dN Principles, Concepts and ApplicationInformation contained in this work has been obtained by ‘Tata McGraw-Hill, from sources believed to be reliable. However, neither Tata McGraw-Hill nor its authors uaranice the accuracy or completeness of any information Published herein, and neither Tata McGraw-Hill nor its authors shall be responsible for any errors, omissions, or damages arising out of use of this information. This work is published with the understanding that Tata McGraw-Hill and its authors are supplying information but are not altempting to render engineering or other professional services. If such services are required, the assistance of an appropriate professional should be sought, Tata McGraw-Hill © 2003, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited ‘Second reprint 2006 RZLYCDDKRACCX No part of this publication can be reproduced in any form or by any means without the prior written permission of the publishers This edition can be exported from India only by the publishers, ‘Tata MeGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited ISBN 0-07-048374-4 Published by Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, 7 West Patel Nagar, New Delhi 110 008, Typeset at Script Makers 19, AI-B DDA Market, Pashchim Vihar, New Delhi 110 063 and printed at ‘Adarsh Printers, C-50/51, Moban Park, Naveen Shahdara, Delhi 110 032 Cover: De-UniqueContents Preface vii Acknowledgements xi 1.1 Background 2 1.2 Multidisciplinary Scenario _2 1.3 Origins ¢ Evolution of. ics 5 5 Overvi 1.6 Brief Introduction to Manufacturing 7 17__Design _J0 1.8 Scope of the Book _/0 2.2 Background 26 2.3 Signal Nomenclature 32 2.4 Signal Analysis and Processing 35 2.5 Multi Domain Signal Representation 35 2.6 Analysis and Representation of Periodic Analog Signals 37 2.7 Analysis and Representation of Nonperiodic Analog Signals _ 40 : ier Transf 4 Fast Fourier Transfi 7 2.9 _ Analysis of Si in Time-frequency Domain _46 2.10 Differential Equation 48 2.11 Laplace Transformation 49 2.12 Difference Equation 55 2.13_Z-Transformation 56