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    Paul Casey taped all the lectures and stored them for reserved access at u. Of chi. Jim Burris compiled an abridged transcript based on his own tapes. Candice Hoke's editorial acumen was, as ever, highly significant.

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    Paul Casey taped all the lectures and stored them for reserved access at u. Of chi. Jim Burris compiled an abridged transcript based on his own tapes. Candice Hoke's editorial acumen was, as ever, highly significant.

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    2K views194 pages

    Ricoeur, Lectures On Ideology and Utopia

    Uploaded by

    daireemacfadden
    Paul Casey taped all the lectures and stored them for reserved access at u. Of chi. Jim Burris compiled an abridged transcript based on his own tapes. Candice Hoke's editorial acumen was, as ever, highly significant.

    Copyright:

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    ecteesom nay ahd op SHV oagringes opyigh © Cl Ut Pr imeernes Beak dein by Ken Yen 18 oe 1s, Contents it’s Acknowledgments itor Introdction Ingroducory Lecture Part 1. Meolgy ‘Mara: The Critique of Hoge andthe Manazeitr ‘Marne The “First Mani” Marx: The “Phird Manuscript” ‘Mar The German Hao (1) ‘Marx: The German Idole (2) Althoser (3) Akhoser (3) Athos (3) Mannheim Weber (1) Weber (2) Hatermas (2) Habermas (2) Geers 1 159 i a ae - a6 Cmtents Part 1. pin 16. Manabi 17, Sain Simen 18. Fourier Notes iiogeaphy Indes as Editor's Acknowledgments Preparation of Pal Ricoeur's lectures or plication has bee sist by numberof people al of whom deserve recogition and thanks fe tei ‘stebations. Though he had no idea tthe ime that his efforts would ‘el he lectres publication, Paul Casey was the person Who taped {il the estes and stored them fr eeserved acces at Harper Library of the University of Chicago, Jim Burris compiled a abridged wansrpt ‘ed on his own taping the etre: those of us who ea the etres in ther orginal presentation knew they were important, But Jim's rane scxpions made thi evident in ch gets deta. In period when my ‘oun tme contains were rest, July Vaughan gve fey from her ow ‘demanding schedale wo hlp me tape the orga rele apes onto ‘mete, which made se transcription ofthe lett a much ier atk Jol Guerra, Jaba Monroe, and Raber Janes al provided hey technical ‘esntence. Diane Laneau helped me gin acoso some important ae ‘anarybibligraphi materi, David Pellauerlcsted some atherwie ‘xcesible Ricoeur material nd made helpful suggestions on the bibliog ‘apy and my introduction. Candice Hoke tonal acomen wan a ve, ly sgatican, expecially in the cathy and late agen of my labors ‘anno magine having a eter dor or cloner fend Finally ny thank 0 Pal Ricoeur, bth for allowing me to undertake this project and for S generously giving of his time inorder to review. greatly vale the ‘pportniy 1 have had to work with ln, Editor's Introduction “The bretth of Paul Ricoeur's work it unsurpassed by pape anyother ‘thinker’ in the world today. Although he is Dest known fr his writings ‘onreligiussymbatem (The Symotsmof Bi and poyhoamalysi (Freud (and Php), is work at encompasses a wide range of dvere— tnd often seminglydiupaate—apheres of dour: theaneofBtory, “lytic philosophy af language, ethics theories of ation, structural, ‘tcl theory, theory, semiatis, pyehoogy, bbl studies, heray ‘theory, ar phenomenology and hermeneutics. Reader an find keeping ‘pwith Ricocur dieu ash ashe ventres onto many diferent Kinde tern. Uno t Riroer's breadth maybe, though, peekape more Surprising ie what ising from his ist themes. Ricoeur i very mach ronal and proesnnally-—in the soil ctrl, and po: Iie if his day, and yet me find in his work no sustained examination this subject mater. Two volun of collected emay, History and Truth snd Pali and Social Ess, Jo present Rene’ views on 2 number social and pital topics, bat thee eye are specie reponse #0 ‘ticular tines, cicumanes, and ecarone* We have tise from Ricoeur an extended analysis of the implications of hs hermenete 3p roach for socal and politcal theory. Publeation of the present volume, Ricoeur lectures on ideology and opi, shold po fa toward addressing this ned? “These lectures were fist deiverod the University f Chicago in the fa 1975, andthe passage of time has ite reed ther importa, ‘They are of significant intrest because of the figures they diseay the ‘hemes they aes, and the contributions they make to Ric's large corpus, Ricoeur offers inthe lectures his St dese analysis of Ka x vo’ ntedcton Manni, Max Weber, and Cliford Geert, andheespandshispblshed lscustone of Loui Althusser ad Jrgen Habermas "Of peril nter- tatis Reoeurs treatment of Mars, whois the ubject of eof the eighteen lestore, Ricoeur has fog numed Marx, Freud, and Nitache the thre rest "raster of suspicion, but whe he well know for i interpre tation af Fred, the present volume marke Ricoeur fat tematic aa dein of Mare “As forthe themes of the letures—ideolagy a wtpia—Ricour it the frat since Manne to attempt to deus them within one concept framework. Typical, ideology has been 3 tpi for socilogy o pola since, toi or istry or erature. Ricoeur ustapsition of weaogy nd utopia beter define and demarstes the two, and rarely diflerer ats them from eater conceptual formulations, where delay as bees ‘onuasted to both eeality and since, and utopia as been ewe 2 mere deam, a wishful any. “The lectures ae sho of iteet becouse oftheir elation to Ricoeur's stings a a whol, Ricoeur speaks to thi ety i the lectures, ad 1 wil approach the themes of ideology and opin by discussing Rive’ Tage work ist, AMter then discussing the specie themes af the etre, will move back fom pat to whole and stunte Ricoeur's analysis of ideology and vtopinin elation particularly to his writings on imagination ad metaphor. ‘When reading Ricour, i x eary to become immersed i the sbjest hand, whether it be French historiography, the semantic of action, OF rea topalagcl model Iti xy to lo ight othe fat that thee subjects ar often part of larger projects Sometimes Ricoeur may mention the end of an emay that he ha only ow reaced—and wl tp a the horizon of his inquiry: a other points he alts about the "detour"—a favorite trate the foc oft entire eny, oe that allows hi a the final paragraph to tan by an indirect route some desired end. A rontinest example is Rcoe’s hook on Frew, which i ukinately wot 0 tuch about Freud abou the ature of interpretation” Thee evearl ing projects are no always present or easily defied, but despite the ap parent dfasenes of Ricoeur corpus, they do persist and ma be sido iio’ ction a te aly treo, pectoris, igi ba pl phen ature” "Phi point holds cqaly ax well for Riweu's lectures on ideology and para it dec or a wor ke Fred and Phibepy. Renders who eck ul analyes of specie ideloges or utopia willbe disapointed” For ihe most pet, Ricoeur diacumessdelogy and utopia nt 2 phenomena tt av concept Ricoeur repeatedly state, for example that he isnot Teresed in whether Marx nas accurate historically about the role of Fhstry at the Beginning of exptalom; his focus the epstemolegeal “Erste of Marrs work And Weber is examined ot 20 much fr the ‘TSitopeal content of his analyses a for hi conseptaal Framework. Yet ‘caharacerie the lstres se pisopic should not upget tha they are rest or accomible. They take clear reference to what t means for ut tobe human Beings ving in soil and pital word. Perhaps, then, the larger project to which the lecttes Belong i bot characterized not “Srl plwophic bts posphical anthropos ‘What Ricoeur mean by plilosophial anthropology sma a subcategory of asocal sence dniplng, bit the sty of atapor—huranity rom {phileophical peepective. ‘This inquiry, Resear writes, "aimed a iuenifying the most enduring Festuresof our temporal condion«» — hove which ate the lest vulnerable 4 the vests of the madera se" Inthe tres, Riser nessa and poll eatgoiesto discos rat men to be human, ame hat eaters both out presen and ‘ur persning posses, Most f the etre are on ideology’; utopia the fcus of nly the fina the, thought srfacer aes topic throughout. Ricoeur begins isan ‘fidolgy witha discussion of Mare Mar’sconcept of ieoogy has been the dominant paradigm nthe Wet an its the modelo which the rest ‘ofthe thinker dicted and Ricoeur ewe propsae—respond. As is "pial of his presentation in severl a the lectures, Ricoeur does et begin immediatly with Mars conept of ieslogy Ista be pends thre of the five Mars lecturer examining the developments in Max that ead up to this concep Only when the base or Mar’ conceptual framework is well dlineted doe Ricoeur address Mass concept of eolgy itt. F Feuer who find i diet o understand ow the “detour” comprising i ior’ action ‘he fist Mar etre telat to ideology, Rie supplies several signposts long the way. For Rice, th cael and patient building of Mar’ conceptual framework the bet base upon which to analae Man's concept of idol The path of Mares erly works, Ricoeur ats, i & progression toward charctersing what a "the rea." Determination ofthe matore of reality ale the concept of iealogy, brea Mare ultimately defines ideology es whats nat en. The contra in Mari between clog ae fealty andnot nater Marxism, between ely andeene. Ricoeur tls that The Grmar del the ealmiation of Mars progremion fon this topic In thin work, Ricoeur aay, Mare comes to define reality by praxis productive human sciity—ad thar deloy by oppos tion to praxis The Genin ideology Marx opposes is tha of Feuerbach snd the other Young Hegeans. Feseincks ova mehodolgialinversion Id reaptred as human activity what previously had been viewed 2 the ‘ower ofthe divine, but tia human sty wa ill x prodct of cow Scsouses of thought. Marx himself undertakes anther everal—anather ‘methodological aversion to establish cat the tal sure of human 3 {ivy praia and not conacioveness, The Young Hegeliane—and Mara self ate athe Economic and Philosophie Manuscrpis—ha weated comaciouness a the center of human activity and as such the reference point for ll existence, but in Phe Gorman Ievogy Marx crits the ‘elise overtones ofthis emphasis and replaces consciousness wih the living individual. Ricoeur argues tat Man's poston i halnge no ‘only to the idealism ofthe Young Hegeans but also to another extreme Prominent in ater Maris that ses anonymous structural Fores—class, ‘apit—as the active agent in history. While a structural reading of ‘The German Idvology is pssble, Ricoeur acknowledges, 4 more compre hensive interpretation cers that Marx mediates between abjetvit td idealist perspectives. Mar’ eat covery in The German Ideal, sys Ricoer the compler notion finial in hee material condone, Real individual and material condition ar conjoined." “Man's concept of iesogy cle into question the autonomy ranted 10 the product of consiouanese. Ricoeur quotes Mare at length on how Sdeoly ithe imaginary, the “reflexes apd “echoes of the el process ollie: For Mare ideology i ditortion. ese rom thi churacterzation of “eolgy a tron thatthe ret ofthe lectures proceed, Ricoeur els Isappoachinthelectaresapeeti phenomenology, "arerenive snl ior’ induction xii of meaning," an attempt dig under the surlace ofthe apparent meaning othe more fundamental meaningy” estore #8). Mars concep of ide ‘hogy 2 dotorton define esogy start eve: the reminngetures (eae the cncep'smeaning at progrenively deeper levels, For Ricoeur he pablem of ology is nally nota choice between fale and tue bt etberation oer the eatin betwen representation (Vortelng) ad Feass (lecture 5). Distortion i the proper characterization of ideology ‘hen representation aim autonomy, but the cone of ideology i pred {rated mare basicly on simply big repeesenaion, Thos, diortion none ofthe levee within this model and mx, a Marx woud have it the ntl for ideology ill The lectures that follow attempt to determine Tether the relationship between representtion and practice one of ‘ppostion or conjunction. Ricoeur argues aginst Mar for the later, ‘img that presentation iso Basi et be a comtitutice dimension “teh realm of prac. he conjunction of oly and paxil eden ‘urconeeptnns of both "Te implications of this argument become flly eden only atthe end ofthe idesogy lectures, when Ricoeur discastesCillord Gees. Bat the tasisorthiargument, Ricoeur lis sin Marx. AC the seve point i ‘The German Ideology where Mars ffers is most twenchant definition of itelogy a orto, he abo allows tha thee maybe a language of el life" that existe pir to distortion: "The producto of ideas, of concep tions, of conscinunes, tat iat dre itersoven withthe material tetvity and the mater ingercoure of men, the language of teal fe." “The language of real ile, Ricoeur observes, ete course of rai: i tt language Halling representation but the symbole structure ti action, Ricaurs argument isthat the strate of actin is inestcably tyibolc, and hat tony onthe Base of thiaybolestuctre hat we ‘tn undertand either the nature of cology a tortion othe meaning ‘tienogy in general Rico pup, the, not to deny telegiimacy ‘Marv coneept of delogy ax tortion bat rahe flat it tio fay’ aher functions, Ricoeur comment: “L am interested in the ‘ange of patible preserved by Mars analyse, a ange extending from {he lnguage of el fet radical dstortn. L emphasize that the concept tf deology cover this fl range” eta). “The rst of theless rm thie agurment in deta, butte ass for the analyst es in Mars’ interpretation of iesony a distortion, thats, ‘he contrast between things they pent in ideas and as they realy re, xiv ior reduction ‘between representation and pris BeloreRicour can moveto the deeper levels ofthe meaning fideology, however, hema confront amore ect ‘nterprtation tht sl consider itrion, tha ine a opposed a 0 reaiy But to ence, Ricoeur Gs the bes expression ol thi perapetve fn later Mars, im particle in the structural Maran of Lous Alehoer. Examination of Aldhuners work i expecially propriate for Ricoeur, becatehisapprotch contin the mont radial conaequencesof the changes in the conception of ideology from Marx to orthodox Marxism. Ricoeut summarizes thee change in three pints First, Athuserstrese the ole of Marsism ae scene. No longer isthe methadologicl ode one af inversion; a sicnce breaks wi wai onsciene, and betwee the (80 ‘dere fundamental Gacontity. Iolo desert t the nonin {ie r presenti "Second th scence siti that rely functions onthe basis of anonymous, impersonal forces; endorsement af the role of human agents i ise ideolgial. Third, Marist since sets that causal relation exists bette Bae or infarct the anonym forces) and superstructure (ctu, art, elon, law). Thisssoperstrocture 6 ieuogil, Althusser improves upon the mol of hixpredecesors by ‘ecarng thatthe infeastuctre nena letivy”o the sper tute but the superstructure asthe capacity tract acon the infrastr- ture. An evet not the produc ofthe ate aloe tilled alan by ‘sipentructral elements, and hence "Overdetermined.” Ricoeur's respons 0 Altes’ opp of ology an science st the sage for the remaining eaogy lective, Blo uring a greter Jeng to thee Inter etre, I wl ticipate her portance by briely renting them to Ricseur's three counterpropoms to Altus mde Fit, Ricoeur wants to chllenge Als’ paraign and out for ite opposition of science and idesopythe model Rieu nds in Mars, a correlation of weolory and pans A leture on Manni lone the ones on Alter, and Ricoeur sows there how Manabi exposes the paradox ofthe opontion between ieslgy and cee, Subequent lecure examine Habermas’ propos that a onpostiviti sence can be covered oly one based oa practi hutansotrest. Secon, Rica ‘rant reject completely the casa model af ifrstvcture a pe steycture. He args that i meaningless to maintain that something ‘economic sts ones (the superstuctre in casa wa. The effects of ‘conan ores on idee st be deseribed within «diferent re iors ruin esional—framework. Max Weber isthe min figure discussed i the ‘Glopment ofthis model Fil, Ricoeur wants replace the empha se Sonyows structural force the bao istry with 2 remph Gh at ividale under definite conditions. Ricoeur matin that Al ‘huerconjoin under one headng-antrepoogelsealony—two di {even otions. One i the °ieology of consciousness, which Marx and Freud Ive rightly Broken.” The second tthe ideidal i his her ‘tons, + motion that xn rightly be expremed in nordeat terms- “The “desiny of anthropology,” Rice came," net sealed by that of {ean Veer g). Prato the motivational model none tp toward solying this argue; another the developing exploration ofthe Sb sracture of action theme that urtacescomtanlytroughout the lctre nd reaches clmination nthe lectre on Geet “Theva o Manni for Ricoeur projet he ch in his aires sinbisnsceses, Ono Manin rea achieverentis tht be expands the conept of idesgy tothe point where it enompanses even the one ‘eeerting i. The viewpoint ofthe azolate looker the one uninvolved inthe soil game, staple say Manni Ae Riou pus, "To call emetingidclogical never merely a theoretical judgment but rater implica ceriin practice an view om reality that thi practice gies to ts” (lecture 10). Any perspective expense i in some ane elope. “This crculanty of ideology i Mannie’ paradox, something that he tried to escape by claiming that an evakaive tandpuint could be achieved though understanding the natire of the hater proces, and more particulary, the correlation t workin history "This proces of “elation En was supposed to wpplant relative, Yer constuction of thse cr ‘ations agai called foram anol onlcker who mnchow had theres for determining what in history wax and wa notin correlation. Ricoeur cals this tauren Mann's theory the desperate tempo reams “te Hagin Spi an empirical system “Mannheim somewht redree thi falure to overcome the paradox of ‘elogy in his comparison of idcology and utopia Ae previonty men: tioned Manns the et to place delay and opi na common ‘conceptual framework. Unirtanately, however, Manncim docs not tke the comparison very far, nor des be pereive tat ofes an aerntve tothe contrat between oly aed science, which his ow ivetigtions ave undermined asa mad! for social anal. Mannheim deer de logy and utp a forma of noncongracnce, vantage points in dirpancy wi ior’ tation ith preset reality. This hight their eepresentatonal quale, which Ricoeur generally endorses, but tao peepee the emi paradigm that ideology, because itis ponconguenty is deviation. "In eantast to someone ike Geert,” Ricoeur comets, "Manabein ha bo natin fx Symbol consitied order; hence an eviogy i necessary the non ‘ongrnt, something transcendent in the see of the discordant oe that ‘hich snot implied in humanity's genetic code” Rieoeur hie scinee ‘upon the correlation between ely and wpa in order both to contrast ito the opposition between wesogy and scene ant inicate the path that he think soil theory mt ake, pithy meme aman eee ny sete eet ‘hi eos equ st ames wep decir ad ge sees “ibis ta Bese teatro, then sant ‘he prose wo tae te rege ergs Ivette cet lial ht the corriton eo tpn replcs he pene coat tog scence that certain slat tothe ble of ent ay be ah ‘olution ccren with he cam dato postal view eat otal tie tne If thre can ben wameendeat only, ten 4 prc esp whe ‘ut be mad ese 1} “This core insight receiver expanded treatment in thereat ofthe etre Ricocr wil tur to dcuston of Manheim inthe rt ectireon utopia ‘Ricoeur moves net to an analy of Max Weber, replacing the cats ‘model iforming orthodox Marxism with Weber's matiational model Marxism emphasizes thatthe euling eas ofan epoch are those of the ruling cs. Ricoeur contends, however, ha his domination cannot be Understood a aul relation of economic fret ad ideas tony a ‘elation of motivation, Here ideology tains whats fr Ricoeur second level: itmoves rom funeioing a ditortion io fancioning a lptination "The question of legitimacy i ineradabe in sca ie, says Ricoeur, ‘bers no soil order operate by force aloe, Every social nde in ome sense seks the ssent of thas i als and this ament to the governing ower in what lgtimates trl, Two fare neil re then the ‘lai 0 Tegtimacy bythe ruling autor, andthe bl in the order's leptiacy granted by is subject. The dyoamic ofthis teraction ean only be comprehended within a motivational framework, and this wht Weber helps tuto ‘Wile Weber raises the role of aim and ei, he does ot aes what itor’ ntti ait trom Ricoeu’s perspective i the mow significant pet of thee intre Inion—the dicrepaney betwen them. Ideology asme funtion Iegimation to compensate lor this crepancy. Weber himelf des ot develop athoryofdelogy, and i on this pnt that Ricoeur makes Sigua addition to Weber's mode" Roe theis sbout ely Tepimation has thre post. Ft, the probiemfiealony here cancer the gup between bl ad elim, the fac tht the bei fhe ruled mart onfibate more than rationally warranted by the clam ofthe overing tort. Second, ieoly function et heap. And third, he ‘lemand that dealopy Bll the pap augets the eed for «ew theory of turplu valve, now ted nat a mich to works in Marka o poe. "The dicrepany between lim and belie ta permanent feature of pola life, Riceue maintain, and ts dealoy's permanent role to povie the needed supplement obit tht wil his pp. Ricocur nest discus Habermas, Haberman reqpproprits and tans forms themes present in previous urs, and Rieu’ discussion of him smicipates and help a the round for the consideration of Geet and the concept of utopia. Habermas i pecially sigan becase here ‘nents the concept of prassin a direction that Ricoeur stony econ tends. Habermas claims that oe of Mars’s hey mistakes i aire to ‘owe Mace that precedes tHe opposition prevaig in later ‘etwen ideology and rience. Part I IDEOLOGY 2 Marx: The Critique of Hegel and the Manuscripts to this lecture want to tart my discusion ofthe frst concep of ieolgy inthe young Marx. I shal develop the general theme that he St eoncept tt ideology in Marc t determined mat by i opposition to seience, a wll te he cae inthe later development of Marxist doctrine, bat by it oppo sion treaty. (We might ary an opposition to Marit cence actly impomible at this time, because during the 1843-44 period we ae die ‘Siming, Marit science dows not yet even exist! Inher work, Mare’s {ink sto determine what the rel. Thi determination wil fet the concept of ideology, since idelogy i all that isnot this eality. ‘The ‘evelopment in these eatly works eacompases the difficult progression, ‘completed only in The German deo, toward the denicaton between realty and human praxis. So Mar’ early writing area moveren toward this entiation between realty and praxis and, consequently, toward the coniation ofthe opposition between praxis and ideology. ' principal element inthe development ofthe fist Marit concept of ideology its extrication ffom a Feuerbach anthropology. Feuerbach ‘eotered his anthropology around the concep of Gatungrocen, which hs been translated int English as “generic etence” or "species being.” Manverruggle to estrcate himwel frm the Feuerbachian anthropology 1 mos sgicant, because as long as the concept of human reality ax Cattussezon, a species being, has not been reduced to empirical praxis, ‘heconcept of ideology ts will ne have recived its approprite contrary tnd consequently its own appropriate content. The wings of the ea Maremay be are, then, a¢ 3 progresive reducion of the Hegelian Spit” (Gait) through the Feverbachian concept of species being to the properly 2 Mars: Critique of Hegel and Manuscripts Marist concep of peass. ‘That we have already god example of what Meare ft comader wn desloge eriique of = concept: che eave # x Teds, a reduction of the concept to i basin, to its concrete ass of ances Te quetin of what this concrete basis i the problem at Seer jens cay works Ideology wil appear asthe saow world tat ett bath capt fom is epee and at te sme time generates from aaa tf As we shal ests the ful ofthe Marxist cones Tidesagy: on dhe ne hand ideology is excaded from te coerete bass aaa cput on the exer bandits somehow ineluctably generated from this asia the same tie vy itl lectures on Mar, I hall survey the progression in Mar’ tents et lends to the development of his conept of ieo}oy, a comespt Sea mot reached unl The Gorman Idolgy. The ie important weting fox this inquiry inthe Critique of Hepls “Philo of gt,” writen in se Tne manaerie bas hada very range ory, becoming non TEI ig upon and Get published ony in 1527. The excelent English Traation we ue in by Joseph O'Malley, who offers avery god intro “Teton the work a. Te text ta whole isa dision of paragraphs obra of Hepes Panny of ight Th nition to this originally unpublished manuseip, Mar wists 2, important intzodction #0 2 proposed revision of the Critiq, an casey repel published during Marx’ Het. This esa appeared i B44 in ane Douek ransbache Tahrricher der the te, “A Contribution to the Cuaique of Hoge! Philosophy of Right—Inroduction.” The book ned by O'Malley inches both this proposed introduction and the rence, crignlly cnpublishedexay. The intended itrdoction was wel ere gd ane of the mow famous of Man's writings. In fact T shal see trom this interaction aad then ecu to de text il, Beene it ‘Goes theclueto he plihowphicl progre of Mars ‘Mar begin hs intrduetion withthe famous sentence: “For Germany nce of clin eset completed; a he ctique of rein tne proregusie of every critique” (13). In saying this, Marx sup cd by previous work the work of Feuerbach. a liming tht “he rages of lio is enentaly competed,” Marci eferring diel to acttach, Sorin Marx the ei of religion is something imported. He aaa thi rique complete andsomething which he need nt rea hat is cven more important though, iste second part of the Bt ven es ertique of religion isthe pesemite of every ii Marx: Cetigue of Hegel and Manonripts 2 _rysssing declaration provides with amos appropriate starting pat. ewer the madam tort eso, Fr eo gen ee paradigm of all reverand ax T mentioned in my introductory (Ctr: the fit concept of Healy in Marx i constituted precisely ac- «eg to this model. Something hasbeen inverted in ham concious. cad we have to invert the iverson; this i the procedore of the ciao "Tis praia of inverted conciousea is clear evident om the iy evident onthe Sst, age ofthe introduction: SEEN Ths ane the soy, produce vlgn, which an inverted werk {emphasize those lit fow words. White the word “ideolgy” isnot yet ronmineed and will not be used by Marx belore The German Ideology, ‘he model of remoning ie already present. Marx contin “Tse, thio, rode gon, which nan ivertd wo soi, {ecoetiyaeniaered wld Reign the genera or ofthis wer ts ‘Sp nen io a he ‘Tsmlton tod nib 1 the fms elena ha Nati this ide ofthe fata reaization.” Bu of what? —"The human ei." So at this stage Marx has avery abstract concep of human ely [Retin ithe etalon ofthe human ing bce the aan eng ated oo worry, Tm he svg eins ep rely Ot ‘srongle against that world of which religion isthe spicitual aroma, (131) * This teat i typically Feverbachin. Tis mot yet Marast except forte rectal conlsion! a “ilo abandon a condition which egies i sions." So already ther is some displacement toward se socal conditions “ti cil ma ma ay pone, think we must nuit onthe vocabulary, the senate gradients of hi ‘ex which aye: “man makes religion.” Mare aredy has the mode of = pratt hasbeen inverted. Yet wile Marx trans the problem from ‘he phere of representation o that of production, this point production os Mare: Cetque of Hegel and Manwsripts I « matter of “zll-conciousnes,” “world conscious,” “ells teem,” which all imply an ideale cancepe af onecivatean, «com ofthe Hegelian Spint. Nevertheless, at chis stage in Mars work orn sciounnee the appropriate locus, because itis there, Mars says, thatthe fabulous production, the lantanicrealiation ofthe human being,” takes place "Thus within this framework Marx has already rise is major opps tions, sing a type of thought and even a rhetoric tat itking. Notice the abrupt antithese in the text between “ana fs} abstract Big” | and"tan. [as] the word of ma, theatate, sacery," betwen fatatc | realation” and “tre realy.” These antitheses ae strengthened 9 fey Hines later in the folloring famous image: “Crtciem has picked the imaginary lowers from the chain, no a0 that man shal eae the cbsin ‘without fantasy a consolation, buts that he shall at ofthe chan td sather the living Hower” (31-32). The living flower of real if is unt. posed tothe ioory Hower, the merely destratvehinetion, of eligi Symbols. ‘Sometimes this reveral i even presented in Kantian terme, a kind of continuance, 4 development, ofthe Copernican revolution. For examp, Mareseys, “Phe etique of sligion stusions man so that he wil hin, act and fachion his realty sa man who has ost i ilasions and regain his reanon, so thst he wil teolve about himsll ax his ow tre au Reason i ill an important counterpoint to fanary; she invocation ot resonisan appeal to rationals, Thais typically Kantian nt anguare "The quotation concaes, “Religion it oly the illusory sum about which ‘man revolves so lng as he doesnot revalve about himel” (132). Human indvidals have center shemale oace more around themselves, Macks ‘entation is stl in the shadow of German ideale, which put hun ‘conscoyaness and autonomy atthe top ofthe universe Infact, theultimate stage ofthis ecovery ofthe astonomy and easton of ronaioures: fa bind of shes eis an dali atom, since human sell conscious nes isthe center of this reaterton of human beg, We may ay that» hhumanini anthropology is being expresied. The concep of human being present here sensne abate in # way The German Ldslogy wil cl Sdeoloicl "This, then, is Marr's starting pont, gven to him by Feuerbach Mar takes up a problem tht he was nt the fst identity, bute snderstands | fs partite task ax the extension ofthis eritique from religion to art politi Mare: Cetque of Hegel and Manusripts a5 tse ay, tne ht Man Sh eo ae Ftd one he ere tah nae fo eae SSCs atta yan" te {cua humans ination ast farmn one sere fg ees ‘te Tn, eng of un ee em ek Gaetan heat ee Te eee satin ee matte tte ee Semmes tae npoeatceenie ene Sivicalatete Ri aerate erreengeiyreier cnaeocnarcnmedaar seer nt mi prt nd hu ity he mano ny (rs wo ag ch he ln ‘xe nan pep. Wepre Tike i ilo a ‘the Wea! prolongation of German history. (133) rey Sie he pede prong Ain whe the wold “elgg” ‘snot uttered, the eletnents of thr concept ave already gathered. a Sr api the the “el Pogue tains of Geman th ory. Keith ee rare that Penh pd Chinn reton othe Wester wd ns tee Geman aco pln, ay Mar ete lng o She sa politcal ploy, putt pol psy Me This poll hilsophy i the sree ef wurst he Mar ce Germoys ream hay Ya, the Gen sn sited one te eam history wh poet Scan ad “abject to crtcim not ony these circumstances but alo their saver mination” (3), Whe Mc ppc vobuley ee ke _Sssuting sch som "myo an ny nepn ‘sel plogcion "hae tee dono lati ‘outrt bec oth dillon the datos bec ‘hr scamulatve pore. The Pres nar anmabe nen hie poe What under tack in Mar pc in Man‘ pte pilmapy i specie Deh of igh in which we ped ome er te ad 6 Mare: Cétique of Heys and Manuscripts its components, For Mars this wil be the mode! of ideological thinking, ‘movement fromthe idea ele ad not fom reality toward the ide, 1 wa ony in Germany tha the pectin pio of ight warps {hutabarac und xrvagattaght abot he maken ate, hoe aly eg, ‘anther word even hough js the Rie) (Mars peat ee ‘the developmen of th FrrchRerluna)~the Germ topes ‘denen the wold viel) ofthe mtn ste, onthe eer Bad, ‘hers fom acta man (th sol], was nly pile bento ap {atthe modern ae nl! tra ental a, sin the wo ‘yin an mapnary wo. polis he Germans ave tought what her n, ‘ve done, Germany was thet thor ccene (63) Marv’s statements. very good approach tothe concept of ideology, sine the abstraction of the sate ina pecuative philosophy of right express the fact thatthe exiting state aif an abatraction from ie. And historical ideology at work, something the philosopher merely eet in 1 theory of the state. Once agin the oppositions ae clr “abstract hough” veers “eat”; “thought-rrsion” (Gedankenbild) vers“ tual man”; imaginary abstraction versus what Mar alls the “actual ms for the “whole man.” As we shall seit notion of the "whole man” is ‘asc derived from she concept of Gartungaezen in Feuerbach T shal av iscuse in any detail the conclusion of this intodetion, bu ' Js important to see how the turing point of the analysis resolve “Marx concludes tha the only eique which can change reality ia critique roe by means of words and idea, such a the etigue made by the let egsins, who remain speculative thinkers, bu a nique iavolvng co ‘rte pranis, More particulary, Marx claima, this concrete, practice tique is aetuaied only when supported by a class ofthe society which eprcecats university, The dimension of universality i transfered frm the sphere of thought oan actual las, that clas whichis universal Besos, ‘thas nothing; having nothing it i everything. The fist Marist concep ‘ofthe proletariat is constructed in this way. Hore, we should not, the concept sabre, since the proletariat ssid Be the clas which has ‘parte interests ut, bees deprived of everything, therfore re resents the real intern of society asa whole. "This concept of the proletariat abstract a a way that wil appear ‘Meological forthe mature Mars. At this stage, the proletariat a const ‘Marx claim a place forthe needs ofthe universal claw that succeds the place occupied by univer thought, “Revolutions require a pase le Mars: Critique of Hegel and Manuscripts Pa st materia sis. Theory wil be realized na people oly in sofa Ee reination of thes needs” (138). A page further: “Arad Shatin ean ony be # revolution of radical needs, whose preconditions rrputplce apent 1 be lacking” (9p). The concep of teed, which i dean a sense Hegelian, replaces that of wives thought, Rada weer Glaces ria thought. Once more the opposition is Bese the {Borat att of thought and actual struggle. This emphasis leads tothe aus development of4“lss with radial chang casi locity thurs ot fev sity, an exact isthe dalton ofall estates, 2 ‘phere of soit having universal character.” (en). As wecan ey theconepts basicaly construct itis not at alla scl desrpion. Despite the elim thatthe proletariat replaces univer! hough the po. ert til pilsophical concept. Marx endsthis dense nd strenuous ‘nroucton by inking 2h real emancipation ofthe whale society, postive posit." toa cl which wuld be alas wih ade cin, 1 css "hat can claim no traditional le but only human ile > (c4i). The abtractiea of humanity, taken from Feuerbach, is the con- ising antropoogil support forthe ene analy. From this intodoeton we may derive the main method that Marx will snplyin the body ofthe Crit tse Joneph O'Malley defines his method ‘castorate! The expression ego one. Mar’s method icone 10 that api by Feuerbach to eligon: iis reducve methods & tedotion ofthe abstract world af representa, of thought, tlc onus preetng te goto je Nan wen fm Se Memon nce oes voy pra de ns nde wn eer le (9) Te aay meen Feet nome ino raconteur te nc SSE Se hover m merase th gion norman be ee pcm hath same mpd etn, thy ae daar tetas ta cotiom, Tred of seal ST accion surat by he wort abil, Prodan Me cae ey ingnr wig mean td eos ivay prea th mal prep orm of eon: Ue SES ce ft ged Laine eeay of ly ‘Sta eon cnep of econ salon al hohe crest he cone poston soy tl pm ‘Sante Monee Asi oxe meng ty rm ter SOUR sey tom hc band scope othe werd prdacons ich © Mars: The “Third Marasrie™ has the same soe athe concept of appropriation itself, an appropristin ‘covering all aspects of man life. Ieead, the concept of predation ‘arrows to an econanic huis an all human activities ae rested 0 thie bss, We mst hold on carefully, therefore, to those texts Where thie «reduction has H0t yet appeared. Only the category of ality allows vst prevent the reduction $9 a mere eotomie concept of proton. The ‘fortunate distinction that wil prevail ia Marxism berwcennfeatructre and superstructure ithe rerl ofthis reduction ofthe eonept of prod tion toa meely economic eoncept.? Tn contra, the notion of human being producing human being the Jimit opponed to thi reduction, Elaboration ofthis notion, the fifth mje contribu ofthe "Third Manuscript,” is inked to the ceca relation ‘decribed ealier between human activity and the aszumpton ofan acon plied end tothe activ. Here the emphasise no so much the endl (the abolition of estrangement) bu that the notion of aman being po ducing human being makes sense only upon the asumption of then Werhave sen," says Mars, “how othe asimption of postly anne private properly man produces man—himelf and the other man (236). Thi ie not an economic concept bat rather an ahropological ‘concept, an anthropological concept ints preeconomic stage Lemphasie ‘Marc's use ofthe word “assumption,” which relates to my interpretation thatthe end sa Lind of wtopa, The word fr assumption in the German ‘orginal is Vorasseung, so presupposition. We shal rad in The Geman Tdelogy thatthe indo anthropology Marx develops i nt Vrauseteng las, in not without presupposition The presupposition i precisely that of literate human being. Ie, theretore, an objective desription. The description is motivated bythe proces of iberation. Ix“ the assump: ‘ton of positively anne private propery [the Vraussetsug [that] man produces man. fw take bjectifcation ote the pecen whereby “man produces man,” then we havea beter sense nw of what this concept means. Aa cso in the last lecture, objeetcation isthe form of externalization that Marx both contrasts to estrangement and ako wants to reconstitute. What Marx establishes hee is at the theory of appropriation logically precedes that of alienation, even if appropriton appeae nly ae historical remit, « result of slenatin's overcoming. ‘Te logical point of departure isthe evoat historical reat Iti ansicipation ofthe end of alienation which ays omhing about the origin ofthe proce in bjetifation. Only oa the Mars: The "hid Mamuscrp" o sumption of spin doe deka the proper man activity, seer pods an Th, non the sumption of the sb i en tte nant cnc eatin eed Appell me trae ain one Hp in hve jest no pais tel othe eg ef ely. I lm th owe fa aerated ame eight ema Sea “fenton? More precy, how could we sulefom anation if we 2 )oNipion oso wich ve wld tbe aed? Th arpa tend there progr, Ao lng We ne mtd a te "Fe Mauuip which to iweb ao Teaco pon, Matsa by ana of we ey ach su objeto, Bu behind hs ana of he fat ‘SEvantptnf the ewe thane toned the feb Sete alent, cia concep tha weaver at Mart SeeFmen by che proceso ebjetcaton, I oly ater ean Fred, wae tht may enh ste oF alate bor ‘Sac ponte eno the woe, ee ch mare a3 00— hare nytt now haan bigs et hemaele “Thcnnon af oj, hat an ricer man,” the inptnein Marea thew dmenion Resour oth dinesion tee may Mare proses he inayat. When Mar ye cha Moet oc eval mar that males whole ete of ‘tuning ith man bingo a heifer human civic {athe coer fond. Toy hat han being aes there, move tan pate he actin 2 nani al tatrsing once. "Te human sac tire St ex nl To Satan Th city the niyo ring of man wih nae Setter of aires uaa oman nd he ro Xstreet flint” (137) The word soa” at Be inert in igh fhe concep af hunt a on, a le {tr « Drbeinian or scot see. Soy designates his hice sal etna wth cont the wha ek ‘hough een atc, soy appa ere aoe apt of ‘halting prodtion tat sth sil Tn ecg te anion itis, Sr oc he word Tage ct. Tat the key ‘Shep in Fc, whe being aman Sten, vig in, foie ay Pe alm o eben thin txt nose The French hiker ger Garay, fr eam songs that the e Mars: The “Tid Maras” ‘Manuscript oust interpreted inthe ght of Fite, whoa influence “Marx hasbeen all bat forgotten nthe atention given tothe ole of Hegel, “The Fiehtean aracter of Mares description of human activi plain, My general omanunes i nly the teoresiclshape af hat which she Ting shape the eal coms the seal feb, ahough the pet day ge ‘oem ina tact on elie and ach oft with sti. "The stn [Tithe of my pene ecient hrc sheomy hertea exntence a ssl bag (19) Intec fife not reduced to economic fe; eatend, Mare ates to Hlcthe abstraction which oppused one to the other. Once more, the ope gvento rebuilding the etait that presides over this arly. "To sy that intellectual life i an abstraction true. We all know what it means to havea relation only to books and not to real peopl, ral ie, “This the Kind of abstraction Marx denounces when he speaks sil not by nme-—of ideology. Its atthe negation af the wort fnteletl lif, but the disease which affects ite separation frm work, rom labor. “In his concioumess of species man corms his el soc ie and simply repeats his eal existence in thought, jst as conversely the being of the ‘species confirms itself in specie-consciosess and exits for ite in ts ‘generality a a thinking beng” (+38). This text has been wsed sometimes by orthodox Masia to depict dhe concept of consciousness as merely refcction—s miron-—of rel ile. The concept of ideology a election derives fom thi typeof argument. My interpretation ofthe text quoted issomenhat different, however. When Marx aye that “maa... simply repeats his real existence in thought," the word “repeats” means tht nothing could appear in the intellecsusl phere ft had no rots in eas, in practical fe The repetition occurs, therefore, not i the sense of 2 ‘mirror bat in the sense of having no root in itsell. "Thinking and being thus no doubt distinct,” Marx writes, “but a the same time they are in unity with each other” (18) "To summarize ths developmen we could say with Mare: Man appeo- priate his total exsence ina total mane, that to aay, a whole man (G38). I propose chat this the kernel of the development articulated ere by Marx, When Marx sys, "Man appropriates histo essence. "the German for “otal exence” ie Aleitiges Wesen, therfore an all-sided ‘essence. It isthe allsided as opposed to the one-sided. The one sided amabsraction, and we could not havea concept ofthe one-sided if we did Marx: The “Third Momascrge” 6 ot ave a certain anticipation of what would be the all-sided, the toa hat prevails snot agai eduction but de category of tality 1 ahs oot for utopia, isthe utopia of totaly. Perhaps this is nt far rom Hoge concepe of resncaton ‘Need we any that Mars attention tothe totality of appropriation i eminiscen of eligious thinking? Ido not want to emphasize this avet, ‘enuse it would oe too easy aay for theologians to del with Mar, a {fhe st forth 2 lacizaton of religious thought. We must acept Marx pecscly in is attempt to speak jp new terms of what he ells nancipar fin I bave already quoted the expresion, “the true resurecion of ature” (137); surly embedded here sa eminisence of e Christian thesogy of Easter, Redemption, as gen Molimann has suggested, isthe ater of humanity. We must ot make a mixture of Marin and Chris- ‘inity But perhaps think with both in eestive way. Jat at Heidegger tuerves that poetry and philosophy sit on two diferent peaks and do not see the same thing,” we should say the same about. Mandsm and (Christianity ‘The Iyicsm of Marx's quasieigious taguage on emancipation em courages ust read thissection as wopian, Marxspeaks fhe emancipation ff all senee qua human senses from the tyranny of having (+29). A ontemporary of Marx, Moses Hes, introduced thie category of having ino philosophy (xeategory tha will return in Gabriel Mare!) Ta the ‘Teenty-One Sheets, Hse aye that humanity now has no being, ith only having; the opposition i between havingand being. For Marx the relation ‘of having, of possesion, means something very preci: the relationship that dominates when private property eign. Marx borrows from es the idea that having ie trangement ain an abstract form but stan etl ‘Siertion ofall human seses. Only the suppression of private property wil emancipate all human sense and quate. As Marx wil point out ia ‘The German Idolgy, evtiing Feuerbach even the character of nature fea preductofindntry and cf the wate of society (6). Where are there tres that human beings havent ye felled planted? Perhaps ony in the desert may we Gnd nature efor humanity. What we know, chereor, is 1 humanind—or dehumanized-—nature. Consequently, our eye i itself ‘etranged by seeing the ugly alterations of nature by humanity ill. The human eye is what wes, and what sce ialready altered by the relation to property. To lok at things cplaed ina shop window is diferent ‘depending on wheter we can or enact buy them. "Thee is azhing tke % Mare: The “Did Manas” re sght thai the meaning ofthis pasage. Once again we ave to put ‘even the human senses within the process of totality toward off the abstraction ofa Feuerbach, the abtraction of a paychology of perception, ad 0 on, "Putin subjective terms, emancipation mans te recovery ofl! human Fores, all ezetial human powers, inching al the Iman senses. I portantly, Marx incorporate among the human senses “not only the five ‘Senses bu alo the s-alled mental senses” (241). The tration heres toomodeat; the German says geirigen Sinn, spiritual senses. The ptt] senses are “the practical venss (wil ove, ete)—ina word, human see “Through the category of totality we deliver the concep of ena rm in narrowpen by rebuilding the human framework of which tis merely fan abstraction. The category of totality no nly preserves fot red ‘onigen it also is profesced aptnst eduction. Redactioniem reduces hhumanity to ideas, work, property, oF something ese. The concept of « humanized nature o naturalized humanity—the concept ofthe ean pation ofall human senses and qualitiee—hcomes eral oa by which toread reality. corollary ofthis positions thatthe natal cence, a an exercise of ‘our spiritual senses, are themselves abstraction if eparted fron indsty. [Netra cence hanna and wansormed buman ial he mote ractly ‘Brough the media of inty: and a prepared human anton hour timed loca tobe thefurhonngsfthdchumennatonsnan Indo he acta, atarcareltonhip of ntire and there arlene So man (42-9) "This quotation is very srking fora reading of Marcus, Habermas, ard all hone who sy that athe center af each eistemloical ape es an “Interest.” Those who have read Habermas know be sys tat we have several interests, among them an interest in contrlling mature, and that the biter governs the empirical scenes. The empiri sienos are not ‘without presupposition; they presuppose a tature that we exploit by in ‘dustry. For Habermas indunty isthe presippostion ofthe natural her, herman eabepend, ora ctl eri, and mos remain fhe Se fora too hi rene whe mcrae sce, where mabey 1 one enclose spre of activity hat ech an come scoped sn 2 ranch be aby ssc rate the general redactions thar mak ‘before toons thing tay adancter ari, ut inte mori y Mars: The Gere delay (1) 85 ee snp ct ei i es ee ‘Soe yicmerns oceanic eee ett ni ger en Sens cocaine ti: (3) ‘onthe bss ofthis tet, To te how we cold say tha the concept SPaicution Bas disapeared. On the contrary mold ay that ow the hit mre concretely desciedtappeas en an 4 metaphysical ‘Sian, ojctifeton verted. The concep ofthe dino of aor ives ‘fural baso the concept of lznaon. The rol of human actiy ‘anh ie central thatthe eva of the vison of aor oppmed 2 reeeiy exactly whats at ake. Tnhe German ito, tenes grein ha the concept of ieation tas dnsppeared in thin text Begin the paragraph following the on xt ‘edn pat (hey appear pages tein the Eglin) Marx ‘rts "This ‘alienation (9 sue term which wl be comprehend t the pslosoper) can, f onrse, only be abolished given two practi! preins(6) (Uhl consider tc two premier ina moment) Te word "reat" duappeas rom the vocabulary of The German desig bes Cause its «phlonphicel word belongs tn the nll world of Feactbch. the word inno put within quotation ners, tisnevertcles thew concep expres in dferent terme One terms ubitd for snwter ota an enlsion ofthe concep but rater a a more conerte ‘pprach ot All he fee of extangement ar rset in he) we a divided in our activity. Therefore, he acnation that occ inthe Aisi of labor something that srs init I ot erly 2 procs in saci bu form of mutton ofthe re ini, The Geman cog ay deny the word sean” bees sean, But doesnot deny thin concepts meaning Al he decriptions of the shoo of earengerent cui ths te. tthe concep of alienation isnt ieaitic when taspond int the language ofthe dvson of abr, the same is uve for the notion of 3 communist wey In ars previous writings communi ciety wa tore or ees des; bereits ream, bt now tea tin coaiered {22 ea pouty boca define by real condtion, When Marys “Tin 'enaton’ an. only beabolted given two praca prem ‘nthe two premise the developmen of word market and the % Mars ‘The German Ideology (1) consitotion of universal last throughout the world. These press tien for Marx tomy thatthe concept of x communist seit nor Ttopin,Becaie what cearacterizes a tapas that it provides no clue ie troduction into history. re the overcoming ofthe division of by isthe required historic conition. Commas for ws 0 ate afi mich ioe tai or Mar Sea pin au eto nbc ety [vl] hve oat el. Wea Em red movement wlchabolahes the resent Hage OF Cig. The Selon a this movement eat othe premises ow execs. (hs Onc asin the cocet ofthe eli cra re cndtons a ese ‘then ofthis fbr, anther om the Prema, Teh at cure al turn ry tote cone af the dvison as ayo mocing the major ine ofthe sei, he gem te tyoubeainge the text Wemay et The Gorman ey weesine i ading tent exo the teal cnn o th inn nd aay atte re el on “redng of eum quem tres, hal 0 er Mice Uaforunnel, the reaony cena Grane bce hay he he mon interesting Mars or or tpi gy. He ‘eet the crue mechanic whi a revaed in rods Mars ee eat ttoug, these cue orn core in Mason; yee tty enling fame Mars te 6 Marx: The German Ideology (2) tthe previous lecture, my principal goal was to enters the basi icons of The German Ideology. This enomeratin allowed me generally

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