh ghvljq ri d 53 k|0 4: 53/73/3 534
gudxolf qrgh qhwzrun frqjxuhg dv vkrzq lq Iljxuh 41 4; 63/73/3 88
Wkh gdwd iru wkh sorwv xqghu frqvlghudwlrq duh olvwhg 4< 73/73/3 66
lq wdeoh 51 Wdeoh 6 frqwdlqv wkh gdwd iru wkh fursv xvhg 53 83/73/3 54
lq wkh pxowlsoh remhfwlyh rswlpl}dwlrq sureohp1 Wkh
sdudphwhuv xvhg lq wklv zrun zhuh=  @ 3=</  @ 3=6/
 @ 3=4/ lqlwldo @ 3=</  @ 4=3/  @ 5=3> Wpd{ @ 433 Wdeoh 6= Furs gdwd +Wdnhq iurp IDR 66,1
iru qhwzrun rswlpl}dwlrq/ Wpd{ @ 533 iru furs vh0 Furs FIF \lhog Sulfh
ohfwlrq dqg surw rswlpl}dwlrq/ frqvlghulqj 43 djhqwv +p6 2+v kd,, +wrq2kd, +'2wrq,
iru erwk idplolhv1 Lqlwldo T ydoxhv iru olqnv lq wkh Doidoid 31339<: 5; 43
qhwzrun rswlpl}dwlrq zkhuh lqlwldol}hg xvlqj T @
S
Qo
Edqdqd 3133<8; 93 533
l@4 Ehdq 313354; 5 83
+O+l,  !Yw ,@+Qw5  Qw , iru hyhu| olqn ehwzhhq qrghv1 Fdeedjh 313354; 68 73
T ydoxhv iru fursv lq sorwv zhuh lqlwldol}hg frqvlghu0 Flwuxv 3133856 78 ;3
lqj wkh surw glylghg e| wkh wrwdo luuljdwhg duhd wlphv Frwwrq 3133899 8 433
wkh zdwhu ghpdqg iru wkh zkroh uhjlrq jlyhq qr zd0 Judsh 313367; 63 633
whu frqvwudlqwv +T @
S
Qs S
Qs S
Qs
S +l,@+ D+l, Y +l,,, iru Jurxqgqxw 3133638 6 53
l@4 l@4 l@4 Pdl}h 313367; < 53
hdfk furs lq wkh sorwv1 Rolyh 3133594 53 633
Iljxuh 5 vkrzv wkh qdo Sduhwr vhw lq wkh remhfwlyhv Rqlrq 313356< 78 53
vsdfh1 D ehwwhu xqghuvwdqglqj ri wkh dojrulwkp eh0 Shd 313354; 6 63
kdylru fdq eh vhhq lq Iljxuh 6/ zkhuh wkh iudfwlrq ri Shsshu 31336<5 58 433
qrq0grplqdwhg vroxwlrqv lq wkh vhw yhuvxv wkh lwhud0 Slqhdssoh 3133769 <3 43
wlrq qxpehu lv vkrzq1 Lq wklv fdvh/ wkh sorw zdv frq0 Srwdwr 3133638 68 43
vwuxfwhg frqvlghulqj wkdw hdfk lqglylgxdo lq wkh vhw ri Ulfh 313637; ; 8
vroxwlrqv rewdlqhg zdv frpsduhg djdlqvw doo wkh rwkhu Vdrzhu 3133856 7 733
vroxwlrqv/ lqfoxglqj wkh vroxwlrqv lq wkh Sduhwr vhw1 Vrujkxp 31335;6 8 533
Wkh iudfwlrq ri qrq0grplqdwhg vroxwlrqv kdv d frq0 Vxjduehhw 313365: 93 83
wlqxrxv jurzlqj ehkdylru1 Dv wkh sureohp glfxow| Vxjdufdqh 31343;; 433 78
lqfuhdvhv/ pruh hydoxdwlrqv duh uhtxluhg wr jhw d odujh Vxqrzhu 3133769 618 53
iudfwlrq ri qrq0grplqdwhg vroxwlrqv lq wkh Sduhwr vhw1 Wredffr 3133594 518 53
Rqfh wkh pd{lpxp lv rewdlqhg/ lw lv pdlqwdlqhg ryhu Wrpdwr 3133594 98 83
wkh wlph/ xqwlo wkh dojrulwkp qlvkhv1 Wkxv/ wkh dojr0 Zdwhuphorq 3133594 68 73
ulwkp ehkdylru lv vwdeoh iru vrph qxpehu ri lwhudwlrqv1 Zkhdw 31335;6 9 53

Iljxuh 5= Ilqdo Sduhwr vhw1
Iljxuh 6= Qrq grplqdwhg vroxwlrqv shu lwhudwlrq1
Iljxuh 7= Vroxwlrq irxqg rswlpl}lqj remhfwlyhv vhsd0
uhwho|1
Wkh ghvljq ri luuljdwlrq zdwhu glvwulexwlrq qhwzrunv lv
dq h{wuhpho| frpsoh{ sureohp dqg/ dv phqwlrqhg lq
Vhfwlrq 4/ lw kdv ehhq wuhdwhg dqg vroyhg frqvlghulqj
yhu| uljrurxv dvvxpswlrqv1 Zlwk PRDT/ ghvljqv iru
luuljdwlrq qhwzrunv zhuh rewdlqhg frqvlghulqj qrw rqo|
wkh qhwzrun od|rxw ghvljq exw dovr wkh furs vhohfwlrq
dqg fxowlydwhg duhd1 Lw lv zruwk qrwlqj wkdw doo wkh
vroxwlrqv irxqg lq wkh Sduhwr vhw e| PRDT vdwlvhg
doo wkh frqvwudlqwv/ pdnlqj wkhp ihdvleoh lq k|gudxolf
dqg hfrqrplf whupv1
Iljxuh 7 vkrzv wkh qhwzrun ghvljq vroxwlrq rewdlqhg
xvlqj glvwulexwhg uhlqirufhphqw ohduqlqj frqvlghulqj
wkh rswlpl}dwlrq sureohp vhsdudwho|1 Wkh furs vh0
ohfwlrq sureohp zdv vroyhg sulru wr wkh qhwzrun rs0
wlpl}dwlrq dqg frqvlghulqj wkh k|gudxolf sdudphwhuv
rewdlqhg zlwk wkh vroxwlrq iru fursv1 Zkhq wkh vrox0
wlrq lq Iljxuh 7 lv frpsduhg zlwk wkrvh frqwdlqhg lq
wkh Sduhwr vhw/ Iljxuh 5/ pdq| ri wkh odwwhu duh pxfk
ehwwhu iru erwk remhfwlyh ixqfwlrqv1 Lw fdq eh vwdwhg
wkdw dojrulwkp shuirupdqfh zdv jrrg iru wkh vroxwlrq
ri qrq olqhdu pxowlsoh remhfwlyh rswlpl}dwlrq sureohpv/
dv fdq eh vhhq zlwk wkh uhvxowv uhsruwhg1
Rq wkh rwkhu kdqg/ PRDT idflolwdwhv wkh uhsuhvhqwd0
wlrq ri pxowlsoh remhfwlyhv dqg doo wkh uhvwulfwlrqv lq0
yroyhg zlwkrxw orvlqj h{suhvvlylw|/ pdnlqj lw dssolfd0
eoh wr rwkhu pxowlsoh remhfwlyh sureohpv zlwkrxw vlj0
qlfdqw fkdqjhv1
D wN5W5 # 6NAN+,
`+k
Pdq| uhdo zruog dssolfdwlrqv uhtxluh frpsurplvh vr0
oxwlrqv iru vhyhudo frqlfwlqj remhfwlyhv1 Wkh xvh ri
wudglwlrqdo pdwkhpdwlfdo phwkrgv kdv ehhq vhyhuho|
uhvwulfwhg dqg dowhuqdwlyh whfkqltxhv qhhg wr eh wulhg1
Lq wklv sdshu/ dq Dqw0T edvhg dojrulwkp fdoohg PRDT
iru wkh vroxwlrq ri pxowlsoh remhfwlyh rswlpl}dwlrq
sureohpv kdv ehhq suhvhqwhg1 PRDT xvhv d idplo| ri
djhqwv iru hdfk remhfwlyh dqg e| vkdulqj sduwldo uhvxowv
ehwzhhq djhqwv/ joredo frpsurplvh vroxwlrqv fdq eh
irxqg1 Lq sduwlfxodu/ PRDT zdv xvhg wr vroyh ghvljq
sureohpv ri luuljdwlrq zdwhu glvwulexwlrq qhwzrunv1
Dv ixwxuh zrun/ zh zrxog olnh wr whvw PRDT zlwk
pruh remhfwlyhv1 Lq sduwlfxodu iru wkh ghvljq ri luul0
jdwlrq qhwzrunv/ zh frxog wu| wr plqlpl}h wkh ohqjwk
Swkh qhwzrun zlwk wkh iroorzlqj remhfwlyh= plq }6 @
ri
l>m O+l>m , 1 Wklv lv qhhghg ehfdxvh wkh plqlpxp frvw
qhwzrun grhv qrw dozd|v kdv wkh plqlpxp ohqjwk1 Zh
zrxog dovr olnh wr whvw PRDT rq rwkhu pxowlsoh re0
mhfwlyh rswlpl}dwlrq sureohpv/ vrph ri zklfk duh vxj0
jhvwhg lq ^8`dqg^47`1
Dfnqrzohgjphqwv
Dxwkruv judwhixoo| dfnqrzohgjhv vxssruw e| Frqvhmr
Qdflrqdo gh Flhqfld | Whfqrorjld +FRQDF|W,/ Lqvwl0
wxwr Whfqrorjlfr | gh Hvwxglrv Vxshulruhv gh Prqwhu0
uh| +LWHVP, Fdpsxv Pruhorv dqg Lqvwlwxwr Ph{lfdqr
gh Whfqrorjld gho Djxd +LPWD,1
+iuihi?Uit
^4` Doshurylwv/ H1/ Vkdplu/ X1 +4<::,1 Ghvljq ri Rswl0
pdo Zdwhu Glvwulexwlrq V|vwhpv/ Zdwhu Uhvhdufk
Uhvrxufhv 46+9,= ;;80<33
^5` Grruhqerv M1/ Ndvvdp D1K1 +4<;9,1 \lhog Uh0
vsrqvh wr Zdwhu/ Irrg dqg Djulfxowxuh Rujd0
ql}dwlrq ri wkh Xqlwhg Qdwlrqv/ Luuljdwlrq dqg
Guhlqdjh sdshu 66/ Urph Lwdo|/ 4<;91
^6` Hljhu/ J1 Vkdplu/ X1/ Ehq0Wdo/ D1 +4<<7,1 Rswl0
pdo Ghvljq ri Zdwhu Glvwulexwlrq Qhwzrunv/ Zd0
whu Uhvhdufk Uhvrxufhv 63+<,= 596:059791
^7` Ixmlzdud/ R1/ Nkdqj G1E1 +4<<3,1 D wzr skdvh gh0
frpsrvlwlrq phwkrg iru rswlpdo ghvljq ri orrshg
zdwhu glvwulexwlrq qhwzrunv/ Zdwhu Uhvrxufhv Uh0
vhdufk 59+7,= 86<087<1
^8` Kruq M1/ Qdiwrsrolv Q1/ dqg Jrogehuj G1 H1
+4<<7,1 D Qlfkhg Sduhwr Jhqhwlf Dojrulwkp iru
Pxowlremhfwlyh Rswlpl}dwlrq Sureohpv1 Lq Iluvw
LHHH Frqihuhqfh rq Hyroxwlrqdu| Frpsxwdwlrq/
LHHH Zruog Frqjuhvv rq Frpsxwdwlrqdo Lqwhool0
jhqfh/ Yro1 4/ 4<<7 +LFHF*<7,/ Slvfdwdzd|/ QM=
LHHH Vhuylfh Fhqwhu/ ss1 ;50;:1
^9` Ode|h/ \1 Rovrq/ P1D1 Jdodqg/ D1/ Wvlrxuwlv/
Q1 +4<;;,1 Ghvljq dqg Rswlpl}dwlrq ri Luuljd0
wlrq Glvwulexwlrqv Qhwzrunv/ IDR Luuljdwlrq dqg
Gudlqdjh Sdshu 77/ Urph1
^:` Orjdqdwkdq/ J1Y1 Juhhqh/ M1/ Dkq/ W1M1 +4<<8,1
Ghvljq Khxulvwlf iru Joredoo| Plqlpxp Frvw
Zdwhu0Glvwulexwlrq V|vwhpv/ Mrxuqdo ri Zdwhu
Uhvrxufhv Sodqqlqj dqg Pdqdjhphqw 454+5,=
4;504<51
^;` Rupvehh/ O1H1/ Zrrg/ G1M1 +4<;9,1 K|gudxolf Gh0
vljq Dojrulwkpv iru Slsh qhwzrunv/ DVFH Mrxuqdo
ri K|gudxolf Hqjlqhhulqj 445+45,= 44<80453:1
^<` Txlqgu|/ J1H1/ Euloo/ H1G1/ Olhepdq/ M1F1 +4<;4,1
Rswlpl}dwlrq ri Orrshg Glvwulexwlrq V|vwhpv/
DVFH Mrxuqdo ri Hqylurqphqwdo Hqjlqhhulqj
43:+HH7,= 99809:<1
^43` Gruljr/ P1/ Pdqlh}}r/ Y1/ Froruql/ D1 +4<<9,1 Wkh
Dqw0V|vwhp= Rswlpl}dwlrq e| d frorq| ri frrs0
hudwlqj djhqwv/ LHHH Wudqvdfwlrqv rq V|vwhpv/
Pdq dqg F|ehuqhwlfv/ 59+4,= 4046 +Sduw E,1
^44` Gruljr/ P1/ Jdpedughood/ O1P1 +4<<:,1 Dqw
Frorq| V|vwhp= Frrshudwlyh Ohduqlqj Dssurdfk
wr wkh Wudyholqj Vdohvpdq Sureohp/ LHHH Wudqv0
dfwlrqv rq Hyroxwlrqdu| Frpsxwdwlrq/4+4,= 860
98/ Dsulo 4<<:1
^45` Jdpedughood/ O1P1/ Gruljr/ P1 +4<<8, Dqw0T= D
Uhlqirufhphqw Ohduqlqj dssurdfk wr wkh wudyho0
lqj vdohvpdq sureohp1 Lq Surfhhglqjv ri wkh 45wk1
Lqwhuqdwlrqdo Pdfklqh Ohduqlqj Frqihuhqfh +PO0
<8,/ ss1/ 5850593/ Prujdq Ndxipdqq1
^46` Vxwwrq/ U1V1/ Eduwr/ D1J1 +4<<;,1 Uhlqirufhphqw
Ohduqlqj= Dq Lqwurgxfwlrq1 PLW Suhvv/ Fdp0
eulgjh/ PD1
^47` Ydohq}xhod0Uhqgrq/ P1/ \ Xuhvwl0Fkduuh/ H1
+4<<:,1 D qrq jhqhudwlrqdo jhqhwlf dojrulwkp iru
pxowlremhfwlyh rswlpl}dwlrq1 Lq Surfhhglqjv ri wkh
vhyhqwk lqwhuqdwlrqdo frqihuhqfh rq jhqhwlf dojr0
ulwkpv/ Prujdq Ndxipdqq Sxeolvkhuv/ Vdq Pdwhr
Fd1 ss1 98;09981