Laminar &

Turbulent Flow
Visualization
 Laminar Flow

No slip at walls Parabolic velocity distribution

r
0 Vmax @ CL

0 V
 Turbulent Flow

Mean temporal velocity

Flatter velocity distribution
No slip at walls
r
0 Vmax @ CL

0 V
 Fully Developed Flow
r r r r r
0 0 0 0 0

0 Vz 0 Vz 0 Vz 0 Vz 0 Vz
V z
 0 accelerationz  0
z
r r r r r
0 0 0 0 0

0 V 0 V 0 V 0 V 0 V
 Fx
 vx

 vx
vx Fx

v x vx    vx 
 yx    yx  
y y2  y1
1   mv  v x
Newtons Law of  
Viscosity A t y
 Units of Viscosity
v x
 yx   SI:
N s
10+3cP=10P
y m2
N N s m dyne  s Poise
s cgs:
m 2
cm 2
m2 m
cP 10-2Poise

Kinematic Viscosity
m2
  kgm s SI:
 


s2 
s
 m2 cm 2 Stoke
cgs:
kg s
m3
cS 10-2Stoke
Force: rate of change in momentum
d  mv 
F 
dt
dm dv
F v m
dt dt
For constant mass:
d 2 x d 2 y d 2z 
F  ma  m  2
 2
 2 
 dt dt dt 
 dv x dv y dv z 
F  m   
 dt dt dt 
Force per unit volume:
 dv x dv y dv z 
F*      
 dt dt dt 
 Differential Volume:
Rectangular Coordinates
z y
 z  face
x
 y  face dz
 x  face

dy
dx
 x-directed stresses

z y  zx
x
 yx x
 xx  yx  xx

 zx
 z-directed stresses
 zz  z
z y

x
 xz  yz
 xz
 yz

 zz
 y-directed stresses

z y  zy  yy
x
 xy  xy

 yy  zy
y
 Flow Through a Circular Tube:
Laminar, Fully Developed, Horizontal
r
0

0 Vz
Consider a thin ring of Shear stress Momentum
liquid of thickness r.
 rz  r  r    mV  
 
 t  r   r
r Vz r+r
r
   mV  
0 z  rz  r 
 t  r

 Flow Through a Circular Tube:
Laminar, Fully Developed, Horizontal
Consider a thin ring of liquid of thickness r, length z.

2rPz r 2  r rz  r  r z 2rPz  z r
r+r
r
r gz  0 2  r rz  r z
0 z
Vz

2r  VzVz  z r 2r  VzVz  z  z r

z z+z
Fully developed flow
 Flow Through a Circular Tube:
Laminar, Fully Developed, Horizontal
dP
2rPz r  2rPz  z r  2r  r z
dz
d
2  r rz  r z  2  r rz  r  r z  2  r rz  rz
dr
2r  VzVz  z r  2r  VzVz  z  z r  0
dP d
2r rz  2  r rz  rz  0
dz dr
dP d P
r   r rz   0 d  r rz    rdr
dz dr z
 Flow Through a Circular Tube:
Laminar, Fully Developed, Horizontal
P
Governing eq.: d  r rz    rdr
z
Boundary Conditions:
No slip: @r  R vz  0
dv z
Symmetry: @r  0 0  rz  0
dr
Assume: Newtonian viscosity, constant viscosity.
 dv z  1 P
d r  rdr
 dr   z
 Flow Through a Circular Tube:
Laminar, Fully Developed, Horizontal
Integrate using the symmetry boundary condition.
r
dv z
 dv z  1 P r dv z 1 P 2

0
dr
d r
 dr

   z 0
rdr r 
dr 2 z
r
Integrate using the no slip boundary condition.

vz
0
dv z 
1 P R
2 z r
rdr vz   
1 P 2 2
4 z
R r 
R  PO  PL 
2
 r 
2
vz     1  2 
4  L   R 