Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CONTENTS
REPORT SUMMARY ..................................................................................................... 2
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 4
1 CONSUMPTION ..................................................................................................... 5
2 PRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 12
3 TRADE CHANNELS FOR MARKET ENTRY .............................................................. 16
4 TRADE: IMPORTS AND EXPORTS ........................................................................ 26
5 PRICE DEVELOPMENTS ....................................................................................... 36
6 MARKET ACCESS REQUIREMENTS ....................................................................... 40
7 OPPORTUNITY OR THREAT ? .............................................................................. 41
APPENDICES
A PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS ............................................................................. 43
B INTRODUCTION TO THE EU MARKET ................................................................... 48
C LIST OF DEVELOPING COUNTRIES...................................................................... 49
D REFERENCES ....................................................................................................... 51
This survey was compiled for CBI by DCT B.V. in collaboration with Ms. Yolanda Netto
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CBI MARKET SURVEY:
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Report summary
This survey profiles the EU market for stationery items, office and school supplies, referred to
throughout this report as stationery. The product groups discussed in this survey include:
paper-based items, filing products, storage products, writing and drawing instruments,
presentation and planning materials, office and desk accessories, greeting cards, cases and
satchels, and office furniture.
Consumption
Total EU stationery consumption amounted to € 17.8 billion in 2007. In 2008, it was € 13.5
billion for the countries with figures available for 2008. During the period 2004–2007, EU
consumption grew by only 1.6% in total. In the past, the market for stationery in Europe used
to be considered a mature and saturated market, with a high level of replacement purchases.
Forecasts for the total market size of the stationery sector in the coming years indicate that
the market will increase slightly, by 1 - 1.5% per year. This is going to be mainly due to
growth in the new EU member countries, and also Ireland, which will, however, be insufficient
to cause a larger change in the total EU market. NB: Currently, there is still a recession in the
EU due to the global financial crisis.
Trends in consumption
• New, start-up companies
• Increasing importance of European service industry
• Stable office and school supplies market (in value)
• Growth of some specific product categories
• Increasing demand for trendy and seasonal hobby products
• Increasing demand for licensed products
• Growing popularity of environmentally friendly products (eco, tree–free, FSC certified etc)
• Price trends
• Single-sourcing
• Innovations
• Fashion trends
• Office Hygiene
• Growing pressure on people’s time and workforce mobility
• Increasing number of automated work stations
• Increasing usage of e-mail and Internet
• Increasing use of e-commerce
• Improved multimedia
• Growing digital photography market.
• Greying population
• Decreasing number of pupils/students
• Unfavourable economic developments
Production
In 2007, EU production totalled € 27.5 billion, an overall increase of 8% since 2003. Italy was
the country with largest production in the EU, accounting for 24,9% of EU production, followed
by Germany, the United Kingdom, France and Spain. Compared to 2003, Italy, Germany,
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France and Spain have seen a growth in production. Only the UK has seen an overall decrease,
of 1.8%, between 2003 and 2007.
Imports
Total EU imports amounted to € 12 billion in value in 2008. In comparison to 2004, imports
have increased by 17.9%. Total EU imports increased by 4.2% on average annually in terms of
value in the period 2004-2008. Imports from developing countries have grown by 10.3%
(average) annually since 2004. The share of imports from developing countries grew from
10.4% in 2004 to 20.1% in 2008. This indicates a significantly larger growth in imports
from developing countries than imports from Intra-EU and Extra-EU (excl DC) countries. The
largest exporter to other EU countries is Germany, accounting for 19.5% of total imports.
Germany is followed by China (15%), Italy (7.7%), France (7.6%), the Netherlands (6.6%),
and the United Kingdom (5.6%).
Exports
The EU countries are the leading exporters of stationery in the world, with Germany, Italy and
France being among the world’s largest exporting countries. In 2008, total exports from EU
countries were valued at € 12.4 billion. Between 2004 and 2008, EU exports grew by 18% and
this trend will continue, probably not at the same pace and at the same levels but external
demand is recovering and neighbouring countries will engage in more intensive trade after the
present economic crisis is over.
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Introduction
This CBI market survey profiles the stationery, office and school supplies market in the EU.
The emphasis of this survey lies on those products which are of importance to developing
country suppliers. The role of and opportunities for developing countries are highlighted.
This market survey focuses on stationery, office and school supplies and discusses the
following product groups:
• paper-based items
• filing products
• storage products
• writing and drawing instruments
• presentation and planning materials
• office and desk accessories
• greeting cards
• cases and satchels
• office furniture.
For detailed information on the selected product groups please consult Appendix A. More
information about the EU can be found in Appendix B.
CBI market surveys covering the market in specific EU member states, specific product
(group)s or surveys on market access requirements can be downloaded from the CBI website.
For information on how to make optimal use of the CBI market surveys and other CBI market
information, please consult ‘From survey to success - export guidelines’. All information can be
downloaded from http://www.cbi.eu/marketinfo. Go to ‘Search CBI database’ and select your
market sector and the EU.
N.B. Throughout this survey, the word “stationery” is used as a synonym for “stationery, office
and school supplies “.
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1 Consumption
This chapter presents a general overview of the stationery market. The most important
sources used are reports from MPA International, a research agency specialized in conducting
research in the stationery market. It is important to mention that research agencies use
differing market definitions and research methods and often they do not consider all of the
product groups reviewed in this survey or they include items which are beyond its scope. Next
to these sources, various other articles published by different institutes are used, especially
OPI (Office Products International) Magazine which is the most contemporary source for
information concerning this specific sector.
Furthermore, data from the Prodcom (production) database and CN (imports and exports)
database, as supplied by Eurostat, are used to calculate apparent consumption. Apparent
consumption is the sum of production and imports minus exports. Variations in inventory are
not taken into account. Two problems arise: sometimes the calculation gives a negative
consumption figure, this is the case when exports are higher than production and imports
combined, in that case figures are treated as not available: the figures sometimes show a
discrepancy between years, e.g., a large fall or extraordinary growth. For decision–making,
these figures are therefore not accurate enough and they should be used in conjunction with
further market research.
Table 1.1 Consumption of stationery, office and school supplies sector in the
European Union 2003-2007, € million
Average
annual
% Share
change of total
(2004- EU
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2007) (2007)
Total EU 16,958 16,971 17,232 17,808 13,467 1,6%
Germany 3,354 3,245 3,275 3,335 2,789 -0,2% 18,7%
United Kingdom 2,759 2,817 2,906 2,967 1,645 2,5% 16,7%
France 2,431 2,414 2,490 2,517 2,268 1,2% 14,1%
Italy 2,212 2,214 2,191 2,249 1,770 0,6% 12,6%
Spain 1,239 1,277 1,326 1,348 1,090 2,9% 7,6%
Netherlands 829 830 823 836 665 0,3% 4,7%
Sweden 531 543 554 572 530 2,5% 3,2%
Poland 469 479 502 525 479 3,8% 2,9%
Belgium 446 443 456 472 416 1,9% 2,6%
Austria 379 395 414 427 372 4,0% 2,4%
Denmark 328 341 345 351 322 2,3% 2,0%
Greece 344 300 304 349 0 0,5% 2,0%
Finland 321 328 332 338 307 1,7% 1,9%
Portugal 313 314 315 332 253 2,0% 1,9%
Ireland 218 214 203 248 173 4,4% 1,4%
Hungary 193 193 180 187 182 -1,1% 1,1%
Czech Republic 125 119 118 137 120 3,2% 0,8%
Romania 71 86 107 118 33 18,4% 0,7%
Lithuania 64 80 70 110 0 19,8% 0,6%
Bulgaria 55 70 75 88 34 16,7% 0,5%
1
The countries are arranged according to their 2007 numbers since this is the year when fullest information is
available.
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Total stationery consumption amounted to € 17.8 billion in 2007. In 2008, it was € 13.5 billion
for the countries with figures available for 2008. During the period 2004–2007, EU
consumption grew by only 1.6% in total.
In the past, the market for stationery in Europe used to be considered as a mature and
saturated market with a high level of replacement purchases. However, the annual growth of
stationery consumption in the newly admitted countries, Romania and Bulgaria, is much faster
than in the rest of Europe. The reason for this growth is considered to be the positive economy
developments in these countries as a result of their integration within the European Union,
which offers facilitation of stock flows, free movement of people, goods and services and
general business improvements. The countries with gradually increasing markets include
Romania, Lithuania, Bulgaria, Latvia and Estonia. Forecasts of the total market size of the EU
stationery sector in the coming years indicate that the market will increase slightly, by 1 -
1.5% per year. This is going to be mainly due to growth in the new member country markets,
and also Ireland, which will, however, be insufficient to cause a larger change in the total EU
market. Most of the largest markets such as the UK, France, Spain will see increases in
consumption but at much lower rates compared to the above mentioned countries. Only in
Germany is consumption predicted to decline.
NB: Currently, there is a recession in the EU due to the global financial crisis. The analysis
above covers the years before the real crisis started and shows how the market developed
during more normal times. The above growth percentages are not relevant and realistic at a
time of recession. However, the market is predicted to recover at the end of 2010.
Customers for stationery can be separated into different segments: professional users,
(including large offices), schools and universities, SoHo2 users and private users.
The professional user segment includes (private) and governmental enterprises which range
from over 10 employees to more than 100 or even thousands of employees. The schools and
universities segment, while it may seem similar to the professional users, presents some
distinct characteristics as discussed later. The SoHo segment generally includes small offices
with 1 to 10 employees and home offices of 1 to 3 people. The segment includes teleworkers
working for an employer and freelancers operating from home. The private segment includes
customers who buy stationery for domestic use and includes sub-segments like children,
teens, students, etc. The line between the different segments is coming increasingly blurred as
the distinction between work and personal life begins to fade. This view is also expressed in
market research done by Esselte, which indicated that 60 percent of the people surveyed have
some sort of home office and 40 percent of the people take work home on a regular basis.
Professional users
Professional users, together with the SoHo users, account for the major share of stationery
expenditure. The number of companies active and the number of office workers are clear
indications of the importance of this segment.
The professional user generally considers stationery to be a commodity; and in principle puts
cost and economic considerations before fashion appeal. A prime requirement next to product
2
Soho: small office and home office
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There are some notable differences between medium-sized and large companies, especially
when it comes to purchasing stationery. Medium sized companies tend to buy their stationery
from regional office-products dealers, or mail order suppliers, whereas the large multinational
enterprises are likely to source from pan-national contract stationers who can offer a more
individually tailored logistics service.
Most schools and universities (with the exception of private schools) are subsidised by the
government, and they receive a yearly budget per pupil/student. According to Office Product
International, pupil/student enrolment is therefore a major determinant of the budget the
school or university receives. The school-going population in Europe is expected to decline in
the future due to low birth rates. The numbers of babies born obviously impacts the size and
numbers of scholars in later years and private expenditure developments in the back to school
period.
Furthermore, school enrolments generally do not correlate with economic conditions. This is
why the school stationery market is generally less sensitive to economic cycles than the other
market segments. The school market is therefore often seen as a non-cyclical market. While
enrolments tend not to be linked to business cycles, school budgets often are, and price is
therefore an important criterion for schools and universities when purchasing stationery.
SoHo users
In a marketing sense, SoHo users lie somewhere between the professional and the private
users and it is rather difficult to quantify them. As noted before, the SoHo segment includes
small businesses with fewer than 10 employees, teleworkers working for an employer and
people working on a freelance basis from home.
The SoHo users, like the professional users, value quality and functionality. The SoHo users,
however, are also sensitive to design and colour. In this respect they are more like Private
users. SoHo users are more likely to buy bright, fashionable coloured stationery. SoHo users,
however, do not want to spend too much time or money purchasing commodity stationery.
They regard it as a necessary evil, which distracts them from running their day-to-day
business. This makes service quality and convenience important purchase criteria. SoHo users,
however, spend more time on the specialty products that are placed “in sight”, such as desk
accessories and filing products on open shelves and desks. According to Paperworld, stationery
targeted at SoHo users is becoming increasingly design-orientated and ever more functional.
Private users
The private user segment accounts for 32.5 percent of EU stationery consumption, excluding
Greeting Cards. Stationery bought by Private users is often referred to as personal stationery.
Largely due to the individualization trend, the stationery needs and preferences of the private
users have changed and diversified over the recent years. There is, however, still a distinct
difference between commodity and speciality stationery. For commodities, price is generally
the main purchase criterion. In the specialty segment, product quality, branding and design
are important purchase criteria. Stationery in this segment must be able to satisfy consumer
status expectations.
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1.3 Trends
The following patterns in consumption are general trends in the majority of the reviewed
countries:
• Unfavourable economic developments
The global crisis is affecting the economy of all European countries. Most governments are
focused on taking measures with regards to inflation, tightened labour markets, rising interest
rates and depressed household consumption. Most economies are in decline and a contraction
of GDP is expected. Recovery is predicted to come after the end of 2010. These unfavourable
economic trends will inevitably lead to a decrease in the total consumption.
• Greying population
Patterns of stationery consumption will in the future be influenced by the fact that a growing
percentage of the population will be over 65 years old. This offers opportunities among this
growing target group; for example for manufacturers of hobby related stationery. At the same
time this will reflect in lower use of general stationery products by this population group.
• Decreasing number of pupils/students
As of January 2009 the average woman in the EU was only having 1,5 children. Many
European countries are expected to experience a decline in population over the coming
decades which will result in relatively slow demand for school supplies. The fact that the share
of population between 0-14 is decreasing will negatively affect stationery consumption
especially in schools. However, this effect is alleviated by immigration (which is one of the
general issues in the EU) of families with children in some of the countries.
• New, start-up companies
In most European countries new, start-up companies are increasing in number but most of
them are small firms with a couple of employees or self-employed entrepreneurs. Still, more
than half of all businesses are occupied in the service sector, which should positively affect the
market for stationery consumption.
• Single-sourcing
The single-sourcing trend is creating a market with strong competition between different
stationery players. All customers are looking for one supplier who can offer them a full range
of stationery and a wide assortment of office supplies.
• Innovations
Consumers, home and small businesses increasingly want to be able to express their
individuality. This opens doors to demand for innovative products; for example ring binders
and photo albums that have features such as transparent pockets, so that they can be
personalized. New products / innovations are available in this field, especially in the private
end user market. For example: school bags, pencil bags, school agendas which
students/scholars can buy with the print of a picture they send to the supplier. Products can be
bought per piece and even at reasonable prices. There are some recent innovations, such as
memo pads for left-handers – with the spiral on the right and the perforation on the left hand
side. Additional product supplements, such as zips, clips etc. are becoming more and more
important for the customer. An example is the Leitz 180° Active Pro and Plus with pocket for
sheets, curved spine, made to be convenient to carry.
• Fashion trends
The market needs added value products, which has led to changes in the fashionable and
aesthetic look of products. Customers are looking for attractive appearance for the products
they buy. This trend brings developments in the product features - functional and visual
changes with regard to the materials, colours, designs and patterns.
• Growing pressure on people’s time and workforce mobility
The desire to achieve more in less time and the desire to free up more time for personal life
increases consumers’ demand for products that can improve their efficiency at work. Growing
mobility has created additional office needs. It has also led to a growing number of notebook
computers, and accordingly to a growing need for notebook cases, files and folders that can be
used and carried easily when travelling. Such items are part of the modern filing and
organising product categories. Also the market for innovative products to facilitate the use of
laptop computers has increased. Here one should think of products such as: laptop
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protectors/holders, screen filters to enable the use of the laptop outside in the sunshine,
decorative items for laptops (e.g. stickers to paste onto laptops) and security devices.
• Increasing importance of the service industry
In Europe, the relative importance of the service industry is growing and the percentage of
office workers in the service industry is increasing. Service industry consumers have developed
their own habits and specific product demands, offering opportunities especially in the field of
filing & storage supplies, presentation & planning materials, and computer / laptop related
supplies etc.
• Increasing number of automated work stations
The number of personal computers and printers in companies has more than doubled in almost
a decade, which has led to increasing computer supplies consumption, not only paper, ink
cartridges and toners but also computer cleaning supplies, mouse pads, screen filters and
ergonomic products that in Europe have become essential, due to governmental Health and
Safety regulations. Some product categories, such as classic filing products (e.g. lever arch
files and ring binders), have suffered slightly from the trend of increased PC penetration and
digital data storage. However, the development of modern and innovative alternatives for
those classic products has led to new product categories, which have grown in importance in
the meantime and offer considerable opportunities. i.e. the recent invention of memo pads for
left-handers (with the spiral binding on the right) and the introduction of wire-bound pads with
washable covers.
• Growing digital photography market
This has had a negative impact on the traditional photo album business in the short term, but
is expected to turn around as printing becomes easier. In the (recent) past, it was not always
easy to arrange for digital pictures to be printed professionally. However, an increasing
number of shops are installing machines where the consumer can print their pictures directly
from the camera or memory device. As the printing of photos at home is also becoming more
affordable, volumes in the photo album market are expected to pick up again. Digital
photography has also led to opportunities in new products for storing photo CDs, or CDs and
photos in one album. The options to have a full album printed and book bound have increased
in the meantime. This again has lead to a decrease in sales of standard photo albums.
However, there appears still to be a big market for albums where consumers prefer to paste
their own pictures in combination with other mementoes. However, due to these developments
the niche markets such as wedding albums have become increasingly important for those
suppliers still active in the album market.
Another niche in this industry that has grown fast recently is the funeral market. Increasingly
people want to have pictures of a funeral and they want them to be nicely presented in an
album.
• Increasing usage of e-mail and Internet
This trend has led to an increasing need for data storage, leading to growing sales in products
such as external hard disks and USB memory sticks. The market for CDs and DVDs is
decreasing considerably, leading to decreasing markets for storage products for CD’s and
DVD’s.
• Increasing use of e-commerce
Using the Internet makes it much easier to organise auctions or tenders, which was one of the
reasons why such buying methods have grown in popularity. Put simply, more and more
customers insist on buying their office supplies and many other products online. However,
new buying systems have complemented, not replaced, the more traditional ways of buying.
Such systems may make it easier for manufacturers who are not based in Europe to
participate in the market without having to travel too much. However, face-to-face contact is
still important, especially when establishing relationships. The internet has provided companies
that only used to sell through high-street retailers, offices or printed catalogues with an
additional channel which end users value highly for its efficiency when buying their office
supplies. It has also revived the fortunes of the traditional mail order companies, who have
developed good distribution systems to support their web-based shops. At the same time,
these companies also have suffered from increasing competition through the web-shops of e.g.
retailers and office products dealers who have added this to their marketing strategy as well as
of newcomers who can easily start a shop on the web, without needing to invest heavily in
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stock. Many wholesalers and buying groups nowadays are able to provide these online shops
or dealers with drop shipment services, meaning the shop never sees the products which go
straight from the wholesaler/buying group to the end user. The (web) shop only takes care of
the marketing and (financial) transaction. Contract stationers have also been able to expand
business through the web. It should be noted that personal computer penetration in the Nordic
Countries, the United Kingdom and the Benelux countries is higher than in other EU countries.
Computerisation has led to new demands for filing and storage solutions.
• Improved multimedia
The penetration of improved multimedia at lower prices and more sophisticated software
packages such as Powerpoint in this market has led to expanding demand for and usage of
presentation and planning materials and consequently an increase in the sales of this product
group.
• Price trends
Prices have been affected by market changes. Consumers have become more price conscious
and look for real value for money. At the same time, buyer and purchasing concentrations
have put a downward pressure on prices. Chapter 5 describes these trends.
• Stable office and school supplies market (in value)
As the number of manufacturers in Europe is decreasing this basically leads to opportunities
for potential exporters from outside the EU, especially for those based in low-wage countries.
• Growth of some specific product categories
This applies, among other things, to computer related products & electronics, desk accessories,
presentation (meetings) materials and writing instruments. Paper-based products also seem to
be growing but only slightly. The size of some product categories, such as envelopes, is
decreasing (due to the increasing use of e-mail). E-mail and the internet, with the ability to
order digital greeting cards, have put a pressure on the growth in the greeting cards market.
The market for laptop cases however has increased considerably thanks to the increasing use
of laptops. Innovations such as iPods, Blackberries and related items have lead to the
development of a huge market for protective accessories.
• Increasing demand for trendy and seasonal hobby products
Some market players have been able to create new seasonal or temporary, trendy hobbies,
enabling manufacturers to continuously develop new products that fit the new hobby trend
(examples from the past: folding tea bags, quilts, and scrap books). Scrapbooking has had its
best years already; although this market still exists it has decreased considerably. Pergamano
has become one of the new trends. And making greeting cards has remained a stable but
interesting niche among the greying population.
• Increasing demand for licensed products
Especially in the back–to-school season, large volumes of licensed products are sold to
students and scholars. License holders are often creative / marketing organisations, with
important creative or branded material, who outsource their production. While this may
represent a good opportunity for DC exporters, the quality standards required are high,
deadlines demanding, and requirements are sometimes special; this is why communication
between the license holder and the producer is very important and requirements have to be
met with reliability.
• Growing popularity of environmentally friendly products (eco / tree-free / FSC certified)
More and more customers look for an environmentally friendly indication or label (e.g. FSC,
PECF) on product packaging. This increases the requirements for DC producers and exporters
considerably. Germans consumers tend to be the most environmentally conscious in Europe,
and special legislation has been developed in order to increase the number of production
facilities of that kind. More and more consumers prefer products with a low carbon footprint
and manufactured in a way that does not harm the environment. In Germany, recent
Brandmark research from Burda Community Network and Roland Berger Strategy Consultants
revealed that 75 percent of the population agrees with this ideal. About 63 percent of
consumers even consider refusing to buy products from companies that are suspected of
harming the environment. Other highly regarded market research firms also indicate that 16
percent of consumers in Germany and the US and a phenomenal 30 percent in Japan today
belong to what is regarded as an environmentally-conscious target group. With this group
expected to grow to a minimum of 25 percent of the population in all developed countries, the
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Zukunftsinstitut, a German-based think tank for future research, has even identified the
environment as one of the future megatrends.
• Office Hygiene
Research carried out by the University of Arizona in 2007 showed that on a standard office
desk, up to 400 times more bacteria could be found than in the building's toilet facilities, and
that bacteria could be spread simply by touching contaminated objects. According to a senior
manager from Smead Europe BV, office products can be a real source of microbial
contamination. And this is motivating more manufacturers to market specially produced anti-
microbial products. For example, some suppliers have developed ball pens made of special
plastics, such as sanitized ABS, which have anti-bacterial properties. Such products can be
certified to strengthen the functional added value!
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2 Production
2.1 Size of production
In 2007, EU production totalled € 27.5 billion, an overall increase of 8% since 2003. Italy was
the country with largest production in the EU, accounting for 24,9% of EU production, followed
by Germany, the United Kingdom, France and Spain. Compared to 2003, Italy, Germany,
France and Spain have seen a growth in production. Only the UK has seen a total decrease, of
1.8%, between 2003 and 2007.
Table 2.1 Production of stationery, office and school supplies sector in the
European Union 2003-2007, € million
Average
annual Share
% from
change total
(2003- EU
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2007) (2007)
EU-total* 25,536 25,330 24,784 26,665 27,584 1,9% 100%
Italy 6,397 6,481 6,388 6,788 6,875 1,8% 24,9%
Germany 5,042 4,950 4,841 4,986 5,292 1,2% 19,2%
United
Kingdom 4,195 3,726 4,183 4,126 4,118 -0,5% 14,9%
France 3,477 3,713 2,763 3,499 3,520 0,3% 12,8%
Spain 2,012 2,035 2,102 2,246 2,293 3,3% 8,3%
Netherlands 984 982 1,013 1,045 1,002 0,5% 3,6%
Belgium 529 504 506 640 746 9,0% 2,7%
Poland 296 310 328 558 613 20,0% 2,2%
Denmark 514 522 491 485 495 -0,9% 1,8%
Portugal 299 318 335 329 374 5,8% 1,4%
Finland 323 321 304 309 327 0,3% 1,2%
Sweden 379 315 308 319 305 -5,3% 1,1%
Czech
Republic 121 105 124 118 303 25,8% 1,1%
Austria 260 246 295 322 282 2,0% 1,0%
Hungary 141 161 148 125 191 7,9% 0,7%
Ireland 188 156 150 178 168 -2,8% 0,6%
Greece 127 141 131 140 153 4,8% 0,6%
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European production of stationery is expected to remain stagnant overall in the coming future.
Nevertheless, Eastern Europe and other lower-cost EU members such as Poland are to expect
increase in the manufactured levels.
Austria, Hungary, Ireland, Greece, Romania, Lithuania, Bulgaria, Estonia, Slovakia, Latvia and
Slovenia together accounted for less than 5% of the EU’s total production in 2007. However,
production in most of these countries is increasing.
Production statistics are discussed in more detail in the CBI sector surveys covering the market
in individual EU countries. Looking forward, Western European producers will have difficulty
competing with the lower unit costs of their rivals in the Far East and Eastern Europe. The cost
of wages, materials, utilities, and fixed costs such as land, rent, and facilities are much higher
in Western Europe than in developing countries. As a result, there is a clear trend to
outsourcing to lower-cost countries, off-shoring, and direct investment in manufacturing in
lower-cost countries.
Table 2.2 Total EU production of stationery, office and school supplies sector by
product group 2003-2007, € million
Average
annual % Share of
change total EU
(2003- 2007
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2007)
Cases and satchels 306 259 257 253 252 -4,7% 0,9%
Presentation and
planning materials 89 95 92 82 84 -1,4% 0,3%
Source: Eurostat (2009)
2.2 Trends
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their market. For smaller manufacturers, innovation is vital because they do not benefit
from the same economies-of-scale. Innovation also offers chances for manufacturers in
developing countries to tap into the market with new creative designs, but may also be a
threat to them if they are not creative enough.
• In pursuit of greater efficiency, many manufacturers moved their facilities out of Europe.
Many Western European manufacturers are seeking to establish or buy manufacturing
bases in low-cost countries, often in China, Taiwan and Thailand, and also closer to home,
in Eastern Europe. In November 2005, BIC started its own operations in China for cost
reasons. In low-cost countries, producers can combine their state-of-the-art technology
with a low cost-base. In this way, they can maintain an efficient, high-quality production
system but at low cost. Outsourcing was/is also a popular means for Western European
manufacturers to remain competitive. Outsourcing a part of their production to cheap(er)
contract producers offers the European manufacturers the chance to focus their attention
on marketing their products. This migration of European manufacturers to low-cost
countries has allowed local manufacturers to pick up new (production) technologies and
systems. As a result, the quality of products made in these countries has increased. Note
that many European manufacturers also produce private-label products. An example is the
Dutch Manufacturer Lutkie Cranenburg, which is specialized in private-label products.
• Increasing competitiveness in other links of the supply chain has also affected the position
of the stationery manufacturers. The increasing power of wholesalers, buying groups and
large retailers puts them in a position to bargain for more competitive pricing. The
increasing popularity of private and white-label products, often imported from low-cost
countries, has undermined the position of the manufacturers. Despite the increasing
competition, there are no clear signs of demarcation in the distribution chain.
Manufacturers today sometimes take on the role of wholesaler, when they complement
their own ranges of products with additional lines to widen their product ranges. Besides,
as every link in the supply chain tries to avoid holding stock, in order to minimise their
inventory risk and costs, the manufacturers are more or less forced to hold stock and take
on the role of a wholesaler.
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those countries undermines their competitiveness. The developing countries’ exporters can
defend their competitiveness by retaining lower prices and comparable quality.
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Consolidation
In the past decade, mergers and acquisitions have been a continuing feature of this industry.
Consolidation is still occurring, but at slower pace than in the previous years. In 2008
Corporate Express – who had already been involved in a number of mergers/takeovers by the
end of the 90s - was taken over by Staples. Last year contract stationer Ahrend Office Products
was taken over by Lyreco. Most mergers and acquisitions took place in the supply chains to the
SOHO and Professional market. So far, the retail markets have not been greatly affected,
although the larger retail chains do already belong to larger market players. Many retail shops
have been able to remain independent by becoming members of buying groups. Some large
office products dealers have consolidated with contract stationers, while some smaller dealers
are co-operating more closely, sharing warehouse and buying facilities, and more.
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Besides mergers and acquisitions, partnerships have also become a trend. One sizeable
partnership is the European Office Supplies Alliance (EOSA), which is a partnership of
European contract stationers, formed in 2002 to meet the growing demand of European
customers to be served under pan-European contracts. The alliance consists of over twenty
members, with combined sales of over € 1 billion. In Northern Europe, the Nordic Office
Alliance (NOA) was established in 2003, with members from the Scandinavian and Baltic
countries: Sweden, Norway, Finland, Estonia, Lithuania and Denmark. A similar alliance exists
between European wholesalers in the Interaction alliance, initiated in 1997, with estimated
combined sales of € 1.5 billion. Despite these consolidation developments, the market
structure in Europe is still diverse and quite fragmented. Expectations are that, as in the
United States, this consolidation trend will continue in the near future. For exporters in
developing countries, the consolidation trend should not only be seen as a threat. While
consolidation leads to fewer players and more power on the buying side (higher volumes and
more pressure on prices), branch experts consider the trend an opportunity for those players
who dare to take risks and focus on niches and specialty markets. Smaller European importers
who have followed this strategy have shown they can survive very well. This is where
opportunities for exporters in developing countries arise.
Branch blurring
Traditionally, the distribution between the different user segments was quite distinct (see also
Figure 3.1 on the previous page). The borders are however fading. Office Depot and Staples,
traditionally serving small and medium-sized companies, have introduced multi channel
strategies, thus are steadily shifting towards serving large Professional users through “contract
stationing” support with e-commerce. On the other hand, Corporate Express (Buhrmann) a
contract stationer is eyeing small and medium-sized companies, by means of their specially
designed web shops, Maxwebshop (http://www.maxwebshop.nl/). As distribution companies
look for new areas for growth, the webshop trend is forecast to continue, fuelled by e-
commerce and the growing SoHo market. As can be seen in Figure 3.1, European stationery
distribution is complex, with each intermediary having its distinct characteristics and serving a
specific customer group. Some intermediaries purchase an assortment of products from
various suppliers and then add value by storing, breaking bulk, and adding services (e.g.,
credit, delivery, etc.) during the resale process. In some situations, product transformation
may take place, especially in packaging and in the image of the product, which may be
enhanced by in-store promotion.
Note that, next to consumer characteristics, the product, market and country characteristics
also partly determine the distribution of stationery to the end user. Exporters in developing
countries need to identify which players in the supply chain give them the best access to the
end user segment(s) their products are aimed at.
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There are several different types of trade channels which take stationery products from
manufacturers to the end users, each with a slightly different role.
Publishers
Besides designing their own stationery, publishers – sometimes also known as marketing
companies - are also active in the development and marketing of licensed stationery. They
make use of the intellectual property of other companies to help sell their products. Through a
licence agreement with the holder of the intellectual property rights of a brand, trademark,
patent, character, etc., the company is authorized to make use of the property right under
certain defined circumstances. The company has to pay a fee when making use of the
intellectual property of another company. One of the largest stationery licensors in the world is
Disney. The publishers mostly concentrate on the design and the marketing aspects of the
products, outsourcing the production of their stationery to manufacturers in low-wage
countries, but manufacturers in Europe are also important sourcing locations, because of the
shorter supply lines. European manufacturers, however, are finding it increasingly difficult to
compete. Licensing is frequently used in the stationery market, especially for stationery aimed
at children, scholars and students. In the back-to-school periods, retailers who sell stationery
will offer different stationery ranges with the names of popular brands, for example O’Neill and
Coca Cola. Cartoon characters like Winnie the Pooh and Mickey Mouse are also popular. The
number of licensed products has increased considerably over the past few years. In 2008,
even in a small country like the Netherlands over 200 different licensed products were
available to the end users. In a market that is not growing this leads to relatively smaller
production volumes per item/licence. This may be considered an opportunity for small and
medium sized manufacturers in developing countries. Still, there is a room for larger suppliers
of licensed stationery. Another important trend in this business with licensed products is the
improvement of materials used by developing countries’ manufacturers. Although most
stationery sets in China are made for OEM (original manufacturers, not resellers) and ODM
(Original Design Manufacturer) clients, many suppliers are increasing production of models
that carry their in-house brands. At some companies in China, OBM (Original Brand
Manufacturing) takes up one-third of exports.
While suppliers (DC producers and exporters) are working on strengthening their in-house
brands, they are also continuing to improve production of licensed designs for companies such
as Disney and Sanrio. These buyers require non-toxic materials that can be formed into
innovative shapes. To meet this requirement, suppliers are also allocating part of their R&D
expenditure to material sourcing.
Agents
Agents are intermediaries who have the legal authority to act on behalf of the manufacturer,
although they do not take legal title to the product. Their prime function is to bring buyer and
seller together and act as an intermediary between them. The agent receives a commission
from the manufacturer. The level of commission depends on a number of factors, including the
turnover rate of the product concerned. Roughly speaking, an agent’s commission generally
ranges between 3 and 10% of turnover. Most agents represent more than one manufacturer,
although they usually try to avoid acting for competing companies.
Agents usually have a good knowledge of distribution structures and consumer behaviour.
However, working with an agent decreases manufacturers’/exporters’ margins and well-
developed contractual agreements should be signed to protect each party’s interests. Thus,
manufacturers who choose to work with agents are strongly advised to evaluate carefully the
pros and cons of agents before choosing this channel!
Buying Groups
The role of buying groups is very important in the market for stationery, office & school
supplies. Buying groups are individual dealers/wholesalers/retailers who cooperate as a single
buying and marketing force. A buying group will have a central buying department and most of
them hold inventory so that the group also acts as wholesaler and distributor. Nowadays
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buying groups usually also provide the independent shops (members) with marketing facilities.
The groups often organise joint promotional activities and develop shop formulas (franchised).
The presence of strong buying groups can make life difficult in pricing terms for shops and
dealers outside a group, because of the competitive prices these groups are able to secure for
their members. Discounts can run to more than 30%. Membership of such a group by an
individual company offers the opportunity to source around 70-90% of its stationery
requirements, depending on the buying group, at a considerable discount. The original function
of the buying groups was to reduce costs by centralising buying, logistics, warehousing,
distribution and marketing. One of the largest buying groups in the world is the Business
Products Group International (BPGI), an umbrella group which coordinates the buying for other
buying groups. In essence it can be considered as a “group of groups”. Today, the group
comprises 24 buying groups, combining the buying power of 3692 dealers worldwide, with
end-user sales of USD 14 billlion. An organisation like BPGI would, for most exporters in
developing countries, not be an interesting party yet, since this player requires considerable
production capacity and a well-developed logistics system. Individual buying groups belonging
to BPGI however may be of interest, especially for private-label products.
Importers/ Wholesalers
Generally the importer/wholesaler distributes stationery to all sorts of retailers, from
independent stationery shops to contract stationers. In addition to their primary tasks of
buying and selling, managing import and export formalities, and holding stock, they can supply
considerable information and guidance to a manufacturer. Developing a successful working
relationship with your importer/wholesaler can lead to a high level of teamwork, and provide
you with appropriate designs and information on the latest market trends, use of materials and
quality requirements. Most importers/wholesalers offer extensive office & school product
ranges, which can range up to 20,000 articles. Importers/wholesalers do not normally deal
with end-users but mainly with other intermediaries, usually retailers or office supply dealers.
The importer/wholesaler purchases from manufacturers and takes legal title to the products,
as well as taking physical possession of them. He stocks at his own risk. The wholesaler’s
margin – calculated as percentage of the retail selling price exclusive of VAT amounts to 23-
30%. Private-label makes up a large share of the turnover of an importer/wholesaler. Besides
a better margin, private-label stationery also offers the importer/wholesaler the opportunity to
create his own brand loyalty with his customers. Also for the retailers, private-labels tend to
fetch a higher margin than selling only branded stationery.
Contract stationers
Contract stationers are involved in business-to-business sales of stationery, computer supplies,
office furniture, and similar products. Contract stationers usually supply medium and large
professional users. The latter however generally account for the lion’s share of their business.
Large professional users like multinationals buy large quantities of stationery through a
contract purchasing system where the contract stationer gives a very high level of service, like
same day delivery, customized delivery and low prices, in return for a large volume of
business. In addition to providing competitive prices on high-usage items, contract stationers
often agree to provide customers with a stockless inventory system, information about
purchase and use patterns on a regular basis, and special services designed to facilitate
ordering and payment. Contract stationers source most of their stationery directly from the
manufacturers; however agents and importers are also used. Business is generally conducted
via salespeople, catalogues, and the internet. Large professional users generally have a written
contract with the contract stationer. Like the wholesalers, contract stationers are increasingly
introducing private-label products, generally sourced from low-cost locations in Asia and
Eastern Europe. This channel offers opportunities for manufacturers in developing countries
able to provide medium to large volumes of good quality at competitive prices.
School suppliers
Schools and universities are generally supplied by distributors who specifically aim their
product range at these users. As noted earlier, schools & universities are subsidised by the
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government, and generally receive a yearly budget per student or scholar. However, due to
increasing pressure on this funding, schools and universities are encouraged to look beyond
their conventional supply channels. An increasing number of schools & universities are
sourcing from commercial wholesalers, because of the cost benefits associated with them, at
the expense of their traditional suppliers. When supplying to schools, especially schools with
younger children, one should note that there are extremely strict product regulations.
Information can be found on the website of the educational trade associations of the individual
countries. CE marking is essential for products used or likely to be used by children.
Retail Channels
Retailing/shops:
Stationery & office supplies sell through many different types of shops, as shown in Figure 3.1:
stationery & office supplies shops, bookshops, toy shops, multi-product & fair trade shops,
card & gift shops and in shops for hobby & artists’ materials. Which shops are most relevant
will depend on the product group. E.g. wax crayons will sell through stationery shops and
hobby/artists’ material shops, but – most likely in a different quality – also in toy shops,
whereas paper-clips will sell mainly through stationery / office supplies shops. The independent
stationery retailers mostly sell to private users and, to a lesser extent, to SoHo users. Until
recently they have lost ground because of the increasing competition of mail order firms,
department stores, office superstores and hyper- and supermarkets. However, it is estimated
that this trend has now diminished or even stabilized, although independent retailers will
probably see a further decline in their market share. The independent stationery retailers find
it difficult to compete with the large product ranges and competitive pricing offered by the
other formats. The shop size of independent retailers is around 200-300 square metres
whereas the size of office superstores can range up to 5,000 square metres. Because of their
small size, independent retailers are obliged to source their products mainly from wholesalers
or buying groups.
Franchised and chain-owned shops are becoming increasingly important, being able to take
advantage of joint promotional power. Like their independent counterparts, franchise shops
and company-owned chain shops mainly serve private and SoHo users. Both franchise and
company-owned chain shops benefit from the brand recognition of the franchise or chain. Both
formulas centralise buying, promotional activities and logistics, which leads to a better
negotiating position and therefore more competitive pricing. The franchise and retail chains
source their assortment from buying groups, publishers, agents, importers/wholesalers and to
a lesser extent, directly from the manufacturer.
Discounters are usually chains of shops that often operate from low-rent locations. Low-price
with no-frills is the most important driver in this concept. This format has become an
important market player in the past decade. However, increasing numbers of end users are
turning to more quality products again. The discount market however has grown big and for
the time being will remain important in stationery distribution.
Department stores
Department stores provide the consumers with an opportunity to buy a wide range of products
under one roof. They use stationery products to complete their assortment and profit from the
relatively high margins compared to the other products they sell. Department stores often sell
stationery on a “shop within a shop” basis. Most department stores offer a wide range of both
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branded and private-labelled stationery. They are mostly situated in the mid- and or high-
priced segment of the stationery market. They specifically target their products at the private
user but some also specifically target the SoHo segment. The back-to-school period is a very
important time for department stores selling stationery. In this period department stores often
offer different lines of stationery specifically aimed at children, scholars and students.
Publishers are therefore important suppliers of department stores. Most department stores are
members of chains and have a centrally organised buying department. In addition to
publishers, agents and importers/wholesalers are generally the main suppliers. Direct sourcing
from the manufacturer is also found, but this varies strongly per company.
The size of a supermarket can range up to about 2,500 square metres and a hypermarket
generally covers more than 5,000 square metres. The super- & hypermarkets generally serve
private as well as SoHo users, who like to combine shopping for different consumables (one-
stop shopping). Both supermarkets and hypermarkets are therefore allocating more and more
shelf space to non-food articles like stationery, compact discs and tableware, mainly because
non-food products offer better margins than the standard grocery lines. Super- and
hypermarkets nowadays offer a greater selection of cheap private-labelled stationery, as well
as temporary discounts on branded products. The hypermarkets are mostly located on
industrial areas, where property prices are generally lower than in the normal shopping areas.
As for department stores, the back-to-school period is the most important selling period. It is
expected that the importance of super- and hypermarkets as a selling point for stationery will
continue to increase. Hypermarkets do buy directly from manufacturers, also from developing
countries.
Mail-order
Mail-order companies in general serve private and SoHo users and individuals within larger
companies who make discretionary purchases for themselves or their departments. Mail-order
companies generally send illustrated catalogues of their merchandise to prospective
customers, who can do their shopping at home or at the office, rather than visiting a store. All
that has to be done is to fill out an order form and mail it or place the order by telephone or
via the internet and the product(s) are sent to the customer’s home or office, sometimes
within 24 hours. Mail-order companies operate mainly in the low and middle ranges of price,
quality and design. The mail order companies source their product assortment from
wholesalers and sometimes directly from the manufacturer, depending on the volume and type
of the business. A notable development is that an increasing number of branch-related
companies (operating in a different field of business) are starting to sell stationery next to
their traditional range of products.
Web shops
The growing e-commerce market has triggered a rise in the importance of this channel as a
distribution channel for stationery, and an increasing number of other stationery distributors
now offer the opportunity to order products through the internet. Most retailers and suppliers
nowadays have their own websites, on which customers can order their products. The web
shop therefore acts as an additional marketing tool and sales outlet. Customers tend to use
the internet to gather information on stationery prices and products, while actual sales through
the internet are small but increasing, especially in electronic office supplies, books, specialist
hobby and artists’ materials, printer toner and ink cartridges. It is forecast that these sales will
increase, especially in the business-to-business market (SoHo and professional users) and
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particularly for repeat purchases. The ever-growing penetration of the internet and PC’s in
homes and offices will be the main growth driver for web shops.
Superstores
The superstore is a relatively new concept in the European stationery distribution landscape,
“imported” from the United States, but has become a regular feature in most EU markets.
Superstores are specialised cash & carry stores, typically located in suburban and industrial
areas. The size of a superstore can range up to 3,000 square metres. In 2004, superstores
together with mail-order companies accounted for 11% of stationery sales in the reviewed
countries. This percentage is expected to rise in the future, but not as fast as in the past ten
years. As the penetration of superstores is expected to increase, it will drive more and more
conventional retailers out of business.
Superstores generally aim at the SoHo and the medium-sized professional users, focussing on
price, differentiated qualities (usually not the cheapest or lowest quality level), and the one-
stop shopping concept.
Direct supply
By direct supply is meant the direct sale from the office product manufacturer to the end-user.
Direct supply accounted for a market share of 10% in 2004. This option is generally only open
to large professional users. Even though manufacturers generally prefer customers to use
intermediaries like wholesalers, some manufacturers are willing to supply customers directly
when the price is right. The ideal situation for a manufacturer is to make large weekly
deliveries to only a few wholesalers. This enables the manufacturer to carefully plan its
logistics and keep service costs down. Especially in Electronic Office Supplies (EOS), such as
laser and inkjet printer cartridges, office paper (for example A4 paper) and transparencies,
direct supplies are provided, often by the manufacturers of business machines using such
consumables, like Hewlett-Packard, Canon and Xerox, or by specialist paper merchants.
The selection of distribution channels below is based on their relative importance for DC
exporters compared to the other channels. The players are not ordered according to relevance,
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which varies with the size and level of economic development in the selected country in the
EU.
Agents
An agent is an intermediary who does not hold stocks. The agent may serve as an
intermediary between the manufacturer and the wholesaler or retailer, receiving a commission
from the former. An advantage for developing country exporters is that the agent normally has
a very good network of potential customers and DCs can gain access to a broad range of
distribution possibilities through an agent that knows his/her way in complex trade channel
networks. On the other hand, the exporter will have to give up part of his margin to the agent.
Also, the exporter will have to realize that the agent also works on behalf of other parties, and
will not be able to give all his attention to the exporter’s products. It will be necessary to
conclude a contract and the exporter should take care to ensure that his interests are
protected. Exporters are advised to evaluate the pro’s and con’s very well before entering into
this type of business relationship and to consider taking legal advice.
Importers/ wholesalers
Importers are familiar with local markets, usually have a wide base of customers and can
supply considerable information and guidance to the overseas manufacturer, such as over the
handling of import and export procedures and the holding of stock, in addition to the primary
business of buying and selling.
Buying Groups
Buying Groups are multi-functional, they source stationery on behalf of their members, keep
stock, take care of distribution and, if required, of joint marketing activities. Their private-label
products have developed into a very important part of their business, these products often
being sourced in low cost countries. Buying groups offer opportunities for larger volumes, if
those can be reliably provided. Generally, they are also involved and have access to private-
label production contracts.
Retailers
Some retailers – including chains of department stores - do import directly from manufacturers
in low cost countries. One advantage for exporters is that for the retailers, private-label
products tend to generate a higher margin than branded products.
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5. Determine the role/function of all companies that play a role (importing / stock-keeping /
distributing / marketing) along the road from end-users to manufacturer
In earlier days, in the so-called “product driven economy” the manufacturer would calculate his
production cost, add the desired profit margin and quote the resulting price to his potential
buyers (the “cost-plus” method). Nowadays in the so-called “market driven economy”
manufacturers realize that they and their (potential) buyers/trading partners do not determine
the price levels on their own. The price levels in the entire supply chain are for the major part
‘determined’ by the end-users and the market: “How much are they willing to pay for the
product?“.
Due to the fact that the price which the end-user is willing to pay is determinant, it is of
utmost importance for all players in the chain to know the end-user prices* (please see
paragraph “*Knowledge of end-user prices”). The end-user prices are often called Retail Selling
Prices (RSP) as that price is what all players in the entire chain will have to “divide” among
themselves for the work they do: retailing, marketing, distribution, wholesaling, importing,
transportation. They also have to bear in mind that sufficient money should be left to cover
production costs plus, of course, the manufacturer’s profit. After the intermediaries’ (players
standing between end-user and manufacturer) average margins are determined as a
percentage of the RSP, it is possible to calculate the estimated FOB selling price. This will
enable exporters to estimate their possible profit margin knowing the cost of inland
transportation, loading and manufacturing. The table below provides an example on how you
can do the estimation calculation for the traditional route of a product to the end user.
V.A.T.** rates vary for the different EU countries. To find the currently applied V.A.T. rates per
country please visit
http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/taxation/vat/how_vat_works/rates/index_en.htm
For a further explanation of terms such as FOB we refer to the Incoterms 2000 – International
commercial terms of delivery
http://www.arcelorlogistics.com/Refonte/images/Incoterms/Tableau-Incoterms-2000-Angl.gif
The margins which are indicated for the different players in the chain are averages. They may
vary per product, product group or negotiating power of the players and could be subject to
change. For example margins for the product group “greeting cards” could be higher due to
the seasonal character of this product – they are mainly used in the Christmas period so there
is a retail margin risk in holding stock. The calculated 20% for import & transportation costs
are averages too. Please be aware that the percentages given in this sample calculation might
be subject to great variation for different reasons such as type and availability of product,
channel of distribution, market location, duties in different countries etc.
If your products are subject to import (customs) duties you have to add these duties in the
above calculation as in this example no import duty costs are included. Normally the import
duty tariff for products under code groups 9608, 9609 such as ball point pens, pencils,
markers etc. is between 2-4% for third country origin and for products under code groups
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4820 such as cardboard folders, binders etc. is 0%. Iinformation on duties for specific products
can be found at http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/dds/cgi-bin/tarchap?Lang=EN – it is a
direct link to a particular item where an exporter can find the exact import duty in the EU for
it, while the link in Chapter 5 “Market access requirements” gives general information for
tariffs and quotas.
Referring to the table above, it is important to realize that the example multiplier (4.3) which
gives an easy calculation method backwards from the RSP to the estimated FOB price, may
vary as well. In general, the multiplier can range between 4 and 6, but sometimes even rise to
8 or 10.
• Soennecken – http://www.soennecken.de
• Spicers - http://www.spicers.net
• Interaction – http://www.interaction-connect.com
• Euromonitor - http://www.euromonitor.com
• MPA International - http://www.mpainternational.com
• Iplusc - http://www.iplusc.com
• Datamonitor - http://www.datamonitor.com
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In this chapter “Total EU Imports” does not mean imports into the EU from countries outside
the EU but means total imports by individual EU countries, including recorded imports from
other EU countries.
Table 4.1 shows the total imports by EU countries from 2004 to 2008, in value and volume.
This table is followed by product group specific import figures, in Tables 4.2 - 4.9.
Paper-based products
In 2008, EU paper-based items imports were worth € 3.1 billion. As shown below in Table 4.2,
paper-based item imports experienced a 19.7% increase in value during the period 2004 –
2008. This increase is largest in imports from developing countries, which rose by 44.8%, in
total. Intra-EU imports increased by 16% in total, while Extra-EU (excl. DC) imports saw a
modest increase of only 9% in total. While imports from developing countries are growing
fastest, their share of total imports of paper-based items was only 18% in 2007. Extra-EU
(excl. DC) imports took 8% of total imports and Intra-EU imports had the largest share, 75%.
In 2008, the largest suppliers of paper-based items from within the EU were Germany, France,
Italy, the United Kingdom, and the Netherlands. Among Extra-EU (excl. DC) countries, most
imports came from the USA, Switzerland, Hong Kong, Taiwan and Norway. Among developing
countries, China supplied by far the largest share of paper-based items to the EU, 12%. Other
relatively important suppliers from developing countries were India, Turkey, Malaysia and
Indonesia.
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Filing Products
In 2008, EU filing product imports were worth € 547 million. As shown below in Table 4.3,
filing products saw an increase in imports in Euro value throughout 2004 – 2008, of 34.7% in
total. The increase in imports was largest in imports from developing countries, which went up
by 94.1% in total. Intra-EU imports increased by 25.7% in total and Extra-EU (excl. DC) also
witnessed an increase, of 46.7% in total. While imports from developing countries are growing
the fastest, their share of total imports of filing products was only 18% in 2008. Extra-EU
(excl. DC) imports took 4% of total imports and Intra-EU imports had the largest share, 78%.
In 2008, the largest suppliers of filing products from within the EU were Germany, the Czech
Republic, Poland, France and the UK. Among Extra-EU (excl. DC) countries, most imports came
from Switzerland, Hong Kong and the USA. Among developing countries, China supplied by far
the largest share of filing products to the EU, 12.1%. Other relatively important suppliers from
developing countries were Malaysia, Tunisia, Turkey and Indonesia.
Storage Products
In 2008, EU storage product imports were worth € 175 million. As shown below in Table 4.4,
storage products saw a decrease in imports in Euro value throughout 2004 – 2008, of 2.8% in
total. The decrease in imports was considerable in imports from developing countries, which
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went down by 15.6% in total. Intra-EU imports increased by 6.4% in total while Extra-EU
(excl. DC) also witnessed a severe decrease of 28.6% in total. The share of storage products
imports from developing countries was 31% in 2008. Extra-EU (excl. DC) imports took 3% of
total imports and Intra-EU imports had the largest share, 66%. In 2008, the largest suppliers
of storage products from within the EU were Italy, the Netherlands, Slovenia, Germany and
Austria. Among Extra-EU (excl. DC) countries, most imports came from Taiwan, Switzerland,
Hong Kong and the USA. Among developing countries, China supplied by far the largest share
of storage products to the EU, 20.7%. Other relatively important suppliers from developing
countries were India, Thailand, Turkey and Tunisia.
Table 4.5 EU imports and leading suppliers for writing and drawing instruments
2004 - 2008, share in % of value
2004 2006 2008 Leading suppliers to EU in 2008 Share
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DC* 403 524 546 China 23%, India 1.3%, Mexico 0.7%, South Korea 29%
0.7%, Malaysia 0.6%, Indonesia 0.4%, Thailand
0.4%, Tunisia 0.3%, Brazil 0.3%, Vietnam 0.2%.
Source: Eurostat (2009)
*Developing countries
Table 4.6 EU imports and leading suppliers for presentation and planning
materials 2004 - 2008, share in % of value
2004 2006 2008 Leading suppliers to EU in 2008 Share
of which from
Intra EU 52 68 77 the Netherlands 13.1%, Portugal 12.4%, Germany 67%
9.6%, Czech republic 4.8%, Belgium 4.6%.
Extra EU ex. 2 3 3 Hong Kong 0.5%, the USA 0.5%, Taiwan 0.5%, 2%
DC* Japan 0.3%, Switzerland 0.3%.
DC* 17 23 36 China 28.1%, Indonesia 1.1%, Turkey 0.9%, 31%
Vietnam 0.3%, Malaysia 0.3%, India 0.2%,
Thailand 0.1%, Belarus 0.1%, Pakistan 0.1%,
Jordan 0.1%.
Source: Eurostat (2009) *Developing countries
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Table 4.7 EU imports and leading suppliers for office and desk accessories
2004 - 2008, share in % of value
2004 2006 2008 Leading suppliers to EU in 2008 Share
Greeting Cards
In 2008, EU greeting card imports were worth € 392 million. As shown below in Table 4.8
imports of greeting cards have been volatile in Euro value throughout the period, although
2008 imports were up 13% compared to 2004. The increase is large and stable in imports from
Extra-EU (excl. DC) countries, which went up by 40%, in total. Intra-EU imports decreased by
14% in total, and developing countries imports increased by 52%. Imports from developing
countries are growing the most and their share of total imports of greeting cards was the
largest, 43%, in 2008. Extra-EU (excl. DC) imports accounted for 14% of total imports and
Intra-EU imports accounted for the second biggest largest share, 42%. NB: This group
together with cases and satchels are the ones where DCs have the strongest position
and a leading share. In 2008, the largest suppliers of greeting cards from within the EU were
the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Germany, Belgium, and France. Among Extra-EU (excl.
DC) countries, most imports came from Hong Kong, Switzerland, the USA, and Israel. Among
developing countries, China supplied by far the largest share of greeting cards to the EU, 40%.
Other relatively important suppliers from developing countries were Indonesia, Turkey,
Thailand and South Korea.
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Table 4.9 EU imports and leading suppliers for cases and satchels
2004 - 2008, share in % of value
2004 2006 2008 Leading suppliers to EU in 2008 Share
Office Furniture
In 2008, EU office furniture imports were worth € 1.8 billion. As shown below in Table 4.10
office furniture has seen an overall increase in imports in Euro value throughout 2004 – 2008,
of 25.8% in total. The increase in imports is largest in imports from developing countries,
which went up by 209%, in total. Intra-EU imports increased by 18% in total, and Extra-EU
(excl. DC) imports increased by 10.6%. While imports from developing countries are growing
fastest, their share of total imports of office furniture was only 15% in 2008. Extra-EU (excl.
DC) imports took 5% of total imports and Intra-EU imports have the largest share, 79%. In
2008, the largest suppliers of office furniture from within the EU were Germany, Italy, France,
Sweden, and the United Kingdom. Among Extra-EU (excl. DC) countries, most imports came
from Switzerland, the USA, Norway and Taiwan. Among developing countries, China supplied
the largest share of office furniture to the EU, 8.4%. Other relatively important suppliers from
developing countries were Turkey, Malaysia, Brazil, Indonesia and Croatia.
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Intra EU 1,187 1,330 1,400 Germany 17.1%, Italy 14.3%, Sweden 5.5%, 79%
France 5.3%, United Kingdom 4.8%.
In general, Intra-EU trade has the greatest percentage share of market, due to the proximity
of the countries and the level of integration between them. Nevertheless, the developing
countries’ share is expected to increase, due to the developments in the consumption of
stationery products in the EU (for instance the trend towards non-labelled products). Looking
at the individual countries, the import share of developing countries is stable or increasing in
all the reviewed countries. Table 4.11 below shows the imports from developing countries for
the EU countries for 2004 – 2008, in value and in volume. Imports per product group by
individual member states are given in the CBI market surveys covering the markets in
individual EU countries.
In 2008, the United Kingdom imported the most from developing countries, 26% of all imports
(in value). Germany (16%), France (10%), Italy (9%), and the Netherlands (9%) followed in
ranking.
The countries in which the value of imports from developing countries has grown the most
over the period 2004 – 2008 (in average annual percentage), are:
• Slovakia 42%
• Latvia 39%
• Romania 25%
• Slovenia 23%
• Bulgaria 22%
• Sweden 15%
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• Ireland 14%
• Denmark 13%
• Belgium 13%
• The Netherlands 13%
• The Czech Republic 12%
• Lithuania 15%
Table 4.11 Imports of stationery, office and school supplies sector from developing
countries 2004-2008, € million / 1,000 tonneS
2004 2006 2008 Average
annual %
value volume value volume value volume
change in
value
China is by far the biggest DC supplier to the EU, is on most cases the biggest DC supplier to
EU countries and is expected to stay dominant in the coming years. In general, the
opportunities for imports from developing countries are bright. There is not a single country
where DC imports have decreased, although the major supplier to those countries is usually
China. China is a fierce competitor and holds the major share in almost all of the product
groups. In this sense, the dominance of China, with its cheap and competitive production, is a
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definite threat for exporters from other developing countries. Imports per product group by
individual EU country are given in the CBI sector surveys covering the market in those
countries.
4.4 Exports
The same reservations as described in the previous chapters for the consumption, production
and import trade statistics also apply to the export trade statistics in this chapter. Note that
the export statistics discussed also contain exports to other EU countries.
Table 4.12 Exports of stationery, office and school supplies market of the European
Union 2004-2008, € million / 1,000 tonnes
2004 2006 2008 Average
annual %
Value Volume value volume value Volume change in
value
The EU countries are the leading exporters of stationery in the world, with Germany, Italy and
France being among the world’s largest exporting countries. In 2008, total exports from EU
countries were valued at € 12.4 billion. Between 2004 and 2008, EU exports grew by 18% and
this trend will continue, probably not at the same pace and at the same levels but external
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demand is recovering and neighbouring countries will engage in more intensive trade after the
crisis is over.
The following countries have increased their exports by more than 10% annually, since 2008:
• Slovakia 40%
• Latvia 27%
• Lithuania 17%
• Poland 14%
• Portugal 13%
• Greece 13%
• Estonia 12%
• Romania 12%
• The Czech republic 11%
• Hungary 11%
The main re-exporting countries are Belgium and the Netherlands, with a large share of their
imports re-exported to the other members of EU (mainly neighbouring countries.) Please,
check the CBI sector surveys covering the market in individual EU countries, where extensive
figures per product group are given.
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5 Price developments
5.1 Price developments
Prices of stationery products strongly depend on the developments of the prices of the raw
materials, which fluctuate widely and are difficult to predict. In the long term this situation is
not expected to change. This applies to the EU in general.
PRIVATE-LABELS High-volume (commodity) products still suffer from the increasing market
share of Private-labels, leading to slightly decreasing price levels, although this trend has
stabilized. However, in product groups where Private-labels are important but where A-brand
suppliers have been able to introduce real innovations, prices have slightly increased, but
mainly for those innovative products. Examples are retractable markers, erasable highlighters.
As the share of A-brands may vary per country the positive effect this has had on the average
price levels may vary within the EU.
DOLLAR Due to the large fluctuations of the dollar, those companies doing business with the
EU in dollars are strongly advised to change to the Euro, or limit their currency risk in some
other way.
Concentration
Because of ongoing mergers, take-overs, co-operations and the growing power of the larger
and global players, the number of buying contracts is decreasing and the size per contract
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increasing. This has led to very competitive price levels. This trend mainly applies to the larger
volume business only. It is not only applicable to private-labels, but also to the prices of the A-
and B-branded products.
E.g. in the back-to-school season the number of different licensed products on offer increases.
As the demand for these products does not increase as much, this leads automatically to
smaller production runs, which tend to lead to increasing price levels. Also, there are
increasing numbers of designs and patterns that differentiate by means of special treatment or
finish. Such products are perceived to be of higher value and end users are usually willing to
pay relatively more for those products, compared to the more standard mass market products.
These trends also have an upward effect on price levels.
Price consciousness
Price fighting was copied from food into non-food markets a few years ago; people have
become increasingly price-conscious, partly due to the increasing use of the internet which
makes it easier to compare prices. In the early stages, this tendency led to a more competitive
situation, especially in the SoHo and private end users market. Since then, however, industry
experts think that while this price-consciousness is still there, it will not have such a downward
effect on price levels.
Raw materials
Fluctuations in the cost of raw materials such as plastics, wood and metals affect the price
levels of all stationery products. Important for plastic office products is the oil price, which
between August 2006 and January 2007 went down from around US$75 to around US$50,
before going up to around US$75 again in July 2007. Oil prices reached a level of over US$140
in June 2008, going down a little in July to the US $120 level. So compared to July 2007 dollar
prices went up by 60 – 80%! This clearly had an effect on the general price levels in the EU.
Price examples
Below a few examples of prices of popular school and office supplies are given only to show
the price developments at retail selling price level. Please note that the examples for each
item were only taken from one source (distributor). Price levels are not averages based on
extensive research. As mentioned before, the wide variety of products in this industry makes it
impossible to give full insight in current price levels. We therefore have mentioned many
interesting websites in the country specific documents where potential exporters can start
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searching for up to date information on end user price levels, for all segments. Be aware of
differences in those websites in mentioned prices: some publish including and some excluding
VAT!
Table 5.1 End-user prices registered in 2009 of LICENCED back to school products
- ! Important note: Retail Selling Prices of licensed products are higher than same products without licences! -
BACK TO
SCHOOL
Year (RSP incl, 19% VAT),
Diary
(hard
Exercise Exercise Ring Book Pencil cover)
book A5 book A4 binder wrapping case/bag
stapled stapled A4 paper 1
3 pcs 1 pc roll
2004 4,25 2,25 8,50 2,95 8,95 11,50
2005 4,25 2,25 8,50 2,95 8,95 10,50
2006 4,25 2,50 8,75 2,95 9,95 11,95
9,95 –
2007 4,25 2,50 8,75 2,95 9,95 12,95
2008 4,50 2,95 9,50 2,95 9,95 12.95
2009 4.95 3.25 9.95 2,95 10.95 13.95
Developments
2007 vs 2006 = = = = = n.a.
The products in Table 5,1 play an important role in the back-to-school season, Prices in the
table are inclusive of 19% VAT and have been seen in one high street retail channel in the
Netherlands.
Table 5.2 End-user prices of luxury desk sets (Foster) seen in 2006, inclusive of
(incl.) VAT
LUXURY DESK
SETS DESIGN BRAND (Foster) SOLD IN AN
OFFICE SUPPLIER AIMING AT THE HIGHER
ENDS OF THE MARKET IN GERMANY AND
THE NETHERLANDS, MATERIAL: ALUMINIUM
Year (RSP excl, 19% VAT)
Foster Foster
aluminium aluminium Foster paper
tape memo tray punch
dispenser 12x12x5cm
2004 € 69,00 € 45,00 € 70,00
2005 € 72,00 € 47,00 € 72,00
2006 € 76,00 € 50,00 € 76,00
2007 € 81,00 € 53,00 € 81,00
2008 €81.00 €53.00 € 79.00
2009 € 81.00 € 53.00 € 98.00
Source: Various web sites
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Please note this list is intended as a starting point, not as the complete list. Many more
websites may be found by using search machines such as Google.
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Additional information on packaging can be found at the website of ITC on export packaging:
http://www.intracen.org/ep/packaging/packit.htm
Marking and labelling serves two major purposes. First, it is critical for smooth distribution
through the transport system. The labels should state the originating and destination
addresses, as well as contact names and telephone numbers. Secondly, marking and labelling
gives information concerning the product. Appropriate labels should be attached to indicate, for
example, that items are fragile and that they need to be kept upright or dry. Without these
labels, the people handling the objects and crates will not be aware they have to be careful. It
is important to label individual parcels and packages within crates as well. Large warehouses,
department stores and supermarkets in Europe do not have the time to open each individual
package to check the contents. Each package should therefore be properly labelled with codes
stating both the contents and the article code of the buyer/distributor. The use of the pictorial
marking “FRAGILE” can be used when product content is prone to breaking/
damaging/scratching. Special care must be taken when packing paper stationery. Paper
products in general are very vulnerable to moisture.
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7 Opportunity or threat ?
The opportunities and threats which face exporters from developing countries can be grouped
into two categories:
• market-related issues
• production related issues
Market-related issues
- The overall EU market can be described as mature and static, with little growth forecast to
the end of the decade.
+ While overall EU consumption is fairly stable, the market in Central and Eastern European
countries is forecast to grow more strongly, after the economic crisis is over.
- In a relatively stable market, competition is more fierce.
+ Imports from developing countries are taking an increasing share of the EU market, both in
value and volume.
+ The Soho (small office, home office) segment is growing considerably and offers
opportunities to those manufacturers able to develop, create and manufacture products
which meet the specific, growing demand for high-end and trendy products
± The increasing market share of private-label products at all levels of the sector also offers
a considerable growth opportunity. However, in some of the product groups this trend has
stabilized.
- The increasing use of computers is reducing demand for traditional stationery products
+ Computerization does present an opportunity in products directly related to computers,
such as data storage products, and in related categories, such as filing and organizing and
desk accessories.
+ Growing numbers of hobbyists are creating a demand for new hobby-related products
- The EU population has declining numbers of students and scholars, an important group of
stationery users.
+ This population trend is offset to some extent by an increase in the number of immigrants
with younger families who are entering the EU.
- A large proportion of demand for stationery products is driven by and concentrated in the
‘back-to-school’ period in many countries.
+ Office and school supplies / stationery are no longer sold solely through the traditional
supply chains. Sales channels which originally served other industries (e.g. food, drugstore
items) have also started to market stationery products, either promotionally or as part of
their regular product range.
+ Low cost, non-labelled and non-branded products have taken a sizeable share of the
market, offering opportunities to DC stationery producers.
+ There is growing demand for innovative, genuinely added-value products.
- The market is becoming increasingly sophisticated, sensitive to fashion and trends and
therefore difficult to supply with appropriate high-quality products.
- The increasing attention to the hygiene brings special requirements for products.
- China dominates the supply of DC-sourced products into the EU.
Production-related issues
- The consolidation trend amongst EU stationery manufacturers is leading to some very
sizeable market players who benefit from large economies of scale.
- EU manufacturers are outsourcing their production to cheaper locations in Eastern Europe,
which offer lower production costs, and proximity to the target markets.
- EU manufacturers are also locating their production facilities in developing countries,
competing directly with DC producers
+ DC producers may be able to benefit from EU manufacturers presence in their country,
either as sub-contractors or by drawing on the expertise which EU manufacturers bring
with them
+ Efficient producers in low-cost countries will be able to compete in the low-cost end of the
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market.
+ DC producers who are flexible, responsive and able to manage short production runs will
have opportunities.
+ DC producers may have easier access to raw materials such as wood, leather, paper etc.
+ Producers who keep abreast of the applicable EU legislation and other requirements for
products destined for the EU market will find it easier to contract with private- and non-
label buyers
+ Producers who are not fully automated, and are able offer some degree of hand-finishing or
manufacture, may find opportunities in the high-end and specialty market segment and
with buyers seeking lower quantity production runs
+ Some EU buyers have recently sought to reduce their dependence on China as supplier,
citing inconsistent quality and unreliable delivery times, as well as rising prices. These
buyers are seeking to source their needs from other developing countries.
- Some EU buyers have also tried to reduce their inventories and their exposure to fashion
and trends by demanding smaller production runs from their product suppliers.
The same development or trend can be an opportunity for one exporter and a threat for
another. That is why exporters from developing countries should analyze if these
developments represent an opportunity or a threat for them and the outcome of this analysis
depends on the specific situation of each exporter.
For example, the recent trend in the European market, which is gaining more attention among
the customers and it is becoming important issue in this sector, is the focus on hygiene in the
office environment and in stationery products. This hygiene awareness brings new
requirements for the products and is generally considered as a threat for most DC exporters
because, for instance, producing stationery from sanitised plastics is difficult. But for some DC
exporters who are able to produce products from sanitides plastics and can meet all the
requirements for such specific production this trend is great opportunity for them as their
products will be focused on a specific market niche, which is becoming popular in EU, and they
can achieve great success not only because of the lower competition but due to the higher
returns they can make, since in general specific niche products are more expensive than the
mass products and the customers are willing to pay more for the specific product
characteristics.
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Paper-based Items
Paper-based Items include: writing pads, exercise books, memo and refill pads, duplicate and
analysis books, notebooks, account books, diaries, wrapping paper and calendars. This
segment also includes different types of envelopes, which are used to pack documents or other
products which are generally sent through postal services. Envelopes are available in different
sizes and types, like, for example, window, self-seal, padded, booklet, square, open-end, two-
way remittance, strip 'n grip, priority mail and payroll envelopes. Greetings cards are excluded
from this segment, since these are dealt with separately.
Filing Products
This segment includes different types of manila files, expanding files, soft plastic filing and
display books, suspension filing, ring binders, lever arch files, archival filing, indexes and
dividers. These products are used to save and store documents and have a prominent place in
the contemporary office.
Storage Products
This segment includes different types of filing cabinets, card-index cabinets, paper trays, paper
rests, pen trays, office-stamp stands and similar office or desk equipment. These products are
used to save and store documents and have a prominent place in the contemporary office.
Greeting Cards
The segment Greeting Cards includes Christmas cards, New Year cards, Valentine cards,
birthday cards, graduation cards, change of address cards, marriage cards, etc. Generally
cards are used to mail a message to friends and acquaintances. Please note that consumption
information about this specific product group is not readily available, but we have given
product group specific information about the production, import and export of this segment
based on the Eurostat database.
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product group specific information about the production, import and export of that segment
based on the Eurostat database.
Office Furniture
This product group is relatively new in the scope of the stationery researchers, but as
mentioned in the introduction to this survey it is also one of the fastest growing segments in
the market. This product group includes desks, chairs, tables, screens, cabinets and computer
trolleys (almost anything which is used as seating, desks, tables or cupboards in the office).
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CBI MARKET SURVEY:
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The first set is derived from Prodcom. The term Prodcom is derived from PRODucts of the
European COMmunity. This is a survey based on products whose definitions are standardised
across the EU to allow comparability between the member countries’ data. Prodcom covers
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CBI MARKET SURVEY:
THE STATIONERY, OFFICE AND SCHOOL SUPPLIES MARKET IN THE EU
some 4,800 products which are assigned to some 250 industries (subclasses) as
defined by the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC). Prodcom data cover production,
imports and exports. In this survey Prodcom data are used to indicate production.
The second set is the trade data based on the Combined Nomenclature (abbreviated to CN).
This Combined Nomenclature contains the goods classification prescribed by the EU for
international trade statistics. The CN is an 8-digit classification consisting of a further
specification of the 6-digit Harmonised System (HS). HS was developed by the World Customs
Organisation (WCO). The system covers about 5,000 commodity groups, each identified by a
six-digit code. More than 179 countries and economies use the system. In this survey CN data
are used to indicate imports and exports.
The Prodcom data used in Chapter 1 and 2 are less reliable than the import and export
statistics used in Chapter 4, as they are not part of official data collection for Customs.
Companies only have to send in their data on an annual or quarterly basis. The figures
sometimes show a discrepancy between years, e.g., a large fall or extraordinary growth. These
problems are caused by inaccurate, inconsistent and untimely reporting by companies.
However, Prodcom data are the only official source for production and apparent consumption
data, displaying numbers at product group level and describing the different EU markets in
detail. Therefore they are useful to get an indication of size and trends within those markets.
For decision-making, however, these figures are not accurate enough and should be used in
conjunction with further market research.
In the case of intra-EU trade, statistical surveying is only compulsory for exporting and
importing firms whose trade exceeds a certain annual value. The threshold varies from country
to country, but it is typically about € 100,000. As a consequence, although figures for trade
between the EU and the rest of the world are accurately represented, trade within the EU is
generally underestimated.
Furthermore, the information used in CBI market surveys is obtained from a variety of
sources. Therefore, extreme care must be taken in the qualitative use and interpretation of
quantitative data, it puts limitations to in-depth interpretation of relations between
consumption, production and trade figures within one country and between different countries.
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CBI MARKET SURVEY:
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Cultural awareness is a critical skill in securing success as an exporter. The enlargement of the
EU has increased the size of the EU, and also significantly increased its complexity. With more
people from culturally diverse backgrounds, effective communication is necessary. Be aware of
differences in respect of meeting and greeting people (use of names, body language etc.) and
of building relationships. There are also differences in dealings with hierarchy, presentations,
negotiating, decision making and handling conflicts. More information on cultural differences
can be found in chapter 3 of CBI’s export manual ‘Exporting to the EU (2006)’.
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Afghanistan
Albania
Armenia
Bangladesh
Benin
Bolivia
Bosnia-Herzegovina
Burkina Faso
Colombia
Ecuador
Egypt
El Salvador
Ethiopia
Georgia
Ghana
Guatemala
Honduras
India
Indonesia
Jordan
Kenya
Macedonia
Madagascar
Mali
Moldavia
Montenegro
Morocco
Mozambique
Nepal
Nicaragua
Pakistan
Peru
Philippines
Rwanda
Senegal
Serbia
South Africa
Sri Lanka
Suriname
Tanzania
Thailand
Tunisia
Uganda
Vietnam
Zambia
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Appendix D References
Euromonitor International (research agency)
E-mail: mailto:info@euromonitor.com
Internet: http://www.euromonitor.com
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