3.1 At the proportional limit, a 12-inch gage length of a 0.75-in.-diameter alloy bar has elongated 0.

0325
in. and the diameter has been reduced 0.0006 in. The total tension force on the bar was 17.5 kips.
Determine the following properties of the material:
(a) the modulus of elasticity.
(b) Poisson’s ratio.
(c) the proportional limit.

Solution
(a) The bar cross-sectional area is
π π
A= D2 = (0.75 in.) 2 = 0.441786 in.2
4 4
and thus, the normal stress corresponding to the 17.5-kip force is
17.5 kips
σ= = 39.611897 ksi
0.441786 in.2
The strain in the bar is
e 0.0325 in.
ε= = = 0.002708 in./in.
L 12 in.
The modulus of elasticity is therefore
σ 39.611897 ksi
E= = = 14, 626 ksi = 14,630 ksi Ans.
ε 0.002708 in./in.

(b) The longitudinal strain in the bar was calculated previously as

ε long = 0.002708 in./in.
The lateral strain can be determined from the reduction of the diameter:
ΔD −0.0006 in.
ε lat = = = −0.000800 in./in.
D 0.75 in.
Poisson’s ratio for this specimen is therefore
ε −0.000800 in./in.
ν = − lat = − = 0.295421 = 0.295 Ans.
ε long 0.002708 in./in.

(c) Based on the problem statement, the stress in the bar is equal to the proportional limit; therefore,
σ PL = 39.6 ksi Ans.

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3.2 At the proportional limit, a 20 mm thick × 75 mm wide bar elongates 6.8 mm under an axial load of
480 kN. The bar is 1.6-m long. If Poisson’s ratio is 0.32 for the material, determine:
(a) the modulus of elasticity.
(b) the proportional limit
(c) the change in each lateral dimension.

Solution
(a) The bar cross-sectional area is
A = (20 mm)(75 mm) = 1,500 mm 2
and thus, the normal stress corresponding to the 480-kN axial load is
(480 kN)(1,000 N/kN)
σ= = 320 MPa
1,500 mm 2
The strain in the bar is
e 6.8 mm
ε= = = 0.004250 mm/mm
L (1.6 m)(1,000 mm/m)
The modulus of elasticity is therefore
σ 320 MPa
E= = = 75, 294 MPa = 75.3 GPa Ans.
ε 0.004250 mm/mm

(b) Based on the problem statement, the stress in the bar is equal to the proportional limit; therefore,
σ PL = 320 MPa Ans.

(c) Poisson’t ratio is given as ν = 0.32. The longitudinal strain in the bar was calculated previously as
ε long = 0.004250 mm/mm
The corresponding lateral strain can be determined from Poisson’s ratio:
ε lat = −νε long = −(0.32)(0.004250 mm/mm) = −0.001360 mm/mm
Using this lateral strain, the change in bar width is
Δwidth = ε lat (width) = ( −0.001360 mm/mm)(75 mm) = −0.1020 mm Ans.
and the change in bar thickness is
Δthickness = ε lat (thickness) = (−0.001360 mm/mm)(20 mm) = −0.0272 mm Ans.

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3.3 At an axial load of 22 kN, a 15 mm thick × 45 mm wide polyimide polymer bar elongates 3.0 mm
while the bar width contracts 0.25 mm. The bar is 200 mm long. At the 22-kN load, the stress in the
polymer bar is less than its proportional limit. Determine:
(a) the modulus of elasticity.
(b) Poisson’s ratio
(c) the change in the bar thickness.

Solution
(a) The bar cross-sectional area is
A = (15 mm)(45 mm) = 675 mm 2
and thus, the normal stress corresponding to the 22-kN axial load is
(22 kN)(1,000 N/kN)
σ= = 32.592593 MPa
675 mm 2
The strain in the bar is
e 3.0 mm
ε= = = 0.0150 mm/mm
L 200 mm
The modulus of elasticity is therefore
σ 32.592593 MPa
E= = = 2,173 MPa = 2.17 GPa Ans.
ε 0.0150 mm/mm

(b) The longitudinal strain in the bar was calculated previously as

ε long = 0.0150 mm/mm
The lateral strain can be determined from the reduction of the bar width:
Δwidth −0.25 mm
ε lat = = = −0.005556 mm/mm
width 45 mm
Poisson’s ratio for this specimen is therefore
ε −0.005556 mm/mm
ν = − lat = − = 0.370370 = 0.370 Ans.
ε long 0.0150 mm/mm

(c) The change in bar thickness can be found from the lateral strain:
Δthickness = ε lat (thickness) = (−0.005556 mm/mm)(15 mm) = −0.0833 mm Ans.

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3.4 A 0.75-in.-thick rectangular alloy bar is subjected to a tensile load P by pins at A and B. The width
of the bar is w = 3.0 in. Strain gages bonded to the specimen measure the following strains in the
longitudinal (x) and transverse (y) directions: εx = 2,136 με and εy = −673 με.

(a) Determine Poisson’s ratio for this

specimen.
(b) If the measured strains were produced
by an axial load of P = 50 kips, what is the
modulus of elasticity for this specimen?
Fig. P3.4

Solution
(a) Poisson’s ratio for this specimen is
ε ε −673 με
ν = − lat = − y = − = 0.315 Ans.
ε long εx 2,136 με

(b) The bar area is

A = (3.0 in.)(0.75 in.) = 2.25 in.2
and so the normal stress for an axial load of P = 50 kips is
50 kips
σ= = 22.222222 ksi
2.25 in.2
The modulus of elasticity is thus
σ 22.222222 ksi
E= = = 10, 404 ksi = 10, 400 ksi Ans.
ε ⎛ 1 in./in. ⎞
(2,136 με) ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 1,000,000 με ⎠

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3.5 A 6-mm-thick rectangular alloy bar is subjected to a tensile load P by pins at A and B. The width
of the bar is w = 30 mm. Strain gages bonded to the specimen measure the following strains in the
longitudinal (x) and transverse (y) directions: εx = 1,525 με and εy = −540 με.

(a) Determine Poisson’s ratio for this

specimen.
(b) If the measured strains were produced
by an axial load of P = 27.5 kN, what is
the modulus of elasticity for this
specimen? Fig. P3.5

Solution
(a) Poisson’s ratio for this specimen is
ε ε −540 με
ν = − lat = − y = − = 0.354 Ans.
ε long εx 1,525 με

(b) The bar area is

A = (30 mm)(6 mm) = 180 mm 2
and so the normal stress for an axial load of P = 50 kips is
(27.5 kN)(1,000 N/kN)
σ= = 152.777778 MPa
180 mm 2
The modulus of elasticity is thus
σ 152.777778 MPa
E= = = 100,182 MPa = 100.2 GPa Ans.
ε ⎛ 1 in./in. ⎞
(1,525 με) ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 1,000,000 με ⎠

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3.6 A copper rod [E = 110 GPa] originally 600-mm long is pulled in tension with a normal stress of 275
MPa. If the deformation is entirely elastic, what is the resulting elongation?

Solution
Since the deformation is elastic, the strain in the rod can be determined from Hooke’s Law,
σ 275 MPa
ε= = = 0.002500 mm/mm
E 110, 000 MPa
The elongation in the rod is thus
e = ε L = (0.002500 mm/mm)(600 mm) = 1.500 mm Ans.

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3.7 A 6061-T6 aluminum tube [E = 10,000 ksi; ν = 0.33] has an outside diameter of 4.000 in. and a wall
thickness of 0.065 in.
(a) Determine the tension force that must be applied to the tube to cause its outside diameter to contract
by 0.005 in.
(b) If the tube is 84-in. long, what is the overall elongation?

Solution
(a) The strain associated with the given diameter contraction is
−0.005 in.
ε lat = = −0.001250 in./in.
4.000 in.
From the given Poisson’s ratio, the longitudinal strain in the tube must be
ε −0.001250 in./in.
ε long = − lat = − = 0.003788 in./in.
ν 0.33
and from Hooke’s Law, the normal stress can be calculated as
σ = Eε = (10, 000 ksi)(0.003788 in./in.) = 37.878788 ksi

The area of the tube is needed to determine the tension force. Given that the outside diameter of the
tube is 4.000 in. and the wall thickness is 0.065 in., the inside diameter of the tube is 3.870 in. The tube
cross-sectional area is thus
π
A= ⎡ (4.000 in.) 2 − (3.870 in.) 2 ⎤⎦ = 0.803541 in.2
4⎣
and the force applied to the tube is
F = σ A = (37.878788 ksi)(0.803541 in.2 ) = 30.437154 kips = 30.4 kips Ans.

(b) The strain was calculated previously. Use the longitudinal strain to determine the overall
elongation:
e = ε L = (0.003788 in./in.)(84 in.) = 0.318 in. Ans.

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3.8 A metal specimen with an original diameter of 0.500 in. and a gage length of 2.000 in. is tested in
tension until fracture occurs. At the point of fracture, the diameter of the specimen is 0.260 in. and the
fractured gage length is 3.08 in. Calculate the ductility in terms of percent elongation and percent
reduction in area.

Solution
Percent elongation is simply the longitudinal strain at fracture:
e (3.08 in. − 2.000 in.) 1.08 in.
ε= = = = 0.54 in./in.
L 2.000 in. 2.000 in.
∴ percent elongation = 54% Ans.

The initial cross-sectional area of the specimen is

π π
A0 = D2 =(0.500 in.) 2 = 0.196350 in.2
4 4
The final cross-sectional area at the fracture location is
π π
Af = D2 =
(0.260 in.) 2 = 0.053093 in.2
4 4
The percent reduction in area is
A0 − Af (0.196350 in.2 − 0.053093 in.2 )
percent reduction of area = (100%) = (100%) = 73.0% Ans.
A0 0.196350 in.2

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3.9 A portion of the stress-strain curve for a
stainless steel alloy is shown in Fig. P3.9. A 350-
mm-long bar is loaded in tension until it elongates
2.0 mm and then the load is removed.
(a) What is the permanent set in the bar?
(b) What is the length of the unloaded bar?
(c) If the bar is reloaded, what will be the
proportional limit?

Fig. P3.9

Solution

(a) The normal strain in the specimen is

e 2.0 mm
ε= = = 0.005714 mm/mm
L 350 mm
Construct a line parallel to the elastic modulus line that passes through the data curve at a strain of ε =
0.005714 mm/mm. The strain value at which this modulus line intersects the strain axis is the
permanent set:
permanent set = 0.0035 mm/mm Ans.

(b) The length of the unloaded bar is therefore:

e = ε L = (0.0035 mm/mm)(350 mm) = 1.225 mm
L f = 350 mm + 2.225 mm = 352.225 mm Ans.

(c) From the stress-strain curve, the reload proportional limit is 444 MPa . Ans.

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3.10 The 16 × 22 × 25 mm rubber blocks
shown in Fig. P3.10 are used in a double U
shear mount to isolate the vibration of a
machine from its supports. An applied load of
P = 285 N causes the upper frame to be
deflected downward by 5 mm. Determine the
shear modulus G of the rubber blocks.

Fig. P3.10

Solution
Consider a FBD of the upper U frame. The
downward force P is resisted by two upward shear
forces V; therefore, V = 285 N / 2 = 142.5 N.

Next, consider a FBD of one of the rubber blocks.

The shear force acting on one rubber block is V =
142.5 N. The area of the rubber block that is
parallel to the direction of V is
AV = (22 mm)(25 mm) = 550 mm 2

Consequently, the shear stress in one rubber block is

V 142.5 N
τ= = = 0.259091 MPa
AV 550 mm 2

The shear strain associated with the 5-mm downward displacement of the rubber blocks is given by:
5 mm
tan γ = = 0.312500 ∴ γ = 0.302885 rad
16 mm

From Hooke’s Law for shear stress and shear strain, the shear modulus G can be computed:
τ 0.259091 MPa
τ = Gγ ∴G = = = 0.855411 MPa = 0.855 MPa Ans.
γ 0.302885 rad

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3.11 Two hard rubber blocks are used in an anti-vibration
mount to support a small machine, as shown in Fig. P3.11.
An applied load of P = 150 lb causes a downward deflection
of 0.25 in. Determine the shear modulus of the rubber blocks.
Assume a = 0.5 in., b = 1.0 in., and c = 2.5 in.

Fig. P3.11

Solution
Determine the shear strain from the angle formed by the
downward deflection and the block thickness a:
0.250 in.
tan γ = = 0.500 ∴ γ = 0.463648 rad
0.50 in.
Note: The small angle approximation tan γ ≈ γ is not applicable in this instance.

Determine the shear stress from the applied load P and the block area.

Note that this is a double shear configuration; therefore, the shear force V acting on a single rubber block
is half of the total load: V = P/2 = 75 lb.

To determine the area needed here, consider the surface that is bonded to the plate. This area has
dimensions of b×c. The shear stress acting on a single block is therefore:
V 75 lb
τ= = = 30 psi
A (1.0 in.)(2.5 in.)

The shear modulus G can be calculated from Hooke’s law for shear stress and strain:
τ 30 psi
τ = Gγ ∴G = = = 64.704 psi = 64.7 psi Ans.
γ 0.463648 rad

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3.12 Two hard rubber blocks [G = 350 kPa] are used in an anti-
vibration mount to support a small machine, as shown in Fig.
P3.12. Determine the downward deflection that will occur for an
applied load of P = 900 N. Assume a = 20 mm, b = 50 mm, and
c = 80 mm.

Fig. P3.12

Solution
Note that this is a double shear configuration; therefore, the shear force V acting on a single rubber block
is half of the total load: V = P/2 = 450 N.

Determine the shear stress from the shear force V and the block area. To determine the area needed
here, consider the surface that is bonded to the plate. This area has dimensions of b×c. The shear stress
acting on a single block is therefore:
V 450 N
τ= = = 0.112500 MPa
A (50 mm)(80 mm)

Since the shear modulus G is given, the shear strain can be calculated from Hooke’s law for shear stress
and shear strain:
τ 0.112500 MPa
τ = Gγ ∴γ = = = 0.321429 rad
G 0.350 MPa

From the angle γ and the block thickness a, the downward deflection δ of the block can be determined
from:
δ
tan γ = ∴ δ = a tan γ = (20 mm) tan(0.321429 rad) = 6.659512 mm = 6.66 mm Ans.
a

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3.13 A load test on a 6 mm diameter by 150 mm long magnesium alloy rod found that a tension load of
780 N caused an elastic elongation of 0.55 mm in the rod. Using this result, determine the elastic
elongation that would be expected for a 19-mm-diameter rod of the same material if the rod were 1.2 m
long and subjected to a tension force of 2.6 kN.

Solution
The area of the 6-mm-diameter rod is
π π
A= D2 =(6 mm) 2 = 28.274334 mm 2
4 4
Thus, the normal stress in the rod due to a 780-N load is
F 780 N
σ= = = 27.586857 MPa
A 28.274334 mm 2
The strain in the 150-mm long rod associated with a 0.55-mm elongation is
e 0.55 mm
ε= = = 0.003667 mm/mm
L 150 mm
Therefore, the elastic modulus of the magnesium alloy is
σ 27.586857 MPa
E= = = 7,523.688217 MPa
ε 0.003667 mm/mm

The area of the 19-mm-diameter rod is

π π
A= D2 = (19 mm) 2 = 283.528737 mm 2
4 4
Thus, the normal stress in the 19-mm-diameter rod due to a 2.6-kN load is
F (2.6 kN)(1,000 N/kN)
σ= = = 9.170146 MPa
A 283.528737 mm 2
From Hooke’s Law, the strain that would be expected is
σ 9.170146 MPa
ε= = = 0.001219 mm/mm
E 7,523.688217 MPa
Since the 19-mm-diameter rod is 1.2-m long, the expected elongation is
e = ε L = (0.001219 mm/mm)(1.2 m)(1,000 mm/m) = 1.462604 mm = 1.463 mm Ans.

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3.14 The stress-strain diagram for a
particular stainless steel alloy is shown in
Fig. P3.14. A rod made from this material is
initially 800 mm long at a temperature of
20°C. After a tension force is applied to the
rod and the temperature is increased by
200°C, the length of the rod is 804 mm.
Determine the stress in the rod and state
whether the elongation in the rod is elastic
or inelastic. Assume the coefficient of
thermal expansion for this material is 18 ×
10−6/°C.

Fig. P3.14

Solution
The 4-mm total elongation of the rod is due to a combination of load and temperature increase. The
200°C temperature increase causes a normal strain of:
ε T = α ΔT = (18 ×10−6 / °C )(200°C ) = 0.003600 mm/mm
which means that the rod elongates
eT = ε T L = (0.003600 mm/mm)(800 mm) = 2.8800 mm
The portion of the 4-mm total elongation due to load is therefore
eσ = e − eT = 4 mm − 2.8800 mm = 1.1200 mm
The strain corresponding to this elongation is
e 1.1200 mm
εσ = σ = = 0.001400 mm/mm
L 800 mm
By inspection of the stress-strain curve, this strain is clearly in the linear region. Therefore, the rod is
elastic in this instance.

For the linear region, the elastic modulus can be determined from the lower scale plot:
Δσ (400 MPa − 0)
E= = = 200,000 MPa
Δε (0.002 mm/mm − 0)
Using Hooke’s Law (or directly from the σ-ε diagram), the stress corresponding to the 0.001400
mm/mm strain is
σ = Eε σ = (200, 000 MPa)(0.001400 mm/mm) = 280 MPa Ans.

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3.15 In Fig. P3.15, rigid bar ABC is supported by
axial member (1), which has a cross-sectional area
of 400 mm2, an elastic modulus of E = 70 GPa, and
a coefficient of thermal expansion of α = 22.5 ×
10−6 /°C. After load P is applied to the rigid bar
and the temperature rises 40°C, a strain gage
affixed to member (1) measures a strain increase of
1,650 με. Determine:
(a) the normal stress in member (1).
(b) the magnitude of applied load P.
(c) the deflection of the rigid bar at C.
Fig. P3.15

Solution
(a) The strain measured in member (1) is due to both the internal force in the member and the
temperature change. The strain caused by the temperature change is
ε T = α ΔT = (22.5 ×10−6 / °C )(40°C ) = 0.000900 mm/mm
Since the total strain is ε = 1,650 με = 0.001650 mm/mm, the strain caused by the internal force in
member (1) must be
ε σ = ε − ε T = 0.001650 mm/mm − 0.000900 mm/mm = 0.000750 mm/mm
The elastic modulus of member (1) is E = 70 GPa; thus, from Hooke’s Law, the stress in the member is:
σ 1 = Eε σ = (70, 000 MPa)(0.000750 mm/mm) = 52.5 MPa Ans.

(b) If the normal stress in member (1) is 52.5 MPa, the axial force in the member is
F1 = σ 1 A1 = (52.5 N/mm 2 )(400 mm 2 ) = 21, 000 N

Consider moment equilibrium of rigid bar ABC about joint

A to determine the magnitude of P:
ΣM A = (1.4 m)(21,000 N) − (2.4 m)P = 0
∴ P = 12, 250 N = 12.25 kN Ans.

(c) The strain in member (1) was measured as ε = 1,650 με = 0.001650 mm/mm; therefore, the total
elongation of member (1) is
e1 = ε1 L1 = (0.001650 mm/mm)(2,500 mm) = 4.125 mm
The deflection of the rigid bar at B is equal to this elongation; therefore, vB = e1 = 4.125 mm
(downward). By similar triangles, the deflection of the rigid bar at C is given by:
vB v
= C
1.4 m 2.4 m
2.4 m 2.4
∴ vC = vB = (4.125 mm) = 7.071429 mm = 7.07 mm ↓ Ans.
1.4 m 1.4

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3.16 A tensile test specimen of 1045 hot-rolled
steel having a diameter of 0.505 in. and a gage
length of 2.00 in. was tested to fracture. Stress
and strain data obtained during the test are
shown in Fig. P3.16. Determine
(a) the modulus of elasticity.
(b) the proportional limit.
(c) the ultimate strength.
(d) the yield strength (0.20% offset).
(e) the fracture stress.
(f) the true fracture stress if the final diameter of
the specimen at the location of the fracture was
0.392 in.

Fig. P3.16

Solution
From the stress-strain curve, the proportional limit will be taken as σ = 60 ksi at a strain of ε = 0.0019.
(Obviously, there can be quite a bit of leeway in pulling numbers from such a limited plot.)

(a) The modulus of elasticity is

σ 60 ksi
E= = = 31, 600 ksi Ans.
ε 0.0019 in./in.

(b) From the diagram, the proportional limit is taken as

σ PL = 60 ksi Ans.
(c) The ultimate strength is
σ ult = 105 ksi Ans.
(d) The yield strength is
σ Y = 68 ksi Ans.
(e) The fracture stress is
σ fracture = 98 ksi Ans.

(f) The original cross-sectional area of the specimen is

π π
A0 = D2 =(0.505 in.) 2 = 0.200296 in.2
4 4
The area of the specimen at the fracture location is
π π
Af = D2 = (0.392 in.) 2 = 0.120687 in.2
4 4
The true fracture stress is therefore
0.200296 in.2
true σ fracture = (98 ksi) = 162.6 ksi Ans.
0.120687 in.2

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3.17 A tensile test specimen of stainless
steel alloy having a diameter of 0.495 in.
and a gage length of 2.00 in. was tested to
fracture. Stress and strain data obtained
during the test are shown in Fig. P3.17.
Determine:
(a) the modulus of elasticity.
(b) the proportional limit.
(c) the ultimate strength.
(d) the yield strength (0.20% offset).
(e) the fracture stress.
(f) the true fracture stress if the final
diameter of the specimen at the location of
the fracture was 0.350 in.

Fig. P3.17

Solution
From the stress-strain curve, the proportional limit will be taken as σ = 60 ksi at a strain of ε = 0.002.
(Obviously, there can be quite a bit of leeway in pulling numbers from such a limited plot.)

(a) The modulus of elasticity is

σ 60 ksi
E= = = 30, 000 ksi Ans.
ε 0.002 in./in.

(b) From the diagram, the proportional limit is taken as

σ PL = 60 ksi Ans.
(c) The ultimate strength is
σ ult = 159 ksi Ans.
(d) The yield strength is
σ Y = 80 ksi Ans.
(e) The fracture stress is
σ fracture = 135 ksi Ans.

(f) The original cross-sectional area of the specimen is

π π
A0 = D2 =(0.495 in.) 2 = 0.192442 in.2
4 4
The area of the specimen at the fracture location is
π π
Af = D2 = (0.350 in.) 2 = 0.096211 in.2
4 4
The true fracture stress is therefore
0.192442 in.2
true σ fracture = (135 ksi) = 270 ksi Ans.
0.096211 in.2

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3.18 A bronze alloy specimen having a
diameter of 12.8 mm and a gage length
of 50 mm was tested to fracture. Stress
and strain data obtained during the test
are shown in Fig. P3.18. Determine:
(a) the modulus of elasticity.
(b) the proportional limit.
(c) the ultimate strength.
(d) the yield strength (0.20% offset).
(e) the fracture stress.
(f) the true fracture stress if the final
diameter of the specimen at the location
of the fracture was 10.5 mm.

Fig. P3.18

Solution
From the stress-strain curve, the proportional limit will be taken as σ = 210 MPa at a strain of ε = 0.002.
(Obviously, there can be quite a bit of leeway in pulling numbers from such a limited plot.)

(a) The modulus of elasticity is

σ 210 MPa
E= = = 105, 000 MPa Ans.
ε 0.002 in./in.

(b) From the diagram, the proportional limit is taken as

σ PL = 210 MPa Ans.
(c) The ultimate strength is
σ ult = 380 MPa Ans.
(d) The yield strength is
σ Y = 290 MPa Ans.
(e) The fracture stress is
σ fracture = 320 MPa Ans.

(f) The original cross-sectional area of the specimen is

π π
A0 = D2 = (12.8 mm) 2 = 128.679635 mm 2
4 4
The area of the specimen at the fracture location is
π π
Af = D2 = (10.5 mm) 2 = 86.590148 mm 2
4 4
The true fracture stress is therefore
128.679635 mm 2
true σ fracture = (320 MPa) = 476 MPa Ans.
86.590148 mm 2

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3.19 An alloy specimen having a diameter of 12.8 Change in Change in
mm and a gage length of 50 mm was tested to Load Load
Length Length
fracture. Load and deformation data obtained
(kN) (mm) (kN) (mm)
during the test are given. Determine:
(a) the modulus of elasticity. 0 0
(b) the proportional limit. 7.6 0.02 43.8 1.50
(c) the ultimate strength. 14.9 0.04 45.8 2.00
(d) the yield strength (0.05% offset). 22.2 0.06 48.3 3.00
(e) the yield strength (0.20% offset). 28.5 0.08 49.7 4.00
(f) the fracture stress. 29.9 0.10 50.4 5.00
(g) the true fracture stress if the final diameter of 30.6 0.12 50.7 6.00
the specimen at the location of the fracture was 32.0 0.16 50.4 7.00
11.3 mm. 33.0 0.20 50.0 8.00
33.3 0.24 49.7 9.00
36.8 0.50 47.9 10.00
41.0 1.00 45.1 fracture

Solution
The plot of the stress-strain data is shown below.

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(a) The modulus of elasticity is
σ 224.976 MPa
E= = = 140, 600 MPa Ans.
ε 0.0016 mm/mm

(b) From the diagram, the proportional limit is taken as

σ PL = 234 MPa Ans.

(c) The ultimate strength is

σ ult = 400 MPa Ans.

(d) The yield strength by the 0.05% offset method is

σ Y = 239 MPa Ans.

(e) The yield strength by the 0.2% offset method is

σ Y = 259 MPa Ans.

(f) The fracture stress is

σ fracture = 356 MPa Ans.

(f) The original cross-sectional area of the specimen is

π π
A0 = D2 =(12.8 mm) 2 = 128.679635 mm 2
4 4
The area of the specimen at the fracture location is
π π
Af = D2 = (11.3 mm) 2 = 100.287492 mm 2
4 4
The true fracture stress is therefore
128.679635 mm 2
true σ fracture = (356 MPa) = 457 MPa Ans.
100.287492 mm 2

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3.20 A 1035 hot-rolled steel specimen with a Change in Change
diameter of 0.500 in. and a 2.0-in. gage length was Load Load
Length in Length
tested to fracture. Load and deformation data
(lb) (in.) (lb) (in.)
obtained during the test are given. Determine:
(a) the modulus of elasticity. 0 0 12,540 0.0209
(b) the proportional limit. 2,690 0.0009 12,540 0.0255
(c) the ultimate strength. 5,670 0.0018 14,930 0.0487
(d) the yield strength (0.05% offset). 8,360 0.0028 17,020 0.0835
(e) the yield strength (0.20% offset). 11,050 0.0037 18,220 0.1252
(f) the fracture stress. 12,540 0.0042 18,820 0.1809
(g) the true fracture stress if the final diameter of 13,150 0.0046 19,110 0.2551
the specimen at the location of the fracture was 13,140 0.0060 19,110 0.2968
0.387 in. 12,530 0.0079 18,520 0.3107
12,540 0.0098 17,620 0.3246
12,840 0.0121 16,730 0.3339
12,840 0.0139 16,130 0.3385
15,900 fracture

Solution
The plot of the stress-strain data is shown below.

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(a) The modulus of elasticity is
σ 63.849 ksi
E= = = 30, 400 ksi Ans.
ε 0.0021 in./in.

(b) From the diagram, the proportional limit is taken as

σ PL = 63.8 ksi Ans.

(c) The ultimate strength is

σ ult = 97.3 ksi Ans.

(d) The yield strength using the 0.05% offset method is

σ Y = 65.4 ksi Ans.

(e) The yield strength using the 0.2% offset method is

σ Y = 63.8 ksi Ans.

(f) The fracture stress is

σ fracture = 82.1 ksi Ans.

(g) The original cross-sectional area of the specimen is

π π
A0 = D2 =(0.500 in.) 2 = 0.196350 in.2
4 4
The area of the specimen at the fracture location is
π π
Af = D2 = (0.387 in.) 2 = 0.117628 in.2
4 4
The true fracture stress is therefore
0.196350 in.2
true σ fracture = (82.1 ksi) = 137.0 ksi Ans.
0.117628 in.2

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3.21 A 2024-T4 aluminum test specimen with a Change in Change in
diameter of 0.505 in. and a 2.0-in. gage length was Load Load
Length Length
tested to fracture. Load and deformation data (lb) (in.) (lb) (in.)
obtained during the test are given. Determine:
0 0.0000 11,060 0.0139
(a) the modulus of elasticity.
1,300 0.0014 11,500 0.0162
(b) the proportional limit.
2,390 0.0023 12,360 0.0278
(c) the ultimate strength.
3,470 0.0032 12,580 0.0394
(d) the yield strength (0.05% offset).
4,560 0.0042 12,800 0.0603
(e) the yield strength (0.20% offset).
5,640 0.0051 13,020 0.0788
(f) the fracture stress.
6,720 0.0060 13,230 0.0974
(g) the true fracture stress if the final diameter of
7,380 0.0070 13,450 0.1159
the specimen at the location of the fracture was
8,240 0.0079 13,670 0.1391
0.452 in.
8,890 0.0088 13,880 0.1623
9,330 0.0097 14,100 0.1994
9,980 0.0107 14,100 0.2551
10,200 0.0116 14,100 0.3200
10,630 0.0125 14,100 0.3246
14,100 fracture

Solution
The plot of the stress-strain data is shown below.

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(a) The modulus of elasticity is
σ 33.55 ksi
E= = = 11,180 ksi Ans.
ε 0.003 in./in.

(b) From the diagram, the proportional limit is taken as

σ PL = 33.6 ksi Ans.

(c) The ultimate strength is

σ ult = 70.4 ksi Ans.

(d) The yield strength using the 0.05% offset method is

σ Y = 44.4 ksi Ans.

(e) The yield strength using the 0.2% offset method is

σ Y = 54.5 ksi Ans.

(f) The fracture stress is

σ fracture = 70.4 ksi Ans.

(g) The original cross-sectional area of the specimen is

π π
A0 = D2 = (0.505 in.) 2 = 0.200296 in.2
4 4
The area of the specimen at the fracture location is
π π
Af = D2 = (0.452 in.) 2 = 0.160460 in.2
4 4
The true fracture stress is therefore
0.200296 in.2
true σ fracture = (70.4 ksi) = 87.9 ksi Ans.
0.160460 in.2

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3.22 A 1045 hot-rolled steel tension test specimen Change in Change in
has a diameter of 6.00 mm and a gage length of 25 Load Load
Length Length
mm. In a test to fracture, the stress and strain data
(kN) (mm) (kN) (mm)
below were obtained. Determine:
(a) the modulus of elasticity. 0.00 0.00 13.22 0.29
(b) the proportional limit. 2.94 0.01 16.15 0.61
(c) the ultimate strength. 5.58 0.02 18.50 1.04
(d) the yield strength (0.05% offset). 8.52 0.03 20.27 1.80
(e) the yield strength (0.20% offset). 11.16 0.05 20.56 2.26
(f) the fracture stress. 12.63 0.05 20.67 2.78
(g) the true fracture stress if the final diameter of 13.02 0.06 20.72 3.36
the specimen at the location of the fracture was 13.16 0.08 20.61 3.83
4.65 mm. 13.22 0.08 20.27 3.94
13.22 0.10 19.97 4.00
13.25 0.14 19.68 4.06
13.22 0.17 19.09 4.12
18.72 fracture

Solution
The plot of the stress-strain data is shown below.

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(a) The modulus of elasticity is
σ 394.765 MPa
E= = = 247,000 MPa Ans.
ε 0.0016 mm/mm

(b) From the diagram, the proportional limit is taken as

σ PL = 400 MPa Ans.

(c) The ultimate strength is

σ ult = 732 MPa Ans.

(d) The yield strength by the 0.05% offset method is

σ Y = 465 MPa Ans.

(e) The yield strength by the 0.2% offset method is

σ Y = 465 MPa Ans.

(f) The fracture stress is

σ fracture = 675 MPa Ans.

(f) The original cross-sectional area of the specimen is

π π
A0 = D2 =(6 mm) 2 = 28.274334 mm 2
4 4
The area of the specimen at the fracture location is
π π
Af = D2 = (4.65 mm) 2 = 16.982272 mm 2
4 4
The true fracture stress is therefore
28.274334 mm 2
true σ fracture = (675 MPa) = 1,124 MPa Ans.
16.982272 mm 2

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3.23 Rigid bar BCD in Fig. P3.23 is
supported by a pin at C and by aluminum
rod (1). A concentrated load P is applied to
the lower end of aluminum rod (2), which is
attached to the rigid bar at D. The cross-
sectional area of each rod is A = 0.20 in.2
and the elastic modulus of the aluminum
material is E = 10,000 ksi. After the load P
is applied at E, the strain in rod (1) is
measured as 900 με (tension).
(a) Determine the magnitude of load P.
(b) Determine the total deflection of point E
relative to its initial position.

Fig. P3.23

Solution
(a) From the measured strain, the stress in rod (1) is
σ 1 = E1ε1 = (10, 000 ksi)(900 ×10−6 in./in.) = 9 ksi
and thus, the force in rod (1) is
F1 = σ 1 A1 = (9 ksi)(0.20 in.2 ) = 1.8 kips (T)

Consider the equilibrium of the rigid bar, and write a

moment equilibrium equation about C to determine the
magnitude of load P:
ΣM C = (20 in.)(1.8 kips) − (30 in.)P = 0
∴ P = 1.2 kips Ans.

(b) From the measured strain, the elongation of rod (1) is

e1 = ε1 L1 = (900 × 10−6 in./in.)(50 in.) = 0.0450 in.

From similar triangles, the deflection of the rigid bar at D can

be expressed in terms of the deflection at B:
vB v
= D
20 in. 30 in.
30 in. 30 in.
∴ v D = vB = (0.045 in.) = 0.0675 in.
20 in. 20 in.

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The elongation of rod (2) due to the 1.2-kip load must be determined. The stress in rod (2) is
F 1.2 kips
σ2 = 2 = = 6 ksi
A2 0.2 in.2
and consequently, the strain in rod (2) is
σ 6 ksi
ε2 = 2 = = 0.000600 in./in.
E2 10,000 ksi

From the strain, the elongation in rod (2) can be computed:

e2 = ε 2 L2 = (0.000600 in./in.)(100 in.) = 0.06 in.

The deflection of joint E is the sum of the rigid bar deflection at D and the elongation in rod (2):
vE = vD + e2 = 0.0675 in. + 0.06 in. = 0.1275 in. ↓ Ans.

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3.24 The rigid bar AC in Fig. P3.24 is
supported by two axial bars (1) and (2).
Both axial bars are made of bronze [E =
100 GPa; α = 18 × 10−6 mm/mm/°C]. The
cross-sectional area of bar (1) is A1 = 240
mm2 and the cross-sectional area of bar (2)
is A2 = 360 mm2. After load P has been
applied and the temperature of the entire
assembly has increased by 20°C, the total
strain in bar (2) is measured as 800 με
(elongation). Determine:
(a) the magnitude of load P.
(b) the vertical displacement of pin A.

Fig. P3.24

Solution
(a) The total strain in bar (2) is caused partly by the axial force in the bar and partly by the increase in
temperature. The strain caused by the 20°C temperature increase is:
ε T = α ΔT = (18 ×10−6 mm/mm/ °C)(20°C) = 0.000360 mm/mm
The strain caused by the axial force in the bar is thus:
ε 2,σ = ε 2 − ε 2,T = 0.000800 mm/mm − 0.000360 mm/mm = 0.000440 mm/mm
The stress in bar (2) is
σ 2 = E2ε 2,σ = (100, 000 MPa)(0.000440 mm/mm) = 44 MPa
and the force in bar (2) is
F2 = σ 2 A2 = (44 N/mm 2 )(360 mm 2 ) = 15,840 N

Next, consider a FBD of the rigid bar AC. Equilibrium

equations for this FBD are:
ΣFy = F1 + F2 − P = 0
ΣM A = (1, 400 mm)F2 − (500 mm)P = 0
which can be solve simultaneously to give:
500 mm
F2 = P = 0.357143P
1,400 mm
and
F1 = 0.642857 P

The applied load P can be expressed in terms of F2 as

1
P= F2 = 2.8 F2
0.357143

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and so the magnitude of load P is
P = 2.8F2 = 2.8(15,840 N) = 44,352 N = 44.4 kN Ans.

(b) The force in bar (1) is

F1 = 0.642857 P = (0.642857)(44,352 N) = 28,512 N
Thus, the stress in bar (1) is
F 28,512 N
σ1 = 1 = = 118.800 MPa
A1 240 mm 2
The normal strain due to the axial force in bar (1) is
σ 118.800 MPa
ε1,σ = 1 = = 0.001188 mm/mm
E1 100, 000 MPa
The normal strain caused by the 20°C temperature increase is:
ε1,T = α ΔT = (18 × 10−6 mm/mm/ °C)(20°C) = 0.000360 mm/mm
Therefore, the total strain in bar (1) is
ε1 = ε1,σ + ε1,T = 0.001188 mm/mm + 0.000360 mm/mm = 0.001548 mm/mm
and the elongation in bar (1) is
e1 = ε1,σ L1 = (0.001548 mm/mm)(1,300 mm) = 2.012400 mm
Since rigid bar ABC is connected to bar (1) (with a perfect connection), joint A displaces downward by
an amount equal to the elongation of bar (1); therefore,
vA = e1 = 2.01 mm ↓ Ans.

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3.25 The rigid bar in Fig. P3.25 is supported
by axial bar (1) and by a pin connection at
C. Axial bar (1) has a cross-sectional area of
A1 = 275 mm2, an elastic modulus of E =
200 GPa, and a coefficient of thermal
expansion of α = 11.9 × 10−6 mm/mm/°C.
The pin at C has a diameter of 25 mm. After
load P has been applied and the temperature
of the entire assembly has been increased by
20°C, the total strain in bar (1) is measured
as 675 με (elongation). Determine:
(a) the magnitude of load P.
(b) the shear stress in pin C.

Fig. P3.25

Solution
The total strain in bar (1) consists of thermal strain as well as normal strain caused by normal stress:
ε = εσ + εT
The normal strain due to the increase in temperature is:
ε T = α ΔT = (11.9 × 10−6 mm/mm/°C)(20°C) = 0.000238 mm/mm
Therefore, the normal stress in bar (1) causes a normal strain of:
ε σ = ε − ε T = 0.000675 mm/mm − 0.000238 mm/mm = 0.000437 mm/mm
From Hooke’s law, the normal stress in bar (1) can be calculated as:
σ 1 = Eε σ = (200, 000 MPa)(0.000437 mm/mm) = 87.4 MPa
and thus the axial force in bar (1) must be:
F1 = σ 1 A1 = (87.4 N/mm 2 )(275 mm 2 ) = 24, 035 N

Next, consider a free-body diagram of the rigid bar. Write

a moment equilibrium equation about pin C:
ΣM C = (200 mm)F1 − (380 mm)P
= (200 mm)(24, 035 N) − (380 mm)P = 0
∴ P = 12, 650 N = 12.65 kN Ans.

Now that P is known, the horizontal and vertical reactions

at C can be calculated:
ΣFx = Cx − F1 = 0 ∴ Cx = F1 = 24, 035 N
ΣFy = C y − P = 0 ∴ C y = P = 12, 650 N

The resultant force acting on pin C is:

C = Cx2 + C y2 = (24, 035 N) 2 + (12, 650 N) 2 = 27,160.702 N

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Since the pin at C is a double shear connection, the shear force acting on one shear plane is half of the
resultant force: V = 13,580.351 N. The area of one shear plane of the 25-mm-diameter pin at C (in
other words, the cross-sectional area of the pin) is:
π
Apin = (25 mm)2 = 490.874 mm 2
4
and thus the shear stress in pin C is:
V 13,580.351 N
τC = = 2
= 27.666 N/mm 2 = 27.7 MPa Ans.
AV 490.874 mm

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3.26 The rigid bar in Fig. P3.26 is
supported by axial bar (1) and by a pin
connection at C. Axial bar (1) has a cross-
sectional area of A1 = 275 mm2, an elastic
modulus of E = 200 GPa, and a coefficient
of thermal expansion of α = 11.9 × 10−6
mm/mm/°C. The pin at C has a diameter
of 25 mm. After load P has been applied
and the temperature of the entire assembly
has been decreased by 30°C, the total
strain in bar (1) is measured as 675 με
(elongation). Determine:
(a) the magnitude of load P.
(b) the shear stress in pin C.

Fig. P3.26

Solution
The total strain in bar (1) consists of thermal strain as well as normal strain caused by normal stress:
ε = εσ + εT
The normal strain due to the decrease in temperature is:
ε T = α ΔT = (11.9 ×10−6 mm/mm/ °C)( − 30°C) = −0.000357 mm/mm
Therefore, the normal stress in bar (1) causes a normal strain of:
ε σ = ε − ε T = 0.000675 mm/mm − (−0.000357 mm/mm) = 0.001032 mm/mm
From Hooke’s law, the normal stress in bar (1) can be calculated as:
σ 1 = Eε σ = (200, 000 MPa)(0.001032 mm/mm) = 206.4 MPa
and thus the axial force in bar (1) must be:
F1 = σ 1 A1 = (206.4 N/mm 2 )(275 mm 2 ) = 56, 760 N

Next, consider a free-body diagram of the rigid bar. Write

a moment equilibrium equation about pin C:
ΣM C = (200 mm)F1 − (380 mm)P
= (200 mm)(56, 760 N) − (380 mm)P = 0
∴ P = 29,874 N = 29.9 kN Ans.

Now that P is known, the horizontal and vertical reactions

at C can be calculated:
ΣFx = Cx − F1 = 0 ∴ Cx = F1 = 56, 760 N
ΣFy = C y − P = 0 ∴ C y = P = 29,874 N

The resultant force acting on pin C is:

C = Cx2 + C y2 = (56, 760 N) 2 + (29,874 N) 2 = 64,142 N

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Since the pin at C is a double shear connection, the shear force acting on one shear plane is half of the
resultant force: V = 32,071 N. The area of one shear plane of the 25-mm-diameter pin at C (in other
words, the cross-sectional area of the pin) is:
π
Apin = (25 mm)2 = 490.874 mm 2
4
and thus the shear stress in pin C is:
V 32, 071 N
τC = = 2
= 65.3345 N/mm 2 = 65.3 MPa Ans.
AV 490.874 mm

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