AW101 Occupational Safety And Health 1

AW101 Chapter 4
Occupational Safety Workplace Environment
And Health 1 And Ergonomics

Prepared by Mohd Sharif JKE, POLISAS 1 Prepared by Mohd Sharif JKE, POLISAS 2

Contents 1-4 Contents 2-4

4.1 Describe the history of ergonomics 4.2 Understand workstation design
4.1.1 State the history of ergonomics principle
4.1.2 Defines statutory requirements 4.2.1 Illustrates sitting work position
related to ergonomics in OSHA 4.2.2 Illustrates standing work position
1994 4.3 Understand ergonomic risk
4.1.3 Determine objectives of 4.3.1 Explain Musculo-Skeletal-
ergonomics Disorders (MSD)

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Contents 3-4 Contents 4-4

4.4 Understand Workplace Environment
4.4.1 Explain indoor air quality and its effect
to the respiratory system
4.4.2 Measure lighting and sightedness
4.4.3 Measure temperature and humidity
4.4.4 Measure noise and hearing quality
4.5 Appreciate the proper and safe methods
of ergonomics in the workplace
4.5.1 Practice the proper and safe methods
of ergonomics in the workplace including
working position, workplace design,
standing bench and computer
arrangement.

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Contents
• History, Statutory requirement &
Objective
• Design Workstation-Sitting &
Standing
• Risk-Musculo-Skeletal-Disorders Ergonomics
(MSD)
HISTORY OF ERGONOMICS
• Workplace Environment

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Background Definition
• Ergonomics derives from two Greek words: ergon, Ergonomics (or human factors) is the
meaning work, and nomoi, meaning natural laws. scientific discipline concerned with the
Combined they create a word that means the science
understanding of interactions among
of work and a person’s relationship to that work.
humans and other elements of a system,
• In application ergonomics is a discipline focused on
making products and tasks comfortable and efficient and the profession that applies theory,
for the user. principles, data and methods to design in
• Ergonomics is sometimes defined as the science of order to optimize human well-being and
fitting the work to the user instead of forcing the user overall system performance.
to fit the work. However this is more a primary Source : International Ergonomics Association
ergonomic principle rather than a definition.
Source : www.about.com
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Definition History of Ergonomics

Ergonomics is defined as the science • The term "ergonomics" has its roots in
related to man and his work, Ramazzani’s study on ill-effect of poorly
embodying the anatomic, design tools on health of worker in the
physiologic, and mechanical 1700s.
principles affecting the efficient use • 1949-The term "ergonomics" was
of human energy. adopted at national ergonomics society
Source : www.about.com in England was founded.
• 1961-International Ergonomics
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Association was founded.
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AW101 Occupational Safety And Health 1
History of Ergonomics
• In 1857, Wojciech Jastrzebowski
created the word "ergonomics" in a
narrative he wrote about the science
of nature.
• World War II in 1943, an Army officer,
Alphonse Chapanis, learned that if
the control layouts in the cockpits of
planes were simplified, the pilots
made fewer errors.
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Statutory Requirements
• Statutory requirements related to
ergonomics in OSHA 1994.
• Part IV-General Duties Of Employers
And Self-Employed Persons
• Part V-General Duties Of Designers,
Manufacturers And Supplier
• Part VI-General Duties Of Employees
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History of Ergonomics
• After World War II , ergonomics not
only in productivity, but also the
safety of the workers.
• Research take place in various areas:
• the affect of heavy labor on the heart;
the maximum loads that should be
pulled, pushed or carried;
• the amount of muscle force that
13 should be required to perform
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Objective Of Ergonomics
• Methods to do things quicker, more
efficiently and at the same time,
reduce as much physical and
emotional stress as possible.
• The less strain we feel on our bodies,
the easier for us to do the tasks.
• Able to do more work, accomplished
in the same amount of time.
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Objective Of Ergonomics
• Approach used to obtain an effective
match between worker and work
system to optimize;

Efficiency

Quality Work Station Design

Safety SEATING & STANDING

Health POSITION
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Seating Work Position Seating Work Position

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Sitting Work Position Standing Work Possition

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Standing Work Position Industrial Ergonomic Workstation

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Musculoskeletal Disorder
A broad range of conditions of varying degree
associated with the upper extremities (hand and
arm) such as inflammation or trauma mostly of
the tendon, muscle-tendon junction or
surrounding tissue; inflammation of tissue of
Ergonomic Risk
the hand; compression of the peripheral nerves
serving the upper limb; and include temporary
MUSCULOSKELETAL fatigue, stiffness of the muscles comparable to
DISORDER (MSD) that un accustomed exertion.
SOURCE : GUIDELINES ON OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH FOR WORKING WITH VIDEO DISPLY UNITS (VDU’s),
DEPARTMENT OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH, MINISTRY OF HUMAN RESOURCES

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Musculoskeletal Disorder Musculoskeletal Disorder

• Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are
disorders of the muscles, nerves, tendons, • Part risk for MSD
ligaments, joints, cartilage, and spinal discs.
MSDs do not include disorders caused by
slips, trips, falls, motor vehicle accidents, or
similar accidents. Examples of MSDs include
carpal tunnel syndrome, rotator cuff syndrome,
de Quervain's disease, trigger finger, tarsal
tunnel syndrome, sciatica, epicondylitis,
tendinitis, Raynaud's phenomenon, carpet-
layers' knee, herniated spinal disc, and low
back pain.
• SOURCE: U.S. OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY &
HEALTH ADMINISTRATION

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Types of Disorder/Injury MSD MSD Hazard

■ repetitive strain injury (RSI) • Primary MSD hazards
■ cumulative trauma disorder (CTD) • Force,
■ work-related musculoskeletal • Fixed or awkward postures,
disorder (WMSD) • Repetitions
■ musculoskeletal injury (MSI, MSK)
■ occupational overuse syndrome
(OOS), and
■ sprain and strain.
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MSD Hazards - Force MSD Hazards - Postures

• The amount of effort made by the
muscles and the amount of pressure on
body parts as a result of different job
demands
• A task requires them to exert a level of
force that is too high for any particular
muscle, it can damage the muscle or the
related tendons, joints and other soft
tissue. Prepared by Mohd Sharif JKE, POLISAS
■ how long workers need to hold a
specific posture (fixed posture)
■ how many times an awkward posture is
used in a given period of time, and
■ the amount of force being exerted when
an awkward posture is used..
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MSD Hazards - Repetition

• Highly repetitive tasks can lead to A Guide to Ergonomics at the
fatigue, tissue damage, and, eventually, Office and in the Field
pain and discomfort.

Adobe Acrobat
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Others Reference

Adobe Acrobat
Document

http://www.ohcow.on.ca/press_release/msd/prevention.pdf http://www.ohcow.on.ca/press_release/msd/resource.pdf

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AW101 Occupational Safety And Health 1

Work Place Terminology

• Video Display Unit / Terminal – means any alphanumeric or
graphic display screen, regardless of the of the display process
employed.
• Brightness – means the attribute of visual sensation according
to which a surface appears to emit or reflect more or less light.
• Illumination – means the measure of the stream of light falling
on a surface. The light may come from sun, lamps in a room or
any other bright surface. The unit of measurement is the lux (lx).
Work Place Environment
Imperial unit for illumination is foot-candle.
INDOOR AIR QUALITY SOURCE : GUIDELINES ON OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH FOR WORKING WITH VIDEO DISPLY UNITS
(VDU’s), DEPARTMENT OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH, MINISTRY OF HUMAN RESOURCES

(IAQ)
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Work Place Terminology Indoor Air Quality

• Luminance – means the measure of the brightness of a surface;
the perception of brightness of a surface is proportional to its
luminance. Therefore, luminance is a measure of light coming
from a surface. Since it is a function of the light that is emitted or
reflected from a wall, furniture and other objects, it is greatly
affected by the reflected power of the surface. The luminance of
a lamp on the other hand is and exact measure of the light they
emit. Adobe Acrobat
Document
SOURCE : GUIDELINES ON OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH FOR WORKING WITH VIDEO DISPLY UNITS
(VDU’s), DEPARTMENT OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH, MINISTRY OF HUMAN RESOURCES

SOURCE : CODE OF PRACTICE ON INDOOR AIR QUALITY, DEPARTMENT OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH,
Prepared by Mohd Sharif JKE, POLISAS 43 Prepared by Mohd Sharif JKE, POLISAS
MINISTRY OF HUMAN RESOURCES, 2005
44

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AW101 Occupational Safety And Health 1

Duty of Employer Indoor Air Quality (1AQ)

• An employer should ensure that his
employees or any other occupants at
the place of work are not exposed to
any of the contaminants listed in
Table 1 exceeding the corresponding
maximum limits
• all his employees are informed,
instructed and trained
SOURCE : CODE OF PRACTICE ON INDOOR AIR QUALITY, DEPARTMENT OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH, SOURCE : CODE OF PRACTICE ON INDOOR AIR QUALITY, DEPARTMENT OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH,
Prepared by Mohd Sharif JKE, POLISAS
MINISTRY OF HUMAN RESOURCES, 2005
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MINISTRY OF HUMAN RESOURCES, 2005
46

Background of IAQ Source of Poor IAQ

• Good IAQ is desired for a healthy • a) the occupants exhaled carbon
indoor environment. dioxide gas
• Poor IAQ can cause short-term and • b) inadequate materials or materials
long term health problems. with technical defects used in the
• Health problems associated with construction of the building;
poor IAQ include allergic reactions, • c) the work performed within (such as
respiratory problems, eye irritation, cleaning of carpet);
sinusitis, bronchitis and pneumonia. • d) excessive or improper use of
SOURCE : CODE OF PRACTICE ON INDOOR AIR QUALITY, DEPARTMENT OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH, SOURCE : CODE OF PRACTICE ON INDOOR AIR QUALITY, DEPARTMENT OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH,
Prepared by Mohd Sharif JKE, POLISAS
MINISTRY OF HUMAN RESOURCES, 2005
47 normal products (pesticides,Prepared by Mohd Sharif JKE, POLISAS
MINISTRY OF HUMAN RESOURCES, 2005
48

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AW101 Occupational Safety And Health 1

Parameter to Indicate IAQ Health Effect Due to Poor IAQ

• a) Chemical contaminants • The health effects due to IAQ can be
• b) Physical conditions, categorized as follows:
• c) Biological agents, d a) Health effects due to environmental
• d) Radiation tobacco smoke (ETS) from passive
smoking;
b) Sick building syndrome; and
c) Legionella disease.
SOURCE : CODE OF PRACTICE ON INDOOR AIR QUALITY, DEPARTMENT OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH, SOURCE : CODE OF PRACTICE ON INDOOR AIR QUALITY, DEPARTMENT OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH,
MINISTRY OF HUMAN RESOURCES, 2005 MINISTRY OF HUMAN RESOURCES, 2005
Prepared by Mohd Sharif JKE, POLISAS 49 Prepared by Mohd Sharif JKE, POLISAS 50

Lighting and Sightedness

Work Place Environment

LIGHTING AND
SIGHTEDNESS
SOURCE : GUIDELINES ON OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH FOR WORKING WITH VIDEO DISPLY UNITS (VDU’s),
Prepared by Mohd Sharif JKE, POLISAS 51 DEPARTMENT OF OCCUPATIONAL
Prepared by Mohd Sharif JKE,SAFETY
POLISASAND HEALTH, MINISTRY OF HUMAN RESOURCES 52

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Temperature and Humidity

• Adequate ventilation and air
conditioning system are required
• Purchase equipment with low thermal
emissions.
Work Place Environment • recommended ambient air
temperature is 23-27 degrees Celsius
TEMPERATURE AND and the maximum relative humidity is
HUMIDITY 75%.
SOURCE : GUIDELINES ON OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH FOR WORKING WITH VIDEO DISPLY UNITS (VDU’s),
Prepared by Mohd Sharif JKE, POLISAS 53 DEPARTMENT OF OCCUPATIONAL
Prepared by Mohd Sharif JKE,SAFETY
POLISASAND HEALTH, MINISTRY OF HUMAN RESOURCES 54

Noise and Hearing Quality

• Recommended ambient noise level
for VDU work is between 40-60 dB(A).

Work Place Environment

NOISE AND HEARING

QUALITY
SOURCE : GUIDELINES ON OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH FOR WORKING WITH VIDEO DISPLY UNITS (VDU’s),
Prepared by Mohd Sharif JKE, POLISAS 55 DEPARTMENT OF OCCUPATIONAL
Prepared by Mohd Sharif JKE,SAFETY
POLISASAND HEALTH, MINISTRY OF HUMAN RESOURCES 56

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Noise Meter (dB) Noise Sign, Aid and Tool

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Reduced Noise Exposure-1 Reduced Noise Exposure-2

MHTML
Document

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Safe & Ergonomic Workplace VDU

• Getting Comfortable - Adjust your
chair, workstation,

Ergonomic in Work Place

PRACTICE ERGONOMIC IN
WORK PLACE
SOURCE : GUIDELINES ON OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH FOR WORKING WITH VIDEO DISPLY UNITS (VDU’s),
Prepared by Mohd Sharif JKE, POLISAS 61 DEPARTMENT OF OCCUPATIONAL
Prepared by Mohd Sharif JKE,SAFETY
POLISASAND HEALTH, MINISTRY OF HUMAN RESOURCES 62

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Computer Table Office Ergonomic Office Chair

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Safe & Ergonomic Workplace VDU

• Keying In - good keying position,
keep your wrists straight when
keying

SOURCE : GUIDELINES ON OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH FOR WORKING WITH VIDEO DISPLY UNITS (VDU’s),
DEPARTMENT OF OCCUPATIONAL
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POLISASAND HEALTH, MINISTRY OF HUMAN RESOURCES 67 Prepared by Mohd Sharif JKE, POLISAS 68

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Ergonomic Keyboard Safe & Ergonomic Workplace VDU

• Using a Mouse - easy reach, Support
your forearm on the desk, don’t grip
the mouse too tightly

SOURCE : GUIDELINES ON OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH FOR WORKING WITH VIDEO DISPLY UNITS (VDU’s),
Prepared by Mohd Sharif JKE, POLISAS 69 DEPARTMENT OF OCCUPATIONAL
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POLISASAND HEALTH, MINISTRY OF HUMAN RESOURCES 70

Safe & Ergonomic Workplace VDU Safe & Ergonomic Workplace VDU
• Reading the Screen VDU- Adjust the • Posture and Breaks - Don’t sit in the
brightness, contrast, text size, same position for long periods
colours that are easy on the eye

SOURCE : GUIDELINES ON OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH FOR WORKING WITH VIDEO DISPLY UNITS (VDU’s), SOURCE : GUIDELINES ON OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH FOR WORKING WITH VIDEO DISPLY UNITS (VDU’s),
DEPARTMENT OF OCCUPATIONAL
Prepared by Mohd Sharif JKE,SAFETY
POLISASAND HEALTH, MINISTRY OF HUMAN RESOURCES 71 DEPARTMENT OF OCCUPATIONAL
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POLISASAND HEALTH, MINISTRY OF HUMAN RESOURCES 72

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Reference
• GUIDELINES ON OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY
AND HEALTH IN THE OFFICE Adobe Acrobat
Document

• CODE OF PRACTICE ON INDOOR AIR

QUALITY Adobe Acrobat
Document

• GUIDELINES ON OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY

AND HEALTH FOR WORKING WITH VIDEOAdobe Acrobat
DISPLY UNITS (VDU’s) Document

• MSD Prevention Guideline for Ontario,

Occupational Health and Safety Council of Adobe Acrobat
Document
Ontario (OHSCO) Prepared by Mohd Sharif JKE, POLISAS 73 Prepared by Mohd Sharif JKE, POLISAS 74

Prepared by Mohd Sharif, JKE POLISAS 19