MARIKINA:

A. STRENGTH ANALYSIS

Since it is recommended that the 4-level basement should be removed and instead, placed above the ground, making the building a
34-storey structure, the piles will be bored from the first layer of the soil from the borehole logs.
The whole computation is attached in the appendix.
The capacities for diameters 800, 1000, 1200 and 1500 mm with lengths 15, 20 and 30 meters are tabulated below for each borehole.
BH-1 Capacity
D L Diameter End-Bearing Skin Friction Ultimate Bearing Allowable
m mm (kN) Qu/FS
15.00 15.00 800.00 866.78 1809.63 2676.40 1070.56
1000.00 1354.34 2262.03 3616.37 1446.55
1200.00 1950.25 2714.44 4664.69 1865.88
1500.00 3047.27 3393.05 6440.32 2576.13
19.50 19.50 800.00 433.39 2106.48 2539.87 1015.95
1000.00 677.17 2633.10 3310.27 1324.11
1200.00 975.13 3159.72 4134.84 1653.94
1500.00 1523.63 3949.65 5473.28 2189.31
29.62 29.62 800.00 1351.97 2958.56 4310.53 1724.21
1000.00 2112.45 3698.20 5810.65 2324.26
1200.00 3041.92 4437.84 7479.77 2991.91
1500.00 4753.00 5547.31 10300.31 4120.12
TABLE 14.1 Marikina BH-1 Pile Capacities
BH-2 Capacity
D L Diameter End-Bearing Skin Friction Ultimate Bearing Allowable
m m mm (kN) Qu/FS
15.00 15.00 800.00 866.78 2550.72 3417.50 1367.00
1000.00 1354.34 3188.40 4542.74 1817.10
1200.00 1950.25 3826.08 5776.33 2310.53
1500.00 3047.27 4782.60 7829.87 3131.95
20.98 20.98 800.00 1316.39 2854.12 4170.51 1668.20
1000.00 2056.86 3567.65 5624.51 2249.80
1200.00 2961.87 4281.18 7243.05 2897.22
1500.00 4627.92 5351.48 9979.40 3991.76
30.00 30.00 800.00 2086.20 3241.79 5328.00 2131.20
1000.00 3259.69 4052.24 7311.93 2924.77
1200.00 4693.95 4862.69 9556.64 3822.66
1500.00 7334.30 6078.36 13412.66 5365.07
TABLE 14.2 Marikina BH-2 Pile Capacities
BH-3 Capacity
D L Diameter End-Bearing Skin Friction Ultimate Bearing Allowable
m mm (kN) Qu/FS
15.00 15.00 800.00 433.39 1349.55 1782.94 713.18
1000.00 677.17 1686.94 2364.11 945.65
1200.00 975.13 2024.33 2999.46 1199.78
1500.00 1523.63 2530.41 4054.05 1621.62
19.38 19.38 800.00 1227.44 1429.76 2657.20 1062.88
1000.00 1917.88 1787.20 3705.08 1482.03
1200.00 2761.75 2144.64 4906.38 1962.55
1500.00 4315.23 2680.80 6996.02 2798.41
30.00 30.00 800.00 866.78 3450.24 4317.02 1726.81
1000.00 1354.34 4312.80 5667.14 2266.86
1200.00 1950.25 5175.36 7125.61 2850.24
1500.00 3047.27 6469.20 9516.47 3806.59
TABLE 14.3 Marikina BH-3 Pile Capacities
From tables 14.1 to 14.3 the governing capacities are located in borehole 3 since they have the least values.

B. RECOMMENDATION ON FOUNDATION TYPE

 The Marikina boring log showed that there is no rock layer and the borehole reached about 37 meters without finding a really strong
and bearing layer. Then, as an assumption there will be a 34-storey building without a basement. A pile foundation would be
necessary to hold the structure in place since the Marikina soil is poor and prone to liquefaction. Reinforced concrete driven piles
would be better to use than bored piles since there are no adjacent structures that might be concerned with the noise brought by
driving the piles into the ground.

C. GEOTECHNICAL RISKS
SETTLEMENT
The predominant underlying soil of Marikina is found to be medium to very stiff clay. Clays unlike the cohesionless soils, take
relatively longer time to settle. Long-term settlement should be monitored and be taken into account in the design of the foundation
since the magnitude of the settlement might be relatively significant. Settlement can cause damage to the structure such as cracks,
subsidence and heaves.
GROUNDWATER TABLE
The groundwater table is found at least 3 meters below the surface. The 4-level basement which extends 12 meters below the ground
would be difficult to pursue since the ground water table is already present at 3 meters. This makes the soil relatively saturated. As a
recommendation, since the 4-level basement is too hard to do, an adjustment on the design of the structure should be made.
SEISMICITY
As found in the geologic study, the valley fault system lies mainly on Marikina. The seismicity risk is larger and this should be taken
into account in designing the structure. The fault can generate a 7.2 magnitude earthquake that could greatly affect the structures
built within the vicinity. As a recommendation, in designing the structure, the Marikina City is included in zone 4, giving the zone
factor 0.4.
EXCAVATION
Since the groundwater table is found near the surface, the underlying soil is saturated. The stability of the excavated soil is at risk of
sliding or slipping failure.
D. CONSTRUCTION PRECAUTIONS
In excavating, maintain a safe angle of inclination on the sides of the soil. This is to prevent slippage or sliding of the excavated
saturated soil. Also, ensure that the heavy equipments are taken cared of since the strength of the soil is not that reliably high.
TAGAYTAY
A. STRENGTH ANALYSIS
The pile load capacities for Tagaytay boreholes 1 and 2 are tabulated for diameters 800, 1000, 1200 and 1500 mm and lengths 20, 25,
and 30 meters.
Capacity
Ultimate
D L B End-Bearing Skin Friction Allowable
Bearing
m mm (kN) Qu/FS
20.00 8.00 800.00 866.78 2329.28 3196.06 1278.42
1000.00 1354.34 2911.60 4265.94 1706.38
1200.00 1950.25 3493.92 5444.17 2177.67
1500.00 3047.27 4367.40 7414.67 2965.87
25.00 13.00 800.00 866.78 3781.45 4648.23 1859.29
1000.00 1354.34 4726.81 6081.15 2432.46
1200.00 1950.25 5672.18 7622.43 3048.97
1500.00 3047.27 7090.22 10137.49 4054.99
30.00 18.00 800.00 866.78 5233.62 6100.40 2440.16
1000.00 1354.34 6542.02 7896.37 3158.55
1200.00 1950.25 7850.43 9800.68 3920.27
1500.00 3047.27 9813.04 12860.30 5144.12
TABLE 16.1 Tagaytay BH-1 Pile Capacities
A. RECOMMENDATION ON FOUNDATION TYPE

The site in Tagaytay is located on a ridge. As a recommendation, a pile foundation would be suitable for the Tagaytay site since it is
located on a slope. Silty sand composes primarily the underlying soil. It consists of dense, medium dense to very dense sand. Some
deposits of silty clays with medium stiffness consists the upper layer. This means that there are layers capable of holding the piles in
place.
 BH-2 Capacity
End- Skin Ultimate
D L B Allowable
Bearing Friction Bearing
m mm (kN) Qu/FS
20.00 8.00 800.00 2086.33 380.20 2466.53 986.61
1000.00 3259.90 475.25 3735.14 1494.06
1200.00 4694.25 570.30 5264.55 2105.82
1500.00 7334.77 712.87 8047.64 3219.06
25.00 13.00 800.00 2086.33 702.40 2788.73 1115.49
1000.00 3259.90 878.00 4137.90 1655.16
1200.00 4694.25 1053.60 5747.85 2299.14
1500.00 7334.77 1317.00 8651.77 3460.71
30.00 18.00 800.00 2086.33 1024.60 3110.93 1244.37
1000.00 3259.90 1280.75 4540.65 1816.26
1200.00 4694.25 1536.90 6231.15 2492.46
1500.00 7334.77 1921.12 9255.89 3702.36
TABLE 16.2 Tagaytay BH-2 Pile Capacities

B. GEOTECHNICAL RISKS
SLOPE STABILITY
The main concern in the Tagaytay site is slope stability. Since the site is located on a ridge then we have to ensure that the slope is
safe from slope failure. A 30-storey building induces an increase on the load carried by the slope. An addition of loads can increase
the risk of slope instability.
SEISMICITY
As found in the geologic study, the western valley fault is found to be located very near in the site. In this case, a seismic concern
should be considered when designing the structure. As a recommendation, in designing the structure, similar to the rest of the
Philippines except Palawan, the Tagaytay City is included in zone 4, giving the zone factor of 0.4.
STRENGTH (COMPRESSIBILITY)
The site is composed of volcanic rocks that can be very porous and brittle. This can greatly affect the strength of the soil. It may seem
that the site has a relatively strong soil because volcanic rocks are present but voids can be occupied by the water and air thus
decreasing the strength capability of underlying soil.
C. CONSTRUCTION PRECAUTIONS
Because volcanic rocks are found which are known to be very porous, loss of water in drilling should be expected. Also, slope stability
should be monitored and considered while excavating and doing the rest of the construction procedures. On the other hand,
settlement would be observed during construction since silty sands mainly compose the soil.

MAKATI:

A. STRENGTH ANALYSIS
Since the proposed building has a basement of 4 levels (roughly 12 meters below the ground), the rest of the layers underneath will be
assumed to have the same properties with that of the last layer.
Qallowable
Depth RQD Nc Nq Nγ Qu Qallowable based on
RQD
m kPa
1.00 37.20 22.50 19.70 6422.30 2568.92
2.00 37.20 22.50 19.70 6740.40 2696.16
3.00 95.70 81.30 100.40 38911.86 15564.75
4.50 81.00 57.80 41.40 42.40 24399.38 9759.75 12000.00
6.00 91.00 57.80 41.40 42.40 25156.75 10062.70 20000.00
7.50 65.00 57.80 41.40 42.40 16869.89 6747.95 6000.00
9.00
Table 18.1 Bearing Capacity from Kulhawy and Carter and RQD for Makati Borehole 1
Qallowable
Depth RQD Nc Nq Nγ Qu Qallowable based on
RQD
m kPa
1.00 57.80 41.40 42.40 16198.00 6479.20
2.00 57.80 41.40 42.40 17598.65 7039.46
2.82 20.70 9.52 6.88 2092.45 836.98
4.32 75.00 57.80 41.40 42.40 25714.81 10285.92 12000.00
5.82 75.00 57.80 41.40 42.40 26870.79 10748.31 12000.00
7.32 58.00 57.80 41.40 42.40 28624.69 11449.87 6000.00
8.82
 Table 18.2 Bearing Capacity from Kulhawy and Carter and RQD for Makati Borehole 2
Qallowable
Depth RQD Nc Nq Nγ Qu Qallowable based on
RQD
m kPa
1.00 20.70 9.52 6.88 1735.39 694.16
1.70 172.30 173.30 297.50 68277.20 27310.88
2.85 20.70 9.52 6.88 2095.14 838.06
4.35
5.85 62.00 57.80 41.40 42.40 24638.55 9855.42 6000.00
7.25 54.00 57.80 41.40 42.40 24718.27 9887.31 6000.00
Table 18.3 Bearing Capacity from Kulhawy and Carter and RQD for Makati Borehole 3

From Tables 18.1 to 18.3 we can conclude that the Bearing Capacity of Makati is 6747.95 kPa (using Kulhawy and Carter’s formula for
Bearing Capacity) and 6000 kPa (using the RQD).

B. RECOMMENDATION ON FOUNDATION TYPE

An isolated spread footing would be enough to ensure that the structure would stand and serve its purpose. The strength of the soil is
not a problem since the underlying soil is predominantly adobe which is a hard rock. Differential settlement is also not a main issue
since the soil profile is relatively homogenous. As a recommendation on the foundation type, a mat foundation can be used since the
cost of making isolated spreads would be relatively larger than placing and pouring a mat.
The mat foundation has dimensions of 50m x 50m x 1.2m.

C. GEOTECHNICAL RISKS
EXCAVATION
Excavation in Makati would require more work than the other two sites since the soil is very hard and stiff. The 30-storey building
with 4-level basement would be very difficult to achieve since at 2.82 meters the bed rock is already present.
Excavation can cause structural and geotechnical instability of the adjacent structures. An extra care should be done so as not to
affect the adjacent structures.
GROUNDWATER TABLE
The groundwater table is found at least 1 meter below the surface. This is relatively shallow and can cause water penetration in case
a basement will be pushed through for the structure.
STRENGTH
The underlying soil is very stiff and the bedrock is located relatively near the surface. This would be favorable in terms of the strength
characteristics of the soil. Yet, as stated above, this results into extra work and difficulty in excavation.
SEISMICITY
In designing the structure, the seismic hazard caused by the nearby valley fault system should be considered. Though the effect of the
earthquake would be less since the underlying soil is composed of stiff soils and rocks, the seismicity of the area should still be
accounted for. As a recommendation, in designing the whole structure, similar to the rest of the Philippines except Palawan, the
Makati City is included in zone 4 with zone factor of 0.4.
D. CONSTRUCTION PRECAUTIONS
To respond on the geotechnical issue on excavation, an extra effort to monitor and consider the adjacent structures should be
implemented. A routine inspection to check on cracks and other signs of instability should be done. Soil nailing is also recommended
to ensure that the adjacent buildings would not move while doing the excavation. The predetermined geotechnical parameters
should be used in designing and planning the soil nails.

Location Marikina Tagaytay Makati

Foundation type Piles Piles Mat
6747.95
Allowable Bearing at 15m at 20 m
kPa
Capacity
in kN
800 713.18 986.61
1000 945.65 1494.06
1200 1199.78 2105.82
1500 1621.62 3219.06
Table 19. Summary of Allowable Bearing Capacities for Each location