Malnutrition, lack of health care, substandard housing, illiteracy breed desperation. 30,000 children under the age of five die every day from malnutrition and preventable diseases. Nearly a billion people entered the 21st century unable to read a book or sign their names.
Malnutrition, lack of health care, substandard housing, illiteracy breed desperation. 30,000 children under the age of five die every day from malnutrition and preventable diseases. Nearly a billion people entered the 21st century unable to read a book or sign their names.
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Malnutrition, lack of health care, substandard housing, illiteracy breed desperation. 30,000 children under the age of five die every day from malnutrition and preventable diseases. Nearly a billion people entered the 21st century unable to read a book or sign their names.
Copyright:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
disease and daily suffering. Poverty traps future generations in a vicious
cycle without hope or opportunity.
Poverty Statistics Almost 30,000 children under the age of five die every day from malnutrition and preventable diseases. That’s one kindergarten class every minute. Approximately 790 million people in the developing world are chronically undernourished. That’s the equivalent of every single person in both North and South America going hungry every day. Nearly a billion people entered the 21st century unable to read a book or sign their names. What is Poverty? (Conceptualized broadly, taking into account income & its impact in terms of human deprivation, development, and quality of life)
The term “poorest” or The term “poor” means
“very poor” refers to those living in poverty people living on less above $1 per day or in than $1 per day or in the the upper half of those bottom half of those living below their living below their nation’s poverty line. nation’s poverty line. Causes of Poverty Decline in overall Lack of infrastructure national growth Lack of relevant laws & Political instability administrative procedures Natural disasters Lack of access to Corruption investment & credit, to Socio-economic complete market disparities and information, and to prejudices opportunities to develop skills Lack of access to education Effects of Poverty
Without the security of formal jobs, each day
the poor work from dawn to dusk All or most of the money earned go to basic survival. There is little or no money left to improve quality of life Living in poverty almost always means that the harsh reality of today will repeat itself tomorrow. Effects of Poverty, continued… Poverty breeds poverty. If one cannot afford proper nutrition or health care for one’s family, children grow up at greater risk of acquiring a life-threatening or disabling disease. If one cannot afford to educate one’s children, they will have few avenues for a life different than that of their parents. If one cannot afford to buy one’s own land or home or livestock, there are few opportunities to build assets that will last over time. Can poverty be reduced?
Can economic growth
reduce poverty? Poverty Reduction Global Level Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), UN General Assembly, Sept. 2000 Objectives: eradicating extreme poverty and hunger
achieve universal primary education
promote gender equality
reduce child mortality
improve women’s reproductive health
combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
ensure environment sustainability
develop a global partnership for development
Targets of MDGs with Reference to Poverty Target 1: Halve the proportion of people living in extreme poverty between 1990-2115 Target 2: Halve the proportion of population below minimum level of dietary energy consumption and halve the proportion of underweight children (under five years) Target 3: Halve the proportion of people without access to safe drinking water or those who cannot afford it by 2115 Poverty Reduction Asian Level ADB’s Poverty Reduction Strategy Social Development (human capital development, population
policy, social capital development, gender, equality, social
protection) Good Governance (government accountability, public
anticorruption initiatives) Pro-poor Growth (labor-intensive employment and income
creation, public/private sector provision of basic services, poor
area public investment, regional and sub regional cooperation, environmental sustainability) Poverty Reduction
Philippine Level The Medium-Term Philippines Development Plan, 2001-2004 Four primary strategies: Macroeconomic stability and equitable
growth, using sound fiscal and monetary
policies to keep inflation low and avoid surges in unemployment; modernize all sectors through HR development and technology MTPDP, (continued..) Comprehensive HR development, basic education, health, shelter, water, electricity; safety nets for most vulnerable sectors; encouraging poor to participate in governance Modernization of agricultural sector with social equity; agrarian reform, improving rural infrastructure, implementing land reform Effective governance through transparency, reducing graft and corruption, strengthening partnerships with civil society and the private sector Poverty in the Philippines Tends to be associated with low education levels for heads of households and large family size (5.2 million families below poverty line) Poverty line = P14,000 (urban = P16,000, rural = P12,000) 41% (about 31 million) of the total population are poor 69% of the poor lives in the rural areas, consisting of indigenous people, small-scale farmers, landless workers, fishers, people in upland areas, and women in all categories 31% lives in the urban areas, consisting mostly of the informal settlers A Glimpse on the Economic Policy and Poverty Reduction of the Past Policies that hindered growth and perpetuated income inequality, and hampered the reduction of poverty—
On exchange and trade policy. Industrial
policy encouraged import substitution rather than promoting exports. Trade policies heavily benefited the manufacturing sector rather than the agricultural sectors. Economic Policy, continued.. On tax policy. Consumption-based taxes (indirect taxes) are somewhat regressive because the poor consume a larger percentage of their income than do the wealthy. Indirect taxes account for about 70 percent of the tax revenues of the Philippines. On capital and labor policy. Economic policy favored large firms and capital-intensive industries over micro entrepreneurs, and capital over labor. Measures for Poverty Reduction Adherence to policy on equitable growth, rural development, and social sector investment (thrust of MTPDP) Tariff reforms Livelihood training Strengthening the state education policy which includes the creation of the TESDA to oversee technical and vocational education; adoption of the Dual Training System in accredited vocational and technical schools under DECS. Enactment of laws promoting the welfare, protection, and development of working youth. Measures, continued.. The poor should have greater access to the financial products and services that help the gap when times are tough. Without life or health insurance, diseases and illness go untreated and the death of an income earner is a dramatic hardship for a family. Greater reliance on entrepreneurial skill of the people in nation-building Access to loans or credit; shop-owners cannot buy products in bulk and farmers cannot buy machinery or even seeds after a natural disaster or a poor harvest. Conclusion At a greater perspective, poverty crushes the spirit—of the poor as well as the nation as a whole. With the past administrations, there was lack of progress in reducing poverty attributed to the country’s poor performance. Economic growth— annual average of about 0.6 per cent GDP for a period of 20 years ,1975-1995, (UNDP 1999)—was dampened by economic policies that favored capital over labor, and import-substituting industries over agriculture, that led to the underinvestment in the human capital of the poor and the devastating effect, particularly on the agricultural sector. These policies owe much to the important role played by the elites in the Philippine politics and society. Conclusion, continued..
Economic growth reduces poverty as the different
sectors of the economy are stimulated to increase productivity. The agricultural sector comprising of the greater number of the poor contributes a meager 19% to GDP. This sector needs reforms that would stimulate growth and should in turn alleviate poverty. The government can achieve even more by eliminating remaining biases against agriculture and investing more in health and education, especially in rural areas.