!#"%$&"('*),+.-/"1032.2546/-/7%$&+.89-/: f : R → R :*6/7<;
$&;0=$>$&;/"1"(?@6032.+A$CB
f D bxcy E = f (x) F f (y)G HJIK
;/892.L/:M489'>032.2 x, y ∈ R NOHQP "('*" bzc L/"(-/83$&"(:>$&;/"1R9'*"S0=$&"(:T$O+.-U$&"(R9"('M2."(:*:M$&;03-
89'M"(?@6032$&8 z NVK
WYX[Z%\ @@ f (x) = 7(89-/:T$ = C ]_^ ;/"('*" C = 0 89' 1 ≤ C < 2 N
` 5Qabc X ed+.'*:T$ ] :*"%$*$&+.-/R x = 0 +.- HJIKf^ "R9"%$
Hhg9K
489'>032.2 y ∈ R Nji 8 ^1] $ ^ 8,7S03:*"(:#03'*"1k589:*:*+.l/2." N
f (0) = f (0)bf (y)c

mjnoqp
rUsut :*:*6/),"v$&;0=$ f (0) 6= 0 Nxw ;/"(-x4'*89) Hhg9K^ "y7(89-/7(2.6/L/"Y$&;0=$ bf (y)c = 1 489',032.2 y ∈ R N
w ;/"('*"%489'*d" +.] -03"(?@2.2A6B 0=$&4'*+.8989-) HJIK l5"(7(89),"(: f (bxcy)"=89l_f$<03(x)+.-{] $&;030=-/$ Lz:*6/l/:T$&+A$&6_$&+.-/R y = 0 ^ "{;0S|9" f (x) = f (0) =
C 6= 0 N
mjnoqp1}s i 8 ^e] ^ "1;bf0S|9(y)c " f (0)= =1 =0 NjbCc "P ('*"^ ^ "7(89-/:*+.L/"('M$ ^ 18,≤:*6/Cl57S<03:*2"(:N N
~/€‚&noqp}nUs>ƒ 6/k/k589:*"$&;0=$>$&;/"('*""‚„_+.:T$&: 0 < α < 1 :*6/7<;y$&;0=$ f (α) 6= 0 N…w ;/"(-†:*"%$*$&+.-/R x = α +.- HJIK
^ ">89l_$<+.03- +.- 0 =k/'*f8q(0) 
| .
+ /
L (
" : 
4 9
8 >
'
489'‡032.2 y ∈ R N‡P "(-/7(" ] bf (y)c = 0 489'‡032.2 y ∈ R N d+.-032.2AB ] :*6/l/:T$&+A$&6_$&+.-/R
032.2 y ∈ R ] $&;@6/:>7(89-U$&'&03L/+.7%$&+.-/Rˆ$&;/"17(89-/L/+A$&+.89- f (α) 6= 0 N
J
H 
I K
= f (α)bf (y)c
x=1
~/€‚&noqp1}€qsŠ‰ 89-U|9"('*:*"(2AB ]^ ";0S|9" f (α) = 0 489'>032.2 0 ≤ α < 1 N ‰ 89-/:*+.L/"('O03-UBY'*"S032 z ‹ $&;/"('*"1"‚„_+.:T$&:O03-
f (y) = 0
+.-U$&"(R9"(' N :*6/7<;
$&;0=$ α = z ∈ [0, 1) H 89-/"1)Œ0SBY:*"%$ N = bzc + 1 +A4 z ≥ 0 03-/L N = bzc − 1 83$&;/"(' ^ +.:*" K‚N
i 8 ^1d] +.-4'*03892.)2AB HJ0IKf:T$&^ '&03"+.R9R9;U"%$*$ 489f' (z)N03'*=Lvf7<;/(bN 489'>032.2 z ∈ R N
"(7<ŽY:*;/8 ^ :O$&;0=$O032.25$&;/"189l_$<03+.-/"(LY46/-/7%$&+.89-/:>:&0=$&+.:T4B HJIK<N
] ^
cα) = f (N )bf (α)c = 0

` 5Qabc X  t :*:*6/),"y$&;0=$ bf (y)c = 0 489'{032.2 y ‹ $&;/"(-u$&;/"†:*6/l/:T$&+A$&6_$&+.89- x = 1 k/'*8q|+.L/"(: f (y) =

f (1)bf (y)c = 0 N‘P
"(-/7(" +A4 489'ˆ032.2 $&;/"(- 489'ˆ032.2 ;/+.:’46/-/7%$&+.89-z89lU|+.896/:*2AB
:&0=$&+.:T“"(:>$&;/"1k/'*89l/2."()”7(89-/] L/+A$&+.bf89-/(y)c : N = 0 y ] f (y) = 0 y Nyw
ƒ 8 ^ "’03'*"•2."%4$M$&87(89-/:*+.L/"('M$&;/"17S03:*" ^ ;/"(- bf (a)c 6= 0 489'M:*89)," a Njw ;/"(- ^ ";0S|9"
f (bxca) = f (x)bf (a)c,
89' f (x) = f (bxca) . HQ–UK
;/+.:),"S03-/:1$&;0=$ ;/"(-/"%|9"(' bx c = bx c ] ;/"(-/7(" f (x) = f (bxc) ] 03-/L ^ ",)Œ0SB—03:*:*6/),"
bf (a)c

$&w ;0=$ a +.:>03-

+.-U$&"(R9"(f' (xN ) = f (x ) ^
i 8 ^e^ "1;0S|9"
1 2 1 2

$&;/+.:>+.),k/2.+."(: bf (0)c 6= 0 ] :*8 f ^(a)"1)Œ=0SfBYD"%2a|9"(-†· 03E :*:*=6/),f "•(2a)$&;0=F$ faD =E‚G 0 =N‡w f;/(2a)bf "('*"%489'*"1(0)c;
"(?@60=$&+.89- HQ–UK k/'*8q|+.L/"(:
1 1
2 2

f (0)
f (x) = = C 6= 0
bf (0)c
 g
489' "S037<; x Ni 8 ^1] 7(89-/L/+A$&+.89- HJIK l5"(7(89),"(: "(?@6/+A|3032."(-U$ $&8Œ$&;/"ˆ"(?@60=$&+.89- C = CbCc ^ ;/+.7<;‘;/892.L/: "‚„/037%$&2AB
^ ;/"(- bCc = 1 N
   
"%$ I l5"$&;/"+.-/7("(-U$&'*"’834$&'*+ 03-/R92." ABC 03-/Ly2."%$ Γ l5"+A$&:O7(+.'*7(6/),7(+.'*7(2." N
"%$O$&;/"’2.+.-/" AI
+.-U$&"('*:*"(7%$ Γ 03RU03+.-v0=$ D N
"%$ E l5"0 k589+.-U$>89-Y$&;/"03'*7BDC  03-/L F 0 k589+.-U$>89-Y$&;/"1:*+.L/" BC :*6/7<;
$&;0=$
d+.-032.2AB ] 2."%$ G l5"•$&;/"1),+.L/k589+.-U$…834[$&;/"1:*"(R9),"(-U$ IF N '*8q|9"•$&;0=$>$&;/"12.+.-/"(: DG 03-/L EI +.-U$&"('*:*"(7%$O89- Γ N
1
∠BAF = ∠CAE < ∠BAC. 2

` 5Qabc X 
"%$ X l5"1$&;/"1:*"(7(89-/Lyk589+.-U$>834 +.-U$&"('*:*"(7%$&+.89-

8342.+.-/" EI ^ +A$&; Γ ] 03-/L L l5"•$&;/"•4883$>834$&;/"
l/+.:*"(7%$&89'834>03-/R92." BAC N
"%$ G 03-/L T l5"$&;/"Œk589+.-U$&:1834M+.-U$&"('*:*"(7%$&+.89- 834…:*"(R9),"(-U$ DX ^ +A$&; 2.+.-/"(: IF
03-/L AF ] '*"(:*k5"(7%$&+A|9"(2AB N  "
03'*"{$&8 k/'*8q|9"v$&;0=$ G = G ] 89' IG = G F N
Bz$&;/ " 
"(-/"(2 036/:$&;/"(89'*"()
0

03k/k/2.+."(LY$&8 $&'*+ 03-/R92." AIF 03-/Lv2.+.-/" DX ] +A$M),"S03-/:M$&;0=$ ^ "-/"("(Lv$&;/"1'*"(2 0=$&+.89-

0 0 0

0
GF T F AD 89' T F = ID .


 %
" {
$ &
$ /
; " .
2 .
+ /
- " .
+ U
- &
$ (
" *
' *
: (
" %
7 $ =
0 v
$ 5
k 9
8 .
+ U
- $ *
: (
" " 
d .
+ R NOIK‚‹ -/7(" ∠BAK = ∠CAE ^ " ;0S|9:*8"
*
: .
+
1= = · ,

6= A H
0 IG AT ID AT AD
BK = CE  ] ;/"(-/7(AF" KE k BC N Γ i 83$&+.7("{$&;0=K$ ∠IAT = ∠EAD = ∠EXD = ∠IXT ]
$&;/"yk589+.-U$&: I ] A ] X ] T 03'*"y7(89-/7%B7(2.+.7 NeP "(-/7(" ^ "y;0S=|9" ∠DAK ∠IT A = ∠IXA = ∠EXA = ∠EKA ]
:*8
IT k KE k BC Njw
;/"('*"%489'*" ^ "189l_$<03+.- T F = IL N
ƒ +.-/7(" CI +.:{$&;/"—l/+.:*"(7%$&89'v834 ∠ACLAT]#^ "—AI R9"%$ IL = CL N d6/'T$&;/"('*),89'*" ] ∠DCL = ∠DCB =
∠DAB = ∠CAD = ∠BAC ]
;/"(-/7("
$&;/"
$&'*+ 03-/R92.AI"(: DCLAC03-/L DAC 03'*"
:*+.),+.2 03' ‹ $&;/"('*"%489'*" ^ "yR9"%$
DC d+.-032.2AB +A$M+.:…Ž@-/8 -v$&;0=$M$&;/"1),+.L/k589+.-U$ 83403'*7 BC +.:M"(?@6/+.L/+.:T$<03-U$M4'*89) k589+.-U$&: I ] B ] C ]
1

N ] ^
2
CL
= D
;/AC"(-/7(" DC AD

ƒ 6/),AD)Œ03'*+ (+.AD -/Rˆ03N 2.2 $&;/"(:*"1"(?@6032.+A$&+."(: ]_^ "1R9"%$

ID
=

TF IL CL DC ID
03:>L/"(:*+.'*"(L N
= = = = ,
AT AI AC AD AD

X A
A

B C
III
TT
TT
G0
D
F
B L C

K E

d+.R N I
D J
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 –

 
   AI = AD "!$# %&(')%*%+-,(%/.0&1.23%+/%-45%/+6879;:<;%='6!(>@?&1:A%!B3%,C
&1%D,(%E,&1%!B"+2;:5BF%GH;:<IL
!B"&1%E')DI 
BE,;%<;: D %+I:31+6! DC = DI >J 2"!5%GH;:<!B"&1%E3#H! BAC <&B
!<;K4L;% BC C6!<&NM0&1% A KH& !)<& L >POQ;%, IL = AI C6')2",<F"!B=+2!B:<+R H>
` 5Qabc X   t :’+.-—$&;/"Œk/'*"%|+.896/:’:*892.6_$&+.89- ]^ "{+.-U$&'*8L/6/7("$&;/"Œk589+.-U$&: X ] T 03-/L K 03-/Lz-/83$&",$&;0=$’+A$
DI AD

:*6S,7("1$&8,k/'*8q|9"•$&;/"1"(?@6032.+A$CB
TF DI T F + AT DI + AD AT AF
= ⇐⇒ = ⇐⇒ = .
ƒ +.-/7(" ∠F AD = ∠EAI 03-/L ∠T DA = ∠XDA = ∠XEA = ∠IEA ]^ "R9"%$ $&;0=$•$&;/"ˆ$&'*+ 03-/R92."(: AT D
AT AD AT AD AD DI + AD

03-/L AIE 03'*"•:*+.),+.2 03' ] $&;/"('*"%489'*" AT = AI N

i +.89- DBAE= DC = DI N
"%$ J l5"‘$&;/"—k589+.-U$v89- $&;/"—"‚„$&"(-/:*+.89-e834
"‚„$ ] ^ " 032.:*8 6/:*" $&;/"—'*"(2 0=$&AD
:*"(R9),"(-U$ AD 8q|9"('{k589+.-U$ D :*6/7<; $&;0=$ DJ = DI = DC H :*"("†d+.R Nfg9K‚N w ;/"(- ∠DJC = ∠JCD =
(π − ∠JDC) = ∠ADC = ∠ABC = ∠ABI N

89'*"(8q|9"(' ] ∠BAI = ∠JAC ] ;/"(-/7("$&'*+ 03-/R92."(: ABI
03-/L AJC 03'*"•:*+.),+.2 03' ] :*8 AB = AI ] 89' AB · AC = AJ · AI = (DI + AD) · AI N
1 1 1
2 2 2

T -$&;/"O83$&;/"('f;03-/L ]@^ "OAJ;0S|9" ∠ABF

AC 03-/L ∠BAF = ∠CAE ] :*8$&'*+ 03-/R92."(: ABF
03-/L AEC 03'*"1032.:*8:*+.),+.2 03' ]U^ ;/+.7<;
+.),k/2.+."(: AF = AB ] 89' AB · AC = AF · AE N
= ∠ABC = ∠AEC

ƒ 6/),)Œ03'*+ (+.-/R ^ "R9"%$ AC AE

AI AF AT AF
(DI + AD) · AI = AB · AC = AF · AE ⇒ = ⇒ = ,
03:>L/"(:*+.'*"(L N
AE AD + DI AD AD + DI


 
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"!Y%R[Z2,;%<;:Q&VB:B\%2K" ABC
>
^]
"%$ N l5"•$&;/"•:*"%$#834k589:*+A$&+A|9"•+.-U$&"(R9"('*: N #"%$&"('*),+.-/"032.2546/-/7%$&+.89-/: g : N → N :*6/7<;
$&;0=$
D g(m) + nE/D m + g(n)E
+.:>0k5"('T4"(7%$O:*?@603'*"•489'>032.2 m, n ∈ N N
WYX[Z%\ @@ t 2.2546/-/7%$&+.89-/:>834[$&;/"•489'*) g(n) = n + c ]/^ ;/"('*" c ∈ N ∪ {0} N
` 5Qabc X  d+.'*:T$ ] +A$O+.:O7(2."S03'>$&;0=$ 032.246/-/7%$&+.89-/:O834 $&;/"489'*) g(n) = n + c ^ +A$&;†0Œ7(89-/:T$<03-U$ -/89-/-/"(RU0=$&+A|9"
+.-U$&"(R9"(' c :&0=$&+.:T4B{$&;/"1k/'*89l/2."()”7(89-/L/+A$&+.89-/:…:*+.-/7(" D g(m) + nE/D g(n) + mE = (n + m + c) +.:>0:*?@603'*" N
"03'*"•2."%4$M$&8k/'*8q|9"1$&;0=$M$&;/"('*"03'*"1-/883$&;/"('M46/-/7%$&+.89-/: N  "1:T$<03'T$ ^ +A$&;Y$&;/"•4892.2.8 ^ +.-/R
2


_ ap `b`,nUs5ƒ 6/k/k589:*"•$&;0=$ p ccc g(k) − g(`) 489'M:*89),"1k/'*+.)," p 03-/L
k589:*+A$&+A|9"•+.-U$&"(R9"('*: k ] ` Njw ;/"(- p ccc k − ` N
dQe;ff<g s/ƒ 6/k/k589:*"O“'*:T$Š$&;0=$ p ccc g(k) − g(`) ] :*8 g(`) = g(k) + p a 489'f:*89),"O+.-U$&"(R9"(' a N‡w 03Ž3"#:*89),"Ok589:*+A$&+A|9"
+.-U$&"(R9"(' D > max{g(k), g(`)} ^ ;/+.7<;‘+.: -/83$ L/+A|+.:*+.l/2."lUB p 03-/L‘:*"%$ n = pD − g(k) N w ;/"(-‘$&;/"ˆk589:*+A$&+A|9"
2 2

-@6/)ˆl5"('*: n + g(k) = pD 03-/L n + g(`) = pD + D g(`) − g(k)E = p(D + pa) 03'*"1l583$&;vL/+A|+.:*+.l/2."#lUB p l/6_$
-/83$flUB p N i 8 ^1] 03k/k/2AB+.-/R $&;/">k/'*89l/2."() 7(89-/L/+A$&+.89-/: ]9^ ">R9"%$j$&;0=$jl583$&; $&;/">-@6/)ˆl5"('*: D g(k) + nE_D g(n) + k E
03-/L D g(`) + nE/D g(n) + `E 03'*"•:*?@603'*"(:ML/+A|+.:*+.l/2."#lUB p H 03-/LY$&c;@6/:MlUB p K‚‹ $&;/+.:…),"S03-/:…$&;0=$…$&;/" )ˆ6/2A$&+.k/2.+."('*:
2

g(n) + k
03-/L g(n) + ` 03'*"032.:*8 L/+A|+.:*+.l/2." lUB p ] $&;/"('*"%489'*" p cc D g(n) + k E − D g(n) + `E = k − ` 03: ^ "(2.2 N
2
 T •- $&;/"‡83$&;/"(' ;03-/L ] +A4 g(k)−g(`) +.:L/+A|+.:*+.l/2." lUB p l/6_$ -/83$ lUB p ] $&;/"(-17<;/889:*"‡$&;/"j:&03),"‡-@6/)ˆl5"(' D 03-/L
:*"%$ n = p D −g(k) Nw ;/"(- $&;/"Mk589:*+A$&+A|9"Š-@6/)ˆl5"('*: g(k)+n = p D 03-/L g(`)+n = p D + D g(`)−g(k)E 03'*"
2

'*"(:*k5"(7%$&+A|9"(2AB1L/+A|+.:*+.l/2."lUB l/6_$ -/83$ lUB 03-/LlUB l/6_$[-/83$ lUB "(-/7("f+.-103-032.89R9896/: 0SB "j89l_$<03+.-
$&;0=$‡$&;/">-@6/)ˆl5"('*: g(n) +pk 03H -/L g(n) + `p03'*K "ML/+A|+.:*+.l/p2."…H lUB p ] $&;/"('*"%4p89'*K‚" NpP ccc D g(n) + k E − D g(n)^ + `^ E = k − ` N
3 3 3
3 4 2

 "•$&6/'*-
$&8$&;/"1k/'*89l/2."() N d+.'*:T$ ] :*6/k/k589:*"1$&;0=$ g(k) = g(`) 489'>:*89)," k, ` ∈ N Nfw ;/"(-ylUB
"(),)Œ0 ^ "
;0S|9"•$&;0=$ k − ` +.:…L/+A|+.:*+.l/2."OlUB{"%|9"('TBvk/'*+.),"#-@6/)ˆl5"(' ] :*8 k − ` = 0 ] 89' k = ` N‡w ;/"('*"%489'*" ] $&;/" 46/-/7%$&+.89- g
.+ :M+.-
*"(7%$&+A|9" N
i "‚„$ ] 7(89-/:*+.L/"('#$&;/"’-@6/)ˆl5"('*: g(k) 03-/L g(k + 1) N ƒ +.-/7("$&;/"ˆ-@6/)ˆl5"(' (k + 1) − k = 1 ;03:#-/8{k/'*+.),"
L/+A|+.:*89'*: ] lUB
"(),)Œ0’$&;/"1:&03),"•;/892.L/:…489' g(k + 1) − g(k) ‹ $&;@6/: |g(k + 1) − g(k)| = 1 N
i 8 ^1] 2."%$ g(2) − g(1) = q ] |q| = 1 Njw ;/"(- ^ "k/'*8q|9"lUBv+.-/L/6/7%$&+.89-{$&;0=$ g(n) = g(1) + q(n − 1) Njw ;/"
l03:*"489' n = 1, 2 ;/892.L/:OlUBv$&;/"’L/"%“-/+A$&+.89-
834 q N d89'M$&;/"’:T$&"(k ] +A4 n > 1 ^ "’;0S|9" g(n + 1) = g(n) ± q =
g(1) + q(n − 1) ± q N
ƒ +.-/7(" g(n + 1) 6= g(n − 1) = g(1) + q(n − 2) ]5^ " R9"%$ g(n + 1) = g(1) + qn ] 03:
L/"(:*+.'*"(L N
d+.-032.2AB ]_^ "ˆ;0S|9" g(n) = g(1) + q(n − 1) N>w ;/"(- q 7S03-/-/83$ l5" −1 :*+.-/7("’83$&;/"(' ^ +.:*"’489' n ≥ g(1) + 1
^ "ˆ;0S|9" g(n) ≤03:>0L/"(^ :*+.;/'*+."(7<L ;†+.:O+.),k589:*:*+.l/2." N>P "(-/7(" q = 1 03-/L g(n) = (g(1) − 1) + n 489'O"S037<; n ∈ N ] 03-/L
g(1) − 1 ≥ 0 ] N

   
"%$ l5"’0,k589+.-U$#+.-/:*+.L/"1$&;/"1$&'*+ 03-/R92." N>w ;/"’2.+.-/"(: AP ] BP 03-/L CP +.-U$&"('*:*"(7%$#$&;/"

7(+.'*7(6/),7(+.'*7(2." Γ 834$&'*P+ 03-/R92." ABC 03RU03+.-Œ0=$f$&;/"#k589+.-U$&: KABC ] 03-/L M '*"(:*k5"(7%$&+A|9"(2AB N‡w ;/"#$<03-/R9"(-U$Š$&8 Γ 0=$ C
+.-U$&"('*:*"(7%$&:>$&;/"12.+.-/" AB 0=$ S N ƒ 6/k/k589:*"•$&;0=$ SC = SP N '*8q|9"1$&;0=$ M K = M L N
L

` 5Qabc X   "03:*:*6/),"•$&;0=$ CA > CB ] :*8k589+.-U$ S 2.+."(:M89-Y$&;/"1'&0SB AB N

d'*89)$&;/":*+.),+.2 03'>$&'*+ 03-/R92."(: 4P KM ∼ 4P CA 03-/L 4P LM ∼ 4P CB ^ ",R9"%$ P M = P A 03-/L
CB 
6/2A$&+.k/2AB+.-/R’$&;/"(:*"1$ 8,"(?@6032.+A$&+."(: 
" 9
R %
" $ KM CA
LM
PM
=
PB
N ^ ]^
LM CB P A
= · .
KM CA P B

P "(-/7(" ] $&;/"1'*"(2 0=$&+.89- M K = M L +.:M"(?@6/+A|3032."(-U$M$&8 CB =

PB
N
#"(-/83$&"…lUB E $&;/"f4883$834$&;/"Šl/+.:*"(7%$&89'834503-/R92." C +.-$&'*+ 03-/R92." ABC N "(7S032.2@$&;0=$[$&;/"…2.87(6/:[834k589+.-U$&: X
CA PA

489' ^ ;/+.7<; XA = CA +.:#$&;/" t k5892.2.89-/+.6/:#7(+.'*7(2." Ω ^ +A$&;†$&;/"7("(-U$&"(' Q 89-‘$&;/" 2.+.-/" AB ] 03-/L‘$&;/+.: 7(+.'*7(2."

k03:*:*"(:O$&;/'*89XB
6/R9; C 03CB-/L E NfP "(-/7(" ]/^ ";0S|9" M K = M L +A403-/L
89-/2AB{+A4 P 2.+."(:M89- Ω ] $&;0=$>+.: QP = QC N
 Ω
L
C
C
C

P
P
P

S
A E B

M
d+.R N I
i 8 ^u^ ">k/'*8q|9">$&;0=$ S = Q ] $&;@6/:j"(:T$<03:*8 l/2.+.:*;/+.-/R $&;/">k/'*89"(l/-/2.7("(" ) $&:T;/$<"0=$&k5"(89),+.-U"($-U$ N  2.+."(">:Š;890S- |9" ∠CES 3
0 :
∠ACE = ∠BCS + ∠ECB = ∠ECS ]
k5"('*k5"(-/L/+.7(6/2 03'Ml/+.:*"(7%$&89'>834 CE 03-/Lv$&;/"('*"%489SC'*"17(=89+.-/SE7(+.L/Nj"(: P ^ +A$&; ] Q N ^ 2.203:…89-{$&;/"
(
" = ∠CAE +
S AB


 
9U %bB2"! !<&12B"&1%R' AM2:<&(GH+R4L&1:<AKH;%;:3 VX1,; 
8V %+R&1%2 8V >
` 5Qabc X   t :>+.-Y$&;/"1k/'*"%|+.896/:>:*892.6_$&+.89- ]^ "’03:*:*6/),"•$&;0=$ S 2.+."(:M89-Y$&;/"1'&0SB AB N
SC = SP MK = ML

"%$ $&;/P"1l5k5",89+.-U03-$&: 03'*l/+A$&'&03'TB†k5L/89"%“+.-U-/$1"(L†+.-/:*03+.:>L/"+.-{l5$&83;/$&"1;‘k/$&'*;/89",l/2.7("(+.) '*7(6/),7(+.'*7(2." ω 834Š$&;/" $&'*+ 03-/R92." ABC 03-/L $&;/",03-/R92."
ASC ]

:*"("’d"%$ +.R E 03-/L F l5K"…]$&;/L"M] k5M89+.-U$&: 834 +.-U$&"('*:*"(7%$&+.89- 8345$&;/"M2.+.-/N " SP ^ +A$&; ω ] k589+.-U$ E 2AB+.-/R 89- $&;/"M:*"(R9),"(-U$ SP
H Ng9K‚N
F L

K
ω
C
P
P
P

M
E

A
d+.R Ng B S

 "ˆ;0S|9"   ] :*8 SP = SA ] 03-/L‘;/"(-/7(" 4P SA ∼ 4BSP N1w ;/"(-

SP 2 = SC 2 = SA · SB
SP   "1;0S|9"
ƒ + ./
- (
7 " 3
0 /
- L
∠BP S =

∠SAP N 2∠SAP = BE + EK ^
SB
2∠BP S = BE + LF
  LF = EK. HJIK
T -v$&;/"183$&;/"('M;03-/L ] 4'*89)  + M
F = EC
^ "1;0S|9" EC
] 89'
 + EM



∠SP C = ∠SCP

Hhg9K
d'*89) JH IK 30 -/L Hhg9Kj^ "1R9"%$ M F L = M
F + F L = M
E + EK  = M EK 03-/LY;/"(-/7(" M K = M L Njw ;/"
M F = EM .

7(2 03+.) .+ :Mk/'*8q|9"(L N

    C-—"S037<;—834…:*+ „‘l58S„_"(: B , B , B , B , B , B $&;/"('*"+.:1+.-/+A$&+ 032.2ABY89-/"7(89+.- Nw ;/"('*"Œ03'*" $ ^ 8
$CBk5"(:O83489k5"('&0=$&+.89-v032.2.8 ^ "(L  1 2 3 4 5 6


 p I  7(‰ 89;/+.-/8:…89:*$&"18 0ˆ-/89-/"(),k_$CB{l58S„ B ^ +A$&; 1 ≤ j ≤ 5 N  "(),8q|9"•89-/" 7(89+.-{4'*89) B 03-/Lv03L/LY$ ^ 8

 p g  $&‰ ;/;/"187(8989:*-U">$&0 "(B-U-/$&89:O-/83"(N 4),k_k5$C89B’:*:*l5+.l/8S„ 2AB{B"(),^ k_+A$C$&B ; 1l5≤8S„_"(k: ≤ 4 N  03"(-/),L 8q|9"…89-/"M7(89+.-’4'*89) B 03-/L"‚„_7<;03-/R9"
j j
j+1

H k
K B B N
k

#"%$&"('*),+.-/" ^ ;/"%$&;/"('[$&;/"('*"f+.: 0M“-/+A$&"j:*"(?@6/"(-/7("…834/:*6/7<;’89k5"('&0=$&+.89-/:$&;0=$ '*"(:*6/2A$&:[+.-1l58S„_"(: B , B , B , B , B

k+1 k+2

l5"(+.-/R"(),k_$CBv03-/L
l58S„ B 7(89-U$<03+.-/+.-/R "‚„/037%$&2AB 2010 7(89+.-/: NOHQi 83$&" $&;0=$ a = a NVK 1 2 3 4 5

WYX[Z%\ @@ f"(: Njw ;/"('*""‚„_+.:T$&:>:*6/7<;†0 :*"(?@6/"(-/7("’83489k5"('&0=$&+.89-/: N

20102010 bc (bc )
6

` 5Qabc X ##"(-/83$&"‘lUB (a , a , . . . , a ) → (a , a , . . . , a ) $&;/"†4892.2.8 ^ +.-/R  +A41:*89),"‘7(89-/:*"(7(6_$&+A|9" l58S„_"(:

7(89-U$<03+.- a , . . . , a 7(89+.-/: ] $&;/"(-Œ+A$f+.:fk589:*:*+.l/2."M$&8’k5"('T489'*) :*"%|9"('&032 032.2.8 ^ "(L,89k5"('&0=$&+.89-/:j:*6/7<;{$&;0=$f$&;/"Ol58S„_"(:
0 0 0

7(89-U$<03+.- a , . . . , a 7(89+.-/:>'*"(:*k5"(7%$&+A|9"(2AB ]/^ ;/"('*"S03:>$&;/"17(89-U$&"(-U$&:O834[$&;/"183$&;/"('>l58S„_"(:O'*"()Œ03+.-Y6/-/7<;03-/R9"(L N

1 2 n 1 2 n

"%$ A = 2010 ] '*"(:*k5"(7%$&+A|9"(2AB N T 6/'MR98U032+.:…$&8,:*;/8 ^ $&;0=$

1 n
0 0
1 n
20102010

(1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1) → (0, 0, 0, 0, 0, A).

d+.'*:T$ ^ "k/'*8q|9"1$ ^ 8Œ036„_+.2.+ 03'TB,89l/:*"('T|30=$&+.89-/: N

_ pa`b`,n{rUs (a, 0, 0) → (0, 2 , 0) 489'M"%|9"('TB a ≥ 1 N
dQe;ff<g s  " k/'*8q|9"lUB†+.-/L/6/7%$&+.89-†$&;0=$ (a, 0, 0) → (a − k, 2 , 0) 489' "%|9"('TB 1 ≤ k ≤ a N d89' k = 1 ] 03k/k/2AB
a

w Bk5" I $&8 $&;/"•“'*:T$Ol58S„ 

k

8 03:*:*6/),"•$&;0=$…$&;/"1:T$<0=$&"(),"(-U$>;/892.L/:…489'…:*89)," ƒ $<03'T$&+.-/R’4'*89) 03k/k/2AB Bk5"

(a, 0, 0) → (a − 1, 2, 0) = (a − 1, 2 , 0).

$&8$&i ;/"•^ ),+.L/L/2." l58S„ 2 $&+.),"(: ] 6/-U$&+.2+A$>l5"(7(89),"(:M"(),k_$CB kNjw <;/a"(-†N 03k/k/2AB w Bk5" g (a$&8−$&;/k,"•“2'*:T,$O0)l5] 8S„ w I
k
k

(a − k, 2k , 0) → (a − k, 2k − 1, 2) → · · · → (a − k, 0, 2k+1) → (a − k − 1, 2k+1 , 0).

P (" -/7(" ]
(a, 0, 0) → (a − k, 2k , 0) → (a − k − 1, 2k+1 , 0). 

_ ap `b`,ny}s
d 89'1"%|9"('TB k589:*+A$&+A|9",+.-U$&"(R9"(' n ] 2."%$
489'M"%|9"('TB a ≥ 1 N
Pn = 2    H " N R N
2.

n
..
2

P3 = 22 = 16
2
K‚NYw ;/"(- (a, 0, 0, 0) →

(0, P , 0, 0)
a
 +.),+.2 03'*2AB $&8
"(),)Œ0 1 ]/^ "1k/'*8q|9"1$&;0=$ (a, 0, 0, 0) → (a − k, P , 0, 0) 489'M"%|9"('TB
dQe;ff<g s5ƒ N
d89' k = 1 ] 03k/k/2AB w Bk5" I $&8$&;/"•“'*:T$Ol58S„ k 1≤k≤a

(a, 0, 0, 0) → (a − 1, 2, 0, 0) = (a − 1, P1 , 0, 0).
8 03:*:*6/),"…$&;0=$‡$&;/"M2."(),)Œ0O;/892.L/:489' :*89)," k < a N ƒ $<03'T$&+.-/R#4'*89)
$&;/"(-yi 03^k/k/2AB w Bk5" I $&8 $&;/"•“'*:T$Ol58S„ (a − k, Pk , 0, 0) ] 03k/k/2AB
"(),)Œ0 I9]
(a − k, Pk , 0, 0) → (a − k, 0, 2Pk , 0) = (a − k, 0, Pk+1 , 0) → (a − k − 1, Pk+1 , 0, 0).

w ;/"('*"%489'*" ]
(a, 0, 0, 0) → (a − k, P , 0, 0) → (a − k − 1, P , 0, 0). 

id+.8 '*^e:T$>^ 03k/"1k/k/2A'*B 8q|9"1Bk5$&;/" "1:T$<$&0=8$&l5"(),8S„ "(-U$O83$&;/4["($&-y;/"103k/k/k/'*892AB l/2."() Bk5N " $&8l58S„_"(:
k k+1

03-/L B +.-Y$&;/+.:M89'*L/"(' N‡w ;/"(-

03k/k/2AB
"(),)Œ0 g w $ ^ +.7(" I  ] w g
4 3 2 B ] B ] B
1

(1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1) → (1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 3) → (1, 1, 1, 0, 3, 0) → (1, 1, 0, 3, 0, 0) → (1, 0, 3, 0, 0, 0) →

→ (0, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0) → (0, 0, P3 , 0, 0, 0) = (0, 0, 16, 0, 0, 0) → (0, 0, 0, P16 , 0, 0).

 "032.'*"S03L_B{;0S|9"),89'*" $&;03- A 7(89+.-/:>+.-Yl58S„ B ] :*+.-/7(" 4

2010 2010 2010 2011 11 )2011 11·2011 215

A = 20102010 < (211 )2010 = 211·2010 < 22010 < 2(2 = 22 < 22 < P16 .

w 8yL/"(7('*"S03:*"{$&;/"Œ-@6/)ˆl5"('’834M7(89+.-/:’+.- l58S„ B ] 03k/k/2AB w Bk5" g $&8y$&;/+.:l58S„ '*"(k5"S0=$&"(L/2AB—6/-U$&+.2f+A$&::*+("

L/"(7('*"S03:*"(:{$&8 A/4 N H C-u"%|9"('TBu:T$&"(k ]…^ "y'*"(),8q|9"†0—7(89+.- 4'*89) B 03-/Lu"‚„_7<;03-/R9"
$&;/"y"(),k_$CB l58S„_"(: B
03-/L B NVK
4
4 5
6

(0, 0, 0, P16 , 0, 0) → (0, 0, 0, P16 − 1, 0, 0) → (0, 0, 0, P16 − 2, 0, 0) →


→ · · · → (0, 0, 0, A/4, 0, 0).
d+.-032.2AB ] 03k/k/2AB w B k5" I '*"(k5"S0=$&"(L/2AB{$&8"(),k_$CBYl58S„_"(: B 03-/L 4 B5

(0, 0, 0, A/4, 0, 0) → · · · → (0, 0, 0, 0, A/2, 0) → · · · → (0, 0, 0, 0, 0, A).


 

3:BB%2KD')B&1%2  R.0&Z2!(C ="!=%&1:<+<&R,<,<#45%-B' 5,(% 1,<2";GHW=4L&!B
, &1%!$%/BN\1!BQM0&!BB"&1% >OQ&(' ;GH;:(C :<&12%+
W%+5.0&Z2!$B@45aZ645%24.0;:&V ,&1%!A[Z6M2"& +2!(> EB

.0&Z2!) "!)M0&!<!B.2"$<&L1,<2";GH=4L&1:<AB% 22 ,&1%!(>EBN.0&Z2!)B$45aZ6424 "!)K:<(<;:YB% P >
14
P214


"%$ a , a , a , . . . l5"‘0z:*"(?@6/"(-/7("—834k589:*+A$&+A|9"y'*"S032#-@6/)ˆl5"('*: N ƒ 6/k/k589:*"†$&;0=${489'Œ:*89),"

k589:*+A$&+A|9"•+.-U$&"(R9"(' s ]_^ ";0S|9"
1 2 3

HJIK
489' 032.2 n > s N  '*8q|9"…$&;0=$$&;/"('*"…"‚„_+.:T$ k589:*+A$&+A|9"Š+.-U$&"(R9"('*: ` 03-/L N ]3^ +A$&; ` ≤ s 03-/Lˆ:*6/7<; $&;0=$ a = a +a
a = max{a + a n k | 1 ≤ k ≤ n − 1}
n−k

489'>032.2 n ≥ N N n ` n−`
 ` 5Qabc X  d+.'*:T$ ] 4'*89)$&;/"k/'*89l/2."()7(89-/L/+A$&+.89-/: ^ "’;0S|9"$&;0=$#"S037<; a H n > sK 7S03-yl5""‚„_k/'*"(:*:*"(L 30 :
a = a +a ^
+A$&; j , j < n ] j + j = n N  4 ] :&0SB ] j > s $&;/"(- ^ "Œ7S03-zk/'*87("("(Lz+.- $&;/"Œ:&03)," ^ 0SB
^ +A$&; a ] 03-/Lv:*8,89- N d+.-032.2AB ]@^ "'*"(k/'*"(:*"(-U$ a +.-
0ˆ489'*)
n
n j1 j2 1 2 1 2 1
j1 n

a = a +···+a , Hhg9K
HQ–UK
n i1 ik

7S
0389-y'*"(038qL |9
*6/"(' :T]$ +A4 a 03:03-/L a 03'*"#$&;/"•-@6/)ˆl5"('*:M+.- Hhg9K 89l_$<03+.-/"(L{89-{$&;/"•2 03:T$…:T$&"(k ] $&;/"(- i + i > s NjP "(-/7(" ^ "
1 ≤ i ≤ s, i + · · · + i = n.
j 1 k

i1
HQ–UK i2 1 2

1 ≤ i ≤ s, i + · · · + i = n, i + i > s.
j 1 k HK
T -Y$&;/"183$&;/"('>;03-/L ] :*6/k/k589:*"•$&;0=$>$&;/"•+.-/L/+.7("(: i , . . . , i :&0=$&+.:T4B{$&;/"17(89-/L/+A$&+.89-/: H K‚N‡w ;/"(- ] L/"(-/83$&+.-/R
1 2

s = i +···+i ]
j 1 j
4'*89) HJIKf^ ";0S|9" 1 k

ƒ 6/),)Œ03'*+(+.-/R’$&;/"(:*"89l/:*"('T|30=$&+.89-/: ^ "R9"%$M$&;/"•4892.2.8 ^ +.-/R

an = ask ≥ ask−1 + aik ≥ ask−2 + aik−1 + aik ≥ · · · ≥ ai1 + · · · + aik .

m
An  `,s d89'…"%|9"('TB "1;0S|9"

n > s ]/^

a = max{a + · · · + a :
$&;/"17(892.2."(7%$&+.89- (i , . . . , i ) :&0=$&+.:T“"(: H K }. 

i 8 ^e^ "1L/"(-/83$&"
n i1 ik 1 k

i a
m = max
03-/Lv“_„v:*89),"•+.-/L/"‚„ ` ≤ s :*6/7<;
$&;0=$ m = a N
1≤i≤s i

‰ 89-/:*+.L/"(' :*89)," n ≥ s ` + 2s 03-/L‘7<;/889`:*"03-‘"‚„_k03-/:*+.89-‘834 a +.-y$&;/"’489'*) Hhg9K‚]jH K<N1w ;/"(- ^ " ;0S|9"

`

n = i + · · · + i ≤ sk ]
2
:*8 k ≥ n/s ≥ s` + 2 N ƒ 6/k/k589:*"’$&;0=$ -/89-/"ˆ834‡$&;/"’-@6/)ˆl5"('*: i , . . . , i "(?@6032.: ` N
w2."S;/03:T"($ -xlUB$&+.),$&;/"("Y: k/03+.R9-/"(L 89-/:*6/;/'*89"(2.2A"ŒB k/'*+.-/7(+.k/2.",
$&"%;/$ "('*6/"Y: +.:L/"(032."%- $&"{+.-/$&L/;/"‚"(„ :*" 1 ≤87(j7(6/≤'*'*"(s-/7(^ "(;/:+.7<83;x4 03k/4k5'*89"S) 03'*:03),89-/R i , .03.-/. L, i 03L/0=L $
n
1 k 3 k

8j 7(7(6/`'*'*"(-/7("(:•] 834 ` +.-/:T$&"S03L ]j 896=l_$<03`+.N -/+.-/R{0Œ:*"(?@6/"(-/7(" (i , i ,`i , . . . , i ) 032.:*8Œ:&j0=$&+.:T4B+.-/R(i H , .K<.N . ,

iB )‰] 2 03+.) ]^ "
3 k

;0S|9"
1 k
0 0
1 2 3 k0

a +···+a = a ≥ a +a +a +···+a ,
89' ] 0=4$&"('•'*"(),8q|+.-/R{$&;/"7(89+.-/7(+.L/+.-/RŒ$&"('*),: ] `a ≥ ja ] :*8 a ≤ a N
B†$&;/"L/"%“-/+A$&+.89-‘834 ` ] $&;/+.:•),"S03-/:
i1 ik n i1 i2 i03 i0k0

$&;0=$ `a = ja ] ;/"(-/7("
` j
j `
` j
j `

w:*89;@),6/": ] 489'"%|9"('TB"S03n'*'&03≥-/R9s+.-/`Rˆ+$&;/2s"1+.-/^ L/"{+.7(;"(:0S|9"{"1489)Œ6/0S-/BvL 030

:*:*6/'*"(),k/'*"•"($&:*;"(-U0=$<$ 0=$&+.89- 834…$&;/"Œ489'*) Hhg9K‚]>H K ^ +A$&; i = ` 489'
n a = a +a +a +···+a .
i1 i2 i03 i0k0

d+.-j 03≥2.2AB 3] N 89 l/:*"('T|9"Y$&;0=$ +.- $&;/+.:ˆ'*"(k/'*"(^ :*"(-U$<0=$&+.89- ] $&;/"Y+.-/L/+.7("(i: (i= `, .N . . , i ) :&0=$&+.:T4B $&;/"{7(89-/L/+A$&+.89-/: H K
2
j
k

^ +A$&; n '*"(k/2 037("(L

lUB n − ` Njw ;@6/: ] 4'*89) $&;/" ‰ 2 03+.) ^ "R9"%$ 1 k−1

an−` + a` ≥ (ai1 + · · · + aik−1 ) + a` = an ,

^ /; +.7<;
lUB HJIK +.),k/2.+."(: 489'M"S037<;
03:>L/"(:*+.'*"(L N an = an−` + a` n ≥ s2 ` + 2s,
` 5Qabc X   t :O+.-
$&;/"k/'*"%|+.896/:O:*892.6_$&+.89- ]/^ "’+.-U|9892A|9"$&;/""‚„_k03-/:*+.89- Hhg9K‚]HQ–UK‚] 03-/L ^ "“_„
:*89),"+.-/L/"‚„
1≤`≤s
:*6/7<;
$&;0=$
a` ai
= m = max .

i 8 1^ ]" ^ k/"1'*+.8q-U|9$&"ˆ'*8lUL/B
6/7(+.-/"•L/$&6/;/7%"1$&+.:*89"(-
?@6/89"(- -/7(" $&;0=$ 03: 03-/L ‹ &: $&0=;/$&+."(:T- “"(:O$&;/"’N :&03),"'*"(7(6/'*'*"(-/7("ˆ'*"(2 0=$&+.89-
03:
` 1≤i≤s i

;w /"1 l03:*"17S03:*"(: n ≤ s 4892.2.8 ^ 4'*89) $&;/"1L/"%“-/+A$&]+.89-Y834 Nfi 8 1^ ] 489' 4'*89) $&;/"•+.-/L/6/7%$&+.89-Y;UBk583$&(a;/"(:*)+.: N

(bn ) bn = an − mn b` = 0
n bn ≤ 0 (bn )

^ ";0S|9"
n
m n>s

bn = max (ak + an−k ) − nm = max (bk + bn−k + nm) − nm = max (bk + bn−k ) ≤ 0,
30 :>'*"(?@6/+.'*"(L N
1≤k≤n−1 1≤k≤n−1 1≤k≤n−1

8 +A4 489'032.2 $&;/"(- 489'032.2 n ] ;/"(-/7(" ] 03-/L—$&;/",:T$<0=$&"(),"(-U$’+.:

$&'*+A|i + 032 N^1T ] $&;/b"(' ^ =+.:*" 0] L/"%“-/" 1 ≤ k ≤ s ]
k bn = 0 an = mn

M = max |bi |, ε = min{|bi | : 1 ≤ i ≤ s, bi < 0}.

w ;/"(-
489' n > s ^ "189l_$<03+.-
1≤i≤s

bn = max (bk + bn−k ) ≥ b` + bn−` = bn−` ,

:*8 1≤k≤n−1

;@6/: +.-x|+." 834•$&;/"†"‚„_k03-/:*+.89- Hhg9K‚]HQ–UK 03k/k/2.+."(Lx$&8 $&;/"†:*"(?@6/"(-/7(" (b ) ]…^ "†R9"%${$&;0=${"S037<; b +.:

0 ≥ bn ≥ bn−` ≥ bn−2` ≥ · · · ≥ −M.

7(89-U$<w 03+.-/"(L
] +.-
0 :*"%^ $ n n

" 17(2 03+.) $&;0=$M$&;/+.:M:*"%$O+.:ŠT“=-/+A$&{b" N t +7%$&b6032.+2AB ·] ·489· '>+03b-UB :x i∈, T. .] . 2.,"%i$ x≤=s}b ∩ +[−M,
i1 i2 ik 1 k 0].
· · · + b H i , . . . , i ≤ s K‚N‡w
;/"(-
03),89-/R b
: $&;/"('*"03'*" 0=$•),89:T$ M -/89- ("('*8{$&"('*),: H 83$&;/"(' ^ +.:*" x < M · (−ε) < −M K‚N’w ;@6/: x 7S03-‘l5"
i1 ik 1 k

"‚„_k/'*"(:*:*"(L‘+.-{$&;/"1:&03)," ^ 0SB ^ +A$&; εk ≤ M ] 03-/LY$&;/"('*"+.:M89-/2ABY0ˆ“-/+A$&"•ε-@6/)ˆl5"('>834:*6/7<;y:*6/),: N

ij

d+.-032.2AB ] 489'M"%|9"('TB t = 1, 2, . . . , ` ^ "εR9"%$>$&;0=$M$&;/"1:*"(?@6/"(-/7("

bs+t , bs+t+` , bs+t+2` , . . .
+.:#-/89-CL/"(7('*"S03:*+.-/Rv03-/L 0=$*$<03+.-/:>$&;/"’“-/+A$&"’-@6/)ˆl5"(' 834‡|3032.6/"(: ‹ $&;/"('*"%489'*"ˆ+A$ +.:#7(89-/:T$<03-U$ 4'*89):*89),"’+.-/L/"‚„ N
w ;@6/: ] $&;/"1:*"(?@6/"(-/7(" (b ) +.:>k5"('*+.8L/+.7 ^ +A$&;
k5"('*+.8L ` 4'*89):*89),"•+.-/L/"‚„ N ]/^ ;/+.7<;
),"S03-/:M$&;0=$
489'>032.2 n > N + ` ]
n

b =b =b +b
03-/L
;/"(-/7("
n n−` n−` `

a = b + nm = (b + (n − `)m) + (b + `m) = a +a
489'>032.2 n > N + ` ]
03:>L/"(:*+.'*"(L N
n n n−` ` n−` `