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INTRODUCTION
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of concrete affects the readings. This analysis is important for concrete durability
prognostics and can be useful considering the economic aspect.
PRINCIPLES
The principle that velocity of sound within a solid mass in the test . V is :
Where is a function,
E is the ratio of Modulus of Elasticity,
Ρ is the Density,
is the acceleration due to gravity.
For assessing the quality of materials from ultrasonic pulse velocity measurement, it is
necessary for this measurement to be of a high order of accuracy. This is done using an
apparatus that generates suitable pulses and accurately measures the time of their
transmission (i.e. transit time) through the material tested. The distance which the pulses
travel in the material (i.e. the path length) must also be measured to enable the velocity to
be determined
from:-
Path lengths and transit times should each be measured to an accuracy of about ±1%. The
instrument indicates the time taken for the earliest part of the pulse to reach the receiving
transducer measured from the time it leaves the transmitting transducer when these
transducers are placed at suitable points on the surface of the material. Figure 1 shows
how the transducers may be arranged on the surface of the specimen tested, the
transmission being either direct, indirect or semi-direct. The direct transmission
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arrangement is the most satisfactory one since the longitudinal pulses leaving the
transmitter are propagated mainly in the direction normal to the transducer face. The
indirect arrangement is possible because the ultrasonic beam of energy is scattered by
discontinuities within the material tested but the strength of the pulse detected in this case
is only about 1 or 2% of that detected for the same path length when the direct
transmission arrangement is used. Pulses are not transmitted through large air voids in a
material and, if such a void lies directly in the pulse path, the instrument will indicate the
time taken by the pulse that circumvents the void by the quickest route. It is thus possible
to detect large voids when a grid of pulse velocity measurements is made over a region in
which these voids are located.
1. Direct transmission
2. Semi-direct transmission
3. Indirection transmission
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OBJECTIVES
APPARATUS
1. Reference bar
3. Transducer
4. Receiver
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PROCEDURE
1. The equipment is calibrated by placing the transducer and receiver at either end of
the reference bar.
2. Four suitable test locations is chosen for each transducer arrangement. The
surface of test location must be clean, smooth and dry. Preferably mould or
formed surface, but it trowelled surface are unavoidable, rub smooth the surface
using a suitable polish material.
4. Grease is applied to the surface of test location to ensure proper contact of the
transducers with the concrete surface.
5. The transducers is positioned at the chosen test location. They are ensured
properly in contact with the concrete surface.
6. Three (3) readings are taken per test location. Four (4) readings will be adequate
to plot the best fit straight line for in-direct transmission.
7. The average reading for each test location is calculated. Plot the best fit straight
line for the in-direct transmission. The average velocity is given by slope of the
best fit line.
8. The compressive strength of the test specimen is estimated by using the chart
provided.
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RESULT
Testing result
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Calculation :
V= ; expressed in km/s
PART 1 :
2.04x10 −4
1ST reading : V =
6.61x10 −5
= 3.086 km/s
nd 2.04x10 −4
2 reading : V =
6.82x10 −5
= 2.991 km/s
rd 2.04x10 −4
3 reading : V =
6.92x10 −5
= 2.948 km/s
3.086 2.991 2.948
Average =
3
= 3.008 km/s
PART 2 :
st 2.04x10 −4
1 reading : V =
7.28x10 −5
= 2.802 km/s
nd 2.04x10 −4
2 reading : V = −5
7.72x10
= 2.647 km/s
2.04x10 −4
3rd reading : V =
72.6x10 −5
= 2.810 km/s
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2.802 2.647 2.810
Average : V=
3
= 2.751 km/s
PART 3 :
st 2.04x10 −4
1 reading : V =
7.24x10 −5
= 2.818km/s
2.04x10 −4
2nd reading : V =
7.34x10 −5
= 2.779 km/s
2.04x10 −4
3rd reading : V =
7.10x10 −5
= 2.873 km/s
2.818 2.779 2.873
Average : V= 3
= 2.823 km/s
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DISCUSSION
i) From the test result, give your comments on the quality of the test specimen.
From our result, the average reading for the part 1 is 3.008 km/s, part 2 is 2.751 km/s and
part 3 is 2.823 km/s. The average strength for this concrete is 2.861 km/s. This mean that
our test result indicate the quality of the concrete is poor.
The quality result that we obtained by us may be differ from the actual quality as this is
the first time we used the instrument. During measurement , there are also possible
mishandling of instrument such as the transmitter and receiver are not tightly with contact
with the surface of concrete , thand grease is not apply properly on the surface of
transmitter and receiver or change of surface moisture . Besides that, it is also possible
that there’s reinforcement steel, void and crack between the transmitter and receiver , or
instrument failure when taking measurement.
To carried out this test and obtain accurate measurements, the following precautions
should followed:
1. The technique normally assumes that the only volatile component is water and
any significant contamination by other volatile compounds would invalidate the
test.
2. The moisture content of all specimens must be identical and kept constant during
testing.
3. Avoid obstacle in between the transmitter and obstacle except the specimen.
4. Before the experiment is started, make sure the apparatus set base in the standard.
5. There’s no impurities on the surface of the specimen.
6. Calibrate the instrument and make sure the condition of instrument is good.
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(i) What are advantages and disadvantages of the UPV Test?
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
I) Non-destructive strength testing i) Requires skills to provide accurate
determination and monitoring of concrete reading and measurements.
strength
II) Check the uniformity of contrete and ii) Attenuation of signal in order or soft
deterioration. masonry restricts distance between
transducers for indirect and semi-direct use.
III) Can detect flaws,cracks,or voids. iii) Coupling material needed between
masonry and transducers, which may alter
the appearance of the masonry.
IV) Measurement of layer thickness and iv) Grinding may be required to prepare a
eleastic modulus. rough surface.
V) Equipment readily available and only v) No direct correlation with material
moderately expensive. properties.
Pulse velocity tests can be carried out on both laboratory-sized specimens and completed
concrete structures, but some factors affect measurement
1. Path-lengths desired to be at least 12 in. (30 cm) in order to avoid any errors
introduced by heterogeneity.
2. There must be smooth contact with the surface under test; a coupling medium
such as a thin film of oil is mandatory.
3. The presence of reinforcing steel in concrete has an appreciable effect on pulse
velocity. It is therefore desirable and often mandatory to choose lse paths that
avoid the influence of reinforcing steel or to make corrections if steel is in the
pulse path
(ii) Can we use UPV to monitor the quality of concrete during construction
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We can use UPV to monitor the quality of the concrete during construction.
Ultrasonic pulse velocity is an ideal tool and suitable for establishing whether
concrete is uniform. It can be used on both existing structures and those under
construction. Usually, if large differences in pulse velocity are found within a
structure for no apparent reason, there is strong reason to assume that defective or
deteriorated concrete is present. High pulse velocity readings are generally shows sn
indicative of good quality concrete. A general guidelines between concrete quality
and pulse velocity based on UPV is given in Table I.
>4.5 Excellent
3.5-4.5 Good
3.0-3.5 Doubtful
2.0-3.0 Poor
(Table 1)
Good correlation can be obtained between cube compressive strength and pulse velocity.
These relations enable the strength of structural concrete to be predicted within ±20 per
cent, provided the types of aggregate and mix proportions are constant. The accuracy of
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test does affected by various factor. Such as age of concrete
beam , surface area condition, skills of person who test it and the inside situation of
concrete. For example ,as concrete ages increases, the rate of increase of pulse velocity
slows down much more rapidly than the rate of development of strength, so that beyond a
strength of 2000 to 3000 psi ( 13.6 to 20.4 MPa ) accuracy in determining strength is less
than ±20 per cent. Accuracy depends on careful calibration and use of the same concrete
mix proportions and aggregates in the test samples used for calibration as in the structure.
In summary, ultrasonic pulse velocity tests have a great potential for concrete control
particularly for establishing uniformity and detecting cracks or defects. Its use for
predicting strength is much more limited, owing to the large number of variables
affecting the relation between strength and pulse velocity.
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CONCLUSION
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity(UPV) test is one of the non destructive test. It detect cracks,
strength of concrete and other properties of concretes. It is portable and easy for testing.
Since UPV use velocity principle testing method, hence the frequency of the velocity
should be consider too when taking measurement on different material. Higher frequency
is used when the specimen is high density while for the less dense specimen , the lower
frequency is used.
Besides that, except for mishandling of apparatus that affect the actual reading and
environment condition. Composites of concrete also affect the concrete strength. Such as
the water aggregate ratio, size of aggregate and type of cement.
To minimise the error of measuring, transmitter and receiver must tightly in contact with
surface of concrete when taking the measurent. The surface area of concrete should be
smooth and grease should be apply on the surface of transmitter and receiver.
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• REBOUND HAMMER TEST
Introduction
Mechanical rebound hammer measure the mechanical travel of the hammer mass on the
rebound. It is affected by its friction on the guide rod, the friction of the drag pointer on
the scale, the influence of gravity during its travel and the relative velocity between unit
and mechanical parts.
Electronic rebound hammers, on the other hand, use the true rebound coefficient that
represents the physical rebound coefficient: Q = 100*((Energy Restored)/(Energy Input))
These rebound hammers measure the velocity of impact and of rebound, immediately
before and after the impact, computing the fraction of energy loss to the specimen under
test. The true rebound coefficient is virtually free of error sources inherent in traditional
concrete test hammers. It is measured optically making the use of a drag and drop pointer
redundant. Thus the true rebound coefficient is less dependent on friction on the guide
rod, the influence of gravity during the travel of the drag pointer and the relative velocity
between unit and specimen. Rebound hammers that measure with the true rebound
coefficient do not need correction for the impact direction. Consequently, impact
direction conversion curves as required with mechanical hammers, are also redundant.
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Objective
Apparatus
1. Rebound hammer
2. Reference bar
3. Testing Anvil
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Procedure
1. The hammer’s reading was calibrated and verified using testing anvil.
2. The abrasive stone (beam specimen) is divided into three span for reading.
3. Appropriate tools are used to clean the surface. Basically, rebound hammer would
prefer mould or formed surface.
5. The plunger was pressed onto the impact point with horizontally direction to its
surface until the spring loaded mass is release from its locked position.
6. The lock button is used to retain the rebound hammer index readingwhile is still in
the test position.
7. The procedure above are repeated for the next two span.
9. The compressive strength of the beam specimen can be obtained by using the
correlation and compressive strength chart.
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Results
Location : Part 1
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Location : Part 2
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Location : Part 3
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Calculation
Part 1
= 36 + 34 + 30 + 34 + 30 + 30 + 42 + 36 + 44 + 32 + 38 + 36
12
= 35
Part 2
= 38 + 42 + 32 + 34 + 36 + 32 + 30 + 42 + 42 + 46 + 40 + 40
12
= 38
Part 3
= 34 + 34 + 34 + 34 + 32 + 36 + 34 + 34 + 44 + 40 + 40 + 40
12
= 36
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Average Value
= 35 + 38 + 36
= 36
= 33 N/mm2
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Discussion
(ii) State the factors that could be affect the value obtained from the Rebound
Hammer Test? Expain.
a) LIMITED DISTANCE
b) SURFACE SMOOTHNESS
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Carborundum stone or similar abrasive stone. The FHWA Guide states that
research has shown that troweled surfaces and surfaces formed by metal forms
yield rebound numbers 5% - 25% higher than surfaces cast against wooden
forms. It also states that troweled surfaces give a higher scatter of results,
which lower confidence in the estimated strengths. ASTM C 805 states that
where formed surfaces were ground, increases in rebound number of 2.1 for
plywood formed surfaces and 0.4 for high-density plywood formed surfaces
have been noted. The majority of concrete surface hardness is developed in
the first 7 days. However, the concrete will typically continue to gain
significant strength with cement hydration. Testing of concrete less than 3
days old or concrete with expected strengths less than 1000 psi is not
recommended because the R-numbers will be too low for an accurate reading
and will be more destructive to the concrete surface. Concrete continuing to
develop strength with age is again reason for the development of data relating
rebound numbers and the compressive strength of the concrete mixture or
cores from the structure.
c) MOISTURE CONTENT
This has a profound effect on the test results. Dry concrete surfaces result in
higher rebound numbers than wet surfaces. The FHWA Guide references a
study where saturated surface-dry (SSD) specimens were left in a room at
70ºF and air-dried. The specimens gained 3 points in 3 days and 5 points in 7
days. It is recommended that to achieve the most accurate results where the
actual moisture condition is unknown, the surface should be pre-saturated
with water several hours prior to testing and use the correlation developed for
SSD specimens
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d) SURFACE CARBONATION
The presence of materials in the immediate area where the plunger comes into
contact with the concrete will have an obviously profound effect as well. If the
test is performed over a hard aggregate particle or a section of steel
reinforcement, the result may be an unusually high rebound number. ASTM C
805 states that tests directly over reinforcing bars with cover less than 0.75
inches should not be conducted. The use of a pachometer or similar device is
recommended for determining the location and cover in structurally reinforced
concrete. Likewise, if the test is performed over a very soft aggregate particle
or an air void, an unusually low rebound number may result. The FHWA
guide reported that for equal compressive strengths, concrete made with
crushed limestone resulted in rebound numbers approximately 7 points higher
than concrete made with gravel, representing a difference of approximately
1000 psi compressive strength estimation. Because of the factors mentioned
above, ASTM C 805 requires that for each test area, ten readings be obtained
with no two tests being closer to one another than one inch. Readings differing
from the average of the ten readings by more than six units should be
discarded. Also, if two readings differ from the average by six units or more,
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the operator should discard the entire set of readings and take ten new
readings within the test area.
f) TEMPERATURE
The device itself should be serviced and verified annually or whenever there is
a reason to doubt proper performance. Verification of proper performance of
the device includes the use of a test anvil. The required dimensions and steel
hardness is listed in ASTM C 805. Impacting the proper test anvil with a
properly functioning device will typically result in rebound numbers of 80 ±
2. If the device is believed to not be functioning properly, it is recommended
to send it back to the manufacturer or experienced facility for repairs and re-
verification.
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This test method may be used to assess the in-place uniformity of concrete, to
delineate regions in a structure of poor quality or deteriorated concrete, and to
estimate in-place strength development. To use this method to estimate strength
development requires establishment of a relationship between strength and rebound
number for a given concrete mixture. This simple to use gauge consists of a spring
loaded plunger which, when released, strikes the surface with fixed and constant
impact energy. During the rebound stroke, the mass moves a pointer that indicates the
maximum point of return and at the same time indicates a reference value called
Rebound Number.
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Conclusion
From this experiment, we will know Rebound hammer test is a method may be used to
assess the in-place uniformity of concrete. From the results that we obtained, we could
not obtain the uniform data of the quality.
This test also can estimate the in-place strength development by estimating the strength
development which establishes a relationship between strength and rebound number for a
given concrete mixture.
The estimated strength for the RC beam is G30. By referring to the Compressive Strength
Estimation Chart, the compressive strength is 52N/mm². It proves the test specimen is
good in compressive strength
There are many factors other than concrete strength that influences rebound hammer test
results which includes surface smoothness and finish, moisture content, coarse aggregate
type, and the presence of carbonation.
Although rebound hammers can be used to estimate concrete strength, the rebound
numbers must be correlated with the compressive strength of molded specimens or cores
taken from the structure.
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REBAR LOCATOR TEST (COVERMETER SURVEY)
INTRODUCTION
To allow certain constructions and to strengthen the concrete rebars are cast into it.
Drilling through those reinforcing bars is a costly business that can be dangerous: Hitting
a rebar while boring into the reinforced concrete can destroy the drilling instrument and
can severely weaken the concrete structure. An instrument for rebar detection that
quickly and accurately determines the location of the reinforcing bars in the concrete will
significantly decrease construction time and costs.
Principles
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OBJECTIVES
APPARATUS
I. Covermeter
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PROCEDURE
e. The sensing head is held away from any metallic object and turn “ZERO”
knob until the red line on the analogue meter is in the center of the two red
arrows and the sound output is at low frequency (at this point the LCD
should be at 0.000v)
f. The sensing head is placed in direct contact with concrete surface and
move over surface until peak signal is obtained.
e. The sensing head is held away from any metallic object and turn “ZERO”
knob until the red line on the analogue meter is in the center of the two red
arrows and the sound output is at low frequency(at this point the LCD should
be at 0.000v)
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f. The “MODE” knob is turned to “DEPTH”.
g. Black face of head is placed against concrete surface centrally over bar
position and orientate it parallel to the direction of reinforcement bars to
obtain minimum indication.
DISCUSSION
i. The first test specimen is done to obtain the depth of the reinforcement bar (Y20)
and to identify the location of the reinforcement bar (Y20) in the concrete. The
second test specimen is done to determine the depth of the concrete cover
measurement and the number of (R10) bar in the concrete.
• The sensor design allows the end user to quickly and accurately locate and
determine concrete cover in corners or hard to reach areas.
• The exact position and orientation of rebar can be measured quickly and
accurately. Rebar-free areas can be identified forcoring, grinding,
resurfacing, or insertion of new machinery mountings.
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iii. No, covermeter cannot be used to monitor the quality of concrete during
construction because it can only be used to detect the location of reinforcement
bars in the concrete and the thickness of concrete cover.
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CONCLUSION
Location of reinforcement bars in the concrete is obtained and the thickness of concrete
cover is determined.
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REFERENCES
1. Bray, D.E. and R.K. Stanley, 1997, Nondestructive Evaluation: A Tool for
Design, Manufacturing and Service; CRC Press, 1996.
2. Chuck Hellier, Handbook of Nondestructive Evaluation, McGraw-Hill
Professional; 2001
3. Peter J. Shull, Nondestructive Evaluation: Theory, Techniques, and Applications,
Marcel Dekker Inc., 2002.
4. Concrete Impact Test, Rebound Hammer.mht
2. http://www.paintteststore.com/pages/Concrete-inspection-Covermeter,-Rebar-
locator-Pachometer.html
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APPENDIX
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