Professional Documents
Culture Documents
This project has been a great learning experience for me; at the same time it gave me enough
scope to implement my analytical ability.
The first part gives an insight about the financial institutions, its function, different
types of loan and theirs various aspects. One can have a brief knowledge about financial ratio
and all its basics through this project. Other than that the real servings come when one
moves ahead.
The financial services sector and capital markets have a significant influence on how
economies develop, principally through their role in allocating financial capital
between different economic activities, as well as through their own operations,
not only do banks manage their own financial and sustainability performance, they
are in a position to influence Socio-economic and environmental performance in
client organizations and through their lending strategies. In this report, we examine
whether and how IDBI bank manages this.
All the topics have been covered in a very systematic way. The language has been kept
simple so that even a layman could understand. All the data have been well analyzed with the
help of charts and graphs.
INTRODUCTION OF PROJECT
My survey is based on role of financial ratio for IDBI bank while lending finance to any
organization. By conducting this survey I came to know what is the procedure of lending in
case of IDBI bank. My project speaks about the banking system of India, different type’s
banks and its services. Its gives better idea about the major banking sectors and its operations
in India. It contains company profile of IDBI bank, its products chart and organizational
chart. In the later sections we will see various types of financial ratio and its importance for a
bank in case of disbursement of loan to a company.
The most widely emphasized goal of the firm is to maximize the value of the firm to its
owner’s .This is possible only when, it has sufficient financial resources to meet the long
term and short term requirements. Funds are invariably required to carry on the various
activities of a business. Thus, Finance is a significant factor of every business. Funds can be
procured through various modes. Banks play an important role in the industrial economy of
India. Bank loans are the primary source of funds for private limited companies. Though
lending is the primary activity of the bank, they are very cautious in granting the loans to
their clients because their funds are collected from the general public in the form of deposits
that can be withdrawn at a short notice at any time.
Before providing finance to the company, bank assesses the ability of the business to repay
its debts on maturity through their financial statements. Analysis of financial statements
helps the banker to know the financial position of the business which enables the banker to
take better decisions. Among the various tools for evaluating the financial statements, ratio
analysis is the most widely used tool, as it helps us to measure the financial and operational
performance of any business. Ratio analysis will facilitate meaningful and purpose oriented
decision making, depending on the evaluator’s requirements.
RESEARCH OBJECTIVE:
Methodology plays a significant role in any study including social science research. It
provides the essential tools/techniques to carry out the study in a scientific manner. The
concept of truth, usefulness, acceptability could be ascertained through paper quantification,
verification of facts through different method of study. The reliability and validity of the
study /project depend upon the methods/procedures used.
Keeping this in view, the following methods has been employed to carry out the present
study.
PRIMARY DATA:-Primary data will be collected using the following methods. It is the
direct or first-hand data.
1 Questionnaires
2 Direct interaction.
SECONDARY DATA:- It will be collected from already available source like-
1 Magazines, journals, newspapers.
2 Different books
3 Reference to the existing work done in this area.
4 Reference to the various reports, material, published by the company
1 Internet
DATA ANALYSIS TOOLS
1- Ratio analysis.
2-For data representation tables and graphs will be used.
TOOLS OF OBSERVATION
I will use the following two types of observation tools to collect primary data for my study.
i. Questionnaire
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REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Many of the research works have been conducted, over the period to evaluate the
financial position of the company with the help of the various ratios or by applying
the Multiple Discriminate Analysis to predict the corporate performance.
.Bagchi S.K (2004) analyzed about practical implication of accounting ratios in risk
evaluation and concluded that accounting ratios are still dominant factors in the
matter of credit risk evaluation
Krishna Chaitanya (2005) used Z model to measure the financial distress of IDBI and
concluded that IDBI is likely to become insolvent in the years to come. From the
above reviews, the researcher identified the research gap which could be dealt in this
study.
Whereas Mansur. A.Mulla (2002 made a study in Textile mill with the help of Z
score model for evaluating the financial health with five weighted financial ratios and
followed by Selvam M, and others (2004).
LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
No study is an ultimate effort. It always leaves room for improvement and it is the limitation
of one study, which serves as the bases for further research ventures. Even though, sincere
efforts are taken to ensure that an exact picture can be arrived at, still there may be some
limitations related to the study. These are listed as below:
This study is limited to only one financial institution i.e. IDBI Bank.
The study is limited to time, cost and effort of the investigator. In a few span of
period it is not possible to collect all the information.
There may be some vital information which the organization may feel reluctant to
There are very few branches of IDBI bank present in Orissa .But their location are not
feasible for me to conduct my study, because it is more time consuming and more
expensive too.
CHAPTER 1
The Financial System Financial System Financial System Financial System is a set or
aggregation of institutions, instruments, markets and services. A complex interplay of these
components makes the financial system vibrant.
As with any other system, the financial system too has a paramount objective, i.e. to ensure
smooth flow of money from those who have it [savers] to those who want to use it [users], so
that the latter can make an effective use of the same, in the process benefiting themselves, the
savers and the economy as a whole.
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1.2 FINANCIAL SYSTEM CONSTITUENT
Financial Institutions are engaged in the business of ‘money or finance’. They can be
further classified into three categories:
Intermediaries
Non-Intermediaries
Regulatory Agencies
A. Intermediaries
Intermediaries are the financial institutions that accept deposits from the savers and
channelize the same as lending/ investment to the users. In other words, financial
Intermediaries function as abridge between the savers and the users in any economy. The
financial intermediaries by their smooth ‘conduit function’ make the economy infinitely
more efficient in the usage of money.
Examples of financial intermediaries are:
Banks,
Investment Companies
Non-Banking Finance Companies [NBFCs],
Insurance companies,
Mutual funds,
Stock Brokerages
Credit Card Companies
B. Non Intermediaries
These are popularly known as Development Banks. These institutions fund the users of
money, but, as a matter of policy, do not accept deposits from ordinary savers. They get
funds from their owners or members as capital contribution/subscription & not from
depositors.
Classic examples of such institutions in the international context are
Asian Development Bank
World Bank
International Monetary Fund (IMF).
State Financial Corporations (In the Indian context)
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C. Regulatory
These are agencies whose sole function is to monitor and regulate the functioning of the
intermediaries and non-intermediaries and are referred to as ‘Regulatory Authorities ’.
They are like the traffic cops that lay down the “Do’s and Don’ts” for the players in the
market. To make their regulations enforceable, these agencies are generally armed with
punitive powers, which can be exercised in case of non-compliance by any of the
players.
1.4 FUNCTION
Financial institutions provide a service as intermediaries of the capital and debt markets.
They are responsible for transferring funds from investors to companies, in need of those
funds. The presence of financial institutions facilitate the flow of monies through the
economy. To do so, savings are pooled to mitigate the risk brought vide funds for loans. Such
is the primary means for depository institutions to develop revenue. Should the yield curve
become inverse, firms in this arena will offer additional fee-generating services including
securities underwriting, and prime brokerage
1.5 TYPES OF FINNANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Financial Institutions can be broadly categorised as all India or state level institutions
depending on the geographical coverage of their operation. Based on their major activity, all-
India financial institutions (AIFIs) can be classified as (i) term-lending institutions [IFCI
Ltd., Industrial Investment Bank of India (IIBI) Ltd., Infrastructure Development Finance
Company (IDFC) Ltd., Export-Import Bank of India (EXIM Bank) and Tourism Finance
Corporation of India (TFCI) Ltd.] which extend long-term finance to different industrial
sectors; (ii) refinance institutions [National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development
(NABARD), Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI) and National Housing
Bank (NHB)] which extend refinance to banking as well as non-banking financial
intermediaries for on-lending to agriculture, small scale industries (SSIs) and housing
sectors, respectively; and (iii) investment institutions [Life Insurance Corporation of India
(LIC) and General Insurance Corporation of India (GIC) and its erstwhile subsidiaries),
which deploy their assets largely in marketable securities. State/regional level institutions are
a distinct group and comprise various State Financial Corporations (SFCs), State Industrial
and Development Corporations (SIDCs) and North Eastern Development Finance
Corporation (NEDFi) Ltd. Some of these FIs have been notified as Public Financial
Institutions (PFIs) by the Government of India under Section 4A of the Companies Act,
1956.
1.6 INTRODUCTION OF BANKING SYSTEM
The term bank is generally understood as an institution that holds a banking license granted
by the Bank regulatory authority and is provided rights to conduct the most fundamental
banking services. All banks come under the Intermediaries categories functioning as a bridge
between the savers and the users.
Bank is a commercial institution licensed as a receiver of deposits. It is a financial institution
that accepts deposits and channels the money into lending activities. It provides banking
services for profit. The essential function of a bank is to provide services related to
the storing of deposits and extending of credit. A bank generates profits from transaction
fees on financial services and on the interest it charges for lending.
Commercial banks are joint stock companies dealing in money and credit. In India,
however there is a mixed banking system, prior to July 1969, the entire commercial
Banks-73 scheduled and 26 non-scheduled banks, except the state bank of India and its
Subsidiaries-were under the control of private sector. On July 19, 1969, however, 14 major
commercial banks with deposits of over 50 Corers were nationalized. In April 1980, another
six commercial banks of high standing were taken over by the government.
At present, there are 20 nationalized banks plus the state bank of India and its 7 subsidiaries
constituting public sector banking which controls over 90 per cent of the banking
business in the country.
-: SPECIALIZED BANKS:-
There are specialized forms of banks catering to some special needs with this
unique nature of activities. There are thus,
1. Foreign exchange banks,
2. Industrial banks,
3. Development banks,
4. Land development banks,
5. Exim bank.
-:CO-OPERATIVE BANKS:-
Co-operative banks are a group of financial institutions organized under the provisions
of the Co-operative societies Act of the states.
The main objective of co-operative banks is to provide cheap credits to their
members. They are based on the principle of self-reliance and mutual co-operation. Co-
operative banking system in India has the shape of a pyramid a three tier structure,
constituted by
Chart-2
-: CENTRAL BANK:-
A central bank is the apex financial institution in the banking and financial system of a
country. It is regarded as the highest monetary authority in the country. It acts as the leader of
the money market. It supervises, control and regulates the activities of the commercial
banks. It is a service oriented financial institution.
India’s central bank is the reserve bank of India established in 1935.a central bank is usually
state owned but it may also be a private organization. For instance, the reserve bank of
India (RBI), was started as a shareholders’ organization in 1935, however, it was
nationalized after independence, in 1949.it is free from parliamentary.
The following are the list of foreign banks going to set up business in India:-
• Royal Bank of Scotland
• Switzerland's UBS
• US-based GE Capital
• Credit Suisse Group
• Industrial and Commercial Bank of China
CHAPTER 2
2.1. INTRODUCTION TO LOAN
Loan is a type of debt. A loan entails the redistribution of financial assets over time, between
the lender and the borrower.
One of the reasons for boom in Indian economy is that now a days loans are easily available
and the rate of interests at which they are available are very reasonable. Banks are giving
loan for and loan against any and every thing. Government too is encouraging people to take
loans for certain purposes. For example, government is encouraging people to take housing
loans by giving tax concessions.
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2.3 HOW IS A LOAN PROCESSED?
Banks are experts at analyzing financial condition of potential borrowers. Depth of analysis
depends on size of the loan, type of loan (revolving line of credit, seasonal loan backed by
inventory or receivables, or term loan with lien on some asset), and whether or not the
applicant is known to the bank. Naturally, the type of loans a bank is willing to offer is at the
heart of its strategy, and that determines the parameters for pricing different loans.
Initial bank loan application, interview and negotiation with loan officer
A local branch loan officer, who receives an initial inquiry from a potential borrower, must
conduct a complete analysis of the client. The first step is to determine whether the type of
loan the client wants is available from the bank (i.e. if it is part of bank's strategy). The loan
officer will reject a request if i) the information provided is insufficient, ii) the bank does not
offer the type of financing requested, or iii) there is doubt as to the ability of the borrower to
repay the loan. If the request is not rejected, the loan officer is then responsible for gathering
of all the information essential to conduct a complete investigation of the applicant.
The information requested is usually a business plan with financial statements for the past
three years, cash flow statements, tax returns, pro forma (or projected) statements and
budgets, such as, especially, a cash budget. A cash budget is essential for a revolving line of
credit and a season loan because it must show the pattern of loan repayment down to zero.
Since a cash budget covers only 12 months, it is not as crucial for term loans with
installments extending over several years, but it still illustrates a company's handling of its
obligations.
Other information that may be needed deals with the nature of the activity or asset being
financed, documents related to the collateral or personal financial statements of business
owners, especially if the firm is a closely held corporation, a partnership or sole
proprietorship. The bank officer must also supplement all the documents received with
personal observations about the applicant. It is during a crucial initial interview that
judgmental observations about the applicant are recorded by the loan officer while checking
the completeness of the loan application with its supporting documents.
The investigation involves the use of credit reporting agencies, inquiries to other banks of
the client, checking public records for liens or judgments against applicant, as well as
assembling all relevant information about the nature of the industry and the history of the
company.
When you submit your business loan application, it may seem like it disappears into
a black hole. But understanding how the commercial loan processing system works can help
reduce your anxiety while you wait for approval.
Some lenders like to prequalify potential borrowers to determine how much they can afford.
This will also give you and your lender an opportunity to see which loan program would be
most appropriate for your needs. The lender will gather basic information, such as your
income and existing debts. To initiate the loan process, you must then complete and submit a
loan application.
Once your application is received, a loan officer or processor will review your credit
reports, the amount of available collateral, and your income. Your loan officer will
determine if any additional documentation is required, such as personal financial
statements. If you are purchasing real estate, you may also need to submit preliminary
environmental reports, area maps, title reports, property appraisals, and lease
summaries. If you are going through a broker, he or she will package your loan request
and submit it to several lenders for approval.
After your commercial loan package is submitted to the decision makers — either a loan
committee or underwriter — the processor will present you with a letter of intent or term
sheet. This is a formal document intended to ensure that all parties involved (the lender and
your company) are on the same page. The letter of intent may include the names of
involved parties, amount of financing, type of security (collateral), and other key terms.
During the underwriting process, you may need to furnish additional documentation.
If you are using a broker, he or she should be helping you negotiate the best terms, fees, and
conditions from various lenders. The next step is choosing the most attractive offer, and
signing and returning the final letter of intent along with a check, if required, for a
deposit, and to pay for third-party reports, such as appraisals.
Pricing : The risk premium to be charged to a borrower should be determined by its credit
risk rating. Borrowers with poor credit rating should be priced high.
Risk Mitigants: The extent of collateral security required and the need to step up margin
requirements are linked to credit risk rating of a borrower. The higher the risk category of
a borrower, the greater should be the value of collateral and/or the margins.
Product mix: There is need to gradually shift from the present form of credit facility
by way of Cash Credit limit to Term Lending in Working Capital.
The updating of the credit ratings should be undertaken normally at quarterly intervals or at
least at half-yearly intervals, in order to gauge the quality of the portfolio at periodic
intervals. Variations in the ratings of borrowers over time indicate changes in credit quality
and expected loan losses from the credit portfolio. Thus, if the rating system is to be
meaningful, the credit quality reports should signal changes in expected loan losses. In order
to ensure the consistency and accuracy of internal ratings, the responsibility for setting or
confirming such ratings should vest with the Loan Review function and examined by an
Independent Loan Review Group. The banks should undertake comprehensive study
on migration (upward – lower to higher and downward – higher to lower) of borrowers
in the ratings to add accuracy in expected loan loss calculations.
CHAPTER 3
3.1INTRODUCTION OF DEVLOPMENT BANK
The economic development of any country depends on the extent to which its
financial system efficiently and effectively mobilizes and allocates resources.
There are a number of banks and financial institutions that perform this function;
one of them is the development bank. Development banks are unique financial institutions
that perform the special task of fostering the development of a nation, generally not
undertaken by other banks. Development banks are financial agencies that provide
medium-and long-term financial assistance and act as catalytic agents in promoting balanced
development of the country. They are engaged in promotion and development of industry,
agriculture, and other key sectors. They also provide development services that can aid in the
accelerated growth of an economy.
3.2. OBJECTIVES OF DEVLOPMENT BANK
The objectives of development banks are:
To serve as an agent of development in various sectors, viz. industry, agriculture,
and international trade
To accelerate the growth of the economy
To allocate resources to high priority areas
To foster rapid industrialization, particularly in the private sector, so as to provide
employment opportunities as well as higher production.
To develop entrepreneurial skills.
To promote the development of rural areas.
To finance housing, small scale industries, infrastructure, and social utilities.
In addition, they are assigned a special role in:
Planning, promoting, and developing industries to fill the gaps in
industrial sector.
Coordinating the working of institutions engaged in financing, promoting or
developing industries, agriculture, or trade, rendering promotional services
such as discovering project ideas, undertaking feasibility studies, and
providing technical, financial, and managerial assistance for the implementation of
projects.
3.3. COMPANY OVERVIEW OF IDBI BANK
The Industrial development bank of India (IDBI) was established in 1964 by parliament as
wholly owned subsidiary of reserve bank of India. In 1976, the bank’s ownership was
transferred to the government of India. It was accorded the status of principal
financial institution for coordinating the working of institutions at national and state
levels engaged in financing, promoting, and developing industries.
IDBI has provided assistance to development related projects and contributed to
building up substantial capacities in all major industries in India. IDBI has directly or
indirectly assisted all companies that are presently reckoned as major corporate in the
country. It has played a dominant role in balanced industrial development. IDBI set up the
small industries development bank of India (SIDBI) as wholly owned subsidiary to cater to
specific the needs of the small-scale sector.
In 2004, IDBI Bank and IDBI Limited were merged to form IDBI - a Universal Bank. IDBI
created history as the company profile includes the building up of leading financial
institutions in India namely:
Currently enjoying the position of the tenth-largest development bank in the world, IDBI has
employee strength of around 7500 employees. The careers at IDBI are among the most
desired ones for anyone in the finance industry. Also the recruitments are done on the basis
of exams conducted regularly. The results are displayed on the official IDBI website. The
result of the exam decides your merit for a career at IDBI Bank India Ltd.
With a web of 502 branches, 865 ATM and 314 Centers, IDBI plans to reach as many
customers as possible and provide finance solutions to one and all. The Chairman and MD of
IDBI - Mr. Yogesh Agarwal aims to take the bank to universal standards fulfilling the
commitments made to the people in India.
3.4 FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS
Profitability:-
IDBI Bank reported a net profit of Rs. 160 crore for the quarter ended June 30, 2008, as
against Rs. 153 crore in the corresponding quarter ended June 30, 2007. This amounts to an
increase in net profit by 4% for the quarter compared to corresponding period last year.
Business:-
As of June 30, 2008, IDBI Bank’s total business (deposits and advances) stood at Rs 1,
50,832 crore as against Rs 1, 06,529 crore as of June 30, 2007, registering a growth of 42%.
Deposits:-
Deposits increased by a robust 56% year-on-year (y-o-y) to Rs. 72,717 crore from Rs. 46,757
crore outstanding as of June 30, 2007. Advances also increased by 31% to Rs. 78,115 crore
y-o-y, as compared to Rs. 59,772 crore as at end-June, 2007.
Advances:-
Advances also increased by 31% to Rs. 78,115 crore y-o-y, as compared to Rs. 59,772 crore
as at end-June, 2007.
As of June 30, 2008, aggregate assets stood at Rs. 1, 30,410 crore as against Rs. 1, 05,147
crore as on June 30, 2007, registering a growth of 24%.
CAR:-
IDBI Bank continued to maintain a sound capital base as indicated by its Capital Adequacy
Ratio (CAR). As against the stipulated RBI norm of 9%, the Bank's CAR stood at 12.02%
(Tier-I: 7.47%) as of June 30, 2008.
IDBI BANK
CHAIRMAN
PRESIDENT
Regional Head
Zonal Head
Divisional Sales
Manager
Territory In charge
3.7 IDBI BANK’S PRODUCT AND SERVICES
IDBI Bank offers a bunch of products and services to meet the every need of the people. The
company cares for both, individuals as well as corporate and small and medium enterprises.
For individuals, the company has a range accounts, investment, and pension scheme,
different types of loans and cards that assist the customers. The customers can
choose the suitable one from a range of products which will suit their life-stage and needs.
For organizations the company has a host of customized solutions that range from
funded services, Non-funded services, Value addition services, Mutual fund etc.
These affordable plans apart from providing long term value to the employees help in
enhancing goodwill of the company.
The products of the company are categorized into various sections which are as follows:
Table-2 PERSONAL BANKING
Home Loans Savings Account Demat Account
Jubliee Plus
Account
OTHER PRODUCTS
Institutional Savings
Account
Corporate Payroll
Account
Citizenidbibank
Lockers
India Post
& Advisory Services 4-Direct Credit Scheme – 2-PSL Gold Loan Scheme
3. Forex services and treasury departments. The Treasury and Funding Division contracts,
decides on utilization and monitors all lines of credit from multi-lateral institutions like the
World Bank (WB) and the Asian Development Bank (ADB). It manages the various
specialized loans and grants for energy and environmental technology projects, including this
TA project.
CHAPTER 4
4.1 FINANCIAL RATIOS
Financial ratios are useful indicators of a firm's performance and financial situation. Most
ratios can be calculated from information provided by the financial statements. Financial
ratios can be used to analyze trends and to compare the firm's financials to those of other
firms. In some cases, ratio analysis can predict future bankruptcy. Financial ratios are used
by managers within a firm, by current and potential shareholders (owners) of a firm, and by a
firm's creditors. Security analysts use financial ratios to compare the strengths and
weaknesses in various companies. If shares in a company are traded in a financial market, the
market price of the shares is used in certain financial ratios.
Values used in calculating financial ratios are taken from the balance sheet, income
statement, cash flow statement and (rarely) statement of retained earnings. These comprise
the firm's "accounting statements" or financial statements. Ratios are always expressed as a
decimal value, such as 0.10, or the equivalent percent value, such as 10%.
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Considering the need of users’ financial ratio can be divided into five types
LIQUIDITY RATIOS
Liquidity implies a firm’s ability to pay its debt in short term. This ability can be measured
by the use of liquidity ratio. Short term liquidity involves the relationship between current
and current liability. If a firm has sufficient net working capital (excess of current asset over
current liabilities) it assumed to have enough liquidity.
Liquidity ratio can be classified into three types- current ratio, acid-test ratio, and cash ratio.
Current ratio: - The current ratio measures the capabilities of the organization to meet its
current liabilities. Current assets include cash, current investments, debtors, inventories,
loan and advances and prepaid expenses. Current liabilities are those that have to be
repaid within one year. Current liabilities include loans (secured as well as unsecured)
taken, trade creditors, accrued expenses and provisions.
Short-term creditors prefer a high current ratio since it reduces their risk. Shareholders may
prefer a lower current ratio so that more of the firm's assets are working to grow the business.
Typical values for the current ratio vary by firm and industry. For example, firms in cyclical
industries may maintain a higher current ratio in order to remain solvent during downturns.
One drawback of the current ratio is that inventory may include many items that are difficult
to liquidate quickly and that have uncertain liquidation values. For most manufacturing
companies 1.5 is an acceptable current ratio. The standard current ratio for a healthy business
organization is close to 2.0.
Acid-test/Quick Ratio: - The quick ratio is an alternative measure of liquidity that does
not include inventory in the current assets. It is a more stringent measure of liquidity
because inventories, which are last liquid of current assets, are excluded from the ratio.
Ideally the acid test ratio will be 1.1, but 0.8 is acceptable.
Cash Ratio: - The cash ratio is the strictest measure of the liquidity of a company. It takes
into account the cash and bank balance of the organization and current investments and
matches them with current liabilities.
LEVERAGE RATIOS
Leverage ratios assess the capital structure of an organization (in terms of equity and debt)
and the risk arising from the use of debt as a source of funds. It helps in controlling the cost
of capital and risk of increased debt.
Leverage ratio can be classified into structural ratios and coverage ratios.
Structural Ratios:- Structural ratios are derived from the proportions of debt and equity
used by the organization. The important structural ratios are: financial leverage ratio,
debt-equity ratio, and debt-asset ratio.
Financial Leverage Ratio: - Financial leverage ratios are used to assess the
effectiveness with which the organization utilizes external funding to improve returns
to shareholders.
Debt-Equity Ratio: - It indicates the proportion of equity and debt the company is
using to finance its assets. High debt-equity ratio implies that the company is at
higher risk of bankruptcy. Capital-intensive industries such as auto manufacturing
tend to have a debt-equity ratio of above 2, while less capital intensive industries have
a debt-equity ratio of under 0.5.
Debt-Asset Ratio: - The debt-asset ratio indicates what proportion of the company’s
assets is being financed through debt. A ratio of less than 1 means a majority of assets
are financed by through equity, above 1 means they are financed more by debt.
Coverage Ratios: - It shows the relationship between the obligations will be met.
The important coverage ratios are interest coverage ratio, fixed charges coverage ratio,
and debt service coverage ratio.
Interest Coverage Ratio:-This ratio tells us how many times the firm can cover or
meet the interest payments associated with debt. It is also referred to as the times
interest-coverage ratio. A high interest coverage ratio means that the company can
easily pay the interest dues even if its profit before interest and taxes (PBIT) declines
to some extent.
Interest Coverage Ratio = EBIT / Interest Expenses
Fixed Charges Coverage Ratio: - The fixed charges coverage ratio indicates the
organization’s ability to meet fixed financing expenses, such as interest and leases.
The fixed charges coverage ratio indicates the risk involved in the organization’s
ability to pay the fixed cost when business activity falls. It is desirable to have a fixed
charge coverage ratio greater than 1.
Debt Service Coverage Ratio: - The debt service coverage ratio, which is a post tax
coverage used by term lending financial institutions in India. It is a measure of the
cash flow available to met annual interest and principal payments on debt. A debt
service coverage ratio of less than 1 would mean a negative cash flow. A debt service
coverage ratio of say 0.75 would mean that there is only enough operating cash flow
to cover 75% of the annual debt payment.
TURNOVER RATIO
Turnover ratio measures how efficiently a company utilizes its assets. These ratios are also
known as efficiency ratios or asset management ratios. It gives the speed of conversion of
current assets into cash. The inventory turnover ratio, the debtor turnover ratio, the average
collection period, the fixed assets turnover ratio, and total assets turnover ratio are some
important turnover ratio.
Inventory Turnover Ratio:- The inventory turnover ratio or stock turnover measures
how fast the inventory is moving through the firm and generating sales. Higher the ratio,
greater the efficiency of inventory management. It could also mean that there is insufficient
inventory. A low turnover implies poor sales and therefore excess inventory.
Debtor Turnover Ratio: - The debtor turnover ratio measures the number of times
receivables turn over during a year. If the turnover ratio of receivables is high, then it
would indicate a short time period between sales and cash collection.
Average Collection Period: - It indicates the time taken (in days) by a company to collect
its account receivables. This ratio indicates efficiency of its collection managers.
Fixed Assets Turnover Ratio: - It is a measure of the sales generated per rupee invested in
fixed assets. It measures the company effectiveness in generating revenue from
investment in fixed assets. The higher the fixed assets turnover ratio, the more effective
the company’s investment in net property, plant, and equipment.
Total Assets Turnover Ratio: - It is a measure of the sales generated per rupee invested in
total assets. It measures the company’s effectiveness in generating revenue from
investment in total assets.
PROFITABILITY RATIO
Profitability ratios measure the outcomes or profitability of business operations Profitability
ratios measure the firm's use of its assets and control of its expenses to generate an acceptable
rate of return. Gross profit margin, net profit margin, return on assets, earning power, return
on capital employed, and return on equity are some of the widely used profitability ratio.
Gross Profit Margin: - It is a measure of the gross profit earned on sales by a company. It
indicates how efficiently a business is using its material and labour in the production
process. It shows the percentage of net sales remaining after subtracting the cost of goods
sold. A high gross profit margin indicates that a business can make a reasonable profit on
sales, as long as it keeps overhead cost under control.
Net Profit Margin:- It indicates the earnings of the company after deduction of taxes as a
percentage of net sales. The net profit margin tells us how much profit a company makes
for every rupee it generates in revenue. The higher a companies profit margin as
compared its competitors the better.
Earning Power Ratio: - Earning power is a measure of performance of the business which
is not affected by tax or interest charges.
Return On Capital Employed: - It is a measure of the returns realized from the total
capital employed in the business. ROCE gives an indication of whether the organization
is earning adequate revenue and profit through the efficient use of its capital.
Return on Capital Employed = NOPAT/Average Assets
Return on Equity: - It measures how much profit a company generates with the money
invested by the shareholders. It also known as return on net worth (RONW).
VALUATION RATIO
Valuation ratio gives an indication of how the stock of the company is valued in the capital
market. Price earning ratio, yield, and market value to book value ratio are some of the
important valuation ratio.
Price Earning Ratio: - Price earning ratio is the ratio of a company’s current share price to
it’s per share earnings. It shows how much investors are willing to pay per rupee earned
by the company.
Yield: - Yield is a measure of the rate of return earned by shareholders. Shareholders earn
returns in terms of dividend and capital appreciation. Yield is the sum of dividend yield and
capital gains yield. [Dividend/Initial market price per share] is also known as dividend
yield and [Change in market price per Share/ Initial market price per share] is known as
capital gains yield.
Market Value to Book Value Ratio = Market value per share / Book value
per share
CHAPTER 5
5.1ANALYSIS OF DATA
Table-4 BALANCE SHEET OF ITC Ltd AND TVS Motors (Rs. in Crore)
Liquidity ratios:
Current ratio 1.39 1.37 1.07 1.04
Quick ratio 0.56 0.58 0.46 0.51
Leverage ratios:
Financial leverage ratio 1.02 1.02 1.81 1.78
Long term debt / Equity 0.01 0.01 0.81 0.78
Total debt/equity 0.01 0.01 0.81 0.78
Debt/Assets 0.017 0.018 0.44 0.43
Financial charges coverage ratio 199.51 268.33 9.82 5.06
Profitability ratios:
Gross profit margin (%) 28.44 29.56 -1.53 1.35
Net profit margin (%) 21.50 21.40 0.96 1.69
Return on net worth (%) 25.99 26.01 4.13 8.87
Turnover ratio:
Inventory turnover ratio 5.51 6.05 9.61 11.86
Fixed assets turnover ratio 1.59 1.75 1.80 2.60
Days of Inventory holding 226 205 200 138
From the above ratio analysis the Current ratio of ITC and TVS is not satisfactory
in the year 2008 and 2007 because the ratio should lies within the standard
limit of 2:1. The current ratio of 1.39 times of ITC Ltd. says that the company is in
relatively good short-term financial standings than TVS. The ratio is an indication of a
company's ability to meet short-term debt obligations; the higher the ratio, the more
liquid the company is.
The small ‘Quick ratio’, i.e. 0.56 times says that the company's financial strength is not
so strong. In general, a quick ratio of 1 or more is accepted by most creditors; however,
quick ratios vary greatly from industry to industry. We have seen that the company had a
lower current ratio in 2008 and was unable to meet its short term obligations as compared
to 2007. ITC does not have as such any worry in getting creditors.ITC has strong
financial positions in many other aspects. TVS had a lower quick ratio than ITC in both
years.
The Debt-equity ratio of ITC is 0.01 times, which means that the company has not been
aggressive in financing its growth with debt and the debt portion is less than equity. Thus
its earnings are stable. The company has better support from the shareholders.
The Inventory turnover ratio of ITC in the year 2007 was 6.05 which indicate that
6.05 times in a year the inventory of the firm is converted into receivables or cash.
However, in 2008, the inventory turnover ratio slightly decreased to 5.51. But in case of
TVS inventory turnover ratio is higher than the ITC. Higher the ratio, greater the
efficiency of inventory management.
ITC takes more days than TVS in case of liquidating its inventory. Due to this ITC faces
excessive carrying charges. TVS have experienced a fall in the inventory days due to
larger sales and larger cost of the goods sold.
The Fixed assets turnover ratio of TVS is 2.60 times in 2007 signifies that the company
is very efficiently utilizing its fixed assets for generating sales revenue. This ratio
measures the extent of turnover or volume of gross income generated by the fixed assets
of a company or in other words the efficiency in their utilization. According to the
calculations above the productivity of fixed assets in year 2008 of TVS is better than the
ITC. In 2007, it was 2.60 times and now it has been decreased to 1.80 times. This change
was brought about by decrease in total sales.
The Gross profit margin of ITC is much higher than the TVS. The gross margin of
28.44% of ITC in 2007 is quiet impressive, and the company is making good profit than
the TVS after the deduction of production cost. In case of TVS this ratio i.e.-1.53 %
shows the loss relative to sales after the direct production costs are deducted.
The Net profit margin of ITC is much higher than the TVS. The net margin of 21.50%
of ITC is quiet impressive, and the company is performing well than TVS in both years.
This ratio shows 21.50 earnings left for shareholder of ITC as a percentage of net sales.
But in case of TVS the net margin of 0.96% in 2008 indicates some mismanagement in
the areas excluding production.
The Return on net worth of 25.99% in 2008 is quiet good and ITC is utilizing the
shareholders funds in a better way. But in case of TVS return percentage i.e. 4.13 is much
lower than the industry norm. It is an important profit indicator.
In this segment I will show my findings in the form of graphs and charts. All the data which
I got form the market will not be disclosed over here but extract of that in the form of
information will definitely be here.
PARAMETERS % OF SHARE
PRODUCT 50%
ADVERTISMENT 5%
MANPOWER 25%
NET-BANKING 2%
PHONE BANKING 5%
NVESTMENT SCHEME 10%
NETWORK 3%
Chart-7 COMPARATIVE STUDY WITH MAJOR COMPETITORS ON BASIC
PARAMETERS
In this activity, the Senior Loan Officer at IDBI Bank must determine whether to grant a
$750 million loan requested by ExchangePlace.com. Then he requested to a Junior Analyst
at the Bank analyze the financial statements (balance sheet and income statement) of Sagar
Cements Limited and make an initial recommendation as to whether the loan should be
granted. The Junior Analyst has recommended that the Bank grant the loan to Sagar Cements
Limited. Then the Senior Loan Officer assesses the Junior Analyst’s analysis and determines
whether the recommendation is appropriate or not.
Sagar Cements Limited approached the Senior Loan Officer at IDBI Bank, requesting a $750
million loan. Sagar Cements Limited indicated the loan will be used to grow the business.
Then Senior Loan Officer asked the Junior Analyst to analyze the balance sheet and income
statement (2005 and 2004) of Sagar Cements Limited, and to make a recommendation based
on the analysis to either grant or deny the loan request.
Upon reviewing this information, senior loan officer have calculated the payments Sagar
Cements Limited would be required to make based on the terms of the loan. Payments would
be made quarterly over 25 years; each payment, which includes principle and interest, is
$28.95 million.
The Junior Analyst has recommended that IDBI Bank grant the loan to Sagar Cements
Limited and has provided with the following analysis.
Based on the analysis below, the Junior Analyst recommends that IDBI Bank grants the
$750 million loan requested by Sagar Cements Limited.
1. Sagar Cements Limited is very liquid, an indication that it is able to repay the loan. As
shown below, the current ratio is well above the standard or average of 2.0. In fact, the
current ratio improved from 1.99 in 2004 to 2.21 in 2005. The quick ratio and cash ratio are
both over 1.0, a rare and positive indicator of their liquidity position. These ratios have also
improved, from 1.31 and .25, respectively in 2004, to 1.76 and 1.07 in 2005. In addition,
working capital increased and is approaching $1 billion, at $986 million.
3. The company’s total assets have increased $732 million, from $1.881 billion in 2004 to
$2.613 billion in 2005, a sure sign that the company is growing.
4. Sagar Cements Limited provided information that in the past year (2005), it raised $721
million by selling common stock. Additional paid-in-capital increased almost 60%, from
$1.23 billion in 2004 to $1.951 billion in 2005. This indicates the company can raise
capital by selling shares of its stock, which it plans to do in the future. By selling shares
of its stock, the company provides itself with the liquidity to repay a loan.
5.2 FINDINGS
It can be distilled from data that IDBI bank has good market share as
compared to its competitors considering the amount of resources deployed by them in the
market.
Loan officer of IDBI Bank consider the current ratio and the
debt/equity ratio the most significant in determining whether to grant a loan and the amount
to lend. Bank prefer a high current ratio since it reduces their risk
The SMEs are not aware of the credit schemes offered by the
commercial banks and nodal agencies.
5.3 SUGGESTIONS
Based on the data collected through the questionnaire and interactions with the students
the following recommendations are made for consideration:
5.4 CONCLUSION
The financial services sector and capital markets have a significant influence on how
economies develop, principally through their role in allocating financial capital
between different economic activities, as well as through their own operations,
not only do banks manage their own financial and sustainability performance, they
are in a position to influence Socio-economic and environmental performance in
client organizations and through their lending strategies.
Banks are the oldest lending institutions in Indian scenario. They are
providing all facilities to all citizens for their own purposes by their terms. IDBI
Banks play an important role in the industrial economy of India. Bank loans are the primary
source of funds for private limited companies. Though lending is the primary activity of the
IDBI bank, they are very cautious in granting the loans to their clients because their funds are
collected from the general public in the form of deposits that can be withdrawn at a short
notice at any time.
Lending always invokes some amount of risk. The banker should evaluate the
borrowers’ credit history i.e. track records which reveal the morale of lenders. The basis for
analysis and decision-making is financial information. Financial information is needed to
predict, compare and evaluate the firms earning ability in all respects. The financial
information is reported through the financial statement, other accounting reports and ratio
analysis.
My project speaks about the banking system India, different type’s banks and its
services. Its gives better idea about the major banking sectors and its operations in India. It
contains company profile of IDBI bank, its products chart, organizational chart and lending
procedure. It also tells about the different types of financial ratio and its uses.
This study would help manager to find out the market response of corporate
loans and its credit risk before its launch. It helps them to know the different types of
financial ratios and its uses. It provides a feedback to the company about their product. It
provides the information about the company’s stand in the market. It helps the manager to
apply the various activities, which is useful to increase the market share of its product. It
helps the manager to know about the preference and choice of the customers so that they can
plan out their future analysis and strategies on that basis.
APPENDIX 1: QUESTIONNAIRE
3. What are the different types of corporate loans provided by the bank?
6. What are the different financial ratios used by loan officer of IDBI bank while
lending?
Selvam, M., Vanitha, S., & Babu (2004), “ A study on financial health of cement
industry-“Z score analysis”, The Management Accountant, July, Vol.39, No.7,
pp591-593
Website
Wikipedia.org
Iloveindia.com
Idbibank.com
Lending always invokes some amount of risk. The banker should evaluate the borrowers’
credit history i.e. track records which reveal the morale of lenders. The basis for analysis and
decision-making is financial information. Financial information is needed to predict, compare
and evaluate the firms earning ability in all respects. The financial information is reported
through the financial statement, and other accounting reports. It contains a wealth of
information that if properly analyzed and interpreted can provide valuable insights of
purposes, which range from a simple analysis of short-term liquidity position of the firm to
comprehensive assessment of the strengths and weakness of the firm in various areas. In
other words, financial statements are mirrors; which reflect the financial position and
operating strengths and weaknesses of the concern. These statements are useful to
management, bankers and other interested parties. The company should be careful while
supplying the information to the stakeholders, especially Bankers. Hence, the present study
seeks to make an in-depth analysis of ratio of a company from a banker’s perspective