CURRENT STATUS OF VEGETABLE

RESEARCH IN INDIA
A.S.Sidhu
Punjab Agricultural University
BR> Punjab Agricultural University
Regional Research Station, Bathinda
Punjab, India

ABSTRACT
Our country has achieved self sufficiency and a good degree of stability of food
production. This created an urgent need for providing health security to our
population by supplying nutrition through balanced diet. Vegetables form the most
important component of a balanced diet. We can grow variety of vegetables all the
year round. The country is the world's second largest producer of vegetables next only
to China. However our per capita consumption is quite low.

In the post partition period a good infrastructure for vegetable research has been
created. At present vegetable research is being carried out at four central institutes,
one National Research Centre and 26 State Agricultural Universities. The All India
Coordinated Research Programme of the Project Directoreate of Vegetable Research
provides facilities for multidisciplinary, area specific research on 23 vegetable crops
and provides a national grid for multilocation testing of technologies developed by
various institrutions. As a result research on various aspects of major vegetable crops
is being undertaken in order to improve existing varieties and standardise production
techniques. The investment in vegetable research is insignificant compared to cereals
so is the manpower deployment.

Through intensive research ewer deployment.

Through intensive research efforts 119 improved varieties in 16 vegetable crops have
been released. Of these, nine are F1 hybrids, two are synthetic cauliflower varieties
and 24 varieties are resistant to different diseases and insect pests. Some of these
varieties have already made significant impact/contribution in revolutionising the
production of vegetables in the country. Besides developing new varieties several
agro-techniques and plant protection measures against diseases and insect pests have
been standardised and recommended. Systematic efforts are also on to achieve self
sufficienty in seed production, though the goal is quite far. Several biotic constraints
pertaining to non availability and erosion of germplasm and its evaluation, diseases
and insect pests, manpower, abiotic factors such as limited availability of funds,
physical environmental and soil factors and seasonal problems, socio-economic
factors and limitations of infrastructure are limiting vegetable research in India. The
priorities of research in years to come have been identified as breeding for resistance
to biotic and abiotic stresses, heterosis breeding,breeding for improvement of
nutritional quality and procesing, seed technology research, development of
technology for growing vegetables in protected environment, use of biotechnology,
insecticidal residues and off season vegetable production etc.

1. Introduction

1. Introduction
India has taken a bold step towards self sufficiency in food. However, self sufficiency
in the true sense can be achieved only when each individual in the country is assured
of balanced diet. Varied agro-climatic conditions in India make it possible to grow a
wide variety of vegetable crops all the year round in one part of the country or
another. India can claim to grow the largest number of vegetable crops compared to
any other country of the world and as many as 61 annual and 4 perennial vegetable
crops are commercially cultivated. Some of the important vegetable crops grown are:

Solanaceous Brinjal, tomato, chillies, sweet pepper (Capsicum).

crops
Cole Crops Cabbage, cauliflower, knol khol.
Bulbous Onion, garlic
vegetable
Okra Okra
Cucurbits Longmelon, muskmelon, snapmelon, watermelon, cucumber, pumpkin, summer
squash, bitter gourd, bottle gourd, pointed gourd (parwal), ridge gourd, round
gourd, snake grourd, sponge gourd, wax gourd (ash gourd)
RTD>
Root vegetables Carrot, radish, turnip
Leguminous Broad bean, cluster bean, cowpea, dolichos bean, French bean, peas
vegetables
Leafy Amaranthus, beet leaf, fenugreek, spinach
vegetables
Salad Lettuce
vegetables
Perennial Drumstick, curry leaf, agathi, paii
vegetables

India is the second largest producer of vegetables in the world next only to China with
an estimated production of about 50.09 million tonnes from an area of 4.5 million
hectares at an average yield of 11.3 tonnes per hectare. India shares about 12% of the
world output of vegetables from about 2.0% of croppped area in the country.
Statewise area and production of vegetable crops and area and production of different
vegetable crops in india is given in Table 1 & 2 respectively. The per capita
consumption in India is only about 140 gm which is far below the minimum dietry
requirement of 280 g/day/person. In the independent India, systematic efforts have
been made to upgrade vegetable production technology. Hoe to upgrade vegetable
production technology. However, such efforts were quite inadequate due to priority
given to food grain production programmes so far. Inspite of this vegetable production
In India has steadily increased from about 28 m.tonnes during 1969-71 to its present
level. The demand of vegetables has been increasing fast in the urban areas with an
gradual rise in standard of living coupled with development of communication and
transport facilities. It therefore calls fo a major research and development effort to
achieve our target (83 million tonnes) for the supply of 200 gms of vegetables per
capita per day to an estimated population of 1 billion by 2000 A.D. through suitable
reserch programmes.

2. Research Infrastructure
2.1 Institutions/Programmes:

Research on vegetable crops in India, was initiated by the Indian Council of

Agricultural Research (ICAR) during 1947-48 soon after independence with the
sanctioning of a nucleus Plant Introduction Scheme at the Indian Agricultural
Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi. Simultaneously, the ICAR starrted ad-hoc
schemes in different states like Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Maharashtra,
Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal. The Govt. of India also
established a Vegetable Breeding Station at Katrain in Kulu Valley, Himachal
Pradesh, during 1949. This station which was subsequently transferred to the Indian
Agricultural Ressequently transferred to the Indian Agricultural Research Institute
during 1955, has been primarily carrying out intensive research on temperate
vegetables and their seed production.

Systematic research on vegetables was organised with the creation of Division of

Horticulture at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, during 1956-57. However, it
received a real boost with the establishment of the Indian Institute of Horticultural
Research with a full fledged Division of Vegetable Crops at Bangalore in 1968. A
separate Division of Vegetable Crops and Floriculture was also started at IARI, New
Delhi in 1970. In 1982, the Floriculture work was separated from the Division of
Vegetable Crops which was assigned research work exclusively on Vegetable Crops.
Besides IARI, IIHR and their Regional Stations at Katrain, Ranchi and Godhara, the
Central Institute of Horticulture for Northern Plains at Lucknow has also been given
the mandate to work on Vegetaqble Crops of the region. Further, Vivekanand
Parvatiya Krishi Anusandhan Shala, Almora, Central gricultural Research Instirtute,
Port Blair and ICAR Research Complex for NEH Regtion Shillong are also carrying
out some research work on Vegetable Crops to meet regional needs. Establishment of
26 Agricultural Universities in 17 States from 1960 onwards, gave further fillip to
Vegetable Research which is being carried by their Deptts. of Horticulture and in 9
cases by separate Departments of Veand in 9 cases by separate Departments of
Vegetable Crops. An All India Coordinated Vegetable Improvement Project was also
started by the ICAR in 1970-71 (Fourth Plan) to provide a national grid for testing of
technologies developed by various research institutes and agricultural universities
through inter-disciplinary multi-location research approach. The project was started
with 7 main and ten sub-centres. Three centres were added to it during the fifth, two in
the sixth and two in the seventh plan. At present there are 23 centres working under
this project. This project was upgraded as a Project Directorate of Vegetable Research
during the VII Plan in 1987 and is undertaking multidisciplinary, multilocation
research at 23 regular centres besides 42 voluntary centres. The project at present
headquartered in Varanasi (U.P.).

In addition to this, a number of short term time bound and result oriented ad-hoc
schems on area specific problemks of selected vegetable crops are also being
supported by the ICAR at various Central Institutes and State Agricultural
Universities. There is also one foreign aided project on Post-harvest technology of
some Fruits and Vegetables. A project on Protected Cultivation and Green Houses has
been decided to be implemented with USAID support. The deetails of Infrastructure
available for vegetable research vis-a-vis other horticultural crops & field crops is
given in Table 3Table 3.

By and large vegetable research has been carried out in India by Public Institutions.
However, in recent years there has been an effort to start R & D activities by some
private companies with foreign collaboration. Some private companies conducting
research include M/s Indo-American Hybrid Seed Co. Bangalore; M/s Mahyco, Jalna,
Maharashtra; Nath Seeds, Aurangabad. Maharashtra; Suttons & Sons, Calcutta, West
Bengal; Bejo Sheetal Hybrid Seeds, Jalna, Maharashtra; Biogene; Bangalore,
Karnataka & Unicorn Group in Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh.

2.2 Investment in Research

An idea of Budget allocation to different groups of horticultural and other important

food crops is given in Table 4. The amount represents allocations only to ICAR
programmes and is by no way exhaustive as expenditure on vegetable research by
other Institutres/Agricultural Universities has not been included. The data in the table
will show that by and large investment in vegetable research is insignificant compared
to cereals and is the fourth highest amongst horticultural crops next to fruit, tuber-
crops and plantation crops and higher only to floriculture and spices.

2.3 Manpower

The total manpower deployed for research on different hoticultural crops is given
in Table 5.

It will be given in Table 5.

It will be seen that a total of 505 persons are engaged in vegetable research of which
163 are scientists the remaining being technical, administrative and supporting staff.
Against this 1076 persons with 306 scientis are employed for research on fruits, 1295
with 347 scientists for potato and other tuber crops and 9139 with a component of
2213 scientists for cereal crops during the VII Plan.

3. Research on vegetables
The major objectives of research on vegetables in India is improving production per
unit area by solving chronic problems of production through breeding high yielding,
disease & pest resistant varieties, developing F1 hybrids, standardisation of agro-
techniques for different agro-ecological situations, disease and insect pest
management and post-harvest studies with a view to reduce post-harvest losses.
Twenty three vegetable namely, amaranthus, bitter kgourd, bottle gourd, brinjal,
cabbaage, carrot, cauliflower, chillies, coepea, cucumbefr, Dolichos, frenchbean,
garlic, Luffa, muskmelon, okra, onion, peas, pointed gourd, pumpkin, sweet pepper,
tomato and watermelon have been included in the national reslearch programme on
vegetable crops. The salient research achievements in vegetable research are given
below.
3.1 Crop Improvement

i) New Varieties Released:

The evaluation of indigenous and exotic germplasm intP> The evaluation of

indigenous and exotic germplasm introductions, and their hybridization resulted in the
selection of over 30 superior varieties of different vegetables during fiftees. Of these,
varieties 'Pusa Sawani' of okra, 'Pusa Ruby' and 'Pusa Early Dwarf' of tomaton, 'Pusa
Purple Long' of bnrinjal and 'Booneville' of garden peas still continue to be the main
vegetable varieties due to their high yield potential and consumer's preference. As a
result of multi-disciplinary, multi-location testing of new research materials during the
last two decades, 119 improved varieties in 16 major vegetable crops have been
identified and recommended for cultivation in various agro-climatic regions of the
country (Table 6). These include 20 varieties of tomato, 22 of brinjal, 13 each of
onion and cauliflower, 12 of garden pea, 9 of chillies, 8 of muskmelon 4 each of water
melon, pumpkin & okra, 3 frenchbean (bush type) 2 of garlic and 1 each of Dolichos
bean, cabbage, carrot, cowpea and capsicum.

It is interesting to note that out of 119 varieties recommended by All India

Coordinated vegetable Improvement Project, 52 varieties/hybrids have been released
through Central Variety Release Committee for commercial cultivation in different
zones of India. Moreover, the foundation and certified seeds of these varieties are
being produced by the National Seeds Corporation Government of India. Besides, 74
varieties of differnt of India. Besides, 74 varieties of different vegetables have been
released by different states and their list is given in Table 7.

ii) F1 Hybrids Developed:

In India, even though the first report of hybrid vigour in chillies came in 1933 from
Indian Agricultural Research Institute, the first F1 hybrid of tomato and capsicum was
available for commercial cultivation only in 1973. Since then, there has been an
increasing interest in growing hybrids in vegetable crops among the Indian farmers.

Heterosis breeding in vegetable crops in India has received serious attention only in
recent years. As a result the progress in developing and popularising hybrid varieties
has been very slow. The first F1 hybrid of tomato (Karnataka Hybrid) and capsaicum
(Bharat) were released for commercial cultivation in 1973 by a private seed company
M/s Indo-American Hybrid Seeds followed by 28 other Hybrids in 9 vegetable crops.
Of the 21 F1 hybrids in 11 vegetable crops developed so far by public research
institutions (Table 8).
In addition to F1 hybrids, two synthetic cauliflower varieties, namely, 'Pusa Synthetic'
in and 'Pusa Early Synthetic' have also been recommended for release.

The F1 hybrids developed have not been fully exploited so far due to inadequate
facilities for their seed production. At present there is an urgent need to simplif
production. At present there is an urgent need to simplify the technique of hybrid seed
production. Various genetic mechanisms like male sterility, self-incompatibility and
sgnoecious sex forms need special attention to exploit them as female presents of the
hybrids. Pioneer research work has been carried out in the Division of Vegetable
Crops, IARI, New Delhi and some female parents like self -incompatible lines in
cauliflower and cabbage anbd gynoecious sex forms in muskmelon and cucumber
have been developed and are being utilized in heterosis breeding.Very good hybrid
research work has been carried out at Punjab Agricultural University on
muskmelon,brinjal,tomato,chilli and onion.

In general, there is acute deartrh of good hybrid seeds in cauliflower, cabbnage,

tomato and onion and taking up heterosis breeding in these crops is an immediate
need.Work on hetrosis will be strengthened after the implement of NATP project.

Several private seedsmen have also been marketing hybrid vegetable varieties, either
directly imported and relabelled or developed by crossing exotic parents and hybrid
seeds produced indigenously. Some of these F1 hybrids are in tomato "Rupali",
"Vaishali", and "Naveen" from Bangalore, "Hybrid S-15", "Hybrid S-16" and
"Samirudhi" from Jalna and SG-12" and SG-9" from Calcutta; in capsicum "Bharat"
from Bangalore; 'Early Bounty' and Sutquot; from Bangalore; 'Early Bounty' and
Suttons Gen Gant from Calcutta; in watermelon "Madhu and Milan" from Bangalore;
in cabbage "Ganesh Gole", "No. 8" and "Hirirani" from Jalna". in cucumber "Priya"
from Bangalore. There are many more being offered by other seedsmen as well but
their adoiption is comparatively slow.

iii) Disease and Pest Resistant Varieties

Research on breeding for disease/pest resistance has resulted in the release of twenty
four varieties. 'Pusa Sawani' variety of okra developed as resistant to yellow-vein-
mosaic virus is the first example of successful disease resistance breeding in vegetable
crops in India. A list of resistant varieties of different crops released so far is given
in Table 9.

3.2 Agrotechniques
Besides the development of a number of high yielding varieties, efforts have been
made to devbelop package of practices for getting maximum economic returns. A
large number of agronomical practices have also been developed to grow almost all
vegetable crops under varied agro-climatic conditions. Similarly several control
measures for protecting these crops from the attack of various diseases and insect
pests have been found out. Under the All India Coordinated Research Project alone 34
agronomical recommendations relating to spacing, nutritional requirements, idations
relating to spacing, nutritional requirements, irrigation and weed control in 11
vegetable crops, namely brinjal, cabbage, cauliflower, chillies, muskmelon, okra,
onion, peas, radish, tomato, and watermelon have been made. For chemical control of
major diseases and insect-pests recommendations have been made in 11 vegetable
crops namely; bottle gourd, brinjal, cauliflower chillies, muskmelon, okra onion, peas,
tomato, turnip and watermelon. Thus 55 measures against major diseases and insect-
pests have been standardised. Recommendations have also been made for increasing
yield of tomato and brinjal by application of chemical growth regulators like
mixatgalol and 2,4-D respectively.

Technology has been developed and prefected for the production of vegetable seeds in
general and that for temperate vegetables in the hilly region of the country in
particular. Techniques for post-harvest management are also being developed.

3.3. Breeder Seed Production

Since available of superior quality seeds is the most important single input for
production of vegetable crops tremendous attention is required to be paid on
strengthening of research on seed production technology of these crops. Therefore, the
efforts for research and production of Breeder's seed of these crops are being
intensified. Accordingly, production of Breederf's Seed of vegetables has been
included in the National Seeds Project during the Seventhded in the National Seeds
Project during the Seventh Plant which is operating at elevel centres, namely; IARI
Karnal (Haryana), IARI- Katrain (H.P.), IIHR Bangalore (Karnataka); PAU Ludhiana
(Punjab), CSAUAT, Kanpur (U.P.), BCKVV Pedong (W.B.), MPKV Rahuri (M.S.),
YSPUHF Solan (H.P.), JNKVV Jabalpur (M.P.), APAU Lam (A.P.), and TNAU
Coimbatore (T.N.). About 100 tonnes of breeders seed is being produced annually
against an average requirement of 36 tonnes which forms the basis of multiplication
of superior quality foundation and certified seed. Even this limited quantity of breeder
seed is not being utilised properly. The largest beneficiary of the breederf seed viz.
N.S.C. is presently producing only about 650 tonnes of certified seed whereas private
seed industry contributes about 2000 tonnes besides contribution of other cerftified
state seed agencies amount to 500-1000 tonnes. Thus present quality of breedr seed
could have fulfilled. Certified seed requirement to the extent of 30% it is doing so
only to the extent of 13-15%. Recently the Govt. of India has launched a scheme on
intensification of vegetable production through which funds have been put at the
disposal of central institutes and the state agricultural universities to intensify
production of breeders, foundation and certified seed to overcome the wide gap in
seed requirement. The result of these efforts are yet to be known. The new seed policy
of the Govt. of India affords enough licy of the Govt. of India affords enough
opportunity of introducing new useful genes through the import of improved
vegetable varieties and F1 hybrid seeds. This may pave the way for utilizing these
promising genes for developing new high yielding, disease and insect-pest resistant
varieties and F1 hybrids possessing tolerance to abiotic factors.

4. Impact of vegetable research and management

Development of a large number of improved varieties and wider adaptability and
standardisation of their production technologies for various agro-climatic conditions
has made it possible to produce vegetables in wider areas and has improved the
prospects of their supply tremendously as follows.

i) Garden pea: variety 'Arkel' has revolutionised the production of early peas in all pea
growing areas.
ii) Cauliflower: variety 'Pusa Early Synthetic' has adapted to warm climatic conditions of
Tamil Nadu and has made it possible to grow cauliflower commercially in
this non-traditional area.
iii) Watermelon: variety 'Sugar Baby' has spread fast in entire Northern and Eastern India and
has benefitted both the growers with better remuneration and the consumers
witth better remuneration and the consumers with superior quality. Another
variety 'Arka Manik' has made a dent in the Southern and South-Western
parts of the country.
iv) Okra: variety 'Pusa Sawani' bred for resistance to yellow vein mosaic virus prone
areas/seasons replaced all other local varieties from cultivation all over the
country.
v) Tomato: variety Pusa 'Sel-120' has made it possible to achieve high yields of quality
produce in root-know nematode infested soils. With the released of cold
tolerant variety 'Pusa Sheetal', we can now grow tomatoes all the year round.
vi) Radish: with appropriate choice of suitable varieties for specific seasons now we can
grow radish round the years.
vii) Onion: Until 1978, Kharif onion cultivation was only grown in Maharashtra,
Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. However, identification of variety
N-53 and ADR and development of technology for kharif onion has enabled
to get two crops of onion annually in Northern India where it used to be only
a winter/spring crop.
viii) F1 Hybrids: There has been an alroere has been an alround appreciation of growing of F1
hybrids in vegetable crops. Sizeable area of 20,000 ha. is estimated to be
covered under tomato hybrids in Karnataka, Maharashtra & Southern
Gujarat. Similarly the area under F1 hybrid of cabbage is estimated at about
8,000 ha.

5. Gaps and constraints

Despite a large number of varieties and hybrids developed, the productivity of
vegetable crops has not improved. Varieties with longer shelf life and suitable for
processing are very few. Multiple disease resistant varieties are yet to be developed.
Although a lot of work on heterosis breeding in vegetable crops has been done in the
country, yet there is acute dearth of real good hybrids in crops like tomato, cabbage,
cauliflower, onion etc. Vegetable based cropping systems have not been developed so
far, which puts these crops at a disadvantage for fitting them in crop rotations.
Excessive use of pesticides has created problems of pesticide residues and hence there
is a need for integrated pest and disease control.

Briefly, these gaps are identified as follows:

1. Insufficient germplasm in different vegetable crops and the need to augment

indigenous and exotic-collections.
2. Lack of new high yielding vegetable varieties/hybrids, carrying high degree of
resistance to diseases, pests, environmental stresses etc.
3. Absence of basicts, environmental stresses etc.
4. Absence of basic/fundamental research programmes to accelerate the work on
applied aspects.
5. Lack of competent scientific manpower to manage the research programmes.
6. Lack of infrastructure and fund availability for research on vegetables.

6. Future research priorities

While significant progress has already been made there are still several kproblems to
be tackled. For this, the following research priorities have been identified.

1) Breeding for resistance to abiotic factors viz. diseases and insect-pests such as:-

Tomato leaf curl virus, TMV bacterial wilt,phytopthora blight, fruit borer.
Brinjal fruit and shoot borer, bacterial wilt, little leaf.
Okra yellow vein mosaic and pod borer
Chillies virus and pest complex
Onion purple blotch, stemphylium (moth and thrips).
Cucurbits downy mildew, powdery, CMV, fruit fly.
Cole crops Sclerotinia, Alternaria and soft rot.
Peas Powdery mildew
Beans Septoria, mosaic virus and b
Beans Septoria, mosaic virus and bruchus

2) Breeding for resistance to abiotic stresses eg. salinity, alkalinity, salt tolerance and
stress environment e.g. hot set and cold set tomatoes.

3) Heterosis breeding in onion, tomato, cabbage, cauliflower, cucurbits, brinjal, and

capsicum.

4) Breeding for nutritional and processing qualities in vegetables like tomato, onion,
peas and garlic (dehydration).

5) Use of biotechnology for incorporation of resistance to disease/pests/abiotic

stresses.

6) Intensification of research on seed production of temperate, tropical and sub-

tropical vegetables and intensification of breeders seed production programme.

7) Export oriented research on vegetables like onion, chillies, okra, peas, tomato,
brinjal, cucumber, cauliflowr and cabbage.

8) Developing efficienht cropping systems.

9) Research on growing vegetables in protected environments.

10) Research on off-season vegetable production and under exploited vegetables.

11) Studies on insecticidal residues.

REFERENCES
Attavar, M., 1988. Vegetables - Hybrid Seeds Catching up. Survey of Indian
Agriculture. The Hindu pp. 147-149.
Chadha, K.L. and Ramphal, 1990. Vegetable Research in India In Proceedings of
Workshop held at Islamabad, Pakistan, Sept. 24-29, 1990 pp 106-ia In Proceedings of
Workshop held at Islamabad, Pakistan, Sept. 24-29, 1990 pp 106-119.

Chadha, K.L. Seshaderi, V.S., 1989. Vegetable Crops. Hybrid Seeds hold the key. The
Hindu Suvey of Indian Agriculture, pp. 209-214.

Chowdhary, B., 1978. Three decades of vegetable research. Indian Horticulture 44:
38-40.

Table 1. Statewise area and production of

vegetable crops (ex. Potato and tuber crops)
States Area (ha) Production (tonnes)

Andhra Pradesh 316030 1200211

Arunachal Pradesh 26300 69360

Assam 91497 205151

Bihar 368000 444500

Goa 170 590

Gujarat 97000 1277700

Haryana 55400 418700

Himachal Pradesh

Himachal Pradesh 25680 249150

Jammu & Kashmir 13600 93000

Karnataka 121260 1876358

Kerala 15250 143484

Madhya Pradesh 854442 1372077

Maharashtra 309300 115700

Manipur 1450 60500

Meghaglaya 40130 111360

Mizoram 2100 6263

Nagaland 62700 42820

Orissa 566320 4200390

Punjab 99800 2146000

Rajasthan Rajasthan 41876 143381
Sikkim 3800 23000
Tamil Nadu 51295 551200
Tripura 22500 174000
Uttar Pradesh 757966 9774900
West Bengal 376000 2760914
Andaman and Nicobar 2700 16200
Chandigarh - 1970
Dadar Nagar Haveli - 13460
Delhi 3325 266522
Lakhshadweep 325 368
Pandicherry 141 1128

Table 2. Area and productionH1>Table

2. Area and production of different vegetable
crops in india
Area Production Productivity
Crops
(ha) (tonnes) (t/ha)
Ashgourd 2497 15326 6.13

Beet root 2164 36260 16.75

Bittergourd 26004 162196 6.23

Bottle gourd 116939 1428296 12.21

Brinjal 299770 3124487 10.46

Cabbage 113450 1631690 14.38
42230IGN="RIGHT"
Capsicum 4783 42230 8.83
WIDTH=80>4783
Carrot 20124 2870007 14.26
Cauliflower 238632 3394897 14.22
Chilli 441050 919339 l2.02
Cowpeas 23012 133587 5.80
Cucumber 16288 105690 6.48
Dolichos 600 9000 15.00
French bean 4268 24778 5.80
Garlic 41842 218985 5.23
Leaf vegetables 111840 731158 731158 6.53
Longmelon 500 7500 15.00
Luffa 73273 685224 9.35
Methi 13510 83600 6.19
Muskmelon 28484 625414 21.95
Okra 369684 2326616 6.28
Onion 280915 3181067 11.32
Other beans 168645 349490 2.52
Other cole crops 16007 195424 12.20
Other gourds 109846 659239 14.32
14.32
Peas 146991 2105686 12.35
Pumpkin 43137 532779 11.91
Radish 67345 802529 12.77
Ridge gourd 10040 128310 15.85
Tomato 290279 4603446 15.85
Watermelon 16194 205884 12.71

Table 3: Existing facilities of research on

vegetable crops
Field Crops Institute Project AICRP SAU
& NRC Directorate
 OLSPAN=2 WIDTH=190>
Directorate
Cereal Crops 7 3 8 26

Commercial crops 5 - 5 26

Oilseeds 5 1 7 26

Horticultural Crops

Fruits 6 - 3 26

Vegetables 4 1 - 26

Potato & tuber Crops 2 1 - 26

Floriculture & Medicinal Plants 3 ENTER>3 - 2 16
Plantation Crops and Cashew 3 - 2 11

Table 4: Budget for research on vegetables

vis-a-vis other crops (Rs. in Millions)
Expenditure Allocation
Crops
in VII Plan for VIII Plan
Cereal Crops 1457.31 3311.68
Commercial Crops 497.42 1040.72
Oilseeds 154.16 511.79
Total 2108.89 4864.19

Horticulture Crops
Fruits
Fruits 168.74 594.20
Vegetables 78.03 269.81
Potato & Tuber Crops 201.33 499.69
Floriculture & Medicinal Plants 29.30 127.77
Plantation Crops 196.27 549.59
Spices 39.25 138.40
Post-harvest Technology
43.06 69.80
(Fruits & Vegetables)
Total Horticulture 755.98 2249.26

Table 5: Existing manpower for research on

vegetable crops vis-a-vis other crops.
Field Crop Total Scientific

Food Crops

Cerea

Cereal Crops 9139 2213

Commercial Crops 2919 688

Oilseeds 1122 419

Total 13180 3322

Horticulture Crops

Fruits 1076 306

Vegetables 505 163

Potato & Tuber Crops 1295 347

Floriculture & Medicinal Plants 173 88

Plantation Crops 1201 232

Post-harvest Technology
212 212 71
(Fruits & Vegetables)
Total 4462 1207

Table 6: List of varieties released at national

level
Crop Varieties released through Others
Central Variety Release
Committee.
A.SOLANACEOUS CROPS
1. Brinjal:
a) Long Pusa Anupma, Pant Samart, ARU-IC, ARU-2C,
PH-4, Pusa Kranti, Pusa Azad Kranti, H-7,
purple cluster,Punjab K-202-9,NDB-25,Pusa
Barasti purple long

b) Round Jamuni Gole Baingan, Arka Navneet,BB-7

Pant Rituraj BWR-12,H-8, Pusa
Hybrid-6, T-3.

c) Small Aruna -
Round

d) Green - Arka Kusumkar

2. Peppers

a) Capsicum - Kt-I

b) Chillies Andhra Jyoti, J-218, K-2, Bhagyalakshmi,

Musalwadi,Pusa Jwala, LDC-206, sel-I
X-235

3. Tomato

a) Determi- HS-101, Pusa Earli Dwarf BT-1,CO3, KS-2, La-

nate Pusa Gaurav, S-12 Bonita, Punjab
ate Pusa Gaurav, S-12 Bonita,
Punjab

Chhauhhara,
Punjab Kesri, Sel-7.
b) Indete- Arka Vikas, Pant Bahar Arka Saurabh,
minate Pant T-3 Pusa Ruby, Sel-120
Sioux, Pant T-2.

B.COLE CROPS

1. Cabbage Pusa Mukta --

2. Cauliflower --
a) Early Early Kunwari, Pusa Early Synthetic
Pusa Deepali, 235-S.

b) Mid - Pusa Synthetic, Improved Japanese,

season Pant Shubhara Pusa Shubara.
c) Late Pusa Snowball-1, Snowball-16
Pusa Snowball-2
Pusa Snowball-K-1.

C.LUGUMINOUS CROPS
1. Cowpea - Pusa Komal
2. Dolichos - Deepaliwal
3. French Bean VL-Boni, Arka Komal -
Pant Anupma.
4. Pea
 a) Early Arkel Jawahar Matar-4,
Early December,PM-2,
Mattar Agata-6,JP-4
b) Mid- Jawahar Matar-I Bonneville, Lincoln,
season VL-3 P-88, PRS-4, Pant Uphar.

D.CUCURBITACEOUS CROPS
1. Mu P-88, PRS-4, Pant Uphar.

D.CUCURBITACEOUS CROPS

1. Muskmelon Hara madhu, Punjab Hybrid. Arka Jeet, Arka Rajhans,

Pusa Sharbati,Punjab Durgapura Madhu,Hybrid
sunheri M-3, Pusa Madhuras.
2. Pumpkin Arka Chandan, Ambali, Arka Suryamukhi
Pusa Vishwas

3. Watermelon Arka Manik, Sugar Baby Arka Jyoti, Durgapoura

Meetha.

E.BULB CROPS
1. Garlic Jamuna Safed, -
Agri-Found White
2. Onion
a) Red Agrifound Dark Red, Arka Kalyan,
Arka Niketan, N-2-4-1, N-257-9-1
Pusa Madhvi Punjab Selection,
Punjab Red Round, Pusa Ratnar,
Punjab Naroya Pusa Red,
VL-3,ALR.
b) White - Pusa White Flat,
Pusa White Round
PB-48.

F. ROOT
Carrot Pusa Yamdagni --

G.OTHER CROPS
Orka -- P-7, Parbhani
Kranti, Sel-2,
Sel-10 (IIHR)

Table 7. List of vegetable varieties released by

state va7">Table 7. List of vegetable varieties
released by state variety release committee.
Crops Variety
Solanaceous Crops
a) Brinjal Annamalai, Azad B-1, Co-1, Gujarat
Brinjal-6, Junagadh Oblong, Kalianpur
Type 3, MDU-1. Punjab Neelam,Sada
Bahar Bangan,Punjab Moti,BH-1,BH-2
b) Tomato Azad T-2, Kalianpur Angoorlata,
Kalianpur-1, NTDR-1, PKM-1, Punjab
Tropic,PNR-7,TH2312, TH802
c) Chillies Chanchal, Co-1, CO-2, DH-76-6, Gujarat
Chillies, K-1, MDH-1, Pant C-1,
Sindhur, CH-1,Punjab Gushedar,Punjab
surkh,Punjab lal
Bulb Crops
Onion CO-4, MDU-1, VL-Piaze-67, CO-1, CO-
3, Kalianpur Red Round, Punjab white.
Root Crops
Radish CO-1, Kalianpur No.1, Punjab Safed.
Co-1, Punjab pasand.
Leafy Vegetables. ables.
Methi Co-1
Leguminous Crops
a) Cowpea Birsa Sweta
b) French Bean Bisra Priya (Pole), Watex (Bush)
c) Dolichos Bean Co-8 (bush), Co-9 (bush), CO-10 (bush),
Kalianpur T-2 (Pole), Rajni (Pole).
d) Cluster bean Durga bahar
e) Garden peas Azad P-1, Hara Bona, JM-2, JM-3, JM-5
Madhu, Punjab-87,Mithi fali.
Cucurbitaceous
Crops
a) Ashgourd CO-2
b) Bitter gourd Kalianpura Baramasi, MDH-1, & Piriya,
CO-1. BG-14,C96.
c) Bottle gourd Co-1, Kalianpur Long Green
d) Cucumber Kalianpur Green

e) Muskmelon Gujarat Muskmelon-1, Gujarat

Muskmelon-2,
f) Ridge goud CO-1, CO-2, PKM-1, Punjab Sadabahar.
g) Summer Squash Punjab Chappan Kaddu-1.
h) Snakegourd PKM-1, CO-1.
i) Sponge gourd Kalianpura Hari Chikni
j) Tinda S-48.
k) Watermelon Durgapura Kesar.

Table 8. Synthetics and F1 Hybrids

identified/released after assessment under
AICVIP/PDVR
Crop Hybrid Source Year Yield in MT.
Realised Potential
Eggplant Arka Navneet IIHR 1981 30 1981 30 58
Pusa Hybrid-6 IARI 1990 40 61
Pusa Hybrid-5 IARI 1992 50 90
ARBH-201 ANKUR 1993 78 126
NDBH-1 Faizabad 1993 59 93
ABH-1 Anand 1993 53 76
MHB-10 JALNA 1993 60 137
MHB-39 JALNA 1993 52 116
24
Capsicum KT-1 IARI 1990 24 50
<=53>1990
Tomato FMH-2 IIHR 1993 51 78
Pusa Hyb.2 IARI 1993 55 65
MTH-6 MAHYCO 1992 48 70
ARTH-4 ANKUR 1992 49 66
ARTH-3 ANKUR 1992 51 82
Carrot Hyb-1 MAHYCO 1992 21 24
Cauliflower Pusa Syn. IARI 1981 19 24
Pusa Early synthetic IARI 1990 IARI 1990 10 12
Pusa hybrid-2 IARI 1992 23 35
Cabbage Nath-401 Aurangabad 1993 52 71
Pusa syn. IARI 1992 33 50
Sri ganesh gol MAHYCO 1992 39 64
Muskmelon Pb.Hybrid PAU 1985 10 29
Pusa Rasraj IARI 1990 17 30
Watermelon Arka jyoti IIHR 1981 10 48
Pusa
Bottle-gourd meDTH=121>Bottle- Pusa meghdut IARI 1971 19 26
gourd
Pusa Manjari IARI 1971 16 25
Summer
Pusa Alankar IARI 1972 45 54
squash
Cucumber Pusa sanyog IARI 1973 45 50

Table 9. Vegetable varieties resistant to

diseases and insect pests.
Crop Variety Disease/Insect Pest Source
Brinjal BWR-12 Bacterial Wilt IIHR-Bangalore
(Pseudomonas
solanacearum)
Pant Rituraj -do- Pangnagar

Pant Samrat Bacterial Wilt Pantnagar

(P.solanaoearum)
Phomopsis Blight
(Phomopsi8s vexans)
Shoot & Fruit
Borer & Jassids.
Pusa Purple Bacterial Wilt IARI,New Delhi
Cluster (P.solanacearum)
BB-7 -do- Bhubaneswar
Pusa Bhairav Phomopsis Blight -do-
(P.vexans)\
Cabbage SEL-8 Black Rot IARI-Katrain
(Xanthomonas
campestris)
Cauliflower Pusa Shubra Black Rot IARI-New Delhi
Pusa Snowball Black Rot IARI-Katrain
K-1
Chilli Pusa Pusa Jawala Leaf Curl (CMV IARI-New
Jawala>Chilli & PVY) Delhi
Pb. lal -do- PAU,Ludhiana
Cowpea Pusa komal Bacterial Blight IARI-New Delhi
(Xanthomonas
vignicola).
Muskmelon Arka Rajhans Powery Mildew IIHR-Bangalore
(Sphaerothica
fubginea)
Pb. Rasila -do- PAU,Ludhiana
Okra Sel-10 Y.V.M.Virus IIHR-Bangalore
Sel-2 Y.V.M.Virus NBPGR-New
Delhi
P-7,P-8 Y.V.M.Virus PAU-Ludhiana
Parbhani Y.V.M.Virus MAU-Parbhani
Kranti
Pea PRS-4 Powdery Mildew Pantnagar
PM-2 Powdery Mildew Pantnagar
JP-4 Powdery Mildew Pantnagar
& Rust (Uromycess
pisi)
Tomato BT-1 Bacterial Wilt Bhubaneswar
Pant Bahar Varticilium Wilt Pantnagar
(Verticicum sps) &
Fusarium Wilt
(Fusarium
oxysporum).
SEL-120 Root Knot IARI-New Delhi
Nematode
M.incognita
M.arneria &
M.javanica
PNR-7 PNR-7 -do- PAU,Ludhiana
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