Application of Statistical Concepts in the

Determination of Weight Variation in

Samples
Nathalie D. Dagmang

Institute of Chemistry, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, 1101 Philippines

Department of Food Sciences, College of Home Economics, University of the Philippines,

Diliman, Quezon City 1101 Philippines

ABSTRACT

The two main objectives of the experiment are to (1) gain an understanding of some
concepts of statistical analysis and (2) apply statistical concepts in analytical
chemistry.
The results obtained from the

1
Introduction center of the formula of the in set 1, n2 is
It is set of values standard the number of
important that and has a value deviation (s)[4]: measurements
the data used in intermediate in set 2, and so
analytical between the s= i-1n(Xi-X)2n- forth. The ns is
chemistry are extreme 1 [3] the number of
reliable to be members of the data sets used.
able to get set. This can be Because
correct results obtained by the experiment Unlike
in experiments dividing the was done by the standard
and problem sum of replicate nine groups in deviation which
solving. To be measurements the class, all of only measures
able to achieve by the number which used the the variability
this, replicate of same sources of the true
measurements measurements of value, the
are gathered. in the set[4]: indeterminate confidence
The reliability of error (i.e., the limits identify
these same type of the values of
[2]
measurements X=i=1nXin measurement the ends of the
to be used is but different confidence
Another interval, a
then evaluated statistical samples) the
using statistical standard range where
concept used in the true value
concepts. this experiment deviations of
Because the nine lies at a certain
is the standard level of
it is impossible deviation which samples are
to pooled to get a probability
is the measure (confidence
experimentally of variation or more accurate
get the mean of standard level). It can
the degree of also measure
all the values of spread/dispersi deviation of the
the population, analysis: the precision of
on of the data the data
the sample gathered
mean is already spooled= gathered. The
around the wider the
the most valid sample mean. It i=1n1(xi-
estimate of the x1)2+j=1n2(xj- range, the less
describes the precise the data
true value that precision of the x2)2+k=1n3(xk
can be used in - is. The
data, implying confidence
the experiment. that the data is x3)2n1+n2+n3
It is one of the +…ns limits can be
less precise calculated from
commonly used when it is larger
measures of the following
and more formula [4]:
central precise when it where n1 is the
tendency, or is smaller. The number of
the probable CL=X±tsn [5]
following is the measurements
location of the

2
where t is the Experimental could also tabulated
tabulated value Detail contribute to critical values
for (n-1) for a the weight for different
certain level of Ten measured, confidence
probability. samples of 25- forceps are levels which the
centavo coins used to remove calculated
The are used in the each sample. value from the
purpose of this experiment. Q-test should
experiment is Using the not exceed. In
to be able to weighing by the experiment,
apply the said difference Results and
Discussion the suspect
statistical technique, the values (as seen
concepts in samples are It is from table 3)
analytical weighed in the possible that did not exceed
chemistry and analytical there are the Qtab so
to learn how to balance. This is members of the these values
get more done by placing data set that were still used
reliable the ten coins can be in the following
measurements with its considered calculations and
for future container invalid like the the sample
experiments. (watch glass) outliers, the mean.
It is inside the values that
calculated that balance then differ In this
the sample pressing the significantly experiment, it
mean (for group on/tare button. from the other is calculated
8’s data only) is The coins are results.[3] So that the mean
3.6747, the then removed before of Data Set 1 is
standard from the continuing with 3.6765 and its
deviation is 0.1 equipment one the analysis, standard
and the by one, these suspect deviation is 0.1.
confidence recording the values, usually The mean of
limits are absolute value the highest and Data Set 2, on
3.6747 ± 0.08. of the numbers lowest values, the other hand,
The pooled shown by the should be is 1.6747 and
standard balance then tested using the its standard
deviation pressing the Q-test which deviation is 0.1.
(where all data on/tare button will say if these In addition,
gathered from after each should be because it is
all nine groups removal. To rejected or necessary that
were avoid the accepted for the most
considered) is transfer of use in future accurate
s= 0.1 while the moisture from statistical measurement
mean is 3.6233. the hands to calculations. of precision is
the coins, which There are calculated, the

3
group also which the graph confidence the
determined the is always interval of approximation
mean and symmetrical) 3.5947 to of the true
pooled standard and the 3.7547. value, the
deviation of all standard variability of
the data deviation The the data
gathered by all (determines the actual weight of gathered and
nine groups. amount of a 25-centavo the range
The mean of dispersion away coin where the true
these data is from the mean). manufactured value likely lies.
3.6233 while A steeper curve in 2004 is 3.6
the pooled describes a grams. Hence, Data set
standard more dispersed the result from 2, which has a
deviation is 0.1. and less precise Data Set 2 is larger number
This means that data set while a closer to the of replicate
if the flatter curve true value and measurements,
observations shows a data it is proven that has more
follow the set with values the set with the precise results
normal (or closer to each larger n is more so its results
Gaussian) law other which is precise and also are more
of errors, 68% more precise. more accurate. reliable than
of the members that of Data set
1. Therefore, it
value
of the
population may Conclusions is better to
vary between assume that
(X ± s), 95% Figure 1. The The the true value
may vary Gaussian Curve[4] experiment had of the weight of
between (X± successfully a 25 centavo
2s), and 99% achieved its coin is
may vary objectives: to approximately
In this
between (X± understand 3.6747. The
case, Data Set
3s).[1] This is better certain variability of
1, with less
suggested by statistical the data
replicate
the graph of concepts and gathered, as
measurements
Normal apply these in measured from
(six
distribution or analytical the standard
measurements)
the Gaussian chemistry. The deviation, is 0.1
, has a wider
curve (Figure 1) concepts, while there is a
confidence
which is namely the 95% chance
interval of
characterized mean, standard that the true
3.5765 to
by the mean deviation and value lies
3.7765 thus
(the maximum confidence between 3.5947
less precise
of the graph limits, are used and 3.7547. It
than Data Set 2
and about to determine can be
with a

4
concluded from is 3.6198.The different dates Oregon,
the experiment difference in of manufacture. Eugene, Ore.
that the larger results may be 25-centavo
the n (number due to a coins [2]
of replicate number of manufactured Ramachandran
measurements) factors, one of from 1995 to and Tsokos.,
, the more these is the 2004 are made Mathematical
precise and different levels of pure brass Statistics with
reliable the of moisture of and weigh 3.8 g Applications,
results are. the 25 centavo while those 2009, 26-33
Hence, it is coins which can made from [3] Skoog, et
suggested that contribute an 2004 until al.,
there be more amount of present are Fundamentals
replicate weight. Another only brass- of Analytical
measurements is the amount plated steel and Chemistry,
to increase the of heat coming only weighs 3.6 Eighth edition,
precision and from the people g. The sample 2004, 91-147
reliability of the surrounding the may be a mix of
results. analytical 3.8-gram and [4] The
balance that 3.6-gram 25- Britannica
In can slightly centavo coins Guide to
addition, the alter the weight and this may Statistics and
results of the measured from greatly affect Probability, First
different groups the equipment. the variability Edition, 305-
slightly differed Other factors of the results. 310, 318.
from each like air and dirt To avoid this, it
other; some that have gone is highly [5]
had higher with the coin as recommended http://stats4stu
means while it is placed that the coins dents.com/mea
some had lower inside the be of the same sures-of-spread-
ones. Thus, it is balance may manufacturing 3.php.
best to use the also have date. Retrieved
pooled standard affected the November 19,
deviation for it results. For this 2010
is more precise reason, it is
because it References [6]
recommended
considers the http://sportsci.o
that the coins [1] Dean, R.B.
results of all rg/resource/stat
be cleaned and and Dixon, W.J.
nine groups. s/generalize.ht
handled Simplified
Calculations ml. Retrieved
properly before Statistics for
show that the November 19,
weighing. This Small Numbers
pooled standard 2010
could also be of
deviation is 0.1 because the Observations. [7]
while the mean coins have University of http://philmone

5
y.blogspot.com/ series.html
2006/12/25- November 21,
centavo-coin- 2010
new-bsp-