"7- '

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION

:)

Gemini
Summary
Conference
i * * * e* •»
'.V.V.V.%
Slides
I * ** • ***

> * * » * • • •

(MASA-T8-X-69175) GEHJNI SUMMABY B73-73315

CONFE8ENCE SLIDES (NASA) 199 p

Unclas
00/99 17983

. • -.,3
M A N N E D SPACECRAFT CENTER
HOUSTON, TEXAS

February 1967
REVIEW AND SUMMARIZATION OF RENDEZVOUS OPERATIONS

By Wyendell B. Evans
 NASA-S-66-11882

RENDEZVOUS TECHNIQUES

• FOURTH ORBIT M=4

• THIRD ORBIT M=3

• FIRST ORBIT- M=l

• OPTICAL RE-RENDEZVOUS

• RE-RENDEZVOUS FROM ABOVE

• STABLE ORBIT IRE-RENDEZVOUS

• OPTICAL DUAL RENDEZVOUS

NASA-S-66-12057

MISSION SUMMARY
GEMINI TYPE
MISSION RENDEZVOUS

VI- A • FOURTH ORRIT- M — *tX

VV I1I1I1 • COIIPTUIflDHIT-
rvJUKIn U KDll kA — A
N\—A

TY A • TU-IIPn OJD
KRbIlT
l -
M —o
LA.-M InlKUV —o
• OPTICAL RE-RENDEZVOUS
• RE-RENDEZVOUSiFROM A!iOVE

X -
• P O I I P T H {"1PRIT- - /V\
kA— —A4
• OPTICAL DUAL
VT M —i
Al • l KDO
rEl CT1 O D R I1T -
vJKBI —1
• STABLE ORBIT
"7TI THIPHOPRIT M—o
A II • —O
NASA-S-66-12079

GEMINI YI-A
CANDIDATE MISSIONS

• TANGENTIAL
• COELLIPTICAL
• FIRST APOGEE
 NASA-S-66-11774

-TARGET-CENTERED COORDINATE SYSTEM

TARGET VEHICLE

ROTATION

NASA-S-66-11780

RELATIVE MOTION
TARGET-CENTERED COORDINATE SYSTEM

(A) LOWER CIRCULAR

ORBIT

VERT -+X
DISPLACE-
(B) LOWER ELLIPTICAL MENT
ORBIT

+Y
(C) HIGHER CIRCULAR
ORBIT -X

HORIZONTAL DISPLACEMENT
 GEMINI YI-.A, WT AND X
TERMINAL PHASE RELATIVE TRAJECTORY

VERTICAL
DISPLACEMENT,
N Ml ^ , 05:36
0
BELOW
•33.6° CORRECTION

8
81.8° CORRECTION
12

16

0 8 16 24 32 40
AHEAD^KBEHIND
HORIZONTAL DISPLACEMENT, N Ml

NASA-S-66-11762
GEMINI YI-A,Ym AND X
RELATIVE TRAJECTORY

VERTICAL
DISPLACEMENT,
N Ml /_TPF. 05:36
0

0 160 320 480 640 800 960 1120

AHEAD-HBEHIND
HORIZONTAL DISPLACEMENT, N Ml
 NASA-S-66-11771
GEMINI IX-A AND XH
TERMINAL PHASE RELATIVE TRAJECTORY
VERTICAL
DISPLACEMENT,
N Ml
^—TPF 04:00
0
BELOW J.6° CORRECTION
4
TPI
8

12

16
0 6 12 18 24 30
AHEADH^BEHIND
HORIZONTAL DISPLACEMENT, N Ml

NASA-S-66-11773
GEMINI EX-A ANDSI
RELATIVE TRAJECTORY

VERTICAL
DISPLACEMENT,
N Ml ^-TPF 04:00
0
N
BELOW
20

40
NCC
60

80
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
AHEAD-4-BEHIND
HORIZONTAL DISPLACEMENT, N Ml
 NA§A-'S-6"&il2054
GEMINI XI
TERMINAL PHASE RELATIVE TRAJECTORY
VERTICAL
DISPLACEMENT,
N Ml
0
v
BELOW - TPF, 01:14:52

TPI
90 SEC BEFORE APOGEE

12
0 4 8 12 16
AHEAD^BEHIND
HORIZONTAL DISPLACEMENT, N Ml

NASA-S-66-11765
GEMINI 23
RELATIVE TRAJECTORY
VERTICAL
DISPLACEMENT,
N Ml
20
-TPF, 01:14:52
ABOVE
0 -TPI
BELOW
20

40

60
80
0 40 80 120 160 200
AHEADH-BEHIND
HORIZONTAL DISPLACEMENT, N Ml
 NASA-S-66-12050 GEMINI EK-A
RELATIVE TRAJECTORY
OPTICAL RE-RENDEZVOUS
•DARKNESS

ABOVE 2 -

VERTICAL SEPARATION CORRECTION

DISPLACE-
MENT, °
N Ml

BELOW 2 I-

0 2
AHEAD^BEHIND
HORIZONTAL DISPLACEMENT, N Ml

NASA-S-66-12053 GEMINI K-A

TERMINAL PHASE RELATIVE TRAJECTORY

RE-RENDEZVOUS FROM ABOVE
VERTICAL
DISPLACEMENT, •TPI
N Ml a>t = 130°
8r

ABOVE

BELOW

16 14 12 10 8 6 4202
AHEADH^BEHIND
HORIZONTAL DISPLACEMENT, N Ml
 NASA-S-66-11976
- • - GEMINI XI
VERTICAL STABLE ORBIT RE-RENDEZVOUS
DISPLACE-
MENT, N Ml
0

-VISUAL BRAKING INTERCEPT MVR-

1:13:10 0:00

34° CORRECTION
1:04:40

10
0 10 15 20 25
AHEAD •*+*• BEHIND
HORIZONTAL DISPLACEMENT, N Ml
 NASA-S-66-11779

VARIABLE-AZIMUTH LAUNCH TECHNIQUE

_ LAUNCH _
WINDOW

LAUNCH-SITE
LATITUDE

DIRECTION OF ROTATION

ORBIT TRAVEL
OF T A R G E T —

A POINT WHERE TARGET PLANE CROSSES LAUNCH

SITE RESULTING IN ZERO DISPLACEMENT

NASA-S-66-11781

BIASED LAUNCH AZIMUTH

AND STAGE 0 YAW STEERING
—>--UNBIASED
TRAJECTORY
BIASED
TRAJECTORY
1. BECO
2. SECO

WEDGE
ANGLE

TARGET
VEHICLE
ORBIT
PLANE
NASA-S-66-11969

YAW STEERING SUMMARY

GEMINI TARGETED OUT-OF-PLANE

MISSION DISPLACEMENT

YI-A +.20°
VTTT -.21
TX-A -.50
X -.077
XL -.131
xn -.16

NASA-S-66-11883

GEMINI LAUNCH PERFORMANCE

GEMINI LAUNCH LAUNCH TIME

LAUNCH DATE DEVIATION
MISSION ATTEMPTS
I 1 APR 8, 1964 ON TIME
n 2 JAN 19, 1965 -4 MIN
ffl 1 MAR 23, 1965 -24 MIN
GZ 1 JUN 3, 1965 -16 MIN
Y 2 AUG 21, 1965 ON TIME
YJ 1 AGENA FAILURE
YJ-A 2 DEC 15, 1965 ON TIME
YH 1 DEC 4, 1965 ON TIME
VTTT 2 MAR 16, 1966 ON TIME
JX 1 ATLAS FAILURE
IX-A 2 JUN 3, 1966 ON TIME
X 1 JUL 18, 1966 ON TIME
XI 3 SEP 12, 1966 ON TIME
xn 3 NOV 11, 1966 ON TIME
 NASA-S-66-11863

CREW PROCEDURES REQUIREMENTS

• SUFFICIENT TIME FOR THE CREW TO COMPLETE THE

NECESSARY ACTIVITIES
• APPROACH TRAJECTORIES WHICH ARE REASONABLY
INSENSITIVE TO INSERTION DISPERSIONS AND/OR
ERRORS IN MID-COURSE MANEUVERS
• B A C K U P PROCEDURES
• LIGHTING CONDITIONS WHICH ARE COMPATIBLE
WITH BACKUP PROCEDURES
• LOW TERMINAL APPROACH VELOCITIES AND
LINE-OF-SIGHT RATES

NASA-S-66-11776

PRIMARY RENDEVOUS
LIGHTING REQUIREMENTS
AFTER TPI (TARGET PRIOR TO AND AT
LIGHTS VISIBLE) TPI (TARGET VISIBLE
IN REFLECTED
SUNLIGHT)
FIRST
CORRECTION
STARS

SUN

SECOND
CORRECTION

STARS
T-TARGET VEHICLE
S-SPACECRAFT
DOCKING
NASA- S-66-11775

PASSIVE RENDEZVOUS
LIGHTING REQUIREMENTS
DESIRED SUN
SUN DIRECTION DIRECTION AT SUN D | R E C TION
TPI
EARLY TPI LATE TPI
X

T A R G E T ORBIT

SPACECRAFT ORBIT
LINE-OF-SIGHT
TARGET VEHICLE
SPACECRAFT
NASA-S-66-11861

RENDEZVOUS PROPELLANT USAGE

PART I
CONDITIONS
GEMINI TYPE OF
RENDEZ- AT START OF
P,ROP USAGE -POUNDS
MISSION VOUS TERMINAL PHASE ACTUAL MIN RATIO
COELLIPTIC
YI-A M=4 A-h = 15 N Ml 130 81 1.60
AX = 25 N Ml
COELLIPTIC
vm M=4 Ah = 15 N Ml 160 79 2.02
AX = 25 N Ml
COELLIPTIC
EX- A M=3 Ah = 12 N Ml 113 68 1.66
AX = 22 N Ml

IX-A OPTICAL Ah = 2.5 N Ml 61 20 3.05

AX = 3.5 N Ml
FROM A,h = -7.5 N Ml
EX-A 137 39 3.51
ABOVE AX = -10 N Ml

NASA-S-66-12056

RENDEZVOUS PROPELLANT USAGE

PART E
TYPE OF CONDITIONS PROP USAGE -POUNDS
GEMINI
RENDEZ- AT START OF
MISSION
VOUS FERMINAL PHASE ACTUAL MIN RATIO
COELLIPTIC
X M=4 Ah = 15 N Ml 360 84 4.28
AX = 30 N Ml
COELLIPTIC
OPTICAL Ah = 7 N Ml
X 180 73 2.46
DUAL AX = 12 N Ml
SC AT APOGEE
XI M=l OF 87/151 ORBIT 191 1.52
290
Ah = 10 N Ml
AX = 15 N Ml
STABLE Ah = 0 N Ml
XI 87 31 2.81
ORBIT AX = 25 N Ml
COELLIPTIC
xn M'-3 Ah = 10 N Ml 112 55 2.04
AX = 20 N Ml
NASA-S-66-12055

PRIMARY RENDEZVOUS
VERNIER CORRECTION SOLUTIONS

GEMINI ACT. CORRECT. NOM! CORRECT. MEAN

CORRECT.
MISSIONS FT/SEC FT/SEC
+lcr FT/SEC
FIRST SECOND FIRST SECOND FIRST SECOND

YI-A 11 7 1 2 50 26

WT 15 9 1 0 50 26

IX-A 1 3 2 3 50 26

X 20 23 2 3 50 26

XI 6 2 0 2 22 12

xn 2 5 2 3 50 26

NASA-S-66-12080

CONCLUSIONS

RENDEZVOUS IS OPERATIONALLY FEASIBLE WITH AN

ACTIVE OR A PASSIVE TARGET
THE OPERATION CAN BE PERFORMED USING ONLY
ONBOARD GUIDANCE INFORMATION AFTER LIFT-OFF
THE OPERATION CAN BE PERFORMED USING ONLY
GROUND SUPP-LIED INFORMATION
THE OPERATION CAN BE PERFORMED USING
A COMBINATION OF GROUND AND ONBOARD
INFORMATION
GROUND CONTROL AND MONITORING OF RENDEZVOUS

By Edward L. Pavelka
NASA-S-66-11748
GEMINI YI-A
RELATIVE TRAJECTORY

VERTICAL
DISPLACEMENT,
N Ml
INSERTION
ABOVE 00:06:08
BELOW

0 160 320 480 640 800 960

AHEADH-BEHIND
HORIZONTAL DISPLACEMENT, N Ml

NASA-S-66-12075

GEMINI IX-A
RELATIVE TRAJECTORY
VERTICAL
DISPLACEMENT,
N Ml
0
NCI
DARKNESS

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

AHEAD -*K BEHIND
HORIZONTAL DISPLACEMENT, N Ml
NASA-S-66-11899

DUAL RENDEZVOUS PLANNING

AGENA YE! AGENAX REQUIRED

VECTOR LAUNCH TIME APOGEE

19 MARCH 3:40:58 225

30 MARCH 3:40:54 245
25 APRIL 3:37:30 •- 470
16 MAY 3:37:30 400
9 JUNE 3:46:30 390
OX
24 M AV 3:41:55 ixr\
MAY ooU
on ii IMC
Z.\J JUINt 3:40:26 y<on
4z U

18 JULY 3:39:46 • - : 409

NASA-S-66-11751

GEMINI X DUAL RENDEZVOUS

VERTICAL
DISPLACE-
MENT , N Ml
xlO
18 r

BELOW 6 -

32 24 16 8 0 8 16
AHEAD • . I • BEHIND
HORIZONTAL DISPLACEMENT, N Ml x 102
 NASA-S-66-11750

GEMINI XI
RELATIVE TRAJECTORY

VERTICAL
DISPLACEMENT,
N Ml
20 01:02
-TPF
ABOVE
0
BELOW
20 -00:32 SC INSERT
00:06:40-
40

60

80
0 40 80 120 160 200
AHEAD-^BEHIND
HORIZONTAL DISPLACEMENT, N Ml

NASA-S-66-11987
GEMINI XI
STABLE ORBIT RE-RENDEZVOUS

o
-VISUAL BRAKING INTERCEPT MVR
1:13:10 0:00
VERTICAL
DISPLACE-
MENT,
N Ml '
-34 CORRECTION
1:04:40

10
0 10 15 20 25

HORIZONTAL DISPLACEMENT, N Ml
NASA-S-66-12076

RENDEZVOUS MIDCOURSE
PHASE SUMMARY

GEMINI VELOCITY, FPS

MISSION NOM - A C T U A L AtjPI,MIN AAH, N Ml
T7T A
V 1- A
11 7
\ \ / ICO
ioy 4 -91
T/.I ....
•" - . 1.1
11

, 1 17 i cr\ i o 7 ,. 1 9
VIII \ \f — IOU Ty./ 1 ./

OO
T7 A
JJL-A 19A
I/O — 1V3
I/J 19
—I./ ./

•••• 1 i/u
f)f\
- 1 i4 1t\ O
-/.Z O
o.y
~VT - O f\ i i i r\ o
Al oU — 44 TU.o

YTT 11 * 1A7 +^ 0 i .^
ONBOARD OPERATIONS FOR RENDEZVOUS

By Edwin E. Aldrin
 NASA-S-66-12045

GEMINI YI-A, VTTT AND X

RELATIVE TRAJECTORY

VERTICAL
DISPLACEMENT,
N Ml
-TPF, 05:36:28

0 160 320 480 640 800 960 1120

AHEADH-BEHIND
. HORIZONTAL DISPLACEMENT, N Ml

NASA-S-66-11905

TYPICAL MIDCOURSE MANEUVERS

ALTITUDE
DIFFERENTIAL,
N Ml

BELOW° " CIRCULARIZE-

20

40
IVAR

60

80
1000 800 600 400 200 0
BEHINDH
TRAILING DISTANCE/N Ml
 NASA-S-66-11909

FIRST ORBIT RENDEZVOUS T R A J E C T O R Y

ABOVE

BELOW
TPI
DISPERSED HIGH
ALTITUDE 20
DIFFERENTIAL, NOMINAL
N Ml 30

DISPERSED LOW

10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
AHEAD -4* BEHIND
TRAILING DISPLACEMENT, N Ml

NASA-S-66-11876

GEMINI RENDEZVOUS SUMMARY

wt
MISSION TARGET APPROACH A h
N Ml DEC
GEMINI YI-A GEMINI 3ffl BELOW 15 130
SPACECRAFT
GEMINI YEI GEMINI VTTT AGENA BELOW 15 130
GEMINI IX-A INITIAL BELO\W 12.5 130
FIRST EQUI-
RE-RENDEZVOUS ATDA ^PERIOD 0 80
SECOND
RE-RENDEZVOUS ABOVE 7.5 130

GEMINI X INITIAL GEMINI X AGENA BELOW 15 130

DUAL RENDEZVOUS GEMINI YfflAGENA BELOW 5 80

GEMINI XI INITIAL BELOW 10 120

GEMINI XI AGENA
STABLE 0 292
. RE-RENDEZVOUS ORBIT
GEMINI Xn GEMINI XE AGENA BELOW 10 130
 NASA-S-66-11910

TERMINAL PHASE COMPUTER SEQUENCE

TARGET
TIME
on AFTER TPh
MIN
15 BACKUP
VERNIER DATA TIME,MIN
.THRUST D C B A 60 55 50
, ALIGN ///,,,, • • • • I 1 1
4 IMU 7 il I I I l I I I I I
RADAR
VERNIER SAMPLES
THRUST
TPI
-PUSHSTARTCOMP
THRUST

AV DISPLAY

NASA-S-66-11878

TPI PROCEDURES

BORESIGHT ON TARGET
MONITOR 6, R, R EVERY MINUTE
WHEN 0*21.4°, RECORD D A T A FOR POINT B
ON TPI CHART
PUSH S T A R T COMP BUTTON AFTER NEXT
D A T A POINT
RECORD D A T A AT POINT D
ENTER TPI CHART, C A L C U L A T E A R , A V N /
AND TPI TIME
C O M P A R E AR AND AV N WITH CLOSED LOOP
AND MSFN
NASA-S-66-11986

BACKUP DATA

TARGET
AR= RACT]
RACT] RACT
4 ' = (9, TYPE T R A J )
.R REQ

R, R FROM R A D A R

e-0

eREQ= (6, TYPE T R A J )

0 A , 0 D i FROM PLATFORM OR G A FROM S E X T A N T
0 D -0 A FROM STARS

NASA-S-66-11879

FAILURE MODES

FWD/AFT UP/DWN
FAILURE
AV SOURCE A'V SOURCE

CLOSED-LOOP CLOSED-LOOP
NONE GUIDANCE GUIDANCE

RADAR NOMINAL MDU e,

COMPUTER ANALOG GAGE R, R FDAI 6 7 A0

SEXTANT
IMU MDU R, R NOMINAL 0 / S T A R S A 0
 NASA-S-66-11911

TERMINAL PHASE LIGHTING

SUN LOS
TPI-20MIN

SUN LOS
TPI-10MIN

LOS AT
CIRCULARIZATION
-20MIN
HORIZ
LOS HORIZ
LOS
SUN
LOS TPI
LOS AT TPI

NASA-S-66-11912

TERMINAL PHASE MANEUVER SUMMARY

CLOSED LOOP GUIDANCE AND

APPLIED MANEUVERS - FPS
TPI 1ST VERNIER 2NDIVERNIER
GEMINI NOM ACT UP RT FWD UP RT FWD UP RT
MISSION FWD FWD DWN LFT AFT DWN LFT AFT DWN LFT
YI-A 32 31 4U 1R 7F 7U 5L 4F 3U 6R
VTTT 32 25 3U 8R 12F 6U 1R 4F 7U 3R
EX-A 27 (27) (1U) (2R) 2A 2U 3R 3F 2D OR
26 8U 4R
X 32 41 (OU)
IU
(OL) 15A {140) 1R (OF)
IF 25D 5R
16L 22D
xn 22 (22) (OU) (OR) (OF) (2U). (OR) (5A) (ID) (OR)
NASA-S-66-11906

CONCLUSIONS
RENDEZVOUS EXERCISES HIGHLY SUCCESSFUL
CREW PARTICIPATED EXTENSIVELY
• DIRECTED GUIDANCE SYSTEM OPERATION
• DETECTED AND IDENTIFIED MALFUNCTIONS
• TOOK CORRECTIVE ACTION
MONITORING AND BACKUP DATA REQUIRED
• RANGE, R A N G E RATE
• SPACECRAFT ATTITUDE A N G L E S
• VISUAL AND R A D A R TARGET TRACKING

FLIGHT CHARTS ESSENTIAL FOR MONITORING

AND BACKUP
OPERATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DOCKED CONFIGURATION

By Homer W. Dotts
NASA-S-66-11858

DOCKING CONCEPTS .
COLLISION COURSE / NONCOLLISION COURSE

TRAPEZE HOOK

PROBE AND DROGUE

TEXAS LASSO

NASA-S-66-11731

DOCKING AND MOORING SEQUENCE

DOCKING ADAPTER

RIGIDIZED

DOCKED

DOCKING CONE

DISCHARGE INDEXING BAR

FINGER SPACECRAFT
APPROACH
 NASA-S-66-11739

TARGET DOCKING ADAPTER ASSEMBLY

AGENA STATUS
DIPQLE DISPLAY
ANTENNA INDICATORS
DOCKING
SPIRAL CONE
ANTENNA

ACQUISITION
LIGHT

DAMPERS
SPIRAL
ANTENNA

NASA-S-66-11732

ENERGY REQUIREMENTS
TWO DEGREES OF FREEDOM

Xi=0 X 9 =0
•H

BEFORE IMPACT
X2l
ENERGY
RATIO

3 4 5 8
MASS RATIO,
 NASA-S-66-12059

TYPICAL RESPONSE
STABILIZATION SYSTEMS OFF
DISTANCE, FORCE, DEC/
IN. LB INITIAL CONDITIONS: SEC
26 1000 HOR VEL = 1.5 FT/SEC -, 5
VERT VEL = 0.5 FT/SEC

20 800 '/ ^ -

15 600

10 400

5 200

0
0 .2 .4 .6 .8 1.0 1.2 1.4
TIME, SEC

NASA-S-66-12060

TYPICAL RESPONSE
STABILIZATION SYSTEMS ON

DEG
DISTANCE, FORCE, I M I T I A I r^Kinm^Kic /
IM
IN ID
LB INITIAL CONDITIONS: ccr
SEC
HOR VEL = 1.5 FT/SEC
26 1000 .VERT VEL = 0.5 FT/SEC 5

20 800 4

15 600 3

10 400

5 200

0
0 .2 .4 .6 .8 1.0 1.2 1.4
TIME, SEC
NASA.S-66-11761

MANEUVERING
LOADS
QUALIFICATION
TEST
 NASA-S-66-11733

PRIMARY PROPULSION SYSTEM

STABILITY STUDY
16
MODIFIED CONTROL
SYSTEM
12

GAIN
MARGIN, 8
dB MINIMUM DESIRABLE GAIN MARGIN
//////^/////////////^^^^^^

STANDARD CONTROL
SYSTEM **-'

0 .5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5

FIRST BENDING MODE DAMPING RATIO, PERCENT

NASA-S-66-11760

MOORED
CONFIGURATION
GROUND
VIBRATION
TEST

••
UU<~MIN<^ '
ADAPTER r
»s»* • V!
 NASA-S-66-11824

COMPARISON OF INFLIGHT DATA

WITH GROUND-TEST DATA

SPRING-
FREQUENCY, DAMPING RATIO, COUPLING
TEST
PERCENT COEFF,
CPS
PERCENT

3
GROUND 3.3 3 TO 6
(AMBIENT TEMPERATURE)

4.5 TO 6.5
INFLIGHT 4.0 3 TO 6
(TEMPERATURE UNKNOWN)

NASA-S-66-11981

CONTROL SYSTEMS PERFORMANCE

GEMINI
MODE USE

RATE COMMAND FAST MANEUVERS

PLATFORM GENERAL ATTITUDE HOLD

DIRECT AND PULSE SELDOM USED

GATV
GYRO COMPASS PRECISE HEADING MA NEUVER

INERTIAL STAR PHOTOGRAPHY

 NASA-S-66-11730

DOCKED MANEUVERS - GEMINI X

FIRING FIRING A V ORBIT
TARGET AV
START, GROUND APOGEE/
MANEUVER VEHICLE TIME, ACTUAL,
ENGINE G.E.T. SEC COMMAND FT/SEC PERIGEE,
HR:MIN FT/SEC N Ml
PHASE
P 7:39 13 420.0 423.6 412/158
ADJUST
HEIGHT
P 20:20 10 340.0 346.2 205/158
ADJUST
CIRCULAR-
P 22:37 2 75.7 82.2 208/203
IZATION
PHASE S 22:46 10 7.7 9.7 209/205
ADJUST
PLANE S 41:04 14.8 209/205
18 16.0
CHANGE
PHASE S 208/205
41:36 4 3.5 4.4
ADJUST

NASA-S-66-12078

T Y P I C A L ATTITUDE RESPONSE
DURING FIRING

10
8

ATTITUDE 6
ERROR (me), CENTER OF GRAVITY
DEG 4 . OFFSET = 0.5 DEG-

0 5 10 15 20 25
FIRING TIME, SEC
 NASA-S-66-11728

DOCKED MANEUVERS FOR GEMINI XI

PRIMARY ENGINE

FIRING FIRING AV A\V ORBIT

MANEU- START,
TIME, DESIRED, ACTUAL, APOGEE/PERIGEE,
VER G.E.T.
HR:MIN SEC FT/SEC FT/SEC N Ml

PLANE
CHANGE 4:29 3 110.0 109.8 164/154

RAISE
40:30 25 920.0 919.6 741/156
APOGEE

LOWER
43:53 22.5 920.0 919.47 164/154
APOGEE

NASA-S-66-12058

CONCLUSIONS

MANEUVERING, DOCKING AND CONTROL

OF SPACECRAFT IN ORBIT IS P R A C T I C A L

JOINING OF MANNED TO UNMANNED

UNITS CAN PROVIDE LARGE
MANEUVER CAPABILITY

A VERY SUCCESSFUL ENGINEERING

DEVELOPMENT
OPERATIONS WITH TETHERED SPACE VEHICLES

By David D. Lang
NASA-S-66-11789

GEMINI-AGENA TETHER CONFIGURATION

NASA-S-66-11989

GEMINI-AGENA SPUN-Ur
TETHER EXERCISE
NASA-S-66-11735

EFFECT OF TETHER DAMPING ON THE

ATTITUDE OSCILLATIONS OF TETHERED SYSTEMS
40 r

RELATIVE YAW ANGLE

(H DEC

WITH DAMPING
WITHOUT DAMPING
400
. i\ •'« •• i
30 '. :;.'!!k'A
ii ii t

TETHER TENSION, °

200

100

0 50 100 150
TIME, SEC

NASA-S-66-11737

EFFECT OF TETHER DAMPING

ON SLACK-TAUT OSCILLATIONS
UNSTRETCHED TETHER LENGTH = 100 FT
SLACK TETHER IS DENOTED BY ^

llOr

105
DISTANCE
BETWEEN 100
TETHER
ATTACHMENT
POINTS, FT 95

90
^r
i 1
0 50 100 150
TIME, SEC
 NASA-S-66-12077

GEMINI-AGENA GRAVITY GRADIENT

TETHER EXERCISE CONCEPT
1 UNIT OF M A S S

RESTORING TORQUE

1 UNIT OF MASS

CENTER OF EARTH

NASA-S-66-11736

EFFECT OF OFF-NOMINAL RELATIVE VELOCITY ON

MOTION OF GRAVITY GRADIENT TETHERED SYSTEM

DEC \NT *
jf\\\
/^\0
40 -
\<j!SW!m
- /' "\ / \
/ \ / \ ^\\
&
20 _ / \ ' \
/ \
X
t
£C^\ Jl^
v —"7/
\^^/
\ 1
START
VEL ERROR = .015 FT/SEC
-20 \ / VEL ERROR=.060
\ ^' VEL ERROR = .150
-40;
^ U— 1 ORBIT
i i ii i
1 i
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
TIME, SEC
 NASA.S-66-11734

EFFECTS ON RIGID BODY ATTITUDE RESPONSE

DURING GRAVITY GRADIENT MOTION DUE TO
INITIAL TETHER SLACKNESS OF 1 FT

ft

TETHER +1 OINTS OF TETHER

TAUTNESS yt ORBIT
TREK 0
(FT)
SLACK TETHER REGION
_2
400 800 1200
TIME (SEC)

NASA-S-66-11738

GEMINI
GRAVITY GRADIENT TETHER EXERCISE
STARTING PROCEDURE CHART
.30
HALF AMPLITUDE fl/2 MIN 1MIN
OF RESULTANT
.25 DEGREES OF NO CAPTURE / CAPTURE
MOTION LIMIT
AFTER 15 MIN
AV ERROR .20

FROM
PERFECT .15
START,
FT/SEC
.10

.05

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
DEGREES OF AGENA DRIFT IN RETICLE
NASA-S-66-11990

GEMINI-AGENA GRAVITY GRADIENT

TETHER EXERCISE
-LOCAL V E R T I C A L
LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEMS FOR EVA

By Harold J. MeMann
 NASA-S-66-11993

GEMINI EVA
LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEM ELEMENTS

• SPACE SUIT

• PORTABLE ENVIRONMENTAL
CONTROL SYSTEM

• UMBILICAL

NASA-S-66-11992

GEMINI EVA LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEM TESTING

UNMANNED TESTS
• VIBRATION, A C C E L E R A T I O N , RAPID DECOM-
PRESSION, RFI, HUMIDITY, O X Y G E N
COMPATIBILITY, STRUCTURAL

MANNED TESTS
• THERMAL PERFORMANCE IN SIMULATED SPACE
ENVIRONMENT WITH INDUCED WORKLOAD
• END-TO-END SYSTEMS TESTS WITH
S P A C E C R A F T AND CREW
NASA-S-66-11870
GEMINI
G-4C EVA SPACE SUIT
NECKDAM
STOWAGE
PARACHUTE
HARNESS
HANKERCHIEF
AND PENCIL
STOWAGE
PRESS. INDICATOR
SURVIVAL KNIFE
STOWAGE

SCISSORS
STOWAGE

FLT PLAN STOWAGE

NASAS66II798
GEMINI 12 AND YET EVA SPACE SUIT

GEMINI 12 EVA GEMINI VTTT EVA

COVERLAYER COVERLAYER
CONFIGURATION CONFIGURATION
HT-l NYLON OUTER
HT-l NYLON OUTER PROTECTIVE LAYER
PROTECTIVE LAYER
SUPER INSULATION
HT-l NYLON
MICROMETEOROID COATED NYLON
ABSORBER INNER
MICROMETEOROID
SUPER INSULATION
STOPPER LAYERS
HT-l NYLON INNER
MICROMETEOROID
STOPPER LAYERS

TOTAL WEIGHT= TOTAL WEIGHT =

33.9 OZ/YD2 26.3 OZ/YD 2
TOTAL THICKNESS= TOTAL THICKNESS^
0.200 INCHES 0.037 INCHES
NASA S-66-11790 GEMINI E

EXTRAVEHICULAR LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEM

FEED PORT ADAPTER

MANUAL
EMERGENCY
02
-COMMUNI -
CATIONS AND
BIOINSTRU-
MENTATION
CONNECTOR
SUIT
DEMAND TETHER
REGULATOR
OXYGEN CABIN
BOTTLE REPRESSUR-
^SHUTOFF IZATION
I—, VALVE VALVE

[RPRESSURE
REGULATOR
SPACECRAFT
OXYGEN
TANK

NASA-S-66-11984
GEMINI VJH THROUGH XTJ
LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEM

CHESTPACK

CHESTPACK RESTRAINT
STRAPS

OXYGEN SUPPLY FITTING

TETHER

UMBILICAL
NASA S-66 11985

GEMINI 2DI THROUGH 2HCHESTPACK

PRESSURE REGULATOR •

BY-PASS ROW VALVE

SUfTN SPACECRAFT
02
UMBILICAL

BACKPACK
HOSE 02
DISCONNECTS S&ECTOR LINE
VALVE

WATER
SUPPLY
—"U
SUIT OUT HEAT
EXCHANGER

SUIT OUTFLOW CONTROL VALVE'

NASA-S-66-11790 GEMINI ffi

EXTRAVEHICULAR LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEM
FEED PORT ADAPTER

MANUAL
EMERGENCY
O 2 VALVE
-COMMUNI -
CATIONS AND
BIOINSTRU-
MENTATION
CONNECTOR
SUIT
DEMAND TETHER
REGULATOR
OXYGEN CABIN
BOTTLE REPRESSUR-
SHUTOFF IZATION
VALVE VALVE
SPACECRAFT
PRESSURE OXYGEN
REGULATOR TANK
NASA-S-66-11793

No UMB

ELSS, TETHER CHAFING

COUPLER GUARD
30 FOOT
QUICK -HOOK
UMB DISCONNECT
SPACECRAFT END MATES IN
SC ADAPT ELECT.
SECT. CABLE

UMB
ELECT.
CONNECTOR

NASA-S-66-11794

N 2 VALVE AND QUICK

DISCONNECT ASSEMBLY-
(MATES HHMU)
N2 UMB- UMB
r 02
TETHER FITTING
TETHER (ELSS)
ELSS,
ATTACH ASSEMBLY
(MATES LEFT HIP OF 30 FOOT
PARACHUTE ELECT. UMB
HARNESS) CONNECTOR SUIT END
ELECT. CONNECTOR (ELSS)
(MATES SUIT)
INSULATION
NYLON COVER

ELECT. HARNESS
SECTION A-A
BODY POSITIONING AND RESTRAINTS

By Eugene A. Cernan
 NASA-S-66-11853

GEMINI K-A
ADAPTER
PROVISION
FOR EVA

NASA-S.66-11831

AMU DONNING WITHOUT FOOT RESTRAINTS

NASA-S-66-11868

AMU DONNING
WITH FOOT
RESTRAINTS

NASA-S-66-11866
GEMINI XI AND XH
EVA FOOT RESTRAINTS
 NASA-S-66-11977

GEMINI EXTRAVEHICULAR PROVISIONS

EXTENDABLE HANDRAILS

EQUIPMENT ADAPTER
HANDRAIL
AUTOMATICALLY
DEPLOYED

RETRO ADAPTER HANDRAIL

MANUALLY DEPLOYED

NASA-S-66-11853

GEMINI IX-A
ADAPTER
PROVISION
FOR EVA
NASA-S-66-11848

HANDRAIL ON AGENA
LEFT SIDE

NASA-S-66-11849

HANDRAIL ON AGENA
RIGHT SIDE
 NASA-S-66-11832

GEMINI XO
TELESCOPING
HANDRAIL

NASA-S-66-11820

TELESCOPING HANDRAIL COMPRESSED

 NASA-S-66-11854
GEMINI XD
AGENA EVA WORK STATION

EVA WORK STATION

NASA-S-66-11797

FLEXIBLE VELCRO-BACKED PORTABLE HANDHOLD

 NASA-S-66-11796

RIGID VELCRO-BACKED PORTABLE HANDHOLD

NASA-S-66-11819

WAIST TETHERS
NASA-S-66-11852
GEMINI ZD
EVA ADAPTER WORK STATION

NASA-S-66-11885
GEMINI
ADAPTER PROVISIONS FOR EVA

CROSSBAR
JETTISONED
PRIOR TO EVA
NASA-S-66-11855
GEMINI XU
AGENA EVA PROVISIONS
ATTACH RIN<

APOLLO TORQUE WRENCH

N A S A - S - 6 6 11817

PIP-PIN DEVICE
 NASA-S-66-11850

VELCRO PANEL

GEMINI XE

EVA RESTRAINT
PROVISIONS

• PIP-PIN RECI TACI

NASA-S-66-11867
GEMINI XE
AGENA EVA PROVISIONS ON DOCKING CONE

TETHER ATTACH RING

RECEPTACLE FOR PORTABLE HANDRAIL

I
 N A S A S-66-11818

STANDUP TETHER

NASA-S-66-11799

STRAP ON
SUIT LEG
NASA-S-66-12089

SUMMARY

• EVA RESTRAINT DEVICES HAVE BEEN VERIFIED FOR:

• REST AND WORK ON IRREGULAR SURFACES

• REST AND WORK ON CYLINDRICAL SURFACES

• TRANSLATING ACROSS S P A C E C R A F T SURFACES

NASA-S-66-11972

CONCLUSIONS

EVA BODY RESTRAINT REQUIREMENTS

CAN BE ACCURATELY DEFINED BY
• ANALYSIS
• SIMULATION

THE RESTRAINT REQUIREMENTS MUST BE

MET TO ENSURE MISSION SUCCESS

BODY RESTRAINT IS EQUALLY

IMPORTANT FOR EVA REST
EXTRAVEHICULAR MANEUVERING ABOUT SPACE VEHICLES

By Harold I. Johnson
NASA-S-66-11699

GEMINI W
HAND-HELD MANEUVERING UNIT

NASA-S-66-11692

CUTAWAY OF HHMU

©
NASA-S-66-11712

GEMINI Yffl
HAND-HELD
MANEUVERING
SYSTEM

NASA-S-66-11711
GEMINI X
HAND-HELD MANEUVERING UNIT
 NASA-S-66-11703

GEMINI X
FIFTY-FOOT DUAL UMBILICAL
ELSS AND HHMU

NASA-S-66-11701

GEMINI EX
ASTRONAUT
MANEUVERING
UNIT
NASA-S-66-U706

INERTIA COUPLING TRAINING-AID MODEL

NASA-S-66-11705

INERTIA
COUPLING
TRAINING-AID
MODEL
GIMBAL
SUSPENSION
SYSTEM
NASA-S-66-11704

CLASSIC
POSTURE
EXHIBITED BY
GEMINI IY
ASTRONAUT

N A S A - S - 6 6 -11994

CONCLUSIONS

HHMU SUITABLE EVA

MANEUVERING DEVICE

THRUST LEVELS OF 0 TO 2 POUNDS

DESIRABLE

AVOID ROLL AND KEEP MASS

DISTRIBUTION SYMMETRICAL

AIR BEARINGTRAINERS ACCEPTABLE;

RECOMMEND 10 HOURS MINIMUM
MEDICAL RESULTS OF GEMINI EVA

By Dr. Fred G. Kelly

 NASA-S-66-11983
GEMINI E
EXTRAVEHICULAR ACTIVITY

NASA-S-66-11917
GEMINI EV

UMBILICAL EVA

HEART RATE,
190
— HEART R A T E
RESPIRATION RATE r
^CLOSING
HATCH

BEATS/MIN 170 •OPEN HATCH pCLOSED

i—GO FOR I HATCH
40 r!50 | EVA

30 - 130
RESPIRA-
TION
RATE, 20 - 110
BREATHS/
MIN 10 - 90

0 - 70
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
ELAPSED TIME, MIN
 NASA-S-66-11999

GEMINI EX-A EXTRAVEHICULAR ACTIVITY

NASA-S-66-12090
GEMINI IX-A
UMBILICAL EVA
CHK AMU VISOR REPTD FOGGED
RETURN CABIN
MOVETO INGRESS
ADAPTER
LEAVE I HATCH
ADAPTER
HEART
RATE,
BEATS/
MIN
50 DATA
RESPIRATION LOSS
30
RATE,
BREATHS/
MIN 10
- 80
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
ELAPSED TIME, MIN
 NASA.S-66-11996
GEMINI X
UMBILICAL EVA
S010 EXP RETRIEVED
180 -r EGRESS
S012 EXP
fr
r EVA TERMINATED

r
HATCH

HEART
160 r RETRIEVED
PLT TRAN-
SLATES TO
CLOSED

RATE. •G-Ym GATV

BEATS
/MIN

40
RESPIRATION 30
RATE, 20
BREATHS 10
/MIN
0
10 20 30 40 50
ELAPSED TIME, MIN

NASA-S-66-11842
GEMINI XI
UMBILICAL EVA

MOVE TO NOSE OF SC—. [-TETHER CONNECTED

~1 |- RETURN TO COCKPIT
C A M E R A MOUNTED—* * r~ .-
.-CHANGING FILM
190
r OPEN ' \
HEART 170 i-EVA
JHATCH
RATE,
BEATS t PREP
/MIN 150

130

RESPIRA- 40 110
TION
RATE 2 0 90
BREATHS
/MIN 0 70
10 20 30 40 50 60
ELAPSED TIME, MIN
 NASA-S-66-66-11997

EXERCISE CAPACITY TEST RESULTS

PART I

240 r
200 HEART RATE

HEART RATE, 16
° BLOOD
PRESSURE
BLOOD PRESSURE, 120
RESPIRATION RATE 80
PULSE
PRESSURE
RESPIRATION RATI

WORK RATE,
WATTS

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
ELAPSED TIME, MIN
PILOT

NASA-S.66-11998

EXERCISE CAPACITY TEST RESULTS

AND
W
80 CO 2 OUTPUT
LITERS/MIN, LITERS/MIN,
STPD
40
STPD EXPIRED
0 AIR

W O R K RATE, 2 00
WATTS
100

24 6 8 10 12 14 16
ELAPSED TIME, MIN
PILOT
NASA-S-66-11916
GEMINI IX-A-Xn
PREFLIGHT ERGOMETRY
200
''JTs
180

160
HEART
RATE 140

120 n G-X

100

80
500 1500 2500 3500 4500
BTU/HR

NASA-S-66-12091

APPROXIMATE ENERGY COST OF ACTIVITIES

ACTIVITY KCAL/HR BTU/HR

SLEEPING 72 280
TENNIS 378 1500
BASEBALL (PITCHING) 390 1550
SOCCER 490 1980
BASKETBALL 684 2720
WRESTLING 780 3100
WALKING
1 MILE IN 30 MINUTES 170 670
1 MILE IN 17 MINUTES 290 1150
RUNNING
1 MILE IN 10.5 MINUTES 720 2880
1 MILE IN 8.5 MINUTES 870 3480
NASA-S-66-12049

HEART RATES FROM

UNDERWATER SIMULATIONS
.-MOVE TO TDA
rr ATTACH G A T V TETHER
REBALANCE SUBJECT
r-MOVE TO ADAPTER
DEVALUATE FOOT
RESTRAINTS
ADAPTER MOVE TO TDA ~\ r
TDA WORK
STATION
WORK EVALUATION
STATION RETURN TO HATCH -j
140 EVALUATION-j
INGRESS-^
120
HEART
100
RATE
80

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

ELAPSED TIME, MIN

NASA-S-66-12066
GEMINI 2U
UMBILICAL EVA
OPEN
HATCH-i
MOVE TO TDA
ATTACH
r REST
MOVE TO r MOVE TO TDA
GATV TETHER -ADAPTER
EVALUATE
TDA WORK
STATION
MESSAGES FOOT rEVALUATION
FOR HOUSTON
160 r RESTRAINTS RETURN TO
ADAPTER
WORK STATION rCOCKPIT
INGRESS
EVALUATION

60 80 100 120 140 160

ELAPSEDTIME, MIN
 NASA-S-66-11913

PREFLIGHT AND INFLIGHT EXERCISE STUDIES

PARTI
PRE EXERCISE POST
120 r EXERCISE . PERIOD 1 EXERCISE

100 PREFLIGHT
80 EXERCISE
HEART
RATE, 60
BEATS/
MIN
100 FIRST
INFLIGHT
80
EXERCISE
60
0=00 =30 1=00 =30 2:00 =30 3:00
ELAPSED TIME, MINMSEC

NASA-S-66 11914

PREFLIGHT AND INFLIGHT EXERCISE STUDIES

PARTH
r
100 SECOND
80 INFLIGHT
EXERCISE
60

HEART 100
THIRD
RATE,
INFLIGHT
BEATS/ 80
EXERCISE
MIN
60

100 FOURTH
80 INFLIGHT
EXERCISE
60
0:00 :30 1:00 =30 2:QO =30 3=00
ELAPSED TIME, MIN:SEC
NASA-S-66-12046

ART OF CONSERVING ENERGY

DURING EVA

RELAX WITHIN SUIT

SLOW, DELIBERATE MOVEMENTS

MINIMUM EFFORT FOR EACH TASK

RELY ON TETHERS AND RESTRAINTS

NASA-S-66-12040 GEMINI XII

EXTRAVEHICULAR ACTIVITIES
 NASA-S-66-12096

SUMMARY

MANS EFFICIENCY

WORK LOAD

TRAINING

INSTRUMENTATION

LIFE SUPPORT PLANNING

WORK TASK PLANNING

NO MEDICAL CONTRAINDICATIONS

NASA-S-66-12040 GEMINI
EXTRAVEHICULAR ACTIVITIES
SUMMARY OF GEMINI EXTRAVEHICULAR ACTIVITY (EVA)

By Reginald M. Machell
NASA-S-66- 12062

SUMMARY OF GEMINI EXTRAVEHICULAR

ACTIVITIES STATISTICS
GEMINI
MISSION
LY VTTT EX-A X XI xn
LIFE SUP ELSS ELSS
VCM ELSS ELSS ELSS
SYSTEM ESP AMU
UMB LTH,
FT 25 25 25 50 30 25

MANEUVER. HHMU HHMU AMU —

HHMU HHMU
DEVICE
UMB EVA, —
HRrMIN 0:36 2:07 0:39 0:33 2:06

STANDUP, — — — 0:50 2:10 3:24

HR:MIN
TOTAL EVA, —
0:36 2:07 1:29 2:43 5:30
HR:MIN

NASA-S-66-11970

GEMINI EXTRAVEHICULAR ACTIVITY

REQUIREMENTS FOR VALID UNDERWATER SIMULATION

• FLIGHT CONFIGURATION HARDWARE

• PROPER FITTING SPACESUIT

• GOOD NEUTRAL BUOYANCY

MINIMIZE HIGH VELOCITY MOVEMENTS

NASA-S-66-11846

GEMINI X
EVA SYSTEM
 N A S A - S - 6 6 - 12052

GEMINI EVA TRANSFER

NASA-S-66-12061

S010
MICROMETEORITE
EXPERIMENT
PACKAGE
RECOVERED FROM
GEMINI SHI AGENA
BY GEMINI X
EVA PILOT
NASA-S-66-11885
GEMINI
ADAPTER PROVISIONS FOR EVA

CROSSBAR
JETTISONED
PRIOR TO EVA

NASA-S-66-11852
GEMINI XH
EVA ADAPTER WORK STATION
 NASA-S-66-11854
GEMINI XH
AGENA EVA WORK STATION

EVA WORK STATION

NASA-S-66-11856

GEMINI XII EVA SYSTEM

N A S A - S - 6 6 - 1 0 9 5 5 NOV 18

GEMINI EVA ACCOMPLISHMENTS

• BASIC FEASIBILITY OF EVA

• EQUIPMENT DONNING
• DAY AND NIGHT OPERATIONS
• SURFACE TRANSIT
• WORK TASKS OF VARYING COMPLEXITY
• CREW TRANSFER TO ANOTHER VEHICLE
• USE OF MANEUVERING UNIT
• EQUIPMENT RETRIEVAL FROM
PASSIVE SATELLITE DURING EVA
• FORMATION FLYING WITH PASSIVE
VEHICLE DURING EVA
• EVA P H O T O G R A P H Y
• TETHER DYNAMICS
• B O D Y RESTRAINTS

NASA-S-66-12044

GEMINI EXTRAVEHICULAR ACTIVITY

CONCLUSIONS

• KEY FACTORS FOR SUCCESSFUL EVA

• BODY RESTRAINTS
• TASK SEQUENCE
• WORKLOAD CONTROL
• VALID SIMULATIONS
• THOROUGH TRAINING
• SPACESUIT MOBILITY IS LIMITING F A C T O R
• GASEOUS COOLING SYSTEM UNDESIRABLE
FOR HIGH WORKLOADS
• UNDERWATER SIMULATION IS HIGH FIDELITY
DUPLICATION OF ZERO-g
• LOOSE EQUIPMENT MUST BE SECURED
• HHMU PROMISING - NEED FURTHER EVALUATION
RADIATION ENVIRONMENT AT HIGH ORBITAL ALTITUDES

By Peter W. Higgins
 NASA-S 66-11756

ELECTRON DISTRIBUTION IN THE EARTH'S FIELD

AUGUST 1964
2.0r ^ OMNIDIRECTIONAL
FLUX
(ELEC/cm2/sec)
ENERGY>0.5 MeV

EARTH 10C
RADII

1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0

NASA-S 66-11757
PROTON DISTRIBUTION IN THE EARTH'S FIELD
1.2 3xl0 BEFORE SEPT. 23, 1963
OMNIDIRECTIONAL FLUX
1.0 (PROTRONS/CM2/SEC)
.8 ENERGY >34 MeV

.6
.4

EARTH' 2
RADII 0
.2
.4
.6
.8
1.0
1.2
NASA-S-66-11752

SOUTH ATLANTIC ANOMALY DIAGRAM

EQUATOR mi

SOUTH ATLANTIC

NASA-S-66-11755

LOCATION OF RADIATION FLUXES

IN SOUTH ATLANTIC ANOMALY
FOR 300 N Ml ALTITUDE
28.5° ORBITAL GROUND TRACK

180 120 60 0 60 120 180

LONGITUDE, DEG
 NASA-S-66-11759

V A R I A T I O N IN R A D I A T I O N DOSE
IN THE SOUTH A T L A N T I C A N O M A L Y
CIRCULAR ORBIT 160 N Ml

.05

.04

RADIATION .03
DOSE,
RAD .02

.01

0
DECAYED DOSE/REV TO 5-15-66
UNDECAYED DOSE/REV

NASA-S-66-11758 GEMINI X
VARIATION IN RADIATION DOSE
IN THE SOUTH ATLANTIC ANOMALY
ORBIT 160 BY 400 N Ml

10.0

8.0

6.0
RADIATION
DOSE, 4.0
RAD

DECAYED DOSE/REV TO 7-17-66

UNDECAYED DOSE/REV
 N A S A S 66-12041

S009 GEMINI NUCLEAR EMULSION

COSMIC RAY EXPERIMENT

NASA-S-66-11754

PROTON FLUX FOR GEMINI XI

1000 c

ORBIT 27
PROTON ORBIT 28
(1.65X103)- (2.6xl O5)
FLUX
PARTICLES/ TOO ORBIT 26
CM 2 /SEC (1.4/xlO4)

10
160 120 80 40 0 40 80 120 160

LONGITUDE, DEC
NASA-S-66-11830

GEMINI
RADIATION
MONITORING
SYSTEM

3 INCHES
NASA-S-66-11953

SUMMARY OF GEMINI RADIATION

MONITORING SYSTEM READINGS
GEMINI GMT G.E.T. READING DOSE,
MISSION HRsMIN HR:MIN NET STA RAD

X 3:34 6:54 RKV 0.00

4:49 8:09 RKV .04
4S59 8:20 RKV .18
5:17 8:37 TAN .23
14:53 18:14 .78
POSTFLT .91

XI 19:49 29:09 RKV 0.00

7:53 41:14 CRN .02
10:02 43:23 CRN .02
POSTFLT .03*

'(AFTER BACKGROUND REMOVED)

NASA-S-66-11753 GEMINI X
COMPARISON OF THE GEMINI RADIATION
MONITORING SYSTEM AND THE CALCULATION MODEL

- UNDECAYED DOSE
10'
ELECTRON DOSE
DECAYED TO
7/17/66

DOSE,
RAD DECAYED DOSE
10°

-GEMINI RADIATION
MEASURING SYSTEM
READINGS
RADIATION DOSE
I I i I I I
10"
2 4 6 8 10 12 14
TIME AFTER INITIATION OF HIGH-
ALTITUDE MANEUVER, HR
 NASA-S-66-11833

GEMINI PASSIVE DOSIMETER

NASA-S-66-12088

PASSIVE DOSIMETER RESULTS FOR

MANNED GEMINI FLIGHTS
GEMINI DURATION DOSETOLEFT CHEST OF
MISSION OF MISSION COMMAND PILOT, RAD

m 3 REVOLUTIONS LESS THAN .020

H 4 DAYS .040
2 8 DAYS .190
YI-A 1 DAY .025
YTJ 14 D A Y S .192
vm 11 HOURS (ALL DOSIMETERS READ LESS THAN .010)
IX-A 3 DAYS .018
X 3 DAYS .770
XI 3 DAYS .025 (APPROXIMATELY)
xn 4 DAYS .015
 NASA-S-66-11954

ACCUMULATED RADIATION DOSE COMPARISONS

CALCULATED MEASURED
GEMINI AUG 1964 DECAYED PASSIVE GEMINI RADIATION
MISSION ESTIMATE, ESTIMATE, DOSIMETER, MONITORING
RAD RAD RAD SYSTEM, RAD
IX-Aa 0.30 0.090 0.018 NOT APPLICABLE

xb 17.3 1.4 .770 0.910

*c .303 .091 .025 .030

HEADINGS BASED UPON i6i N MI CIRCULAR ORBIT FOR 3 DAYS

b
READINGS BASED UPON 161 BY 400 N Ml ORBIT FOR 12 HOURS,
AND 161 N Ml CIRCULAR ORBIT FOR 2/2 DAYS
HEADINGS BASED UPON i6i BY 750 N MI ORBIT FOR 3VS HOURS,
AND 161 N Ml CIRCULAR ORBIT FOR 2'/2 DAYS

NASA-S-66-11978

CONCLUSIONS

• LOW R A D I A T I O N DOSE CONFIRMED

IMPROVED ELECTRON DECAY MODEL

RELAXATION OF RADIATION CONSTRAINTS

ON FUTURE MISSIONS
CONTROLLED REENTRY

By David M. Box
NASA-S-66-12092

DISPERSION EFFECTS

DISPERSION NOMINAL EFFECT

10% L/D •(APPROXIMATELY) 10% CHANGE
IN FOOTPRINT SIZE

1% RETRO THRUST -40 N Ml FOOTPRINT SHIFT

1 SEC CHANGE IN
RETROFIRE TIME 4 N Ml FOOTPRINT SHIFT

NASA-S-66-11743

REENTRY CONTROL CONCEPTS

ON T R A C K

REENTRY
FLIGHT PATH
RANGE EXT

FOOTPRINT N°MI FLY TO RIGHT

FLY TO LEFT
NO
RANGE
EXT
h-54 N Ml
15 DEG/SEC
STEADY ROLL
FOREFFECTIVE
ZERO LIFT
NASA-S-66-11744

REENTRY MANEUVER CAPABILITY

ALTITUDE, THOUSANDS OF FEET

400 250 190 100 50

BASED ON
FULL LIFT
REENTRY
100 r

80

FOOTPRINT 60
PERCENT
REMAINING,
OF
PERCENT 40
FOOTPRINT
REMAINING
20
0
21 23 25 27 29 31 33
TIME FROM RETROFIRE, MIN
NASA-S-66-11813

GEMINI ROLLING REENTRY TECHNIQUE

GUIDANCE INITIATION
-ROLL INITIATION

FULL LIFT
TRAJECTORY

ALTITUDE

ZERO LIFT
TRAJECTORY

TARGET

RANGE CAPABILITY

NASA-S-66-11814

ROLLING REENTRY GUIDANCE LOGIC

•PRESENT POSITION
OF SPACECRAFT

FULL LIFT POINT

RP
ZERO LIFT POINT

TARGET

RC
BC = f
RN - RP,
NASA-S-66-11815

GEMINI CONSTANT BANK ANGLE

REENTRY TECHNIQUE
HALF LIFT
TRAJECTORY

ALTITUDE FULL LIFT

TRAJECTORY

ZERO LIFT
TRAJECTORY

TARGET

RANGE
MANEUVER
CAPABILITY

NASA-S-66-12097

CONSTANT BANK ANGLE REENTRY

GUIDANCE LOGIC
PRESENT POSITION
OF SPACECRAFT
-60'

90

60°
HALF LIFT POINT-

RN-RP
BC = f AR
 NASA-S-66-11746

RELATIVE GEMINI SPLASH POINTS

0\J
NOF*TH
; PLA NN ED
20
EF TA RGB:T —
n- ^s vn" 7
A
IMPACT
DISTANCE
10
/
^Y
iiLJf *»
xn- >\ K
FROM
ri\ \j iv\
TARGET, VTT-
N Ml 10 K-A
vm y^ XI
^
20
SOLJTH
^n
^
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 10
WEST-HAST
IMPACT DISTANCE FROM TARGET, N Ml

NASA-S-66-12098

GEMINI MISS, NAV

SIGNIFICANT ERRORS
MISSION N Ml ERROR,
N Ml
n 14 1.2 FOOTPRINT SHIFT
m 64 0.8 L/D REDUCTION

IY 47 — FOOTPRINT SHIFT,
INOPERATIVE COMPUTER
Y 97 474 INVALID POSITION UPDATE
YI-A 7 2.5 NO R A D A R BELOW
180,000 FT
YH 6.6 2.3 L/D REDUCTION
VTTT 1.4 — EMERGENCY REENTRY
IX-A 0.37 2.2
X 2.5 4.2
XI 2.5 4.0 AUTOMATIC REENTRY
xn 2.7 2.4 AUTOMATIC REENTRY
NASA-S-66-11979

CONCLUSIONS

GUIDANCE SHOULD BE INSENSITIVE

TO L/D VARIATIONS

MONITORING DISPLAYS AND BACKUP

PROCEDURES MUST BE AVAILABLE

ACCURATE NAVIGATION IS POSSIBLE

GEMINI REENTRY POSSIBLE EITHER MAN

UALLY OR IN AUTOMATIC MODE
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE SUPPORT OF GEMINI

By Col. Royce G. Olson

 NASA-S-66-11724

GEMINI NETWORK STATIONS

NASA-S-66-11725

GEMINI NETWORK STATIONS (CONT)

1 CAPE KENNEDY (DOD) 10 CARNARVON (WRE)

2 GRAND BAHAMA (DOD) 11 CANTON (NASA)
3 GRAND TURK (DOD) 12 KAUAI (NASA)
4 ANTIGUA (DOD) 13 PT ARGUELLO (DOD)
5 BERMUDA (NASA) 14 GUAYMAS (NASA)
6 CANARY (NASA) 15 WHITE SANDS (DOD)
7 KANO (NASA) 16 CORPUS CHRISTI (NASA)
8 ASCENSION (DOD) 17 EGLIN AFB (DOD)
9 TANANARIVE (NASA)

THREE SHIPS AND A I R C R A F T POSITIONED AS NECESSARY

NASA-S-66-11975
PLAN VIEW OF LAUNCH SITE RECOVERY AREA
SHOWING A TYPICAL FORCE DEPLOYMENT
• HELICOPTERS
• AMPHIBIANS /-LAUNCH SITE LANDING A R E A
BOATS / FOR PLANNING PURPOSES

LAUNCH DAY LANDING

CORRIDOR AS INFLUENCED
BY MEASURED WINDS

SCALE N Ml
HELICOPTERS MOVE DOWNRANGE
AS FLIGHT PROGRESSES

NASA-S-66.12003

LAUNCH ABORT POSTURE

o SHIP
A AIRCRAFT
@ SHIP AND AIR
NASA-S-66-12105

PLANNED LANDING AREAS

WEST ATLANTIC WEST PACIFIC
ZONE 1 ZONE 3
?rw'" xi

MID PACIFIC EAST ATLANTIC

ZONE 4 ZONE 2

N A S - A ^ S 66-12001

GEMINI 23-A RECOVERY

 NASA-S-66-12100

GEMINI RECOVERY

NASA-S-66-11872

DOD SUPPORT - PROJECT GEMINI

SHIP - AIRCRAFT
40
150 r

30

20

50
10 ^^^^_

3 6 9 12 3 6 9 12
MISSION MISSION
NASA-S-66-11873

RETRIEVAL RELATED TO ACCESS TIME

MANNED GEMINI MISSIONS
SHIP
GEMINI TIME FROM
SPLASH TO ACCESS REMARKS
MISSION HOURS
RECOVERY
m 1:10 4
IY 0:57 4
Y 1:29 4
YI-A 1:06 4 CREW REMAINED IN SC
YE 0:33 4
VTTT 3:10 6 LANDED IN W. PACIFIC ZONE
K-A 0:52 4 CREW REMAINED IN SC
X 0:28 4
21 0:24 4
xn 0:28 4

NASA-S-66-12099

SPLASH DISTANCE FROM TARGET POINT

92

MILES 50 -

n m LY Y Yi-A YH Yin EX-A x xi xn

GEMINI MISSION
 GEMINI LAUNCH AND TARGET VEHICLE
SUPPORT BY THE UNITED STATES AIR FORCE

By Col. Alfred J. Gardner

 NASA-S-66-12085

PROGRAM OFFICE MANAGEMENT

• FORECAST EVENTS AND WORKLOAD

• NON-FORECAST REQUIREMENTS
• EVOLUTION
• IMPROVEMENTS

• PROBLEMS

NASA-S-66-12084

AF VEHICLE SUPPORT
AF SYSTEMS COMMAND
SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION
LOS ANGELES
I
1
PROGRAM OFFICES 6555™
AEROSPACE AEROSPACE TEST WING
CORPORATION CAPE KENNEDY

• 12 GEMINI LAUNCH VEHICLES

• 6 GEMINI AGENA TARGET VEHICLES
• 7 SLV-3 LAUNCH VEHICLES
• GUIDANCE EQUATIONS
• LAUNCH SERVICES
NASA-S-66-12073 GEMINIYffl
VEHICLE ERECTION

NASA-S-66-12071

OFFLOADING OF AGENA
NASA-S-66-12072

ATLAS
ERECTION AT
COMPLEX 14

NASA-S-66-12081

HISTORY OF SPACECRAFT WEIGHT AND

PREDICTED GLV MINIMUM PAYLOAD
CAPABILITY
AVERAGE
MINIMUM GLV
PAYLOAD CAPABILITY

WEIGHT,
IN 100 LB
INCREMENTS

•AVERAGE
SPACECRAFT WEIGHT

AVERAGE (GEMINI VTTT THROUGH XD)

1963 1964 I 1965 I 1966
NASA-S-66-12082

COMPARISON OF NORMALIZED PREDICTED

AND ACHIEVED PAYLOAD CAPABILITIES
PART I

WEIGHT, IN
200 LB
INCREMENTS

FINAL PREDICTED MINIMUM PAYLOAD CAPABILITY

FINAL PREDICTED PAYLOAD CAPABILITY RANGE (MIN. TO MAX.)

NASA-S-66-12083

COMPARISON OF NORMALIZED PREDICTED

AND ACHIEVED PAYLOAD CAPABILITIES
PARTE

WEIGHT, IN
200 LB
INCREMENTS

YI-A YTH IX-A

SC A C T U A L SPACECRAFT LAUNCH WEIGHT

A A C T U A L NORMALIZED POSTFLIGHT PAYLOAD C A P A B I L I T Y
 NASA-S-66-12087

GEMINI AGENA TARGET VEHICLE

'PROJECT SURE FIRE'

OCT 1965 FAILURE

NOV 1965 RECOVERY PLAN

• DESIGN
• SEA LEVEL TESTS

• ALTITUDE TESTS

MARCH 1966—SUCCESS

NASA-S-66-12086

CONCLUSIONS

'NON-FORECAST' PLANNING IS REQUIRED

• KEY TO SUCCESS
FLEXIBILITY
PERSONNEL
FUNDS
SCHEDULES
MOTIVATION
DOD/NASA COOPERATION IS
COMPLEMENTARY
• EXPERIENCE
• ORGANIZATION
FRE-GEMINI MEDICAL PREDICTIONS
VERSUS GEMINI FLIGHT RESULTS

By Dr. Charles A. Berry

NASA-S-66-12094

PREDICTED WEIGHTLESS EFFECTS

PART I

• ANOREXIA

• NAUSEA

• DISORIENTATION

• SLEEPINESS

• SLEEPLESSNESS

• FATIGUE

• RESTLESSNESS

• EUPHORIA

NASA-S-66-12095

PREDICTED WEIGHTLESS EFFECTS

PART n
• HALLUCINATIONS

• DECREASED g TOLERANCE

• G.I. DISTURBANCE

• URINARY RETENTION

• DIURESIS

• MUSCULAR INCOORDINATION

• MUSCLE ATROPHY

• DEMORALIZATION OF BONES
NASA-S-66-12018
GEMINI G-A
EXERCISE CAPACITY TEST RESULTS
PART
I RECOVERY
240 TEST PERIOD-
200
HEART R A T E 160
AND
BLOOD PRESSURE 120
80
PRE POST
40 FIT FIT END OF TEST
HEART RATE
0
BLOOD PRESSURE
400
300
W O R K RATE, 2 00
WATTS
100
i i i I I L
24 6 8 10 12 14 16 0 2 4 6
ELAPSED TIME, MIN

NASA-S-66-12064

MERCURY MANNED FLIGHTS

TABLE I

FLIGHT CREW LAUNCH HRS MIN

MR-3 SHEPARD 5-5-61 15

MR-4 GRISSOM 7-21-61 15

MA-6 GLENN 2-20-62 4 56

MA-7 CARPENTER 5-24-62 4 56

MA-8 SCHIRRA 10-3-63 9 14

MA-9 COOPER 5-15-63 34 20

 N A S A S 66 1 2 0 1 9
GEMINI IX-A
EXERCISE CAPACITY TEST RESULTS
PART n

PREFLIGHT
POSTFLIGHT
400
300
WORK RATE, 2QO
WATTS
100

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
ELAPSED TIME, MIN

N A S A - S - 6 6 - 1 2067

GEMINI MANNED FLIGHTS

PART I

DURATION
FLIGHT CREW LAUNCH DAYS HRSrMIN
m GRISSOM 3-23-65 4 : 52
YOUNG
LY MC DIVITT 6-3-65 4 0: 56
WHITE
Y COOPER 8-21-65 7 22:56
CONRAD

YJJ BORMAN 12-4-65 13 18 : 35

LOVELL
3O-A SCHIRRA 12-15-65 1 1 : 53
STAFFORD
vm ARMSTRONG 3-16-66 10: 41
SCOTT
NASA-S -66-12068

GEMINI MANNED FLIGHTS

PART n
DURATION
FLIGHT CREW LAUNCH DAYS HRS:MIN

EX- A STAFFORD 6-3-66 3 1:04

GERMAN

X YOUNG 7-18-66 2 22 : 46
COLLINS

XI CONRAD 9-12-66 2 23 : 17
GORDON

xn LOVELL 11-11-66 3 22 : 37
ALDRIN

NASA-S-66-11939

SPACE FLIGHT STRESSES

FULL PRESSURE SUIT

CONFINEMENT AND RESTRAINT
100% OXYGEN 5 psi ATMOSPHERE
CHANGING CABIN PRESSURE
(LAUNCH AND ENTRY)
VARYING CABIN AND SUIT TEMPERATURE
ACCELERATION-g FORCE
WEIGHTLESSNESS
VIBRATION
DEHYDRATION
FLIGHT PLAN PERFORMANCE
SLEEP NEED
ALERTNESS NEED
CHANGING ILLUMINATION
DIMINISHED FOOD INTAKE
NASA-S-66-11931

GEMINI YH
PHYSIOLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS
PILOT

CAPE D A Y - NIGHT D HIGH

SLEEP O MEAN
160
A LOW
120
HEART
80
RATE
40
Illl Illl

0
32 64 96 128 160 192
G.E.T., HRS

NASA-S-66-11942
GEMINI CARDIOVASCULAR
EVALUATION TECHNIQUES
 NASA-S-66-11901
GEMINI
PEAK HEART RATES, BEATS/MIN

GEMINI MISSION LAUNCH REENTRY

IE 152-120 165-130
E 148-128 140-125
Y 148-155 170-178
YI-A 125-150 125-140
YO. 152-125 180-134
vm 138-120 130-90
IX- A 142-120 160-126
X 120-125 110-90
XI 166-154 120-117
xn 136-110 142-137

NASA-S-66-11932
145 BEGIN END

130 / \.-^'
HEART
RATE
90
PREFLIGHT
POSTFLIGHT
50
GEMINI
BLOOD no
T I LT PRESSURE 90
DATA 70
12

LEG 8
VOLUME
CC/100 CC

0 8 12 16 20 24
MINUTES
NASA-S-66-12104

HEART RATE TILT RESPONSE

COMPARED WITH MISSION DURATION
O CP 1ST TILT • CP 2ND TILT
160 P 1ST TILT • P 2ND TILT
140
120
POSTFLIGHT
VS
PREFLIGHT 80 -
PERCENT 60
40
20
J—f—i i i i i i
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
MISSION DURATION, DAYS

NASA-S-66-11896

GEMINI BLOOD VOLUME STUDIES

20 TOTAL PLASMA RED CELL
BLOOD VOLUME MASS
VOLUME
GEMINI IY 0
-378 -118
-910 -492 -260
-20 DCP
20
^P
GEMINI Y 0
-1061
-209
-547 -592
-20 -441 -383
20 + 419
+24 +101
NO SIG
GEMINI YH 0
CHANGE
-44 -144 -398
-20
 NASA-S-66-11903

PROJECT GEMINI BIOCHEMISTRIES

GEMINI YH PILOT
URINE SODIUM
ALDOSTERONE
SODIUM URINE SODIUM
mEq/24 MRS
200

ALDO-
STERONE
A*g/24 MRS
100 100

0
PREFLIGHT INFLIGHT POSTFLIGHT

NASA-S-66-11929
PROJECT GEMINI BIOCHEMISTRIES
GEMINI YEP
URINE POTASSIUM

100 r

mEq/24 HRS 50

0L
PREFLIGHT INFLIGHT POSTFLIGHT
NASA-S-66-11930
PROJECT GEMINI BIOCHEMISTRIES
GEMINI YnCP
URINE 17 - HYDROXYCORTICOSTEROIDS

12.5

10.0 - —

- - _ •••
7.5 -
—

mg/24 MRS
5.0 -

2.5 -

nn
PREFLIGHT INFLIGHT POSTFLIGHT

NASA-S-66-12065

GEMINI BONE DENSITOMETRY STUDY

CHANGE IN DENSITY OF HAND P H A L A N X 5-2
G-Y COMMAND
-24 PILOT

-20 PILOT
CHANGE IN _16 BED REST
DENSITY OF SUBJECT
HAND -12
PHALANX G-YE
-8
5-2
-4

0
4 DAYS 8 DAYS 14 D A Y S
600 TO 700 300 1000
mg Co mg Co mg Co
 NASA-S-66-12070

GEMINI
PROJECT GEMINI BIOCHEMISTRIES
BOUND PLASMA HYDROXYPROLINE

0.21

0.17

"M/ML

0.13

F-20
FLIGHT

NASA-S-66-12074
GEMINI LY
PROJECT GEMINI BIOCHEMISTRIES
BOUND PLASMA H Y D R O X Y P R O L I N E

0.21 P
CP

0.17

/iM/ML

0.13
1
0 F-10 * DAY R+0 R+2 R+4 R+6
FLIGHT
 NASA-S-66-11933

TYPICAL GEMINI MENU

PART I
D A Y S 2, 6, 10 & 14

MEAL A CALORIES

GRAPEFRUIT DRINK 83
CHICKEN AND GRAVY 92
BEEF SANDWICHES 268
APPLESAUCE 165
PEANUT CUBES 297
905

NASA-S-66-11943

LOSS OF BONE DENSITY ON GEMINI MISSIONS

PART I
 NASA-S-66-11926

GEMINI E
CALORIC INTAKE
2700 r

CALORIES

1 2 3 4
MISSION, DURATION, DAYS

MC DIVITT (2066) — PROVIDED ON BOARD (2550)

METABOLIC RATE BASED ON
WHITE (2230) CO 2 OUTPUT (2410)

NASA-S-66-12107
GEMINI Y
CALORIC INTAKE

2800
COOPER (1075) PROVIDED ON
BOARD (2755)
2400
CONRAD (915) METABOLIC R A T E FROM
CO2 OUTPUT (2010)
2000
CALORIES
1600

1200

800

400
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
MISSION DURATION, DAYS
 NASA-S-66-12063

LOSS OF BONE DENSITY

CHANGE
ON GEMINI MISSIONS
IN OS PART H
CALCIS
DENSITY COMMAND PILOT
(PERCENT)
PILOT
-20
G-Y BED REST SUBJECT
-16
-12 G-IZ
-8
-4

0
4 DAYS 8 DAYS 14 DAYS
600 TO 700 300 1000
mg Co mg Co mg Co

NASA-S-66-12069

ASTRONAUT WEIGHT LOSS

TO NEAREST HALF POUND

MISSION FLIGHT COMMAND PILOT PILOT

m 3 3.5
E2 4.5 8.5
Y 7.5 8.5
YI-A 2.5 8
YE 10 6
VTTT NOT AVAIL NOT AVAIL
IX-A 5 13.5
X 3 3
XI 2.5 0
xn 6.5 7
 NASA-S-66-11934

TYPICAL GEMINI MENU

PART n
DAYS 2, 6, 10 & 14
MEAL B CALORIES
ORANGE-GRAPEFRUIT DRINK 83
BEEF POT ROAST 119
BACON AND EGG BITES 206
CHOCOLATE PUDDING 307
STRAWBERRY CEREAL CUBES -114
829
MEAL C
POTATO SOUP 220
SHRIMP COCKTAIL 119
DATE FRUITCAKE 262
ORANGE DRINK 83
684
TOTAL CALORIES 2418

NASA-66-12106 GEMINI YH
CALORIC INTAKE
2600

2300

2000
CALORIES
1700

1400

1100 nl
0 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
MISSION DURATION, D A Y S

BORMAN (1774) PROVIDED ON BOARD (2333)

LOVELL METABOLIC RATE, FROM COo
OUTPUT (2219)
NASA-S-66-11925

COMMAND PILOT HEARTRATE COMPARISONS

MA-8 AND GEMINI YI-A

HEART RATE,
BEATS/MIN
140 r
-GEMINI

120

100
-MERCURY

80
0 4 6 8 10
G.E.T.,MIN
SUMMARY OF GEMINI EXPERIMENTS PROGRAM

By Norman G. Foster
 NASA.S-66-12108

SUMMARY

GENERAL EXPERIMENTS PROGRAM

CHANGES DUE TO O P E R A T I O N S

SCOPE OF THE PROGRAM

INTEGRATION INTO MISSIONS

NASA-S-66-11915

EXPERIMENT PROGRAM SUMMARY

SPONSORING NO. OF TOTAL EXP

AGENCY EXPERIMENTS MISSIONS

• SCIENTIFIC
• OSSA(S) 17 47

• TECHNOLOGICAL
• OART (T) 2 2
• OMSF (MSC) 10 -18
• DOD (D) 15 - 26

• MEDICAL
• MEDICAL (M) 8 18
TOTALS 52 111
 NASA-S-66-12109

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS AND AFFILIATIONS

PART I
NAME EXPERIMENTER AFFIL MISSIONS
ZODIACAL PHOTOGRAPHY NEY UOFM 2, 2ffl, IX, X
SEA URCHIN EGG GROWTH YOUNG AMES ffl
FROG EGG GROWTH YOUNG AMES vm xn
RADIATION ON BLOOD BENDER AEC ffl, 21
TERRAIN PHOTOGRAPHY LOWMAN GSFC 12,2,21, 211, X, xi xn
WEATHER PHOTOGRAPHY JNAGLER,
f ^^ i ii r r USWB 12,2 30,301,2 XT xn
L SOULES
CLOUD TOP SPECTROMETER SAIEDY ESSA 2,2EI
VISUAL ACUITY DUNTLEY U OF C 2,211
NUCLEAR EMULSION fSHAPIRO NRL vm YT
LFICHTEL GSFC '
AGENA MICRO COLLECT HEMENWAY DUDLEY 2ffl, 12,2,20
AIRGLOW PHOTOGRAPHY KOOMEN NRL 12,21,20
MICROMETEORITE COLLECT HEMENWAY DUDLEY LX,X,XD
UV ASTRONOMICAL CAMERA\ HENIZE NWU X,XI XD
ION WAKE MEASUREMENT MEDVED EOS X,XI
LIBRATION PHOTOGRAPHY MORRIS uses xn
DIM SKY ORTHICON HEMENWAY DUDLEY XI
DAYTIME SODIUM CLOUD BLAMONT CNRS xn

NASA-S-66-12110

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS AND AFFILIATIONS

PART H

NAME EXPERIMENTER AFFIL MISSIONS

REENTRY COMMUNICATIONS SCHROEDER LRC IE
f SMITH Xff
MANUAL SPACE NAVIGATION AMES
LCREER
ELECTROSTATIC CHARGE LAFFERTY MSC 12,Y
PROTON-ELECTRON SPECTROMETER MARBACH MSC 12,211
FLUX-GATE MAGNETOMETER WOMACK MSC 12, 301, X, 21
OPTICAL COMMUNICATION LILLY MSC 21
LUNAR SPECTRAL REFLECTANCE STOKES MSC X
BETA SPECTROMETER MARBACH MSC x,xn
BREMSSTRAHLUNG SPECTROMETER LINDSEY MSC x,xn
COLOR PATCH PHOTOGRAPHY BRINKMAN MSC X
EARTHS LIMB PHOTOGRAPHY PETERSEN MIT 12
LANDMARK MEASUREMENTS MANRY MSC 2n,x
 NASA-S-66-11958

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS AND AFFILIATIONS

PA Rim
NAME EXPERIMENTER AFFIL MISSIONS
BASIC OBJECT PHOTO AFAL WPAFB Y
N E A R B Y OBJECT PHOTO AFAL WPAFB Y
MASS DETERMINATION AFSC MSC YEI, xi
SPACE OBJ RADIOMETRY AFCRL Y,YE
STAR OCCULTATION NAVIG AFAL W P A F B YE, X
SURFACE PHOTOGRAPHY AFAL WPAFB Y
CELESTIAL RADIOMETRY AFCRL Y, YH
RADIATION IN SC AFWL KAFB TY, YI
SIMPLE NAVIGATION AFAL WPAFB TY, YE
ION ATTITUDE C O N T R O L AFCRL x, XE
MANEUVERING UNIT AFSC MSC IX
A S T R O N A U T VISIBILITY DUNTLEY U OF C Y, YE
UHF-VHF P O L A R I Z A T I O N NRL YTJJ, JX
IMAGE INTENSIFICATION NADC Ym; xi
POWER TOOL AFAL WPAFB YJH, xi

N A S A - S -66-11959

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS AND AFFILIATIONS

PART JY

NAME EXPERIMENTER AFFIL MISSIONS

CARDIOVASCULAR DIETLEIN MSC Y, YE
CONDITIONING
EXERCISER RAPP MSC TY, Y, YE
PHONOCARDIOGRAM JOHNSON MSC IY, Y, YE
BIOASSAYS BODY FLUIDS LIPSCOMB MSC YE, YTJJ, IX
BONE DEMORALIZATION MACK TWU IY, Y, YE
CALCIUM BALANCE STUDY WHEDON NIH YE

INFLIGHT SLEEP ANALYSIS KELLOWAY BAYLOR YE

HUMAN OTOLITH FUNCTION GRAYBIEL USNSAM Y, YE
NASA-S-66H1851
PHOTOGRAPHIC EQUIPMENT STOWAGE

NASA-S-66-U857
GEMINI LOOSE EQUIPMENT STOWAGE
 N A S A - S - 6 6 -11845

RADIATION AND Og EFFECTS

ON BLOOD CELLS
GEMINI EXPERIMENT S004

NASA-S-66-11960

EXPERIMENT S003
 NASA-66-11874

LOCATION OF RADIOMETRY
EXPERIMENT D004 AND D007 EQUIPMENT
OPTICAL SIGHT SPECTROMETER/INTERFEROMETER
STOWAGE (CRYOGENIC COOLED)-
OPTICAL ECS MODULE
SIGHT
OAMS
PANEL MODULE
CONTROLS

RECORDER ELEC
ELECTRONICS MODULE
BUFFER
AMPLIFIER
RECORDER FUEL CELL
REELS MODULE ELECTRICAL BOX
AND TELEMETRY
SPECTROMETER/INTERFEROMETER TRANSMITTER

NASA-S-66-11881

OPERATIONAL
MISSION
CONFIGURATION
 NASA-S-66-11887

EXPERIMENT MISSION TIME LINE

PLANNED
PLANNED EXPERIMENT
GEMINI MISSION ACTIVITY PERCENT
MISSION MAN HRS MAN HRS OF MISSION
O .OK ..

TT7
LV. - iI4U
/in •• . OO
ZZ •• IO
1A

.. OQQ AO
Zoo .. . 17
I/

YJ.-A —
\7T A AA
OO
10
1Z

jy/ • ••
TOO QA
OO OO
... ZZ

VIM —• on
yu .. ....01
Z \

1Y
iA-A A on
yu . - iIO
y ...01
/1

on
yu •• 07
o/
X3 on
yu . OA
Zo oo
... /y
VTT..., . 100 .. . 17 ...^n
T O T A L S 1377 299.5 22 AVG

NASA-S-66-11888

PAYLOAD AND CONSUMABLES

GEMINI TOTAL EXPERIMENT ATTITUDE CONTROL

MISSION WEIGHT (LBS) PROPELLANT WEIGHT (LBS)
oy
AO

T\7 . 1A7 AT
LY_ • IO/
TT
JL "
9nA
zuo AQ

T7T A
V I-A
99
£.£.
, 9A

T7TT
V II •
oc
OJ

VIII ZO/ .
907 AQ

TV A 97 <: 1A
IA-A • Z/ O
70
/O

YT .. .. 951 1 51
xn uo
NASA-S-66-11889

EXPERIMENT PERFORMANCE STATUS

GEMINI
MISSION LAUNCHED ACCOMPLISHED PROBLEMS
m 3 2- - EQUIP
12 11 •• 11
Y 17- 16 MISSION
YI-A 3 3
YU 20 - 17 EQUIP
VTTT 10 1 MISSION
EX-A 7 6 MISSION
X 15 12 MISSION
XI 11 10 MISSION
XH -14- --12- EQUIP
TOTALS 111 90

NASA-S-66-11964

PROGRAM RESULTS

CONTRIBUTION OF KNOWLEDGE AND DATA

EXPERIENCE FOR LARGER PROGRAM

 SPACE PHOTOGRAPHY

By Richard W. Underwood
 NASA-S-66-12111

GEMINI 70mm FILMS

NAME TYPE MISSIONS FLOWN

S.0.217 EKTACHROME TRANSPARENCY m, TY, Y, YI-A,

YH, Yin, rx-A,x
EKTACHROME TRANSPARENCY
S.0.368
(IMPROVED)
xi, xn
D-50 ANSCOCHROME T R A N S P A R A N C Y Y
8443 EKTACHROME, INFRARED
S.O.I 66
(0-85)
ULTRA HIGH SPEED (ASA=6000) xi, xn
3400 PAN-ATOMIC X (ASA=80)
2475 HIGH SPEED (ASA=1200)
103-D SPECTROGRAPHIC (4500A-6100A) TX-A,XI

l-O SPECTROGRAPHIC (2500A-5000A) X,XI,XII

SCIENTIFIC EXPERIMENTS RESULTS SUMMARY

By Willis B. Foster
Jocelyn R. Gill
 NASA.S.66-12028

BAJA CALIFORNIA, MEXICO

NASA-S.66-12025

ARABIAN
PENINSULA
AND RED SEA
 NASA-S-66-12029

GULF OF MEXICO

NASA-S-66-12030

CAMAGUEZ PROVINCE, CUBA

 N A S A S 66 12034

INDIA
AND
CEYLON

NASA-S-66-12027

VISUAL
ACUITY
EXPERIMENT
GROUND
PATTERN AT
LAREDO,
TEXAS
NASA-S-66-12035

ZODIACAL LIGHT, PLANET VENUS,

AND AIRGLOW LAYER

NASA-S-66-12026
STARFIELD SEEN IN
SPLIT-FIELD FILTER PHOTOGRAPHY
N A S A - S 66-11871

GEMINI XI

AIRGLOW PHOTOGRAPHS OBTAINED

FROM IMAGE ORTHICON SYSTEM

NEAR CANOPUS NEAR ARCTURUS

NASA-S-66-12036

MICROMETEORITE IMPACT CRATER

 NASA-S-66-12031

PILOT RETRIEVING MICROMETEORITE

COLLECTION PACKAGE

NASA-S-66-12033

ULTRAVIOLET SPECTRUM GRATING OF SIRIUS

 NASA-S-66-12037

CANOPUS ZERO ORDER

ULTRAVIOLET "/ GATV\ AIRGLOW

/SHADOW\ LAYER-A
SPECTRUM x
" ~-^V .3
OF MG n
CANOPUS
BALMER LIMIT-
EARTH'S LIMB

CANOPUS SPECTRA
EXPERIMENTS RESULTS SUMMARY

By Col. Wilbur A. Ballentine

 NASA-S-66-11950

DOD/NASA GEMINI EXPERIMENTS

PROGRAM RESULTS

INFORMATION
DOD NASA
COORDINATION
I
MANAGEMENT MANAGEMENT
DOD/NASA
EXPERIMENTS
PROGRAM
DOD EXPERIENCE EXPERIMENT
IN MANNED MANAGEMENT
SPACE FLIGHT EXPERIENCE
ESTABLISHED
ESTABLISHED ORGANIZATIONAL
DOD/NASA AND PERSONNEL
PROCEDURES TECHNICAL RELATIONSHIPS
RESULTS

NASA-S-66-11968

EXP DOD/NASA GEMINI EXPERIMENTS

NO. TITLE FLIGHT RESULT
D001 BASIC OBJECT PHOTOGRAPHY COMPLETE
D002 NEAR BY OBJECT PHOTOGRAPHY INCOMPLETE
D006 SURFACE PHOTOGRAPHY Y COMPLETE
D003 MASS DETERMINATION Ym,XI COMPLETE
D004 CELESTIAL RADIOMETRY Y, YH COMPLETE
D007 SPACE OBJECT RADIOMETRY Y, Y31 COMPLETE
D005 STAR OCCULATION NAVIGATION YH, * COMPLETE
D008 RADIATION IN SPACECRAFT COMPLETE
D009 SIMPLE NAVIGATION COMPLETE
D010 ION SENSING ATTITUDE CONTROLX,XD COMPLETE
D012 ASTRONAUT MANEUVERING UNIT TX-A INCOMPLETE
D013 ASTRONAUT VISIBILITY Y, YH COMPLETE
D014 UHF/VHF POLARIZATION
MEASUREMENTS YET,IX-A INCOMPLETE
D015 NIGHT IMAGE INTENSIFICATION YIJI, XI COMPLETE
D016 POWER TOOL EVALUATION YTJl/XI INCOMPLETE
NASA-S-66-11919
GEMINI Y
LOVE FIELD, DALLAS, TEXAS

NASA-S-66-11966

GEMINI XL

EXPERIMENT D003
MASS DETERMINATION

A G E N A W E I G H T - LBS VARIATION
METHOD
REFERENCE EXPERIMENT
DATA DATA LBS /o

TELEMETRY 7268 6912 -356 -4.9

ASTRONAUT 7268 7820 552 7.6

NASA-S-66-11949

D4/D7 EQUIPMENT COVERAGE

ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
VISIBLE-y FREQ CPS
1017 1016 1015/ 1014 1013 1012 1011 1010
f
ULTRA-
\ x- VIOLET INFRARED RADIO I
'RAYS
) ' -.76
LIGHT WAVES
) i i * i i i i i i I (
J
.OOl^.Ol/; .!/* l/i lOju lOO/i 10 n
WAVELENGTH IN MICRONS
PMT PBS ,BOLO |
RADIOMETER, GEMINI Y >2 TO Q^ Yl5 3. 4.3 TO 1
PMT PBS ,
RADIOMETER, GEMINI YTJ.20 -br* oc ,'
TO .vio/j 1
,PBS , BOLO,
IR SPECTROMETER, GEMINI Y AND YTJ
1 - 3 - 12/i
Hg Ge
C R Y O G E N I C SPECTROMETER, GEMINI Y AND YE /

NASA-S-66-11924

GEMINI
SATELLITE TO SATELLITE MEASUREMENT

,-7
10'
SPECTRAL GEMINI YI-A
IRRADIANCE
HA/ WATT
CM'2/*'1 10-8
VOID
SPACE

-9
10
1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8
WAVELENGTH/ MICRONS
 NASA-S-66-11965
GEMINI X
VEGA OCCULTATION
EXPERIMENT D005
STAR OCCULTATION NAVIGATION

5
4
3
PHOTOMETER
OUTPUT,
VOLTS
0
-1

10 20 30 40 50 60
ELAPSED TIME, SECONDS

NASA-S-66-11948
GEMINI E
DOSE RATE
SOUTH ATLANTIC ANOMALY PASS
REVOLUTION 7
150 N Ml
1000
PORTABLE DOSIMETER
•—FIXED DOSIMETER
100

DOSE RATE,
10
MILLIRAD/HR

1.0

I I J I
0.1
0 4 8 12 16
09:38 G.E.T. ELAPSED TIME, MIN
 NASA-S-66-11947

GEMINI E
COSMIC RADIATION DOSE LEVELS
DOSE RATE, REVOLUTION 45
MILLIRAD/
HOUR
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
20 40 60 80 100
ELAPSED TIME, MIN
I i I i I ii _I
2.0 1.5 0.0 1.5 2.0 1.5 0.0 1.5
L, EARTH RADII

NASA-S-66-11967
GEMINI YTJ
ORBIT PARAMETER COMPARISON
EXPERIMENT D009-SIMPLE NAVIGATION
RIGHT ASCENSION OF
INCLINATION
ASCENDING NODE
i -DEGREES n - DEGREES
SET NO.

REF DATA EXP DATA REF DATA EXP DATA

4 28.90 28.71 192.03 191.85

8 28.90 29.03 192.06 192.37

12 28.87 28.92 192.01 192.20

16 28.90 28.72 192.02 191.84

RMS DEVIATIONS FROM REFERENCE POSITION

ACROSS TRACK 6.3 N Ml
ALONG TRACK 10.1 N Ml
NASA-S-66-11946 GEMINI XH
EXPERIMENT D010
ION SENSING ATTITUDE CONTROL
20
10
ION SENSOR
YAW
ANGLE, 0
DEC -10
-20
20
10
YAW •-i..., INERTIAL SENSOR
ANGLE, 0
DEC -10
-20 i i i i i i i
200 400 600
ELAPSED TIME, SEC

NASA-S-66-11921

AMU,
GEMINI SUIT,
AND ELSS
 NASA-S-66-11918 GEMINI 2H
AIRCRAFT PHOTO
EXPERIMENT D013 GROUND A R R A Y

NASA-S-66-11886
EXPERIMENT D016
MINIMUM REACTION POWER TOOL
MODE SELECTOR
SLEEVE

TRIGGER SWITCH

FORWARD-REVERSE
SWITCH

LIGHTS
ASTRONAUT FLIGHT AND SIMULATION EXPERIENCE

By Lt. Col. Thomas P. Stafford

NASA-S-66-11719

FIDELITY OF FLIGHT SIMULATIONS

VERSUS A C T U A L FLIGHT
PART I
MISSION A R E A S - L A U N C H

• DCPS - SOUND, MOTION, VISUAL SHIRT-SLEEVE

• CMS - SOUND, VISUAL, SHIRT-SLEEVE, SUITED
• GMS/MCC SIMULATIONS, SUITED
NASA-S-66-12022

DYNAMIC CREW PROCEDURES SIMULATOR

NASA-S-66-1096 FEB4 GEMINI

DYNAMIC CREW PROCEDURES SIMULATOR
 N A S A . S 66-12021

GEMINI MISSION SIMULATOR

NASA-S-66-12020

GEMINI MISSION SIMULATOR COCKPIT

 NASA-S-66-11835

SPACE-FIXED VELOCITY AND FLIGHT-PATH ANGLE

SPACE-FIXED VEL
FT/SECX1Q3
28
SPACE-FIXED FLIGHT DATA
FLIGHT PATH GEMINI MISSION
ANGLE, DEC 24
SIMULATOR DATA
32
20
24 j^SECO
16
16 SPACE-FIXED
12 VELOCITY
8
8
0 SPACE-FIXED
4 FLIGHT PATH
ANGLE

0 60 120 180 240 300 360

TIME FROM LIFT-OFF, SEC

NASA-S-66-11836

DYNAMIC PRESSURE AND MACH NUMBER

800 •FLIGHT DATA

--- GEMINI MISSION
600 SIMULATOR DATA
Q, !k-BECO
2400
LB/FT
200

0 j i
12

8
MACH
NO.
4
I I I I
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
TIME FROM LIFT-OFF, SEC
NASA-S-66-11837

COMPARISON OF
LONGITUDINAL ACCELERATION
— FLIGHT DATA
-- GEMINI MISSION
SIMULATOR DATA

-SECO

0 60 120 180 240 300 360

TIME FROM LIFT-OFF, SEC

NASA-S-66-11720

FIDELITY OF FLIGHT SIMULATIONS

VERSUS A C T U A L FLIGHT
PART 0
MISSION A R E A S - RENDEZVOUS

• HYBRID - DEVELOPMENT OF NORMAL AND

BACK-UP PROCEDURES
• RANDOM STAR FIELD - RENDEZVOUS
EQUIPMENT, FAILURES, SHIRT-SLEEVES
• CMS - TOTAL SPACECRAFT SYSTEMS,
SHIRT-SLEEVE
• EXACT STAR FIELD - SUITED WITH STOWAGE
TO REFINE TIME LINES
• GMS/MCC SIMULATION - SUITED WITH
STOWAGE
NASA-S-66-12024

EXTERIOR VIEW OF HYBRID SIMULATOR

NASA-S-66-12023
INTERIOR VIEW OF HYBRID SIMULATOR
 NASA-S-66-11839

ALTITUDE AND SPACE-FIXED VELOCITY

DURING ORBIT
-FLIGHT DATA
•GEMINI MISSION
ALT, SIMULATOR DATA
SPACED- N Ml
FIXED VEL 16
° ALTITUDE
FT/SECxlO 3 140
26.2 r 120
26.0 - 100 SPACE-FIXED VELOCITY
25.8 - 80 .-INITIATE PHASE
25.6 - 60 JADJUST MANEUVER
25.4 - 40
25.2 L 20
1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00
G.E.T., HR:MIN

NASA-S-66-11838

RELATIVE TRAJECTORY PROFILE

DURING TERMINAL PHASE
RIGHT .4
LATERAL
DISPLACE- 0
MENT, N Ml
LEFT -4
FLIGHT DATA
VERTICAL GEMINI MISSION
DISPLACE- 4 SIMULATOR DATA
MENT, N Ml

BELOW 12
16
404 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44
AHEADH-^BEHIND
HORIZONTAL DISPLACEMENT, N Ml
 GEMINI IX-A
RENDEZVOUS PROPELLANT COMPARISON
PART I

TRANSFER INITIATION
HYBRID SIMULATOR
GEMINI MISSION
SIMULATOR
FLIGHT
FIRST CORRECTION
HYBRID SIMULATOR
GEMINI MISSION
SIMULATOR
FLIGHT

0 20 40 60 80 100
PROPELLANT CONSUMED, LBS
NOTE: HYBRID SIMULATION INCORPORATED SYSTEM ERRORS.
GEMINI MISSION SIMULATION WAS NOMINAL

NASA-S-66-12103 GEMINI IX-A

RENDEZVOUS PROPELLANT COMPARISON

PART n
SECOND CORRECTION
HYBRID SIMULATOR
GEMINI MISSION
SIMULATOR
FLIGHT
TERMINAL PHASE
HYBRID SIMULATOR
GEMINI MISSION
SIMULATOR
FLIGHT

0
20 40 60 80 100
PROPELLANT CONSUMED, LBS
NOTE: HYBRID SIMULATION AND GEMINI MISSION SIMULATION
CONDUCTED AT 15 N Ml DIFFERENTIAL ALTITUDE.
FLIGHT CONDUCTED AT 12.1 N Ml DIFFERENTIAL ALTITUDE
NASA-S-66-11721

FIDELITY OF FLIGHT SIMULATIONS

VERSUS ACTUAL FLIGHT
PART ffl
MISSION A R E A S - S P E C I A L TASK

• AGENA TRAINING-CMS
• EXPERIMENTS TRAINING-SOU,
5013, S001-GMS SUITED
• TETHER SIMULATION-DCPS

NASA-S-66-11722

FIDELITY OF FLIGHT SIMULATIONS

VERSUS ACTUAL FLIGHT
PART E
MISSION A R E A S - S Y S T E M S OPERATION

• NORMAL AND EMERGENCY

OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES
• DCPS, CMS, GMS/MCC
• SHIRT-SLEEVE
NASA.S-66-11723

FIDELITY OF FLIGHT SIMULATIONS

VERSUS ACTUAL FLIGHT
PARTY
MISSION AREAS - REENTRY

• CMS

• GMS/MCC - SUITED, SHIRT-SLEEVE

NASA-S-66-11840

ALTITUDE DURING REENTRY

FLIGHT DATA
GEMINI MISSION
SIMULATOR DATA

iooo r
800

ALT 600
FTxlO 3 -RETROFIRE
400
ALTITUDE
200
0
-0:04 0:04 0:12 0:20 0:28 0:36
G.E.T. FROM RETROFIRE, HR-.MIN
GEMINI RESULTS AS RELATED TO THE APOLLO PROGRAM

By Willis B. Mitchell
NASA-S-66-11827

CONTRIBUTIONS TO APOLLO
LAUNCH AND FLIGHT OPERATIONS

• RENDEZVOUS AND DOCKING

• EXTRAVEHICULAR ACTIVITY
• CONTROLLED LANDING
• LAUNCH OPERATIONS
• MISSION CONTROL

NASA-S-66-12004

RENDEZVOUS
APOLLO REQUIREMENTS

• LUNAR RENDEZVOUS

• EARTH ORBITAL RENDEZVOUS

NASA-S-66-11825

GEMINI OBJECTIVES APPLICABLE TO APOLLO

• LONG DURATION FLIGHT

• RENDEZVOUS AND DOCKING
• POST-DOCKING MANEUVERS
• CONTROLLED REENTRY AND LANDING
• FLIGHT AND GROUND CREW PROFICIENCY
• EXTRAVEHICULAR CAPABILITY

NASA-S-66-11826

CONTRIBUTIONS TO APOLLO
MAJOR AREAS

LAUNCH AND FLIGHT OPERATIONS

FLIGHT CREW OPERATIONS AND TRAINING
TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT OF
SUBSYSTEMS AND COMPONENTS
 NASA-S-66-12102

RENDEZVOUS DEMONSTRATIONS

• BASIC FEASIBILITY
• APPROACH FROM ABOVE
• USE OF STAR-HORIZON SIGHTINGS
• PASSIVE RENDEZVOUS
• LUNAR ORBIT RENDEZVOUS SIMULATION
• ONBOARD CONTROL
• MIDCOURSE MANEUVERS
• A U X I L I A R Y PROPULSION

NASA-S-66-11686

RENDEZVOUS

DEMONSTRATED EXPERIENCE
• GROUND COMPUTATIONS • TOTAL RENDEZVOUS 10
• FLIGHT COMPUTATIONS - INITIAL 6
• MANUAL COMPUTATIONS - RE-RENDEZVOUS 3
• USE OF STARS - DUAL RENDEZVOUS 1
• MIDCOURSE MANEUVERS • MODES DEMONSTRATED 7
- PLANE CHANGE
- HEIGHT ADJUST
- PHASING
NASA-S-66-11691

DOCKING

DEMONSTRATED EXPERIENCE
• OPERATION FEASIBLE • GEMINI VTTT 1
• GEMINI X 1
• TRAINING A D E Q U A T E
• G E M I N I XI 4
• LIGHTING NEEDS • G E M I N I XH 3

NASA-S-66-12006

EXTRAVEHICULAR ACTIVITY
APOLLO REQUIREMENTS

CREW TRANSFER

LUNAR S U R F A C E ACTIVITIES
 NASA-S-66-12101

DEMONSTRATION OF LANDING A C C U R A C Y
N Ml (—310 N Ml—H
60
56 N Mljj
NORTH - //
40 j/
.TARGET POINT
20 ffl E-

—o-

20
PREFLIGHT PREDICTED \
40 TOUCHDOWN FOOTPRINT-*
SOUTH
60
i i i i
100 80 60 40 20 0 20 40 60 80
WEST^ N Ml -EAST

NASA-S-66-12007

LAUNCH OPERATIONS

PRELAUNCH CHECKOUT

OPERATIONAL SUPPORT

LAUNCH OPERATIONS ORGANIZATION

NASA-S-66-12008

MISSION CONTROL

CONTROL CENTER/NETWORK SIMILARITY

FLIGHT CONTROLLER TRAINING

MISSION PLANNING PREPARATION

FLIGHT PLAN PREPARATION

NASA-S-66-11828

CONTRIBUTIONS TO APOLLO
FLIGHT CREW OPERATIONS AND TRAINING

• CREW CAPABILITY
• CREW EQUIPMENT
• CREW TRAINING,
MISSION PREPARATION
EXPERIENCE
NASA-S-66-12009

CREW CAPABILITY

LONG DURATION

ZERO-g ADAPTATION

MULTI-MAN CREW PROCEDURES

EXTRAVEHICULAR CAPABILITY

NASA-S-66-12010

CREW EQUIPMENT

SPACE SUITS

PERSONAL EQUIPMENT

SAFETY AND SURVIVAL EQUIPMENT

NASA-S-66-12011

CREW TRAINING

INDIVIDUAL TRAINING

SIMULATORS

ACCUMULATED FLIGHT EXPERIENCE

• 1940 MAN HOURS

• 16 CREW MEMBERS

NASA-S-66-11829

CONTRIBUTIONS TO APOLLO
TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
OF SUBSYSTEMS AND COMPONENTS

• COMMUNICATIONS
• GUIDANCE AND NAVIGATION
• ELECTRICAL POWER SUPPLY
• PROPULSION
• ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL
• GENERAL SUPPORT
 NASA-S-66-12012

COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM

• BEACONS

• ANTENNAS

• BATTERIES

• PERFORMANCE D A T A

NASA-S-66-12013

GUIDANCE AND NAVIGATION

• ONBOARD COMPUTER

• RENDEZVOUS RADAR

• MANEUVER CAPABILITY

• REENTRY CONTROL
NASA-S-66-120U

ELECTRICAL POWER SUPPLY

• FUEL CELL
• CONCEPT CONFIRMED

• CRYOGENIC REACTANT STORAGE

• OFF DESIGN PERFORMANCE

• CRYOGENIC SERVICING SYSTEM

• PERFORMANCE DATA

NASA-S-66-12015

PROPULSION SYSTEM

ULLAGE CONTROL ROCKETS

REACTION CONTROL SYSTEM THRUSTERS

LUNAR MODULE ASCENT ENGINE

NASA-S-66-12016

APOLLO EXPERIMENTS

• ELECTROSTATIC CHARGE
• PROTON-ELECTRON SPECTROMETER
• LUNAR ULTRAVIOLET SPECTROMETER
• COLOR PATCH PHOTOGRAPHY
• LANDMARK CONTRAST MEASUREMENTS
• RADIATION LEVEL IN SPACECRAFT
• REENTRY COMMUNICATIONS
• MANUAL NAVIGATION SIGHTINGS
• SIMPLE NAVIGATION
• RADIATION AND ZERO-g EFFECTS ON BLOOD
• MICROMETEORITE COLLECTION

NASA-S-66-12017

SUMMARY

RENDEZVOUS AND DOCKING DEVELOPED

HUMAN FUNCTIONAL CAPABILITY VERIFIED
FOR 14 DAYS IN SPACE
FLIGHT CREWS TRAINED
ADVANCED SYSTEMS AND DESIGN
CONCEPTS VERIFIED
MANAGEMENT AND SUPPORT
PERSONNEL TRAINED