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CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION. 2
2. THERMOGRAPHIC CAMERA. 6
3. THERMOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE. 10
4. PROCESS OF THERMOGRAPHY. 12
5. APPLICATIONS OF THERMOGRAPHY. 14
OF THERMOGRAPHY.
7. CONCLUSION . 24
8. REFERENCE. 25
1. INTRODUCTION
All objects, cold or hot, radiate heat in the form of infrared energy. As an
object increases in temperature, it radiates more energy, and the wavelength gets
shorter. Infrared radiation, visible light and ultraviolet light are all forms of energy
in the electromagnetic spectrum. The only difference is their wavelength or
frequency.
If the temperature an object gets hot enough however, above 525°C the
energy from that object will radiate energy in the visible spectrum and we will see
it. This is when we see an object like the burner on an electric stove “glowing”
red. In fact any time an object will emit or reflect energy in the same frequency of
our eyes we will see it.
not matter. This makes it useful for rescue operations in smoke-filled buildings
and underground.
It is non-contact.
It is two dimensional.
It is real time
2. THERMOGRAPHIC CAMERA
Every object whose surface temperature is above absolute zero (-273 °C)
radiates energy at a wavelength corresponding to its surface temperature. Utilizing
our highly sensitive infrared cameras, it is possible to convert this radiated energy
into a thermal image of the object being surveyed.
Fig2.1.ThermaCAM PM390
This chart illustrates the hierarchy of colors used to represent the relative
temperature differences of the problems found during the inspection.
Black and white, and color, are properties of visible light that do not exist
in the infrared world. Because we need to convert these images into visible light,
the IR camera assigns black to the coolest temperatures in an image, white to the
hottest temperatures in an image, and graduating shades of gray in between.
Similarly, different colors can be used to portray different temperatures.
The higher the temperature, the more energy emitted. The typical infrared
thermography camera resembles a standard camcorder and produces a live TV
image of heat radiation. The camera provides a basic grey scale image which is
converted to false color images to make interpretation of thermal patterns easier.
The thermal image produced by an infrared camera is called a thermogram.
3. THERMOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE
The basic principle of thermography is that all types of surfaces will emit
some degree of heat. The thermographic equipment will detect heat which differs
from the temperatures in the surrounding area of a surface. These higher
temperatures might be an indication of a potential malfunction of the scanned object
i.e. faults in electrical circuitry or overheating of bearings in mechanical equipment,
i.e. pumps, motors, compressors, etc. Thermographic imaging can detect
insufficiently insulated hot spots in engine rooms, which create a large fire risk.
The result can be seen in Fig. 3.2.1. & Fig.3.3.2. where a blister shows up in
the thermographic image as circular hot (red) spot. But moreover some extended
areas show also a warmer behavior as its vicinity. Destructive tests showed that
these areas have a decreased adhesion bonding in comparison to the rest of the
material.
4. PROCESS OF THERMOGRAPHY
We are familiar with the idea of a video camera creating images on video
monitors or television. The electronics in the camera convert the light energy that
enters the lens into a video signal and displays that signal on a monitor or TV. We
see shapes, colors, textures, shadows, and reflective surfaces in the image as a result
of the camera's ability to capture light.
Fig 4. This image shows the radiant heat rather than light. The light areas are warmer than the
dark areas
Black and white, and color, are properties of visible light that do not exist
in the infrared world. Because we need to convert these images into visible light,
the IR camera assigns black to the coolest temperatures in an image, white to the
hottest temperatures in an image, and graduating shades of gray in between.
Similarly, different colors can be used to portray different temperatures.
Fig 4.1. This image of shows a hot coffee mug and a plate of cookies. The colors bear no correlation
with visible light, rather the colors correspond to the radiant heat.
5. APPLICATIONS OF THERMOGRAPHY
5.1.ElectricalThermography
Fig 5.2. Infrared Inspection for tank leaks and to verify tank level.
Fig 5.3. This shows that even though the bridge deck doesn’t generate heat it can still
be analyzed with thermography.
Fig.5.5. Race horse sustained an injury in a fall. The infrared image shows where
the problem is, and monitored the process of the healing.
There are three main areas in veterinary medicine where thermography can play a
major part:
5.5.2. Diagnosis - assisting the veterinary surgeon by quickly and easily locating
the source of a problem
Fig 5.6 Horse showing lameness after exercise. Thermography revealed localised
inflammation at the bottom of the tendon.
Fig 5.7.This horse which was being treated for Navicular disease had suddenly
gone lame. A thermal scan showed inflammation in the foot centred on the right
part of the frog. Investigation revealed an abscess which was subsequently treated.
Thermography can be applied to treat human beings also. They are used in treating:
Infrared thermography helps to save patient's and doctor's time in waiting for
laboratory data and is successfully used to monitor urinary tract infections, kidney
pathology etc.
Infrared Thermography analyses the brain, spinal cord and nerves, gives doctor a
reliable and safe method of problem location and for monitoring improvements.
Infrared Thermography helps in the clinical evaluation and detection of serious and
difficult disorders such as musculo-skeletal syndromes, neuropathy, neurovascular
compression, nerve injury, soft tissue injury, arthritis, inflammatory pain, and disk
injury.
Surgeries can be assisted safely before and after using Medical Thermography-
helps to locate tumours size and locates surgical area and monitors the healing
process after surgery.
Infrared thermography gives a more precise level of information - skin tumours and
skin cancers, and wound healing.
Infrared thermography can assist in identifying areas with disorders when radiation
should not be used such as tonsillitis, swelling of the lymphatic glands, teething
problems, and sinusitis.
5.5.15.Dentistry
During their service lives, many industrial components need regular non-
destructive tests to detect damage that may be difficult or expensive to find by
everyday methods. For example:
Violet color indicates parts visible at surface level and yellow indicates non
visible parts at surface level.
Night vision is the ability to see in a dark environment. Humans have poor
night vision compared to many animals, in part because the human eye does not
have a tapetum lucidum.
Fig 5.9. Two American Soldiers pictured during the 2003 Iraq War seen through an
Image Intensifier.
Thermal imaging cameras are excellent tools for night vision. Contrary to
other technologies they do not need any light at all to produce a clear image. They
produce an image in the darkest of nights and can see through light fog, rain and
smoke. Thermal imaging cameras make small temperature differences visible. They
detect what can not be detected by the human eye. Thermal imaging cameras are
widely used to complement new or existing security networks.
large area.
7. CONCLUSION