Created by Stephen Oakes

AS EQUATIONS

ACID + METAL → SALT + HYDROGEN

Acid – Base H2SO4 + Mg → MgSO4 + H2
Salt Formation
ACID + BASE → SALT + WATER
H2SO4 + MgO → MgSO4 + H 2O

ACID + CARBONATE → SALT + WATER + CARBON DIOXIDE

H2SO4 + Na2CO3 → Na2SO4 + H2O + CO2

Group 1 - with H2O 2Na + 2H2O → 2NaOH + H2

4Li(s) + O2(g) → 2Li2O(s)
Group 1 – with O2 Lithium monoxide (contains O2-)
2Na(s) + O2(g) → Na2O2(s)
Sodium peroxide (contains O22-)
K(s) + O2(g) → KO2(s)
Potassium superoxide (contains O2-)

2Na + Cl2 → 2NaCl

Group 1 – with Cl2
Li2O(s) + H2O(l) → 2LiOH(aq)
Group 1 – Oxides Na2O2(s) + 2H2O(l) → 2NaOH(aq) + H2O2(aq)
2KO2(s) + 2H2O(l) → 2KOH(aq) + H2O2(aq) +
O2(g)

Group 1 – Chlorides NaCl(s) → Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq)

Group 1 – Li2CO3 → Li2O + CO2 (only Li2CO3)

Carbonates/Hydrogen
Carbonates 2NaHCO3 → Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2
Li: 2LiNO3 → Li2O + 2NO2 + ½O2
Group 1 – Nitrates
Na, K, Rb, Cs: NaNO3 → NaNO2 + ½O2

Mg: Mg + H2O → MgO + H2 (steam only)

Group 2 – with H2O Ca,Sr,Ba: Ca + 2H2O → Ca(OH)2 + H2

Group 2 – with O2 2Mg + O2 → 2MgO

Group 2 – with Cl2 Mg + Cl2 → MgCl2

Group 2 – Oxides MgO + H2O → Mg(OH)2

Group 2 – Chlorides MgCl2(s) → Mg2+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq)

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 Created by Stephen Oakes

Group 2 – Carbonates MgCO3 → MgO + CO2

Group 2 – Nitrates Mg(NO3)2 → MgO + 2NO2 + ½O2

Group 7 – with H2O Cl2 + H2O → HCl + HOCl

In Cold Dilute Alkali:
Group 7 – with NaOH Cl2 + 2OH- → Cl- + ClO- + H2O
On warming to 70oC:
3ClO- → ClO3- + 2Cl-
In Hot Conc. Alkali:
3Cl2 + 6OH- → ClO3- + 5Cl- + 3H2O

Group 7 – Cl2(g) + 2Br-(aq) → Br2(aq) + 2Cl-(aq)

Displacement
Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq) → AgCl(s) White
Group 7 – Halides Ag+(aq) + Br-(aq) → AgBr(s) Cream
Test for Ag+(aq) + I-(aq) → AgI(s) Yellow
NaCl(s) + H2SO4(conc) ⇔ NaHSO4(s) + HCl(g)
Group 7 – Halides
Prep HX NaBr(s) + H2SO4(conc) ⇔ NaHSO4(s) + HBr(g)
2HBr(g) + H2SO4 → Br2(g) + SO2(g) + 2H2O(l)

NaI(s) + H2SO4(conc) ⇔ NaHSO4(s) + HI(g)

8HI(g) + H2SO4 → 4I2(g) + H2S(g) + 4H2O(l)

Group 7 – HX + H2O HX + H2O ⇔ H3O+ + X-

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Alkanes – with O2 CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O

CH4 + Cl2 → CH3Cl + HCl
Alkanes – with Cl2,UV chloromethane

CH3Cl + Cl2 → CH2Cl2 + HCl

dichloromethane

CH2Cl2 + Cl2 → CHCl3 + HCl

trichloromethane

CHCl3 + Cl2 → CCl4 + HCl

Tetrachloromethane

Alkenes – with H2C=CH2 + H2 → CH3.CH3

H2/Ni/heat

Alkenes – with H2C=CH2 + Br2 → CH2Br.CH2Br (orange to colourless)

Br2/hexane

Alkenes – with H2C=CH2 + HBr → CH3.CH2Br

HBr/dry/gas

Alkenes – with H2C=CH2 + [O] + H2O → CH2OH.CH2OH

H2SO4/KMnO4 or (purple to colourless – H2SO4)
NaOH/KMnO4 (purple to brown – NaOH)

Alkenes – n H2C=CH2 → CH2.CH2 n

Polymerisation UV
H2SO4/KMnO4/ O
Alcohols – Oxidation CH3.CH2.OH + [O] distil CH3 - C + H2O
1o to aldehyde H
X’s alcohol

H2SO4/KMnO4/ O
Alcohols – Oxidation CH3.CH2.OH + 2[O] heat under reflux CH3 - C + H2O
1o to carboxylic acid OH
X’s oxid. agent

dry
Alcohols – Chlorides 3R - OH + PCl3 → 3R - Cl + H3PO3
Preparation
dry
R - OH + PCl5 → R - Cl + POCl3 + HCl
(TEST FOR OH GROUP)
dry
R - OH + SOCl2 → R - Cl + SO2 + HCl

NaBr/c H2SO4
Alcohols – Bromides R - OH + HBr → R - Br + H2O
Preparation
P/Br2/heat
3R - OH + PBr3 → 3R - Br + H3PO3

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 Created by Stephen Oakes

Alcohols – Iodides P/I2/heat

Preparation 3R - OH + PI3 → 3R - I + H3PO3

X’s cH2SO4/180oC
Alcohols – CH3CH2OH → H2C=CH2 + H2O
Dehydration
aq/KOH/heat under reflux
HalogenoAlkanes CH3CH2Br + OH- → CH3CH2OH + Br-
- with OH- ethanol/KOH/heat under reflux
CH3CH2Br + OH- → H2C=CH2 + Br- + H2O
ethanol/KCN/heat under reflux
HalogenoAlkanes CH3CH2Br + CN- → CH3CH2CN + Br-
- with CN-
Dil H2SO4/heat under reflux O
CH3CH2C
O⎯H
CH3CH2C≡N
H2/Ni/heat CH3CH2CH2NH
(or LiAlH4/dry
Conc NH3/heat/closed vessel
HalogenoAlkanes CH3CH2Br + NH3 → CH3CH2NH2 + HBr
- with NH3

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