Equilibrium and thermodynamics of Ca(OH)2 dissolution

Turn on instrument before lab start

Purpose

 Thermodynamics parameter of an equilibrium reaction

 Find rate law of a reaction
 Techniques: spectrophotometer, math heavy

Introduction:

 Thermodynamics parameters (Ksp, ΔG, ΔH, ΔS)

o Definition
o Equation: ΔG = -RTlnKsp = ΔH – T*ΔS
o Explain in words the connection.
 Measurement – method of initial rate:
o Keep one concentration constant, the other changes to find the order
o Using spectrometric to monitor reaction progress, plot abs vs. t
 Half life and equations
 Techniques: utilization of spectrometer, quantitative measurements (pipet, volumetric flash,
dilution calculations).
 Possibly, chemical rxt

Procedure

1. For dye, find the appropriate concentration, given:

a. A best below 1
b. Ε = 3-8 *104 M-1cm-1 at 530 nm (λmax) (depending on previous exp)
2. For bleach, find the appropriate concentration, given:
a. Time constraint: nearly complete (3 half-lives) within 5-15mins.
b. Using half life equation, estimate bleach concentration needed (extremely high)
i. Advantage: [bleach] is nearly constant so rate only depends on [dye] (dye order
is easy to find)
3. Prepare solutions of dye and bleach to mix
a. Remember that once mixed, concentration of each reactant change bcs volume changes
b. The point: keep concentration of one reagent constant and the other one varied
c. Suggestions: (3 trials)
i. Keep the total volume of mixture constant
ii. Keep volume of 1 reagent constant
iii. In different trials, change volume of the other reagent. (make-up vol with H 2O)
iv. Vice versa
4. Find the order of each reactant in rate law and rate constant. For each trial,
a. Record absorbance right when bleach is introduced
b. Collect the absorbance frequently over 15mins or until A<0.01
c. Convert absorbance to [dye]
 d. Find order: plot out [dye], 1/[dye], ln[dye] vs. t; or using initial rate.
e. Give value of bleach order
f. Find rate constant: match slope with a in corresponding equation
5. Find dependence of k to temperature:
a. Repeat 1 set at different temperatures
b. Plot 1st order graph to find k
c. Plot lnk vs. 1/T to find Ea, A as in Arrhenius lnk = -Ea/R (1/T) + lnA

Post lab

 Measure rate law by initial rate method

 Various other considerations to set up kinetic measurements
 Advantages of using excess amount of one reagent.
 Factors influencing reaction rate: concentration, temperature, reagent identity.