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Chapter 1.1
1 Prove that the antipodal mapping A : S n → S n given by A(p) = −p is an isometry of S n . Use this
fact to introduce a Riemannian metric on the real projective space P n (R) such that the natural projection
π : S n → P n (R) is a local isometry.
Jesse Haas do Carmo text questions 2
2 Introduce a Riemannian metric on the torus T n in such a way that the natural natural projection π :
Rn → T n given by is a local isometry. Show that with this metric T n is isometric to the flat torus.
Jesse Haas do Carmo text questions 3
4 A function g : R → R given by g(t) = yt+x, t, x, y ∈ R, y > 0, is called a proper affine function. The subset
of all such functions with respect to the usual composition law forms a Lie group G. As a differentiable
manifold G is simply the upper half-plane {(x, y) ∈ R2 ; y > 0} with the differentiable structure induced from
R2 . Prove that:
(a) The left invariant-Riemannian metric of G which at the neutral element e = (0, 1) coincides with the
1
Euclidean metric g11 = g22 = 1, g12 = 0) is given by g11 = g22 = y2 , g12 = 0, (this is the metric of the
non-euclidean geometry of Lobatchevski).
Jesse Haas do Carmo text questions 5
√
(b) Putting (x, y) = z = x + iy, i = −1, the transformation z → z 0 = ax+b
cz+d , a, b, c, d ∈ R, ad − bc = 1 is an
isometry of G.
Hint: Observe that the first fundamental form can be written as:
dx2 + dy 2 4dzdz̄
ds2 = =− .
y2 (z − z̄)2
Jesse Haas do Carmo text questions 6
5 Prove that the isometries of S n ⊂ Rn+1 , with the induced metric, are the restrictions to S n of the linear
orthogonal maps of Rn+1 .
Jesse Haas do Carmo text questions 7
7 Let G be a compact connected Lie group (dimG = n). The object of this exercise is to prove that G has
a bi-invariant Riemannian metric. To do this, take the following approach:
(a) Let ω be a differential n-form on G invariant on the left, that is, L∗x ω = ω, for all x ∈ G. Prove that ω
is right invariant.
Hint: For any a ∈ G, R∗ ω is left invariant. It follows that R∗a ω = f (a)ω. Verify that f (ab) = f (a)f (b),
that is, f : G → R − {0} is a continuous homomorhpism of G into the multiplicative group of real
numbers. Since f (G) is a compact connected subgroup, the conclusion f (G) = 1 holds. Therefore
R∗a ω = ω.
Jesse Haas do Carmo text questions 9
(c) Let h, i be a left invariant metric on G. Let ω be a positive differential n-form on G which is invariant
on the left, and define a new Riemannian metric hh, ii on G by
Z
hhu, viiy = h(dRx )y u, (dR)y viyx ω,
G
x, y ∈ G, quadu, v ∈ Ty (G).
1.2
1 Let M be a Riemannian manifold. Consider the mapping
defined by: Pc,t0 ,t (v), v ∈ Tc(t0 ) M , is the vector obtained by parallel transporting the vector v along the
curve c. Show that P is an isometry and that, if M is oriented, P preserves the orientation.
Jesse Haas do Carmo text questions 12
2 Let X and Y be differentiable vector fields on a Riemannian manifold M . Let p ∈ M and let c : I → M
dc
be an integral curve of X through p, i.e. c(t0 ) = p and dt = X(c(t)). Prove that the Riemannian connection
of M is
d −1
(∇X Y )(p) = (Pc,t0 ,t (Y (c(t)))
dt t=t0
where Pc,t0 ,t : Tc(t0 ) M → Tc(t) M is the parallel transport along c, from t0 to t (this shows how the connection
can be reobtained from the concept of parallelism).
Jesse Haas do Carmo text questions 13
(b) If S 2 ⊂ R3 is the unit sphere of R3 , show that the velocity field along great circles, parametrized by arc
length, is a parallel field. A similar argument holds for S n ⊂ Rn+ 1 .
Jesse Haas do Carmo text questions 16
6 Let M be a Riemannian manifold and let p be a point of M . Consider a constant curve f : I → M given
by f (t) = p, for all t ∈ I. Let V be a vector field along f (that is, V is a differentiable mapping of I into
DV dV
Tp M ). Show that dt = dt , that is to say, the covariant derivative coincides with the usual derivative of
V : I → Tp M .
Jesse Haas do Carmo text questions 17
1
with the metric given by g11 = g22 = y2 , g12 = 0 (metric of Lobachevski’s non-euclidean geometry).
1
(a) Show that the Christoffel symbols of the Riemannian connection are : Γ111 = Γ212 = Γ122 = 0, Γ211 = y,
Γ112 = Γ222 − − y1 .
Jesse Haas do Carmo text questions 18
(b) Let v0 = (0, 1) be a tangent vector at point (0, 1) of R2+ (v0 is a unit vector on the y-axis with origin
at (0,1)). Let v(t) be the parallel transport of v0 along the curve x = t, y = 1. Show that v(t) makes an
angle t with the direction of the y-axis, measured in the clockwise sense.
dv k X k j dxi
0= + Γij v , k = 1, . . . , n
dt i,j
dt
Taking a = cos θ(t), b = sin θ(t) and noting that along the given curve we have y = 1, we obtain from the
dθ
equations above that dt = −1. Since v(0) = v0 , this implies that θ(t) = π/2 − t.