Anatomy and Physiology

Urinary system: set of organs producing urine in human beings, comprised chiefly of the
kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra.
Left suprarenal gland: cap covering the upper part of the left kidney.
Common iliac vein: vein carrying unoxygenated blood from the limbs and lower organs to the
heart.
Celiac trunk: branching of the aorta feeding the abdominal viscera.
Left kidney: left blood-purifying organ.
Left renal vein: vein connecting the left kidney and the inferior vena cava.
Abdominal aorta: part of the aorta feeding the organs of the abdomen.
Erethra: small tube through which a human being expels liquid waste.
Urinary bladder: pocket in which urine collects.
Iliac vein and artery: blood vessels in the flank region.
Ureter: tube carrying urine from the kidney to the bladder.
Renal pelvis: part of the kidney situated at the junction of the calyces and leading to the ureter.
Malpighi's pyramid: glomerules of the kidney.
Calyx: excretory cavity in the pelvis of a kidney.
Medulla: matter forming the central part of a kidney.
Cortex: matter of the cortex of the suprarenal gland.
Section of the right kidney: graphic representation of the interior of the right blood-purifying
organ.
Section of the right suprarenal gland: graphic representation of the interior of the suprarenal
gland.
Pathophysiology
Transurethral Fecal Contamination Uretrovesical Reflux
↓ ↓ ↓
Bacteria enters the urinary tract through the blood from a distant site of infection or through
direct extension by way of a fistula from the gut
↓
Urgency, frequency, burning and pain on urination
Nocturia, incontinence and back, suprapubic or pelvic pain
Pyuria, bacteriuria and hematuria